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den Hoed FM, Carlotti M, Palagi S, Raffa P, Mattoli V. Evolution of the Microrobots: Stimuli-Responsive Materials and Additive Manufacturing Technologies Turn Small Structures into Microscale Robots. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:275. [PMID: 38399003 PMCID: PMC10893381 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of functional microsystems and microrobots that have characterized the last decade is the result of a synergistic and effective interaction between the progress of fabrication techniques and the increased availability of smart and responsive materials to be employed in the latter. Functional structures on the microscale have been relevant for a vast plethora of technologies that find application in different sectors including automotive, sensing devices, and consumer electronics, but are now also entering medical clinics. Working on or inside the human body requires increasing complexity and functionality on an ever-smaller scale, which is becoming possible as a result of emerging technology and smart materials over the past decades. In recent years, additive manufacturing has risen to the forefront of this evolution as the most prominent method to fabricate complex 3D structures. In this review, we discuss the rapid 3D manufacturing techniques that have emerged and how they have enabled a great leap in microrobotic applications. The arrival of smart materials with inherent functionalities has propelled microrobots to great complexity and complex applications. We focus on which materials are important for actuation and what the possibilities are for supplying the required energy. Furthermore, we provide an updated view of a new generation of microrobots in terms of both materials and fabrication technology. While two-photon lithography may be the state-of-the-art technology at the moment, in terms of resolution and design freedom, new methods such as two-step are on the horizon. In the more distant future, innovations like molecular motors could make microscale robots redundant and bring about nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marco den Hoed
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
- Smart and Sustainable Polymeric Products, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Palagi
- BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, P.zza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Smart and Sustainable Polymeric Products, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
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2
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Stacks B, Esteban-Linares A, Galazzo M, Luo H, Li D. Direct observation of carbon slurry flow behavior and its effect on electrochemical performance in a microfluidic electrochemical flow capacitor. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1807-1816. [PMID: 38197152 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04391f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Carbon slurries have been used as "flowable electrodes" in various electrochemical systems, and the slurry flow characteristics play an important role in the system electrochemical performance. For example, in an electrochemical flow capacitor (EFC), activated carbon particles must pass electrical charge from a stationary electrode to surrounding particles via particle-electrode and particle-particle interactions to store energy in the electric double layer. So far, particle behaviors under a continuous flow condition have not been observed due to the slurry's opacity, and studies of the device's performance thus have been mainly on a bulk level. To understand the relation between the hydrodynamic behavior and the electrochemical performance of carbon slurries, we have constructed a microfluidic EFC (μ-EFC) using transparent materials. The μ-EFC allows for direct observation of particle interactions in flowing carbon slurries using high-speed camera recording, and concurrent measurements of the electrochemical performance via chronoamperometry. The results indicate an interesting dependence of the particle cluster interaction on the flowrate, and its effect on the slurry charging/discharging behavior. It is found that an optimal flowrate could exist for better electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Stacks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Alberto Esteban-Linares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Matthew Galazzo
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Haoxiang Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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3
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Lachance GP, Gauvreau D, Boisselier É, Boukadoum M, Miled A. Breaking Barriers: Exploring Neurotransmitters through In Vivo vs. In Vitro Rivalry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:647. [PMID: 38276338 DOI: 10.3390/s24020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter analysis plays a pivotal role in diagnosing and managing neurodegenerative diseases, often characterized by disturbances in neurotransmitter systems. However, prevailing methods for quantifying neurotransmitters involve invasive procedures or require bulky imaging equipment, therefore restricting accessibility and posing potential risks to patients. The innovation of compact, in vivo instruments for neurotransmission analysis holds the potential to reshape disease management. This innovation can facilitate non-invasive and uninterrupted monitoring of neurotransmitter levels and their activity. Recent strides in microfabrication have led to the emergence of diminutive instruments that also find applicability in in vitro investigations. By harnessing the synergistic potential of microfluidics, micro-optics, and microelectronics, this nascent realm of research holds substantial promise. This review offers an overarching view of the current neurotransmitter sensing techniques, the advances towards in vitro microsensors tailored for monitoring neurotransmission, and the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques that can be used to fabricate those microsensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Gauvreau
- Department Electrical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Élodie Boisselier
- Department Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mounir Boukadoum
- Department Computer Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Amine Miled
- Department Electrical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Poskus MD, Wang T, Deng Y, Borcherding S, Atkinson J, Zervantonakis IK. Fabrication of 3D-printed molds for polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic devices using a liquid crystal display-based vat photopolymerization process: printing quality, drug response and 3D invasion cell culture assays. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:140. [PMID: 37954040 PMCID: PMC10632127 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms enable more precise control of biological stimuli and environment dimensionality than conventional macroscale cell-based assays; however, long fabrication times and high-cost specialized equipment limit the widespread adoption of microfluidic technologies. Recent improvements in vat photopolymerization three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies such as liquid crystal display (LCD) printing offer rapid prototyping and a cost-effective solution to microfluidic fabrication. Limited information is available about how 3D printing parameters and resin cytocompatibility impact the performance of 3D-printed molds for the fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic platforms for cellular studies. Using a low-cost, commercially available LCD-based 3D printer, we assessed the cytocompatibility of several resins, optimized fabrication parameters, and characterized the minimum feature size. We evaluated the response to both cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted kinase therapies in microfluidic devices fabricated using our 3D-printed molds and demonstrated the establishment of flow-based concentration gradients. Furthermore, we monitored real-time cancer cell and fibroblast migration in a 3D matrix environment that was dependent on environmental signals. These results demonstrate how vat photopolymerization LCD-based fabrication can accelerate the prototyping of microfluidic platforms with increased accessibility and resolution for PDMS-based cell culture assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Poskus
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Yuxuan Deng
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Sydney Borcherding
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jake Atkinson
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Ioannis K. Zervantonakis
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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5
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Stehnach MR, Henshaw RJ, Floge SA, Guasto JS. Multiplexed microfluidic screening of bacterial chemotaxis. eLife 2023; 12:e85348. [PMID: 37486823 PMCID: PMC10365836 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganism sensing of and responding to ambient chemical gradients regulates a myriad of microbial processes that are fundamental to ecosystem function and human health and disease. The development of efficient, high-throughput screening tools for microbial chemotaxis is essential to disentangling the roles of diverse chemical compounds and concentrations that control cell nutrient uptake, chemorepulsion from toxins, and microbial pathogenesis. Here, we present a novel microfluidic multiplexed chemotaxis device (MCD) which uses serial dilution to simultaneously perform six parallel bacterial chemotaxis assays that span five orders of magnitude in chemostimulant concentration on a single chip. We first validated the dilution and gradient generation performance of the MCD, and then compared the measured chemotactic response of an established bacterial chemotaxis system (Vibrio alginolyticus) to a standard microfluidic assay. Next, the MCD's versatility was assessed by quantifying the chemotactic responses of different bacteria (Psuedoalteromonas haloplanktis, Escherichia coli) to different chemoattractants and chemorepellents. The MCD vastly accelerates the chemotactic screening process, which is critical to deciphering the complex sea of chemical stimuli underlying microbial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Stehnach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Richard J Henshaw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Sheri A Floge
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Guasto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States
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6
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Esteban-Linares A, Zhang X, Lee HH, Risner ML, Weiss SM, Xu YQ, Levine E, Li D. Graphene-based microfluidic perforated microelectrode arrays for retinal electrophysiological studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2193-2205. [PMID: 36891773 PMCID: PMC10159897 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perforated microelectrode arrays (pMEAs) have become essential tools for ex vivo retinal electrophysiological studies. pMEAs increase the nutrient supply to the explant and alleviate the accentuated curvature of the retina, allowing for long-term culture and intimate contacts between the retina and electrodes for electrophysiological measurements. However, commercial pMEAs are not compatible with in situ high-resolution optical imaging and lack the capability of controlling the local microenvironment, which are highly desirable features for relating function to anatomy and probing physiological and pathological mechanisms in retina. Here we report on microfluidic pMEAs (μpMEAs) that combine transparent graphene electrodes and the capability of locally delivering chemical stimulation. We demonstrate the potential of μpMEAs by measuring the electrical response of ganglion cells to locally delivered high K+ stimulation under controlled microenvironments. Importantly, the capability for high-resolution confocal imaging of the retina tissue on top of the graphene electrodes allows for further analyses of the electrical signal source. The new capabilities provided by μpMEAs could allow for retinal electrophysiology assays to address key questions in retinal circuitry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaosi Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Hannah H Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Michael L Risner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Sharon M Weiss
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ya-Qiong Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Edward Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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7
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Luo Y, Cao Z, Liu Y, Zhang R, Yang S, Wang N, Shi Q, Li J, Dong S, Fan C, Zhao J. The emerging landscape of microfluidic applications in DNA data storage. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1981-2004. [PMID: 36946437 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00972b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA has been considered a promising alternative to the current solid-state devices for digital information storage. The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the field of DNA data storage contributed by researchers from various disciplines. However, the current development status of DNA storage is still far from practical use, mainly due to its high material cost and time consumption for data reading/writing, as well as the lack of a comprehensive, automated, and integrated system. Microfluidics, being capable of handling and processing micro-scale fluid samples in a massively paralleled and highly integrated manner, has gradually been recognized as a promising candidate for addressing the aforementioned issues. In this review, we provide a discussion on recent efforts of applying microfluidics to advance the development of DNA data storage. Moreover, to showcase the tremendous potential that microfluidics can contribute to this field, we will further highlight the recent advancements of applying microfluidics to the key functional modules within the DNA data storage workflow. Finally, we share our perspectives on future directions for how to continue the infusion of microfluidics with DNA data storage and how to advance toward a truly integrated system and reach real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Shijia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingyuan Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Shurong Dong
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
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8
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Li Q, Ye Z, Liu M, Liu W, Zhang P, Sun X, Zhang H, Li Z, Gui L. Precision enhanced alignment bonding technique with sacrificial strategy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1105154. [PMID: 36873376 PMCID: PMC9978516 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work proposes an "N2-1" sacrificial strategy to help to improve the accuracy of the bonding technique from the existing level. The target micropattern is copied N2 times, and (N2-1) of them are sacrificed to obtain the most accurate alignment. Meanwhile, a method for manufacturing auxiliary solid alignment lines on transparent materials is proposed to visualize auxiliary marks and facilitate the alignment. Though the principle and procedure of alignment are straightforward, the alignment accuracy substantially improved compared to the original method. With this technique, we have successfully fabricated a high-precision 3D electroosmotic micropump just using a conventional desktop aligner. Because of the high precision during the alignment, the flow velocity is up to 435.62 μm/s at a driven voltage of 40 V, which far exceeds the previous similar reports. Thus, we believe that it has great potential for high precision microfluidic device fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Derksen J, Viefhues M. Parallelized continuous flow dielectrophoretic separation of DNA. Electrophoresis 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Derksen
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
- Mechanobiology of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Faculty of Lifesciences University of Siegen Siegen Germany
| | - Martina Viefhues
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
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10
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Vanaei HR, Khelladi S, Tcharkhtchi A. Roadmap: Numerical-Experimental Investigation and Optimization of 3D-Printed Parts Using Response Surface Methodology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7193. [PMID: 36295259 PMCID: PMC9610842 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several process variables can be taken into account to optimize the fused filament fabrication (FFF) process, a promising additive manufacturing technique. To take into account the most important variables, a numerical-experimental roadmap toward the optimization of the FFF process, by taking into account some physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics, has been proposed to implement the findings through the thermal behavior of materials. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to consider the effect of liquefier temperature, platform temperature, and print speed. RSM gave a confidence domain with a high degree of crystallinity, Young's modulus, maximum tensile stress, and elongation at break. Applying the corresponding data from the extracted zone of optimization to the previously developed code showed that the interaction of parameters plays a vital role in the rheological characteristics, such as temperature profile of filaments during deposition. Favorable adhesion could be achieved through the deposited layers in the FFF process. The obtained findings nurture motivations for working on the challenges and bring us one step closer to the optimization objectives in the FFF process to solve the industrial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Vanaei
- Léonard de Vinci Pôle Universitaire, Research Center, 92916 Paris La Défense, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE, HESAM University, 75013 Paris La Défense, France
| | - Sofiane Khelladi
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE, HESAM University, 75013 Paris La Défense, France
| | - Abbas Tcharkhtchi
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, PIMM, HESAM University, 75013 Paris La Défense, France
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11
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Fan D, Yuan X, Wu W, Zhu R, Yang X, Liao Y, Ma Y, Xiao C, Chen C, Liu C, Wang H, Qin P. Self-shrinking soft demoulding for complex high-aspect-ratio microchannels. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5083. [PMID: 36038593 PMCID: PMC9424246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microchannels are the essential elements in animals, plants, and various artificial devices such as soft robotics, wearable sensors, and organs-on-a-chip. However, three-dimensional (3D) microchannels with complex geometry and a high aspect ratio remain challenging to generate by conventional methods such as soft lithography, template dissolution, and matrix swollen processes, although they are widespread in nature. Here, we propose a simple and solvent-free fabrication method capable of producing monolithic microchannels with complex 3D structures, long length, and small diameter. A soft template and a peeling-dominant template removal process are introduced to the demoulding process, which is referred to as soft demoulding here. In combination with thermal drawing technology, microchannels with a small diameter (10 µm), a high aspect ratio (6000, length-to-diameter), and intricate 3D geometries are generated. We demonstrate the vast applicability and significant impact of this technology in multiple scenarios, including soft robotics, wearable sensors, soft antennas, and artificial vessels. Microchannels are the essential elements for the design of artificial devices but the fabrication of three dimensional (3D) microchannels with complex geometry and a high aspect ratio remains challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate a simple and solvent-free fabrication method capable of producing monolithic microchannels with complex 3D structures, long length, and small diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Fan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Renjie Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxuan Liao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yunteng Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chufan Xiao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Changyue Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China. .,Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China.
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12
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Nguyen T, Sarkar T, Tran T, Moinuddin SM, Saha D, Ahsan F. Multilayer Soft Photolithography Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices Using a Custom-Built Wafer-Scale PDMS Slab Aligner and Cost-Efficient Equipment. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081357. [PMID: 36014279 PMCID: PMC9412704 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust, low-cost fabrication method for implementation in multilayer soft photolithography to create a PDMS microfluidic chip with features possessing multiple height levels. This fabrication method requires neither a cleanroom facility nor an expensive UV exposure machine. The central part of the method stays on the alignment of numerous PDMS slabs on a wafer-scale instead of applying an alignment for a photomask positioned right above a prior exposure layer using a sophisticated mask aligner. We used a manual XYZR stage attached to a vacuum tweezer to manipulate the top PDMS slab. The bottom PDMS slab sat on a rotational stage to conveniently align with the top part. The movement of the two slabs was observed by a monocular scope with a coaxial light source. As an illustration of the potential of this system for fast and low-cost multilayer microfluidic device production, we demonstrate the microfabrication of a 3D microfluidic chaotic mixer. A discussion on another alternative method for the fabrication of multiple height levels is also presented, namely the micromilling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- East Bay Institute for Research & Education (EBIRE), Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Tanoy Sarkar
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Tuan Tran
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Sakib M. Moinuddin
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- East Bay Institute for Research & Education (EBIRE), Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- East Bay Institute for Research & Education (EBIRE), Mather, CA 95655, USA
- MedLuidics, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ching T, Toh YC, Hashimoto M. Design and fabrication of micro/nanofluidics devices and systems. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:15-58. [PMID: 35033282 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the science, engineering, and design methods required in the development of micro/nanofluidic devices. Section 2 provides the scientific background of fluid mechanics and physical phenomena in micro/nanoscale. Section 3 gives a brief overview of the existing fabrication techniques employed in micro/nanofluidics. The techniques are grouped into three categories: (1) subtractive manufacturing, (2) formative manufacturing, and (3) additive manufacturing. The advantages and disadvantages of each manufacturing technique are also discussed. Implementation of the fluidic devices beyond laboratory demonstrations is not trivial, which requires a good understanding of the problems of interest and the end-users. To that end, Section 4 introduces the design thinking approach and its application to develop micro/nanofluidic devices. Finally, Section 5 concludes the chapter with future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Ching
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore; Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore; Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Abstract
Traditional in vitro models can replicate many essential features of drug transport/permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) but are not entirely projecting in vivo central nervous system (CNS) uptake. Species differences fail to translate experimental therapeutics from the research laboratory to the clinic. Improved in vitro modeling of human BBB is vital for both CNS drug discovery and delivery. High-end human BBB models fabricated by microfluidic technologies offer some solutions to this problem. BBB's complex physiological microenvironment has been established by increasing device complexity in terms of multiple cells, dynamic conditions, and 3D designs. It is now possible to predict the therapeutic effects of a candidate drug and identify new druggable targets by studying multicellular interactions using the advanced in vitro BBB models. This chapter reviews the current as well as an ideal in vitro model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Raut
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA.
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15
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Santos JA, Gimbel AA, Peppas A, Truslow JG, Lang DA, Sukavaneshvar S, Solt D, Mulhern TJ, Markoski A, Kim ES, Hsiao JCM, Lewis DJ, Harjes DI, DiBiasio C, Charest JL, Borenstein JT. Design and construction of three-dimensional physiologically-based vascular branching networks for respiratory assist devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4637-4651. [PMID: 34730597 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00287b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices are changing the way that in vitro diagnostics and drug development are conducted, based on the increased precision, miniaturization and efficiency of these systems relative to prior methods. However, the full potential of microfluidics as a platform for therapeutic medical devices such as extracorporeal organ support has not been realized, in part due to limitations in the ability to scale current designs and fabrication techniques toward clinically relevant rates of blood flow. Here we report on a method for designing and fabricating microfluidic devices supporting blood flow rates per layer greater than 10 mL min-1 for respiratory support applications, leveraging advances in precision machining to generate fully three-dimensional physiologically-based branching microchannel networks. The ability of precision machining to create molds with rounded features and smoothly varying channel widths and depths distinguishes the geometry of the microchannel networks described here from all previous reports of microfluidic respiratory assist devices, regarding the ability to mimic vascular blood flow patterns. These devices have been assembled and tested in the laboratory using whole bovine or porcine blood, and in a porcine model to demonstrate efficient gas transfer, blood flow and pressure stability over periods of several hours. This new approach to fabricating and scaling microfluidic devices has the potential to address wide applications in critical care for end-stage organ failure and acute illnesses stemming from respiratory viral infections, traumatic injuries and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Santos
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Alla A Gimbel
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Daniel A Lang
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Alex Markoski
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ernest S Kim
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Diana J Lewis
- Bioengineering Division, Draper, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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16
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Eschbach C, Fushiki A, Winding M, Afonso B, Andrade IV, Cocanougher BT, Eichler K, Gepner R, Si G, Valdes-Aleman J, Fetter RD, Gershow M, Jefferis GS, Samuel AD, Truman JW, Cardona A, Zlatic M. Circuits for integrating learned and innate valences in the insect brain. eLife 2021; 10:62567. [PMID: 34755599 PMCID: PMC8616581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior is shaped both by evolution and by individual experience. Parallel brain pathways encode innate and learned valences of cues, but the way in which they are integrated during action-selection is not well understood. We used electron microscopy to comprehensively map with synaptic resolution all neurons downstream of all mushroom body (MB) output neurons (encoding learned valences) and characterized their patterns of interaction with lateral horn (LH) neurons (encoding innate valences) in Drosophila larva. The connectome revealed multiple convergence neuron types that receive convergent MB and LH inputs. A subset of these receives excitatory input from positive-valence MB and LH pathways and inhibitory input from negative-valence MB pathways. We confirmed functional connectivity from LH and MB pathways and behavioral roles of two of these neurons. These neurons encode integrated odor value and bidirectionally regulate turning. Based on this, we speculate that learning could potentially skew the balance of excitation and inhibition onto these neurons and thereby modulate turning. Together, our study provides insights into the circuits that integrate learned and innate valences to modify behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Eschbach
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Akira Fushiki
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroscience & Neurology, & Zuckerman Mind Brain Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Michael Winding
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Afonso
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid V Andrade
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin T Cocanougher
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Eichler
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Gepner
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Guangwei Si
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Javier Valdes-Aleman
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Marc Gershow
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Gregory Sxe Jefferis
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aravinthan Dt Samuel
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - James W Truman
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Albert Cardona
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Zlatic
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Luan H, Zhang Q, Liu TL, Wang X, Zhao S, Wang H, Yao S, Xue Y, Kwak JW, Bai W, Xu Y, Han M, Li K, Li Z, Ni X, Ye J, Choi D, Yang Q, Kim JH, Li S, Chen S, Wu C, Lu D, Chang JK, Xie Z, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Complex 3D microfluidic architectures formed by mechanically guided compressive buckling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj3686. [PMID: 34669471 PMCID: PMC8528415 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have wide-ranging applications in chemical analysis systems, drug delivery platforms, and artificial vascular networks. This latter area is particularly relevant to 3D cell cultures, engineered tissues, and artificial organs, where volumetric capabilities in fluid distribution are essential. Existing schemes for fabricating 3D microfluidic structures are constrained in realizing desired layout designs, producing physiologically relevant microvascular structures, and/or integrating active electronic/optoelectronic/microelectromechanical components for sensing and actuation. This paper presents a guided assembly approach that bypasses these limitations to yield complex 3D microvascular structures from 2D precursors that exploit the full sophistication of 2D fabrication methods. The capabilities extend to feature sizes <5 μm, in extended arrays and with various embedded sensors and actuators, across wide ranges of overall dimensions, in a parallel, high-throughput process. Examples include 3D microvascular networks with sophisticated layouts, deterministically designed and constructed to expand the geometries and operating features of artificial vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heling Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shenglian Yao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yameng Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jilong Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Quansan Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Di Lu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jan-Kai Chang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Wearifi Inc., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315016, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.H.); (J.A.R.)
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.H.); (J.A.R.)
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18
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Joseph A, Rajendran A, Karthikeyan A, Nair BG. Implantable Microfluidic Device: An Epoch of Technology. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:679-689. [PMID: 34525928 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210825114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Implantable microfluidic devices are milestones in developing devices that can either measure parameters like ocular pressure and blood glucose level or deliver various components for therapeutic needs or behavioral modification. Researchers are currently focusing on the miniaturization of almost all its tools for a better healthcare platform. Implantable microfluidic devices are a combination of various systems including, but not limited to, microfluidic platforms, reservoirs, sensors, and actuators, implanted inside the body of a living entity (in vivo) with the purpose of directly or indirectly helping the entity. It is a multidisciplinary approach with immense potential in the area of the biomedical field. Significant resources are utilizing on for the research and development of these devices for various applications. The induction of an implantable microfluidic device into an animal would enable us to measure the responses without any repeated invasive procedures. Such data would help in the development of a better drug delivery profile. Implantable microfluidic devices with reservoirs deliver specific chemical or biological products to treat situations like cancers and diabetes. They can also deliver fluorophores for specific imaging inside the body. Implantable microfluidic devices help provide a microenvironment for various cell differentiation procedure. These devices know no boundaries, and this article reviews these devices based on their design and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abey Joseph
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
| | - Arivazhagan Rajendran
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
| | - Akash Karthikeyan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
| | - Baiju G Nair
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India; b Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University; c RIKEN, Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory. Japan
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19
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Cirillo AI, Tomaiuolo G, Guido S. Membrane Fouling Phenomena in Microfluidic Systems: From Technical Challenges to Scientific Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:820. [PMID: 34357230 PMCID: PMC8305447 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The almost ubiquitous, though undesired, deposition and accumulation of suspended/dissolved matter on solid surfaces, known as fouling, represents a crucial issue strongly affecting the efficiency and sustainability of micro-scale reactors. Fouling becomes even more detrimental for all the applications that require the use of membrane separation units. As a matter of fact, membrane technology is a key route towards process intensification, having the potential to replace conventional separation procedures, with significant energy savings and reduced environmental impact, in a broad range of applications, from water purification to food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite all the research efforts so far, fouling still represents an unsolved problem. The complex interplay of physical and chemical mechanisms governing its evolution is indeed yet to be fully unraveled and the role played by foulants' properties or operating conditions is an area of active research where microfluidics can play a fundamental role. The aim of this review is to explore fouling through microfluidic systems, assessing the fundamental interactions involved and how microfluidics enables the comprehension of the mechanisms characterizing the process. The main mathematical models describing the fouling stages will also be reviewed and their limitations discussed. Finally, the principal dynamic investigation techniques in which microfluidics represents a key tool will be discussed, analyzing their employment to study fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iginio Cirillo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.I.C.); (S.G.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.I.C.); (S.G.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.I.C.); (S.G.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Naples, Italy
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20
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Sato D, Tsumori F. Glass Microchannel Formation by Mycelium. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2021. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.34.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Sato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Fujio Tsumori
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University
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21
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Salva ML, Rocca M, Niemeyer CM, Delamarche E. Methods for immobilizing receptors in microfluidic devices: A review. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Schneider S, Gruner D, Richter A, Loskill P. Membrane integration into PDMS-free microfluidic platforms for organ-on-chip and analytical chemistry applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1866-1885. [PMID: 33949565 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Membranes play a crucial role in many microfluidic systems, enabling versatile applications in highly diverse research fields. However, the tight and robust integration of membranes into microfluidic systems requires complex fabrication processes. Most integration approaches, so far, rely on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as base material for the microfluidic chips. Several limitations of PDMS have resulted in the transition of many microfluidic approaches to PDMS-free systems using alternative materials such as thermoplastics. To integrate membranes in those PDMS-free systems, novel alternative approaches are required. This review provides an introduction into microfluidic systems applying membrane technology for analytical systems and organ-on-chip as well as a comprehensive overview of methods for the integration of membranes into PDMS-free systems. The overview and examples will provide a valuable resource and starting point for any researcher that is aiming at implementing membranes in microfluidic systems without using PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Denise Gruner
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany and Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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23
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Parthiban P, Vijayan S, Doyle PS, Hashimoto M. Evaluation of 3D-printed molds for fabrication of non-planar microchannels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:024111. [PMID: 33912266 PMCID: PMC8057840 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Replica obtained from micromolds patterned by simple photolithography has features with uniform heights, and attainable microchannels are thus quasi-two-dimensional. Recent progress in three-dimensional (3D) printing has enabled facile desktop fabrication of molds to replicate microchannels with varying heights. We investigated the replica obtained from four common techniques of 3D printing-fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, photo-polymer inkjet printing (PJ), and stereolithography (SL)-for the suitability to form microchannels in terms of the surface roughness inherent to the mechanism of 3D printing. There have been limited quantitative studies that focused on the surface roughness of a 3D-printed mold with different methods of 3D printing. We discussed that the surface roughness of the molds affected (1) transparency of the replica and (2) delamination pressure of poly(dimethylsiloxane) replica bonded to flat glass substrates. Thereafter, we quantified the accuracy of replication from 3D-printed molds by comparing the dimensions of the replicated parts to the designed dimensions and tested the ability to fabricate closely spaced microchannels. This study suggested that molds printed by PJ and SL printers were suitable for replica molding to fabricate microchannels with varying heights. The insight from this study shall be useful to fabricate 3D microchannels with controlled 3D patterns of flows guided by the geometry of the microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Systematically Studying Dissolution Process of 3D Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Mold for Creation of Complex and Fully Transparent Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Fluidic Devices. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Mainardi VL, Arrigoni C, Bianchi E, Talò G, Delcogliano M, Candrian C, Dubini G, Levi M, Moretti M. Improving cell seeding efficiency through modification of fiber geometry in 3D printed scaffolds. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33578401 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe5b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell seeding on 3D scaffolds is a very delicate step in tissue engineering applications, influencing the outcome of the subsequent culture phase, and determining the results of the entire experiment. Thus, it is crucial to maximize its efficiency. To this purpose, a detailed study of the influence of the geometry of the scaffold fibers on dynamic seeding efficiency is presented. 3D printing technology was used to realize PLA porous scaffolds, formed by fibers with a non-circular cross-sectional geometry, named multilobed to highlight the presence of niches and ridges. An oscillating perfusion bioreactor was used to perform bidirectional dynamic seeding of MG63 cells. The fiber shape influences the fluid dynamic parameters of the flow, affecting values of fluid velocity and wall shear stress. The path followed by cells through the scaffold fibers is also affected and results in a larger number of adhered cells in multilobed scaffolds compared to scaffolds with standard pseudo cylindrical fibers. Geometrical and fluid dynamic features can also have an influence on the morphology of adhered cells. The obtained results suggest that the reciprocal influence of geometrical and fluid dynamic features and their combined effect on cell trajectories should be considered to improve the dynamic seeding efficiency when designing scaffold architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Luca Mainardi
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Chiara Arrigoni
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Elena Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, ITALY
| | - Giuseppe Talò
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, Milano, 20161, ITALY
| | - Marco Delcogliano
- Unità di Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Christian Candrian
- Unità di Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Gabriele Dubini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, ITALY
| | - Marinella Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, ITALY
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
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Parlato S, Grisanti G, Sinibaldi G, Peruzzi G, Casciola CM, Gabriele L. Tumor-on-a-chip platforms to study cancer-immune system crosstalk in the era of immunotherapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:234-253. [PMID: 33315027 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00799d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a powerful therapeutic approach able to re-educate the immune system to fight cancer. A key player in this process is the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is a dynamic entity characterized by a complex array of tumor and stromal cells as well as immune cell populations trafficking to the tumor site through the endothelial barrier. Recapitulating these multifaceted dynamics is critical for studying the intimate interactions between cancer and the immune system and to assess the efficacy of emerging immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell-based products. Microfluidic devices offer a unique technological approach to build tumor-on-a-chip reproducing the multiple layers of complexity of cancer-immune system crosstalk. Here, we seek to review the most important biological and engineering developments of microfluidic platforms for studying cancer-immune system interactions, in both solid and hematological tumors, highlighting the role of the vascular component in immune trafficking. Emphasis is given to image processing and related algorithms for real-time monitoring and quantitative evaluation of the cellular response to microenvironmental dynamic changes. The described approaches represent a valuable tool for preclinical evaluation of immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Parlato
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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Rodrigues CF, Azevedo NF, Miranda JM. Integration of FISH and Microfluidics. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2246:249-261. [PMID: 33576994 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1115-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suitable molecular methods for a faster microbial identification in food and clinical samples have been explored and optimized during the last decades. However, most molecular methods still rely on time-consuming enrichment steps prior to detection, so that the microbial load can be increased and reach the detection limit of the techniques.In this chapter, we describe an integrated methodology that combines a microfluidic (lab-on-a-chip) platform, designed to concentrate cell suspensions and speed up the identification process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and a peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) protocol optimized and adapted to microfluidics. Microfluidic devices with different geometries were designed, based on computational fluid dynamics simulations, and subsequently fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane by soft lithography. The microfluidic designs and PNA-FISH procedure described here are easily adaptable for the detection of other microorganisms of similar size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Miranda
- CEFT - Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Yoon J, Park W. Microsized 3D Hydrogel Printing System using Microfluidic Maskless Lithography and Single Axis Stepper Motor. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Modeling Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy in Syngeneic Mouse Tumors in an Ex Vivo Immuno-Oncology Dynamic Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186478. [PMID: 32899865 PMCID: PMC7555450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade represents a revolution in cancer therapy, with the potential to increase survival for many patients for whom current treatments are not effective. However, response rates to current immune checkpoint inhibitors vary widely between patients and different types of cancer, and the mechanisms underlying these varied responses are poorly understood. Insights into the antitumor activities of checkpoint inhibitors are often obtained using syngeneic mouse models, which provide an in vivo preclinical basis for predicting efficacy in human clinical trials. Efforts to establish in vitro syngeneic mouse equivalents, which could increase throughput and permit real-time evaluation of lymphocyte infiltration and tumor killing, have been hampered by difficulties in recapitulating the tumor microenvironment in laboratory systems. Here, we describe a multiplex in vitro system that overcomes many of the deficiencies seen in current static histocultures, which we applied to the evaluation of checkpoint blockade in tumors derived from syngeneic mouse models. Our system enables both precision-controlled perfusion across biopsied tumor fragments and the introduction of checkpoint-inhibited tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in a single experiment. Through real-time high-resolution confocal imaging and analytics, we demonstrated excellent correlations between in vivo syngeneic mouse and in vitro tumor biopsy responses to checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting the use of this platform for higher throughput evaluation of checkpoint efficacy as a tool for drug development.
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Jahanbakhsh A, Wlodarczyk KL, Hand DP, Maier RRJ, Maroto-Valer MM. Review of Microfluidic Devices and Imaging Techniques for Fluid Flow Study in Porous Geomaterials. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20144030. [PMID: 32698501 PMCID: PMC7412536 DOI: 10.3390/s20144030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding transport phenomena and governing mechanisms of different physical and chemical processes in porous media has been a critical research area for decades. Correlating fluid flow behaviour at the micro-scale with macro-scale parameters, such as relative permeability and capillary pressure, is key to understanding the processes governing subsurface systems, and this in turn allows us to improve the accuracy of modelling and simulations of transport phenomena at a large scale. Over the last two decades, there have been significant developments in our understanding of pore-scale processes and modelling of complex underground systems. Microfluidic devices (micromodels) and imaging techniques, as facilitators to link experimental observations to simulation, have greatly contributed to these achievements. Although several reviews exist covering separately advances in one of these two areas, we present here a detailed review integrating recent advances and applications in both micromodels and imaging techniques. This includes a comprehensive analysis of critical aspects of fabrication techniques of micromodels, and the most recent advances such as embedding fibre optic sensors in micromodels for research applications. To complete the analysis of visualization techniques, we have thoroughly reviewed the most applicable imaging techniques in the area of geoscience and geo-energy. Moreover, the integration of microfluidic devices and imaging techniques was highlighted as appropriate. In this review, we focus particularly on four prominent yet very wide application areas, namely “fluid flow in porous media”, “flow in heterogeneous rocks and fractures”, “reactive transport, solute and colloid transport”, and finally “porous media characterization”. In summary, this review provides an in-depth analysis of micromodels and imaging techniques that can help to guide future research in the in-situ visualization of fluid flow in porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jahanbakhsh
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.L.W.); (M.M.M.-V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Krystian L. Wlodarczyk
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.L.W.); (M.M.M.-V.)
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (D.P.H.); (R.R.J.M.)
| | - Duncan P. Hand
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (D.P.H.); (R.R.J.M.)
| | - Robert R. J. Maier
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (D.P.H.); (R.R.J.M.)
| | - M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.L.W.); (M.M.M.-V.)
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Akbaridoust F, de Silva CM, Szydzik C, Mitchell A, Marusic I, Nesbitt WS. Experimental fluid dynamics characterization of a novel micropump-mixer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:044116. [PMID: 32849975 PMCID: PMC7442494 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of lab-on-a-chip systems to biomedical engineering and medical biology is rapidly growing. Reciprocating micropumps show significant promise as automated bio-fluid handling systems and as active reagent-to-sample mixers. Here, we describe a thorough fluid dynamic analysis of an active micro-pump-mixer designed for applications of preclinical blood analysis and clinical diagnostics in hematology. Using high-speed flow visualization and micro-particle image velocimetry measurements, a parametric study is performed to investigate the fluid dynamics of six discrete modes of micropump operation. With this approach, we identify an actuation regime that results in optimal sample flow rates while concomitantly maximizing reagent-to-sample mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. M. de Silva
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - C. Szydzik
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - A. Mitchell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - I. Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - W. S. Nesbitt
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Portillo‐Esquivel LE, Nanduri V, Zhang F, Liang W, Zhang B. z-Wire: A Microscaffold That Supports Guided Tissue Assembly and Intramyocardium Delivery for Cardiac Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000358. [PMID: 32543115 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds promise to replace damaged tissues for repair of vital organs in the human body. In cardiac repairs specifically, approaches are developed for intramyocardial delivery of cells and the epicardial delivery of tissue-engineered cardiac patches, providing benefit of cell localization and tissue structure, respectively. However, to improve cell retention and integration, there is a need for the intramyocardial delivery of functional tissues while preserving anisotropic muscle alignment. Here, a biodegradable z-wire scaffold that supports the scalable gel-free production of an array of functional cardiac tissues in a 384-well plate format is developed. The z-wire scaffold design supports cellular alignment, provides tunable mechanical support, and allows for tissue contraction. When the scaffold is imparted with magnetic properties, individual tissues can be assembled with macroscopic alignment under magnetic guidance. When used in combination with a customized surgical delivery tool, z-wire tissues can be injected directly into the myocardial wall, with controlled tissue orientation according to the injection path. This modular tissue engineering approach, in combination with the use of smart scaffolds, can expand opportunity in functional tissue delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vibudha Nanduri
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringMcMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Wenbin Liang
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa 40 Ruskin Street Ottawa ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada
- School of Biomedical EngineeringMcMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada
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Creating Custom Neural Circuits on Multiple Electrode Arrays Utilizing Optical Tweezers for Precise Nerve Cell Placement. Methods Protoc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7359705 DOI: 10.3390/mps3020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise creation, maintenance, and monitoring of neuronal circuits would facilitate the investigation of subjects such as neuronal development or synaptic plasticity, or assist in the development of neuronal prosthetics. Here we present a method to precisely control the placement of multiple types of neuronal retinal cells onto a commercially available multiple electrode array (MEA), using custom-built optical tweezers. We prepared the MEAs by coating a portion of the MEA with a non-adhesive substrate (Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)), and the electrodes with an adhesive cell growth substrate. We then dissociated the retina of adult tiger salamanders, plated them onto prepared MEAs, and utilized the optical tweezers to create retinal circuitry mimicking in vivo connections. In our hands, the optical tweezers moved ~75% of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and multipolar cells, an average of ~2000 micrometers, at a speed of ~16 micrometers/second. These retinal circuits were maintained in vitro for seven days. We confirmed electrophysiological activity by stimulating the photoreceptors with the MEA and measuring their response with calcium imaging. In conclusion, we have developed a method of utilizing optical tweezers in conjunction with MEAs that allows for the design and maintenance of custom neural circuits for functional analysis.
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Jin Y, Baugh N, Lin Y, Ge M, Dickey MD. Soft, Stretchable, and Pneumatically Triggered Thermochromic Optical Filters with Embedded Phosphorescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26424-26431. [PMID: 32390411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescence is commonly used in nature to communicate using light. There are many ways to activate phosphorescence, including UV light, heat, and mechanical forces, but there are few methods to control phosphorescence once activated. Here, we present soft composite devices-which we call "optical filters"-for controlling the release of light by phosphorescence within a stretchable matrix. The filters consist of liquid metal wires, phosphorescent particles, and thermochromic pigments embedded in an elastomeric matrix. UV light initially activates the phosphorescence of rare-earth long-lasting luminescent particles. At room temperature, the thermochromic pigments block the phosphorescence from leaving the matrix. However, Joule heating of the liquid metal can change the opacity of the thermochromic pigments, which tunes the color, intensity, and wavelength of phosphorescence that exits the composite. In addition, the resistance of the liquid metal wires changes with physical deformation, thereby converting mechanical forces (strain, compression, and pneumatic inflation) into an optical response. Controlled phosphorescence, combined with the electrical conductivity of the liquid metal and the overall soft matrix, enables potential applications as an electronic skin for soft robotics, stretchable electronics, and prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- College of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Neil Baugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Mingqiao Ge
- College of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Ji X, Fang P, Xu B, Xie K, Yue H, Luo X, Wang Z, Zhao X, Shi P. Biohybrid Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Label-Free Pharmacological Fingerprinting in Cardiomyocytes. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4043-4050. [PMID: 32338928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of new drugs requires high-throughput and cost-effective pharmacological assessment in relevant biological models. Here, we introduce a novel pharmacological screening platform that combines a biohybrid triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and informatic analysis for self-powered, noninvasive, and label-free biosensing in cardiac cells. The cyclic mechanical activity of functional cardiomyocytes is dynamically captured by a specially designed biohybrid TENG device and is analyzed by a custom-made machine learning algorithm to reveal distinctive fingerprints in response to different pharmacological treatment. The core of the TENG device is a multilayer mesh substrate with microscale-gapped triboelectric layers, which are induced to generate electrical outputs by the characteristic motion of cardiomyocytes upon pharmaceutical treatment. Later bioinformatic extraction from the recorded TENG signal is sufficient to predict a drug's identity and efficacy, demonstrating the great potential of this platform as a biocompatible, low-cost, and highly sensitive drug screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peilin Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 511434, China
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haibing Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zixun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhu R, Liu M, Hou Y, Zhang L, Li M, Wang D, Fu S. One-Pot Preparation of Fluorine-Free Magnetic Superhydrophobic Particles for Controllable Liquid Marbles and Robust Multifunctional Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17004-17017. [PMID: 32191430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, magnetic superhydrophobic particles were prepared by simultaneously coating silica microspheres and modifying 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS) around the ferric oxide nanoparticles via a one-pot sol-gel process. The effect of the molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to HMDS on the wettability of superhydrophobic particles (Fe3O4@SiO2/HMDS) was investigated. Various stable liquid marble encapsulated solvents with different surface tensions, pH values, volumes, and temperatures could be obtained by simply rolling them on superhydrophobic particles. The magnetic liquid marbles could be directional transported and fixed-point volatilized. Furthermore, superhydrophobic particles were sprayed onto different surfaces using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the binder to construct organic-inorganic composite multifunctional coatings by a one-step process. By optimizing the content of Fe3O4@SiO2/HMDS and PDMS in the spraying solution, the prepared coatings showed superior superhydrophobicity with contact angles of larger than 150° and sliding angles of smaller than 10°. The coated fluorine-free fabric possessed excellent air permeability, tensile strength, and hydrostatic pressure resistance, thus fulfilling the practical wearable requirements. Besides, the prepared fabrics maintained stable water repellency even after withstanding mechanical damages or long-term exposure to severe environments. Moreover, the coated superhydrophobic materials could be applied for the on-demand separation of various oil/water mixtures. In addition, the superhydrophobic fabric presented excellent photothermal conversion performances, showing outstanding anti-icing and accelerated deicing properties. Thus, the prepared nonfluorinated and stable magnetic particles offer potential in the areas of controlled encapsulation and directional delivery and, as building blocks, are promising for the construction of robust, large-area, and multifunctional self-cleaning surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shaohai Fu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Olmos CM, Peñaherrera A, Rosero G, Vizuete K, Ruarte D, Follo M, Vaca A, Arroyo CR, Debut A, Cumbal L, Pérez MS, Lerner B, Mertelsmann R. Cost-effective fabrication of photopolymer molds with multi-level microstructures for PDMS microfluidic device manufacture. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4071-4079. [PMID: 35492655 PMCID: PMC9048755 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07955f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a methodology of photopolymer mold fabrication with multi-level microstructures for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device manufacture.
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Brossard R, Brouchet T, Malloggi F. Replication of a Printed Volatile Mold: a novel microfabrication method for advanced microfluidic systems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17473. [PMID: 31767890 PMCID: PMC6877523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and simple method to fabricate microchannels is reported based on an inkjet printing of a volatile solid mold. A liquid ink -1,6 hexanediol- ejected from a piezoelectric nozzle is instantaneously frozen when touching a cooled substrate. The created mold is then poured with PDMS. Once the PDMS is crosslinked, the ink is sublimated and the device is ready. With this approach it is possible to make microchannels on different nature surfaces such as glass, paper, uncross-linked PDMS layer or non planar substrates. The versatility of this method is illustrated by printing channels directly on commercial electrodes and measuring the channel capacitance. Moreover, millimetric height microfluidic systems are easily produced (aspect ratio [Formula: see text] 25) as well as 3D structures such as bridges. To demonstrate, we have fabricated a combinatorial microfluidic system which makes 6 mixtures from 4 initial solutions without any stacking and tedious alignment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Brossard
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Brouchet
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Florent Malloggi
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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Beca BM, Sun Y, Wong E, Moraes C, Simmons CA. Dynamic Bioreactors with Integrated Microfabricated Devices for Mechanobiological Screening. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:581-592. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan M. Beca
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edwin Wong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Craig A. Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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40
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Microfluidic-Based Approaches for Foodborne Pathogen Detection. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100381. [PMID: 31547520 PMCID: PMC6843441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety is of obvious importance, but there are frequent problems caused by foodborne pathogens that threaten the safety and health of human beings worldwide. Although the most classic method for detecting bacteria is the plate counting method, it takes almost three to seven days to get the bacterial results for the detection. Additionally, there are many existing technologies for accurate determination of pathogens, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), but they are not suitable for timely and rapid on-site detection due to time-consuming pretreatment, complex operations and false positive results. Therefore, an urgent goal remains to determine how to quickly and effectively prevent and control the occurrence of foodborne diseases that are harmful to humans. As an alternative, microfluidic devices with miniaturization, portability and low cost have been introduced for pathogen detection. In particular, the use of microfluidic technologies is a promising direction of research for this purpose. Herein, this article systematically reviews the use of microfluidic technology for the rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens. First, microfluidic technology is introduced, including the basic concepts, background, and the pros and cons of different starting materials for specific applications. Next, the applications and problems of microfluidics for the detection of pathogens are discussed. The current status and different applications of microfluidic-based technologies to distinguish and identify foodborne pathogens are described in detail. Finally, future trends of microfluidics in food safety are discussed to provide the necessary foundation for future research efforts.
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41
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Szydzik C, Brazilek RJ, Akbaridoust F, de Silva C, Moon M, Marusic I, Ooi ASH, Nandurkar HH, Hamilton JR, Mitchell A, Nesbitt WS. Active Micropump-Mixer for Rapid Antiplatelet Drug Screening in Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10830-10839. [PMID: 31343155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for scalable automated lab-on-chip systems incorporating precise hemodynamic control that can be applied to high-content screening of new more efficacious antiplatelet therapies. This paper reports on the development and characterization of a novel active micropump-mixer microfluidic to address this need. Using a novel reciprocating elastomeric micropump design, we take advantage of the flexible structural and actuation properties of this framework to manage the hemodynamics for on-chip platelet thrombosis assay on type 1 fibrillar collagen, using whole blood. By characterizing and harnessing the complex three-dimensional hemodynamics of the micropump operation in conjunction with a microvalve controlled reagent injection system we demonstrate that this prototype can act as a real-time assay of antiplatelet drug pharmacokinetics. In a proof-of-concept preclinical application, we utilize this system to investigate the way in which rapid dosing of human whole blood with isoform selective inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dose dependently modulate platelet thrombus dynamics. This modular system exhibits utility as an automated multiplexable assay system with applications to high-content chemical library screening of new antiplatelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Szydzik
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia.,School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Rose J Brazilek
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Farzan Akbaridoust
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Charitha de Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Mitchell Moon
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Ivan Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Andrew S H Ooi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Harshal H Nandurkar
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Warwick S Nesbitt
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia.,School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
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42
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Li Y, Zhang T, Pang Y, Li L, Chen ZN, Sun W. 3D bioprinting of hepatoma cells and application with microfluidics for pharmacodynamic test of Metuzumab. Biofabrication 2019; 11:034102. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab256c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Ozawa R, Iwadate H, Toyoda H, Yamada M, Seki M. A numbering-up strategy of hydrodynamic microfluidic filters for continuous-flow high-throughput cell sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1828-1837. [PMID: 30998230 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00053d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Even though a number of microfluidic systems for particle/cell sorting have been proposed, facile and versatile platforms that provide sufficient sorting throughput and good operability are still under development. Here we present a simple but effective numbering-up strategy to dramatically increase the throughput of a continuous-flow particle/cell sorting scheme based on hydrodynamic filtration (HDF). A microfluidic channel equipped with multiple branches has been employed as a unit structure for size-based filtration, which realizes precise sorting without necessitating sheath flows. According to the concept of resistive circuit models, we designed and fabricated microdevices incorporating 64 or 128 closely assembled, multiplied units with a separation size of 5.0/7.0 μm. In proof-of-concept experiments, we successfully separated single micrometer-sized model particles and directly separated blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) from blood samples. Additionally, we further increased the unit numbers by laminating multiple layers at a processing speed of up to 15 mL min-1. The presented numbering-up strategy would provide a valuable insight that is universally applicable to general microfluidic particle/cell sorters and may facilitate the actual use of microfluidic systems in biological studies and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoken Ozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Rapid and Inexpensive Fabrication of Multi-Depth Microfluidic Device using High-Resolution LCD Stereolithographic 3D Printing. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp3010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the dramatic increment of complexity, more microfluidic devices require 3D structures, such as multi-depth and -layer channels. The traditional multi-step photolithography is time-consuming and labor-intensive and also requires precise alignment during the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Here, we present an inexpensive, single-step, and rapid fabrication method for multi-depth microfluidic devices using a high-resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) stereolithographic (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printing system. With the pixel size down to 47.25 μm, the feature resolutions in the horizontal and vertical directions are 150 μm and 50 μm, respectively. The multi-depth molds were successfully printed at the same time and the multi-depth features were transferred properly to the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having multi-depth channels via soft lithography. A flow-focusing droplet generator with a multi-depth channel was fabricated using the presented 3D printing method. Experimental results show that the multi-depth channel could manipulate the morphology and size of droplets, which is desired for many engineering applications. Taken together, LCD SLA 3D printing is an excellent alternative method to the multi-step photolithography for the fabrication of multi-depth microfluidic devices. Taking the advantages of its controllability, cost-effectiveness, and acceptable resolution, LCD SLA 3D printing can have a great potential to fabricate 3D microfluidic devices.
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45
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Lee J, Nolan M, Lee H. Feasibility Study of a Microfluidic Solenoid for Discrete Quantitation of Magnetized Cells. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2019; 18:240-243. [PMID: 30892227 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2019.2905506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a cell quantitation system is proposed based on a new microfluidic solenoid design. The design is simulated in COMSOL and a scaled version of the prototype is built and the induced voltage due to the passage of a magnetic material is measured using a low-noise amplifier and converted to a digital signal using a DSP chip. The simulation results show approximately 16-nV induced voltage across the solenoid and the measurement results for a scaled version of the solenoid outputs 125-mV peak voltage. A microfluidic fabrication process demonstrates a successful prototype of a microfluidic solenoid.
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46
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Hen M, Edri E, Guy O, Avrahami D, Shpaisman H, Gerber D, Sukenik CN. Microfluidic Devices Containing ZnO Nanorods with Tunable Surface Chemistry and Wetting-Independent Water Mobility. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3265-3271. [PMID: 30726675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interest in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices has grown dramatically in recent years, particularly in the context of improved performance lab-on-a-chip devices with decreasing channel size enabling more devices on ever smaller chips. As channels become smaller, the resistance to flow increases and the device structure must be able to withstand higher internal pressures. We report herein the fabrication of microstructured surfaces that promote water mobility independent of surface static wetting properties. The key tool in this approach is the growth of ZnO nanorods on the bottom face of the microfluidic device. We show that water flow in these devices is similar whether the textured nanorod-bearing surface is hydrophilic or superhydrophobic; that is, the device tolerates a wide range of surface wetting properties without changing the water flow within the device. This is not the case for smooth surfaces with different wetting properties, wherein hydrophilic surfaces result in slower flow rates. The ability to create monolayer-coated ZnO nanorods in a PDMS microfluidic device also allows for a variety of surface modifications within standard mass-produced devices. The inorganic ZnO nanorods can be coated with alkyl phosphonate monolayers. These monolayers can be used to convert hydrophilic surfaces into hydrophobic and even superhydrophobic surfaces that provide a platform for further surface modification. We also report photopatterned biomolecule immobilization within the channels on the monolayer-coated ZnO rods.
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47
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Fitzgerald ML, Tsai S, Bellan LM, Sappington R, Xu Y, Li D. The relationship between the Young's modulus and dry etching rate of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:26. [PMID: 30826983 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been the pivotal materials for microfluidic technologies with tremendous amount of lab-on-a-chip devices made of PDMS microchannels. While molding-based soft-lithography approach has been extremely successful in preparing various PDMS constructs, some complex features have to been achieved through more complicated microfabrication techniques that involve dry etching of PDMS. Several recipes have been reported for reactive ion etching (RIE) of PDMS; however, the etch rates present large variations, even for the same etching recipe, which poses challenges in adopting this process for device fabrication. Through systematic characterization of the Young's modulus of PDMS films and RIE etch rate, we show that the etch rate is closely related to the polymer cross-link density in the PDMS with a higher etch rate for a lower PDMS Young's modulus. Our results could provide guidance to the fabrication of microfluidic devices involving dry etching of PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fitzgerald
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Sara Tsai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Rebecca Sappington
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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48
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On-Chip Cell Incubator for Simultaneous Observation of Culture with and without Periodic Hydrostatic Pressure. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020133. [PMID: 30781557 PMCID: PMC6412444 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a microfluidic device which can perform simultaneous observation on cell growth with and without applying periodic hydrostatic pressure (Yokoyama et al. Sci. Rep.2017, 7, 427). The device is called on-chip cell incubator. It is known that culture with periodic hydrostatic pressure benefits the elasticity of a cultured cell sheet based on the results in previous studies, but how the cells respond to such a stimulus during the culture is not yet clear. In this work, we focused on cell behavior under periodic hydrostatic pressure from the moment of cell seeding. The key advantage of the proposed device is that we can compare the results with and without periodic hydrostatic pressure while all other conditions were kept the same. According to the results, we found that cell sizes under periodic hydrostatic pressure increase faster than those under atmospheric pressure, and furthermore, a frequency-dependent fluctuation of cell size was found using Fourier analysis.
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49
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Yu X, Chen B, He M, Wang H, Hu B. 3D Droplet-Based Microfluidic Device Easily Assembled from Commercially Available Modules Online Coupled with ICPMS for Determination of Silver in Single Cell. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2869-2875. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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50
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Ng PF, Lee KI, Yang M, Fei B. Fabrication of 3D PDMS Microchannels of Adjustable Cross-Sections via Versatile Gel Templates. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E64. [PMID: 30960048 PMCID: PMC6402007 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible gel fibers with high stretchability were synthesized from physically cross-linked agar and covalently cross-linked polyacrylamide networks. Such gel material can withstand the temperature required for thermal curing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), when the water in the gel was partially replaced with ethylene glycol. This gel template supported thermal replica molding of PDMS to produce high quality microchannels. Microchannels with different cross sections and representative 3D structures, including bifurcating junction, helical and weave networks, were smoothly fabricated, based on the versatile manipulation of gel templates. This gel material was confirmed as a flexible and reliable template in fabricating 3D microfluidic channels for potential devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Fai Ng
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka I Lee
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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