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Yan X, Cao T, Chen H, Wu J, Xu C, Song J, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Zhang G, Peng P. Formation and evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals in charcoal and soot generated from biomass materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 488:137523. [PMID: 39923371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/11/2025]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging pollutants that are highly reactive and toxic, posing potential health risks. Biomass burning is a significant source of EPFRs, but there has been a notable gap in research regarding the EPFRs present in charcoal and soot produced from the same combustion process. Our study detected EPFRs in both charcoal and soot, but there were significant differences in their characteristics. The EPFR concentrations in charcoal were much higher than that in soot, by approximately 2-4 orders of magnitude, suggesting that charcoal may be more chemically reactive. Differences in the formation mechanisms between charcoal and soot were found to result in variations in the characteristics of EPFRs observed in each material. Furthermore, the ability of EPFRs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) differed considerably between charcoal and soot. Charcoal exhibited a strong ability to produce ROS, including 1O2 and ·OH radicals, and the abundances of 1O2 was further enhanced (∼1.2 -2.1 times) after illumination. In contrast, only the 1O2 radical was found in soot produced at 300 °C. These findings enhanced our understanding of the environmental impact and potential toxicity of EPFRs, offering valuable insights for evaluating the risks associated with wildfires and agricultural burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuncun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Qin L, Zhu W, Yang L, Zheng M, Liu G. Persistent free radicals in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 493:138332. [PMID: 40262311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2025] [Revised: 03/31/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are environmental pollutants whose potential DNA damage and apoptosis toxicity may be mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The currently available knowledge of their environmental characteristics and transformation mechanisms is not sufficient to understand the environmental behaviors and health effects of EPFRs and should be further expanded. This review offers a comprehensive review of the current state of EPFRs, including characterization methods, formation mechanisms, and environmental behavior of EPFRs. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy directly probes EPFRs in environmental matrices. EPFRs can be simply categorized by g value, but structure confirmation solely by EPR is challenging because the complexity of environmental matrices results in the absence of a hyperfine splitting spectrum. Combined advanced EPR and multi-spectroscopic methods enable the structural identification of EPFRs in environmental samples. The environmental behavior and ecological impacts of EPFRs have been progressively studied. This review highlights the important role of EPFRs in natural environments and emphasizes the necessity of further research on EPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Qin
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wuyuxin Zhu
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Monitoring and Restoration of Watershed Environment, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China.
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Yan L, Xi J, Liu L, Hu Q, Zheng M, Chen H. Mechanistic insight into Cu(II)-mediated transformation of oxytetracycline on Fe-bearing smectite: Evidence from kinetic modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 369:125865. [PMID: 39956512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2025] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
Abstract
Heavy metals like Cu(II) and oxytetracycline (OTC) frequently coexist in livestock manure and wastewater due to their widespread use as feed additives, forming Cu(II)-OTC complexes that influence OTC transport and transformation in groundwater. This study investigates Cu(II)-mediated OTC transformation on Fe-bearing smectite under dark, anoxic conditions. Results show that OTC adsorption on Fe-bearing smectite undergoes further transformation. Cu(II)-OTC complexes significantly enhance OTC adsorption, accounting for 23.6%, 99.4%, and 92.9% of total OTC at pH 3, 5, and 8.5, respectively, but inhibit OTC transformation. FTIR, XPS, and UPLC-QTOF analyses reveal redox reactions between Cu(II)-OTC complexes and Fe-bearing smectite, reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II). Transformation primarily involves the tricarbonylamide group at pH 3 and 5, extending to the dimethylamino group at pH 8.5. A kinetic model of OTC transformation identifies two key parameters: the transformation rate (k') and the reactive site quantity (Srxn). The k' varies with pH as follows: pH 3 < pH 8.5 < pH 5, while Fe concentration exhibits an inverse relationship with k', suggesting that mineral dissolution reduces the redox activity of Fe-bearing smectite. Furthermore, a linear correlation between the fraction of redox-active Cu(II)-OTC complexes and Srxn indicates that Cu(II) complexation occupies reactive sites on Fe-bearing smectite, inhibiting transformation. These findings highlight the importance of considering heavy metal-antibiotic interactions when assessing groundwater risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaxing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mingxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Honghan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
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Liu Y, Lu X, Zhang R, Wang J, Zhou Z, Xia Y, Li N, Chen D, Zhou Z, Fan X. Local Polarization Piezoelectric Electric Field Promoted Water Dissociation for Hydroxyl Radical Generation under Ambient Humidity Condition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2418554. [PMID: 39846836 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202418554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025]
Abstract
Combining piezocatalysts with mechanical ball milling for dissociating water to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) offers unprecedented opportunities for energy conversion and environmental remediation. However, the in-depth insights into the relationship between water and local polarization piezoelectric electric field (LPPEF) are currently lacking, in particularly, the ·OH formation mechanism in ball milling driven piezocatalyst system is not systematically elucidated. To this end, the present work constructs a ball milling driven piezoelectric solid/liquid interface between piezoelectric Pb2B5O9Cl (PBOC) and different contents of water to investigate LPPEF initiated catalytic reaction. Results show that PBOC exhibits an excellent Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) degradation efficiency with a 68.94 and 12.43 times faster rate constant than traditional SiO2 and BaTiO3, respectively. Under ambient humidity condition, the lower energy barrier of water dissociation (0.23 eV) endows ·OH generation more energetically favorable than under the water-oversaturated condition (0.66 eV), and trace water magnifies the polarizability of [BO3] and [BO4] units in PBOC to initiate an enhanced LPPEF, thus it enhances the trapping of lone pairs electrons in trace adsorbed water by holes to contribute a higher yield of ·OH. This study constructs a highly correlated field-initiated electron transfer system that provides opportunities for promoting the performance of piezocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Runzhe Zhang
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhikui Zhou
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanyan Xia
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dongyi Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenjian Zhou
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fan
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Ou Y, Li X, Feng S, Zhao H. Key role of persistent free radicals in soil for persulfate activation: impacts on benzo[ a]pyrene degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2025; 27:390-400. [PMID: 39804165 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been widely detected in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils, but the activation of persulfate by inherent EPFRs in PAH-contaminated soil for the transformation of PAHs remains unclear. In the present study, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was selected as a representative PAH and its transformation in a persulfate/B[a]P-contaminated soil system was studied without the addition of any other activator. Results indicated that EPFRs in the soil activated persulfate to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and degraded B[a]P. It was found that the decomposition of persulfate was accompanied with the decay of EPFRs in the soil, which was quantified using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Correspondingly, combined with EPR and quenching experiments, it was confirmed that sulfate radicals (SO4˙-), hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), superoxide radicals (˙O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) coexist in the reaction system, and ˙O2- and 1O2 play major roles in the degradation of B[a]P. Primary intermediates were identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the transformation pathway underlying B[a]P degradation was proposed. Furthermore, the acute and chronic toxicities of seven intermediates to aquatic organisms were predicted using Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) software, and the corresponding results showed that the seven intermediates detected were very toxic to the environment. This study provides new insights into the activation of persulfate by EPFRs in the degradation of refractory pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Ou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Shixu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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6
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Ito S, Yasuda K, Ishihara K, Karner VL, Kojima KM, McKenzie I. Muon spectroscopy of a 12-phosphatetraphene with extremely efficient radical trapping properties. Sci Rep 2025; 15:1181. [PMID: 39775147 PMCID: PMC11707175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-84611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
This paper describes muon spin spectroscopy studies of 12-phosphatetraphene stabilized by a peri-trifluoromethyl group and a meso-aryl substituent. Even though the prepared solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) was quite dilute (0.060 M) for transverse-field muon spin rotation (TF-µSR) measurements, the π-extended heavier congener of tetraphene presented a pair of signals due to a muoniated radical from which the muon hyperfine coupling constant (hfc) was determined. This muoniated radical was produced by the diffusion-controlled regioselective addition of muonium (Mu = [µ+e-]) to the sp2-hybridized phosphorus atom. The assignment of the muoniated radical structure was confirmed by observing a resonance due to the I = 1/2 (31P) nucleus in a muon (avoided) level-crossing resonance (µLCR) spectrum. The 31P hfc was determined from the resonance position, and a comparison with the value obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the radical retained a flat π-delocalized tetracyclic skeleton. This higher energy structure is hypothesized to be preferable because of the increased zero-point energy of the light mass of the muon. The findings of this study could be fruitful in developing novel spin-functional materials featuring efficient radical capture and π-delocalized paramagnetic molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-113 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Kohei Yasuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-113 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishihara
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-113 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Victoria L Karner
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Kenji M Kojima
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
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Xie L, Zhu K, Chen N, Deng Y, Jiang W, Jia H. A Critical Review of an Environmental Risk Substance Induced by Aging Microplastics: Insights into Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:22502-22518. [PMID: 39661042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c09107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), as an emerging contaminants category, can undergo complex aging in a variety of environmental matrices in which the chemical bonds of polymer molecules can be broken to form free radicals. While the existence of free radicals in aged plastics has been known for over half a century, only recently has significant research on a new type of environmentally risky substance, namely environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), present in aged MPs and their environmental effects, been started, but it is still in its infancy. To address these issues, this work examines EPFR generation on MPs and their environmental effect by reviewing publications from 2012 to 2023. The aging processes and mechanisms of MPs in the environment are first summarized. Then, the occurrence and formation mechanisms of EPFRs on aged MPs are specifically discussed. Additionally, the reactivity of EPFRs on aging MPs and their influencing factors are comprehensively considered, such as their physicochemical properties, oxygen content, and coexisting substances. Due to their reactivity, EPFRs can interact directly with some substances (e.g., p-nitrophenol and proteins, etc.) or induce the generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to diverse environmental effects, including pollutant transformation, biotoxicity, and health risks. Finally, research challenges and perspectives for EPFRs formation on aging MPs and related environmental implications are presented. Given the environmental fate and risk of MPs-EPFRs, our urgent call for a better understanding of the potential hazards of aged MPs is to help develop a sustainable path for plastics management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Na Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongxi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Qin X, He Y, Liu S, Shi B. Persistent free radicals in natural organic matter activated by iron particles enhanced disinfection byproduct formation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122387. [PMID: 39298899 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The widespread presence of iron (Fe) particles and natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can significantly affect tap water quality, contributing to aesthetic issues and potentially generating harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study revealed that Fe particles, when combined with humic acid (HA), substantially increased DBP formation during chlorination. Fe particles (particularly preformed Fe particles) significantly increased haloacetic acid (HAA) formation by activating the persistent free radicals (PFRs) in the HA. Compared with the control system without Fe particles, greater than 2 times of HAA increase were observed for the system with Fe pariticles. PFRs accumulated on Fe particle surface could generate hydroxyl radicals, facilitating the decomposition of HA into smaller molecules, which were more reactive with chlorine disinfectants, thus elevated the DBP formation including both known and unknown N-DBPs and Cl-DBPs. The DBP promotion effect of in-situ formed Fe particles was much less than that of preformed Fe particles although both in-situ formed and preformed Fe particles could accumulate PFRs from HA. In-situ formed particles primarily accumulated carbon-centered PFRs, while preformed particles accumulated oxygen-centered PFRs. To mitigate the Fe particle induced water quality risks, it is crucial to control iron pipe corrosion and iron release in DWDS. In addtion, the optimization of treatment processes such as coagulation and filtration to more completely remove NOM and Fe particles could help minimize the DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitian He
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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9
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Li X, Qu B, Wang J, Zhao H. Photoformation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals During Phototransformation of Poly-Cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Particles in an Aqueous Solution: The Hydrogenation of PAHs and Effect of Co-Existing Water Matrix Factors. TOXICS 2024; 12:796. [PMID: 39590976 PMCID: PMC11597975 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 10/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) generated on particles under irradiation in water have attracted particular attention, and their formation mechanisms are not well understood. This study investigated the photoformation of EPFRs on both actual samples collected from an oil production plant in Panjin, Liaoning, China, and simulated Fe(III)-montmorillonite samples in water. The EPFRs detected on actual samples were not easily generated compared with those in the soil or in the air, based on the concentrations of identified PAHs. EPR signals in the range of 1017 to 1018 spin/g were detected on the simulated Fe(III)-montmorillonite samples. Their g factors were smaller than 2.0030, which indicated the generation of carbon-centered EPFRs. The primary byproducts were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a possible EPFR formation pathway during PAH degradation was proposed. Hydrogenation of PAHs during the photoformation of EPFRs was observed and might be due to the catalysis of the simulated particles and the interaction of the intermediates. Meanwhile, the effects of the typical anions (NO2- and Cl-) and the surfactant (TWEEN® 80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate) were investigated and indicated that the phototransformation process and adsorption process would affect the formation of EPFRs. Overall, our study provided useful information to understand the photoformation of EPFRs in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China; (X.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Baocheng Qu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China;
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China; (X.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China; (X.L.); (J.W.)
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10
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Jia SM, Chen MH, Yang PF, Wang L, Wang GY, Liu LY, Ma WL. Seasonal variations and sources of atmospheric EPFRs in a megacity in severe cold region: Implications for the influence of strong coal and biomass combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119067. [PMID: 38704002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) can pose exposure risks by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species. As a new class of pollutants, EPFRs have been frequently detected in atmospheric particulate matters. In this study, the seasonal variations and sources of EPFRs in a severe cold region in Northeastern China were comprehensively investigated, especially for the high pollution events. The geomean concentration of EPFRs in the total suspended particle was 6.58 × 1013 spins/m3 and the mean level in winter was one order of magnitude higher than summer and autumn. The correlation network analysis showed that EPFRs had significantly positive correlation with carbon component, K+ and PAHs, indicating that EPFRs were primarily emitted from combustion and pyrolysis process. The source appointment by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model indicated that the dominant sources in the heating season were coal combustion (48.4%), vehicle emission (23.1%) and biomass burning (19.4%), while the top three sources in the non-heating season were others (41.4%), coal combustion (23.7%) and vehicle emissions (21.2%). It was found that the high EPFRs in cold season can be ascribed to the extensive use of fossil fuel for heating demand; while the high EPFRs occurred in early spring were caused by the large-scale opening combustion of biomass. In summary, this study provided important basic information for better understanding the pollution characteristics of EPFRs, which suggested that the implementation of energy transformation and straw utilization was benefit for the control of EPFRs in severe cold region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Mei-Hong Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Liang Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Guo-Ying Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China.
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11
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Zhao Z, Li H, Wei Y, Fang G, Jiang Q, Pang Y, Huang W, Tang M, Jing Y, Feng X, Luo XS, Berkemeier T. Airborne environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM 2.5 from combustion sources: Abundance, cytotoxicity and potential exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172202. [PMID: 38599399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
As an emerging atmospheric pollutant, airborne environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed during many combustion processes and pose various adverse health effects. In health-oriented air pollution control, it is vital to evaluate the health effects of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from different emission sources. In this study, various types of combustion-derived PM2.5 were collected on filters in a partial-flow dilution tunnel sampling system from three typical emission sources: coal combustion, biomass burning, and automobile exhaust. Substantial concentrations of EPFRs were determined in PM2.5 samples and associated with significant potential exposure risks. Results from in vitro cytotoxicity and oxidative potential assays suggest that EPFRs may cause substantial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon inhalation exposure to PM2.5 from anthropogenic combustion sources, especially from automobile exhaust. This study provides important evidence for the source- and concentration-dependent health effects of EPFRs in PM2.5 and motivates further assessments to advance public health-oriented PM2.5 emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanhan Li
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yaqian Wei
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuting Pang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingwei Tang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuanshu Jing
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyuan Feng
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Li H, Li H, Zuo N, Lang D, Du W, Zhang P, Pan B. Can the concentration of environmentally persistent free radicals describe its toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans? Evidence provided by neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133823. [PMID: 38442598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging pollutants stabilized on or inside particles. Although the toxicity of EPFR-containing particles has been confirmed, the conclusions are always ambiguous because of the presence of various compositions. A clear dose-response relationship was always challenged by the fact that the concentrations of these coexisted components simultaneously changed with EPFR concentrations. Without these solid dose-response pieces of evidence, we could not confidently conclude the toxicity of EPFRs and the description of potential EPFR risks. In this study, we established a particle system with a fixed catechol concentration but different reaction times to obtain particles with different EPFR concentrations. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in response to different EPFR concentrations was systematically investigated at multiple biological levels, including behavior observations and biochemical and transcriptome analyses. Our results showed that exposure to EPFRs disrupted the development and locomotion of C. elegans. EPFRs cause concentration-dependent neurotoxicity and oxidative damage to C. elegans, which could be attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted by EPFRs. Furthermore, the expression of key genes related to neurons was downregulated, whereas antioxidative genes were upregulated. Overall, our results confirmed the toxicity from EPFRs and EPFR concentration as a rational parameter to describe the extent of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Ning Zuo
- Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Science, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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13
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Li Z, Chen S, Liu L, Qian D, Yuan M, Yu J, Chen Z, Yang J, Su X, Hu J, Hou H. Formation mechanism of persistent free radicals during pyrolysis of Fenton-conditioned sewage sludge: Influence of NOM and iron. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121376. [PMID: 38489852 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study provided an innovative insight into the formation mechanism of persistent free radicals (PFRs) during the pyrolysis of Fenton-conditioned sludge. Fenton conditioners simultaneously improve the dewatering performance of sewage sludge and catalyze the pyrolysis of sewage sludge for the formation of PFRs. In this process, PFRs with a total number of spins of 9.533×1019 spins/g DS could be generated by pyrolysis of Fenton-conditioned sludge at 400°C. The direct thermal decomposition of natural organic matter (NOM) fractions contributed to the formation of carbon-centered radicals, while the Maillard reaction produced phenols precursors. Additionally, the reaction between aromatic proteins and iron played a crucial role in the formation of phenoxyl or semiquinone-type radicals. Kinetics analysis using discrete distributed activation energy model (DAEM) demonstrated that the average activation energy for pyrolysis was reduced from 178.28 kJ/mol for raw sludge to 164.53 KJ/mol for Fenton conditioned sludge. The reaction factor (fi) indicated that the primary reaction in Fenton-conditioned sludge comprised of 27 parallel first-order reactions, resulting from pyrolysis cleavage of the NOM fractions, the Maillard reaction, and iron catalysis. These findings are significant for understanding the formation process of PFRs from NOM in Fenton-conditioned sludge and provide valuable insight for controlling PFRs formation in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sijing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dingkang Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xintai Su
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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14
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Yu T, Tao L, Liu Z, Zhang X, Gan T, Yan W, Zheng L, Meng G, Chen W, Liu S, Ye C, Zhang J. Oxygen Coordination Promotes Single-Atom Cu(II)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry without Reducing Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38602509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Unique active sites make single-atom (SA) catalysts promising to overcome obstacles in homogeneous catalysis but challenging due to their fixed coordination environment. Click chemistry is restricted by the low activity of more available Cu(II) catalysts without reducing agents. Herein, we develop efficient, O-coordinated SA Cu(II) directly catalyzed click chemistry. As revealed by theoretical calculations of the superior coordination structure to promote the click reaction, an organic molecule-assisted strategy is applied to prepare the corresponding SA Cu catalysts with respective O and N coordination. Although they both belong to Cu(II) centers, the O-coordinated one exhibits a 5-fold higher activity than the other and even much better activity than traditional homogeneous and heterogeneous Cu(II) catalysts. Control experiments further proved that the O-coordinated SA Cu(II) catalyst tends to be reduced by alkyne into Cu acetylide rather than the N-coordinated catalyst and thus facilitates click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuge Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Gan
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chenliang Ye
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Zhao X, Tang L, Zhang S, Wang J, Czech B, Oleszczuk P, Minkina T, Gao Y. Formation and biotoxicity of environmentally persistent free radicals in steelworks soil under thermal treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133697. [PMID: 38325092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Thermal treatment are commonly used to address organic contaminated soils. In particular, the pyrolysis of organic substances can result in the creation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). We investigated a steelworks site in Chongqing (China) to observe changes in EPFRs before and after thermal treatment. Our findings revealed that the EPFRs were carbon-centered radicals with a g-factor < 2.0030 and a spin density ranging from n.d.-5.23 × 1015 spins/mg. The formation of EPFRs was driving by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Mn, Cu, and total organic carbon (TOC). Following the thermal treatment, the spin densities of EPFRs increased by a factor of 0.25 to 1.81, with maximum levels reached at 300 °C. High molecular weight PAHs exhibited high heat capacity, enabling the generation of more EPFRs. The thermal decay of EPFRs occurred in two stages, with the shortest 1/e lifetime lasting up to 16.8 h. Raising the temperature or prolonging time can significantly reduce EPFRs levels. Thermal treatment increased the generation of EPFRs, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide radical (•O2-), leading to a decrease in bacterial luminescence. Specifically, •OH contributed to approximately 73% of the B. brilliantus inhibition. Our results highlight that the thermal treatment significantly enhance EPFRs concentrations, and the treated soil remained ecologically risky. The knowledge of the formation of EPFRs and their biotoxicity is shedding new light on the thermal treatment risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Department of Soil Science, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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16
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Ahmed SM, Oumnov RA, Kizilkaya O, Hall RW, Sprunger PT, Cook RL. Role of Electronegativity in Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) Formation on ZnO. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:5179-5188. [PMID: 38567373 PMCID: PMC10983065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c08231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), a group of emerging pollutants, have significantly longer lifetimes than typical free radicals. EPFRs form by the adsorption of organic precursors on a transition metal oxide (TMO) surface involving electron charge transfer between the organic and TMO. In this paper, dihalogenated benzenes were incorporated to study the role of electronegativity in the electron transfer process to obtain a fundamental knowledge of EPFR formation mechanism on ZnO. Upon chemisorption on ZnO nanoparticles at 250 °C, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) confirms the formation of oxygen adjacent carbon-centered organic free radicals with concentrations between 1016 and 1017 spins/g. The radical concentrations show a trend of 1,2-dibromobenzene (DBB) > 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) > 1,2-difluorobenzene (DFB) illustrating the role of electronegativity on the amount of radical formation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirms the reduction of the Zn2+ metal center, contrasting previous experimental evidence of an oxidative mechanism for ZnO single crystal EPFR formation. The extent of Zn reduction for the different organics (DBB > DCB > DFB) also correlates to their polarity. DFT calculations provide theoretical evidence of ZnO surface reduction and exhibit a similar trend of degree of reduction for different organics, further building on the experimental findings. The lifetimes of the EPFRs formed confirm a noteworthy persistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Monjur Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Reuben A. Oumnov
- Department
of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican
University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Orhan Kizilkaya
- Center for
Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana
State University, 6980
Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
| | - Randall W. Hall
- Department
of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican
University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Phillip T. Sprunger
- Center for
Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana
State University, 6980
Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Robert L. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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17
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Zhong L, Zhu B, Su W, Liang W, Wang H, Li T, Cao D, Ruan T, Chen J, Jiang G. Molecular characterization of diverse quinone analogs for discrimination of aerosol-bound persistent pyrolytic and photolytic radicals. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:612-620. [PMID: 38101961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-bound organic radicals, including environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), are key components that affect climate, air quality, and human health. While putative structures have been proposed, the molecular characteristics of EPFRs remain unknown. Here, we report a surrogate method to characterize EPFRs in real ambient samples using mass spectrometry. The method identifies chemically relevant oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OxPAH) that interconvert with oxygen-centered EPFR (OC-EPFR). We found OxPAH compounds most relevant to OC-EPFRs are structurally rich and diverse quinones, whose diversity is strongly associated with OC-EPFR levels. Both atmospheric oxidation and combustion contributed to OC-EPFR formation. Redundancy analysis and photochemical aging model show pyrolytic sources generated more oxidized OC-EPFRs than photolytic sources. Our study reveals the detailed molecular characteristics of OC-EPFRs and shows that oxidation states can be used to identify the origins of OC-EPFRs, offering a way to track the development and evolution of aerosol particles in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laijin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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18
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Qiu X, Wang X, Pan J, Ding L, Liang X, Guo X. Significant contribution of different sources of particulate organic matter to the photoaging of microplastics. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121173. [PMID: 38281334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Particulate organic matter (POM), as an important component of organic matter, can act as a redox mediator and thus intervene in the environmental behavior of microplastics (MPs). However, quantitative information on the role of POM in the photoaging of MPs under ultraviolet (UV) light is still lacking. To raise the knowledge gap, through environmental simulation experiments and qualitative/quantitative experiments of active substances, we found that POM from peat soil has stronger oxidation capacity than POM from sediment, and the involvement of POM at high water content makes the aging of MPs more obvious. This is because the persistent radicals and electron-absorbing groups on the surface of POM indirectly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) by promoting electron transfer, and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from POM under UV light (POM-DOM) is further excited to generate triplet-state photochemistry of DOM (3DOM*) to promote the aging of MPs. Theoretical calculations revealed that the benzene ring, mainly C = C, and C = O in the main chain in the plastic macromolecule structure are more susceptible to ROS attack, and the differences in the vulnerable sites contained in different plastic structures as well as the differences in the energy band gaps lead to differences in their aging processes. This study firstly elucidates the key role and intrinsic mechanism of POM in the photoaging of MPs, providing a theoretical basis for a comprehensive assessment of the effect of POM on MPs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jianrui Pan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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19
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Liang D, Liu J, Feng Y, Tu K, Wang L, Qiu L, Zhang X. Formation Mechanism of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Alkaline Earth Oxide Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1297-1305. [PMID: 38349766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The formation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) is usually related to transition-metal oxides in particulate matter (PM). However, recent studies suggest that alkaline-earth-metal oxides (AEMOs) in PM also influence EPFRs formation, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here, density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the formation mechanism of EPFRs by C6H5OH on AEMO (MgO, CaO, and BaO) surfaces and compare it with that on transition-metal oxide (ZnO and CuO) surfaces. Results indicate that EPFRs can be rapidly formed on AEMOs by dissociative adsorption of C6H5OH, accompanied by electrons transfer. As the alkalinity of AEMOs increases, both adsorption energy and the number of electron transfers gradually increase. Also, the stability of the formed EPFRs is mainly attributed to the electrostatic and van der Waals interactions between the phenoxy radical and surfaces. Notably, the formation mechanism of EPFRs on AEMOs is similar to that on ZnO but differs from that on CuO, as suggested through geometric structure and charge distribution analyses. This study not only elucidates the formation mechanisms of EPFRs on AEMOs but also provides theoretical insights into addressing EPFRs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danli Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of National Land Space Planning and Disaster Emergency Management of Inner Mongolia, School of Resources, Environment and Architectural Engineering, Chifeng University, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Yuwen Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kaipeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Norinco Group Shanxi North Xingan Chemical Industry Company Limited, Taiyuan 030008, China
| | - Lili Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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Li K, Xiu X, Hao W. Microplastics in soils: Production, behavior process, impact on soil organisms, and related toxicity mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141060. [PMID: 38159733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a hot ecological issue of global concern and MP pollution in soil is becoming increasingly serious. Studies have shown that MPs have adverse effects on soil biology and ecological functions. Although MPs are evident in soils, identifying their source, abundance, and types is difficult because of the complexity and variability of soil components. In addition, the effects of MPs on soil physicochemical properties (PCP), including direct effects such as direct interaction with soil particles and indirect effects such as the impact on soil organisms, have not been reported in a differentiated manner. Furthermore, at present, the soil ecological effects of MPs are mostly based on biological toxicity reports of their exudate or size effects, whereas the impact of their surface-specific properties (such as environmentally persistent free radicals, surface functional groups, charge, and curvature) on soil ecological functions is not fully understood. Considering this, this paper reviews the latest research findings on the production and behavioral processes of MPs in soil, the effects on soil PCP, the impacts on different soil organisms, and the related toxic mechanisms. The above discussion will enhance further understanding of the behavioral characteristics and risks of MPs in soil ecosystems and provide some theoretical basis for further clarification of the molecular mechanisms of the effects of MPs on soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, China.
| | - Xiaojia Xiu
- Changwang School of Honors, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wanqi Hao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, China
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21
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Yao K, Zheng H, Guo H. Oxidative potential, environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species of size-resolved ambient particles near highways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122858. [PMID: 37967708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a group of atmospheric pollutants with an uncertain toxicity, particularly when collected near highways. This study examined the oxidative potential (OP) of, as well as the environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in PM samples collected near highways in Xiamen, China. Our findings revealed that PM had a relatively high OP, ranging from 3.8 to 18.5 nmol/min/μg, surpassing values reported in previous research. The oxidative potential of the water-insoluble fraction (OPWIS), which accounted for 68% of the total oxidative potential (OPTotal), demonstrated rapid toxicity, whereas the oxidative potential of the water-soluble fraction (OPWS) displayed a steadier toxicity release pattern. The primary free radicals detected in PM were oxygen-centered. The measured concentration of EPFRs was 6.073 × 1014 spins/m3, which is lower than that reported in previous studies, possibly because of the high relative humidity of the road environment in Xiamen. We also investigated the interaction between PM and water near highways and observed the generation of R and OH radicals. Additionally, we analysed the sample composition and evaluated the contributions of the different components to OPTotal. Transition metals (Fe, Cu, and Zn) were identified as the major contributors, accounting for 33.2% of the OPTotal. The positive correlation observed between EPFRs and ROS suggests that EPFRs may be involved in ROS generation. The correlation analysis indicated that the oxidative potential measured using the DTT method (OPDTT) could serve as an indicator of ROS generation. Finally, based on the relationship between OPDTT, EPFRs, and ROS, we propose that reducing the emission of transition metals, particularly Fe, represents an effective control measure for mitigating PM toxicity near highways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Kaixing Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Huibin Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China.
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22
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Lodygin E, Vasilevich R, Abakumov E. Relating Paramagnetic Properties to Molecular Parameters of Humic Acids Isolated from Permafrost Peatlands in the European Arctic. Molecules 2023; 29:104. [PMID: 38202687 PMCID: PMC10779841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Free radicals (FRs) are intermediate participants in the transformation process of soil organic matter, and free radical activity is a fundamental property of humic substances. The aim of this work was to conduct a comparative study of the paramagnetic properties of humic acids (HAs) isolated from Histosols by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The studied Histosols are found in permafrost peatlands in four natural geographic subzones of the European Arctic (from forest tundra to northern tundra). The results obtained showed that in anaerobic conditions on the peatlands in the tundra zone, the formation of semiquinone-type radicals occurs through the reduction of quinone fragments of HAs and leads to an increase in the concentration of paramagnetic centres within HAs. PCA analysis allowed us to reveal relationships between the properties of the initial raw peat samples, the molecular composition of the isolated HAs, and their paramagnetic parameters. It was found that FR localization occurs predominantly on aromatic fragments of lignin nature, which are confined to the low molecular weight fraction of HAs. The g-factor values of the EPR spectra of HAs indicate the presence of carbon- and oxygen-centred FRs in the HA structure, with a predominance of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Lodygin
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, Kommunisticheskaya St., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia;
| | - Roman Vasilevich
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, Kommunisticheskaya St., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia;
| | - Evgeny Abakumov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 16th Liniya V.O., 29, 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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23
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Yi JF, Lin ZZ, Li X, Zhou YQ, Guo Y. A short review on environmental distribution and toxicity of the environmentally persistent free radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139922. [PMID: 37611755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) are usually generated by the electron transfer of a certain radical precursor on the surface of a carrier. They are characterized with high activity, wide migration range, and relatively long half-life period. In this review, we summarized the literature on EPFRs published since 2010, including their environmental occurrence and potential cytotoxicity and biotoxicity. The EPFRs in the atmosphere are the most abundant in the environment, mainly generated from the combustion of raw materials or biochar, and the C-center types (quinones, semiquinones radicals, etc.) may exist for a relatively long time. These EPFRs can transform into other substances (such as reactive oxygen species, ROS) under the influence of environmental factors, and partly enter soil and water by wet and dry deposition of particulate matter, which may promote the generation of EPFRs in those media. The wide distribution of EPFRs in the environment may lead to their exposure to biota including humans, resulting in cytotoxicity and biotoxicity. The EPFRs can influence the normal redox process of the biota, and generate a large number of free radicals like ROS. Exposure to EPFRs may change the expression of gene and activity of metabolic enzymes, and damage the cells, as well as some organs such as the lung, trachea, and heart. However, due to the difficulty in sample extraction, identification, and quantification of the specific EPFR individuals, the toxicity and exposure evaluation of biota are still limited which merits study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Yi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Ze-Zhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yue-Qiao Zhou
- Department of Department of Medical Oncology, Qionghai People's Hospital, Qionghai, 571499, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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24
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Xiao K, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Fu D, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Lin Y, Wang Q, Pei J, Shen G. Size-resolved environmentally persistent free radicals in urban road dust and association with transition metals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7829-7839. [PMID: 37486413 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are receiving growing concerns owing to their potentially adverse impacts on human health. Road dust is one important source of air pollution in most cities and may pose significant health risks. Characteristics of EPFRs in urban road dusts and its formation mechanism(s) are still rarely studied. Here, we evaluated occurrence and size distributions of EPFRs in road dusts from different functional areas of an urban city, and assessed relationship between EPFRs and some transition metals. Strong electron paramagnetic resonance signals of 6.01 × 1016 - 1.3 × 1019 spins/g with the mean g value of 2.0029 ± 0.0019 were observed, indicating that EPFRs consisted of a mixture of C-centered radicals, and C-centered radicals with an adjacent oxygen atom in the urban road dust. Much more EPFRs enriched in finer dust particles. EPFRs significantly correlated with the total Fe, but not water-soluble Fe, suggesting different impacts of water-soluble and insoluble metals in the formation of EFPRs. Health risk assessment results indicated high risk potentials via the ingestion and dermal exposure to EPFRs in road dusts. Future studies are calling to look into formation mechanisms of EPFRs in urban road dusts and to quantitatively evaluate its potential risks on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zedong Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yousong Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Donglei Fu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yichun Lin
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Juan Pei
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., No.29 Hongcao Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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25
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Pan W, Chang J, He S, Liu X, Fu J, Zhang A. Machine learning strategy on activation energy of environmental heterogeneous reactions and its application to atmospheric formation of typical montmorillonite-bound phenoxy radicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165117. [PMID: 37364832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous transformation of organic pollutants into more toxic chemicals poses substantial health risks to humans. Activation energy is an important indicator that help us to understand transformation efficacy of environmental interfacial reactions. However, the determination of activation energies for large numbers of pollutants using either the experimental or high-accuracy theoretical methods is expensive and time-consuming. Alternatively, the machine learning (ML) method shows the strength in predictive performance. In this study, using the formation of a typical montmorillonite-bound phenoxy radical as an example, a generalized ML framework RAPID was proposed for activation energy prediction of environmental interfacial reactions. Accordingly, an explainable ML model was developed to predict the activation energy via easily accessible properties of the cations and organics. The model developed by decision tree (DT) performed best with the lowest root-mean-squared error (RMSE = 0.22) and the highest coefficient of determination values (R2 score = 0.93), the underlying logic of which was well understood by combining model visualization and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. The performance and interpretability of the established model suggest that activation energies can be predicted by the well-designed ML strategy, and this would allow us to predict more heterogeneous transformation reactions in the environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jiamin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuming He
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310012, PR China.
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26
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He Q, Zhao W, Luo P, Wang L, Sun Q, Zhang W, Yin D, Zhang Y, Cai Z. Contamination profiles and potential health risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 over typical central Chinese megacity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115437. [PMID: 37696081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important transportation hubs and industrial bases in China, Zhengzhou has suffered from serious PM2.5 pollution for a long time. However, the investigation of contamination status and possible exposure risks of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 from Zhengzhou is rare. In this work, a comprehensive study of pollution levels, seasonal variations, sources, and potential health risks of PM2.5-bound EPFRs in Zhengzhou was conducted for the first time. The atmospheric concentrations of EPFRs in PM2.5 from Zhengzhou ranged from 1.732 × 1012 spin m-3 to 7.182 × 1014 spin m-3 between 2019 and 2020. Relatively serious contamination was noticed in winter and spring. Primary fossil fuel combustion and Fe-mediated secondary formation were apportioned as possible sources of PM2.5-bound EPFRs in Zhengzhou. Moreover, to avert the bias of the toxicity assessment induced by utilization of incompletely extracted EPFRs from sample filter, simulatively generated EPFRs were applied to toxicological evaluations (cell viability and reactive oxygen species assays). Corresponding experimental dosages were based on the estimated adults' annual exposure amounts of EPFRs in real PM2.5 samples. The results elucidated that EPFRs might cause growth inhibition and oxidative stress of human lung cells, suggesting the possible exposure-induced health concerns for local people in Zhengzhou. This study provides practical information of real contamination status of PM2.5-bound EPFRs in Zhengzhou, which is favorable to local air pollution control and reduction of exposure risks on public health in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun He
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Peiru Luo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Qiannan Sun
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Dan Yin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative region of China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative region of China
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27
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Sun Z, Chu L, Wang X, Fang G, Liu C, Chen H, Gu C, Gao J. Roles of Natural Phenolic Compounds in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Abiotic Attenuation at Soil-Air Interfaces through Oxidative Coupling Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11967-11976. [PMID: 37478127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available on the roles of natural phenolic compounds in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) attenuation at dry soil-air interfaces. The purpose of this study was to determine the roles of model phenolic constituents of soil organic matter (SOM) on the abiotic attenuation of PAHs. The phenolic compounds can significantly change the attenuation rates of PAHs, among which hydroquinone was the most effective in promoting anthracene and benzo[a]anthracene attenuation. Product identification and sequential extraction experiments revealed hydroquinone enhanced the formation of oxidative coupling products and promoted the incorporation of PAHs into humic analogues, thereby reducing potential risks to humans and ecosystems. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses showed both PAHs and phenolic compounds could donate electrons to Lewis acid sites of soil minerals, resulting in the generation of persistent free radicals (PFRs). PFRs could promote the generation of ·OH to enhance PAH oxidation and could cross-couple with PAHs, resulting in high-molecular-weight oxidative coupling products. This study revealed for the first time the reaction mechanism between PAHs and phenolic components of SOM under relatively dry conditions and provided new insights into promoting PAHs detoxification in soils but also a potential strategy to increase the organic carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Longgang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Cun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Soil and Environment Analysis Center, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing College, Nanjing 210008, China
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28
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Vejerano EP, Ahn J. Leaves are a Source of Biogenic Persistent Free Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:662-667. [PMID: 37577362 PMCID: PMC10413942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonsenescent and senescent leaves of selected coniferous and broadleaf plants contained substantial levels of naturally occurring persistent free radicals (PFRs). These biogenic PFRs (BPFRs) were stable and persistent despite multiple wetting and drying cycles, implying that BPFRs can leach and sorb on soil particles. Results suggest that endogenous chemicals in plants and their transformation byproducts can stabilize unpaired electrons in leaves under ambient conditions. Thus, the vast amount and perpetual supply of leaf litter is an unaccounted natural source of BPFRs. If toxic, inhaling and accidentally ingesting fine soil dust and powder from degraded leaf litter may increase our environmental and health burdens to PFRs. We expect that this finding will generate more studies on natural sources of PFRs, establish their properties, and distinguish them from those formed from combustion and thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Vejerano
- Center for Environmental
Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Arnold School of Public Health, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jeonghyeon Ahn
- Center for Environmental
Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Arnold School of Public Health, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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29
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Ai J, Qin W, Chen J, Sun Y, Yu Q, Xin K, Huang H, Zhang L, Ahmad M, Liu X. Pollution characteristics and light-driven evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in two typical northern cities of China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131466. [PMID: 37099909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 can pose significant health risks by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, Beijing and Yuncheng were chosen as two representative northern cities of China that mainly relied on natural gas and coal respectively as the energy source for domestic heating in winter. The pollution characteristics and exposure risks of EPFRs in PM2.5 around the heating season of 2020 were investigated and compared between the two cities. Through laboratory simulation experiments, the decay kinetics and secondary formation of EPFRs in PM2.5 collected in both cities were also studied. EPFRs in PM2.5 collected in Yuncheng in the heating period showed longer lifetime and lower reactivity, suggesting that EPFRs originated from coal combustion were more stable in the atmosphere. However, the generation rate of hydroxyl radical (·OH) by the newly formed EPFRs in PM2.5 in Beijing under ambient conditions was 4.4 times of that in Yuncheng, suggesting higher oxidative potential of EPFRs from the atmospheric secondary processes. Accordingly, the control strategies of EPFRs and their health risks were raised for the two cities, which would also have direct implication for the control of EPFRs in other areas of similar atmospheric emission and reaction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Liu S, Huang W, Yang J, Xiong Y, Huang Z, Wang J, Cai T, Dang Z, Yang C. Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals on microplastics under UV irradiations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131277. [PMID: 37043856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the environment due to breakdown of widespread plastic wastes through physicochemical and biological processes. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) might be generated as intermediates when MPs are further fragmented and decomposed under ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Formation of EPFRs is highly depended upon the radiation energy level. This study was designed to establish the correlation between EPFRs concentrations and UV energy. Polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) were employed to investigate the generation of EPFRs under the irradiation of three ultraviolet light sources (long-wave UVA, medium-wave UVB and short-wave UVC). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed that free radical signals were detected on PS irradiated by UVC and UVB and PE irradiated by UVC, which may be due to the difference in the MPs structure and UV energy. The g-factor and ΔHp-p of EPR suggested that three different types of EPFRs may be formed on PS while two types of EPFR may be formed on PE. Meanwhile, EPFRs were detected within shorter time under UVC radiation than UVB and UVA, indicating that UVC radiation could lead to faster generation of free radicals. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy revealed that tertiary alkyl radicals, peroxy radicals and tertiary alkoxy radicals were dominant in PS whereas alkoxy radicals and keto radicals for PE. The study provides insight to the mechanisms for EPFRs formation on ubiquitously found microplastic particles. Our finding is of great significance as EPFRs may not only play important roles in decomposition of MPs and abiotic reactions of MPs-bound pollutants, but also affect physicochemical properties of MPs and MPs toxicity to aquatic organisms, hence possessing broad impacts on MPs fate and transport in aquatic environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqing Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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31
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Xu Y, Lu X, Su G, Chen X, Meng J, Li Q, Wang C, Shi B. Scientific and regulatory challenges of environmentally persistent free radicals: From formation theory to risk prevention strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 456:131674. [PMID: 37236112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
EPFRs (Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals) are a class of pollutants that have been identified as potential environmental contaminants due to their persistence and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause oxidative stress in living organisms. However, no study has comprehensively summarized the production conditions, influencing factors and toxic mechanisms of EPFRs, impeding exposure toxicity assessments and risk prevention strategies. To bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical application, a thorough literature review to summarize the formation, environmental effects, and biotoxicity of EPFRs are conducted. A total of 470 relevant papers were screened in Web of Science Core collection databases. The transfer of electrons between interfaces and the cleavage of covalent bonds of persistent organic pollutants is crucial to the generation of EPFRs, which is induced by external sources of energy, including thermal energy, light energy, transition metal ions, and others. In the thermal system, the stable covalent bond of organic matter can be destroyed by heat energy at low temperature to form EPFRs, while the formed EPFRs can be destroyed at high temperature. Light can also accelerate the production of free radicals and promote the degradation of organic matter. The persistence and stability of EPFRs are synergistically influenced by individual environmental factors such as environmental humidity, oxygen content, organic matter content, and environmental pH. Studying the formation mechanism of EPFRs and their biotoxicity is essential for fully understanding the hazards posed by these emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ali M, Song X, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Chen X, Tang Z, Liu X. Thermally enhanced biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene and benzene co-contaminated soil: Bioavailability and generation of ROS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131494. [PMID: 37172381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a set of comprehensive experiments were conducted to explore the effects of temperature on the biodegradation, bioavailability, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by thermally enhanced biodegradation (TEB) under benzene and BaP co-contaminated conditions. The biodegradation rates of benzene increased from 57.4% to 88.7% and 84.9%, and the biodegradation efficiency of BaP was enhanced from 15.8% to 34.6% and 28.6%, when the temperature was raised from the ambient temperature of 15 °C to 45 °C and 30 °C, respectively. In addition, the bioavailability analysis results demonstrated that the water- and butanol-extractable BaP increased with elevated temperatures. High enzymatic activities and PAH-RHDα gene in gram-positive bacteria favored the long-term elevated temperatures (30 and 45 °C) compared to gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, ROS species (O2•- and •OH) generation was detected which were scavenged by the increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities at elevated temperatures. Soil properties (pH, TOC, moisture, total iron, Fe3+, and Fe2+) were affected by the temperature treatments, revealing that metal-organic-associated reactions occurred during the TEB of benzene-BaP co-contamination. The results concluded that biodegradation of benzene-BaP co-contamination was greatly improved at 45 °C and that microbial activities enhanced the biodegradation under TEB via the increased bioavailability and generation and degradation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtiar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhuanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xing Chen
- China Construction 8th Engineering Division Corp., LTD, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Ni Z, Gao N, Chen N, Zhang C, Liu Z, Zhu K, Sharma VK, Jia H. Particle-size distributions of environmentally persistent free radicals and oxidative potential of soils from a former gasworks site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161747. [PMID: 36690097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of toxic by-products, such as environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), is one of the causes for concern by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. However, the distribution of EPFRs in different soil fractions and their relative contribution to the oxidation potential (OP) have not been investigated. In the present paper, contaminated samples were obtained from the former gasworks sites and were fractionated into different size particles, which were analyzed for EPFRs, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and OP-assayed by dithiothreitol (DTT) (OPDTT). The results showed the highest concentration of EPFRs in the soil particle size with diameters <0.15 mm due to co-existence of PAHs and transition metals. ROS generation is in accordance with the size-specific distribution of EPFRs. Using the DTT assays, the redox activity of various size soil particles was examined, and found it was approximately 4- to 8-folds higher than that of un-contaminated samples and strongly associated with EPFRs, ROS, and PAHs. The obtained results advanced our knowledge on the EPFRs distribution in soil fractions at former MGP sites and emphasized the significance of PAH-EPFRs as a class of compounds to be considered in risk assessment of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Na Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environment and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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Xu Q, Li G, Fang L, Sun Q, Han R, Zhu Z, Zhu YG. Enhanced Formation of 6PPD-Q during the Aging of Tire Wear Particles in Anaerobic Flooded Soils: The Role of Iron Reduction and Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5978-5987. [PMID: 36992570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization drives increased emission of tire wear particles (TWPs) and the contamination of a transformation product derived from tire antioxidant, termed as N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), with adverse implications for terrestrial ecosystems and human health. However, whether and how 6PPD-Q could be formed during the aging of TWPs in soils remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the accumulation and formation mechanisms of 6PPD-Q during the aging of TWPs in soils. Our results showed that biodegradation predominated the fate of 6PPD-Q in soils, whereas anaerobic flooded conditions were conducive to the 6PPD-Q formation and thus resulted in a ∼3.8-fold higher accumulation of 6PPD-Q in flooded soils than wet soils after aging of 60 days. The 6PPD-Q formation in flooded soils was enhanced by Fe reduction-coupled 6PPD oxidation in the first 30 days, while the transformation of TWP-harbored environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) to superoxide radicals (O2•-) under anaerobic flooded conditions further dominated the formation of 6PPD-Q in the next 30 days. This study provides significant insight into understanding the aging behavior of TWPs and highlights an urgent need to assess the ecological risk of 6PPD-Q in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
| | - Li Fang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan 316000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Ruixia Han
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
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Yang J, Fang L, Li Z, Meng G, Jia Y, Jiang Y, Lian J, Gan X. Insights into the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals during photocatalytic degradation processes of ceftriaxone sodium by ZnO/ZnIn 2S 4. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137618. [PMID: 36563725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
At present, the researches on photocatalysis were mainly focused on the design, improvement and development of catalysts, and less attention was paid to the existing characteristics of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) during the process of photocatalytic oxidation. In this study, A flower-like Z-type heterojunction ZnO/ZnIn2S4 (ZnO/ZIS) and typical antibiotic ceftriaxone sodium (CS) were taken as study objects, concentrating on the generation characteristics of EPFRs during the degradation of CS by ZnO/ZIS, and clarifying the degradation mechanism of CS in which EPFRs participated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of 10 mg/L CS by 0.40 g/L ZnO/ZIS reached 85.3% in 150 min under the irradiation of 500 W xenon lamp. It was clear that ·O2- and h+ play major roles in CS degradation by ZnO/ZIS under visible light, and ·OH plays an auxiliary role. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of EPFRs during photocatalytic degradation processes of CS by ZnO/ZIS were first investigated thoroughly via experimental analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The concentration level of EPFRs centered on oxygen atoms is 1011 spin/mm3, which were generated in the process of degradation of CS by ZnO/ZIS under visible light. The production of EPFRs chiefly includes two procedures: chemical adsorption and transfer of electrons. The adsorption energy of precursor P8 on ZnIn2S4 side is -1.91 eV, the electrons transferred from precursor P8 and P11 to ZnO/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction. Surprisingly, EPFRs have little negative effects on the degradation process of CS by ZnO/ZIS. The study was not only a key field in the development of photocatalysis technology, but also a new way to study the removal mechanism of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yang
- Anhui University of Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Anhui University of Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guanhua Meng
- Anhui University of Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China; Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Jia
- Anhui University of Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China; Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China
| | - Yongbin Jiang
- Anhui University of Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China; Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China
| | - Jianjun Lian
- Anhui University of Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China; Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China
| | - Xinhong Gan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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Fan Q, Wang L, Fu Y, Li Q, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhu H. Iron redox cycling in layered clay minerals and its impact on contaminant dynamics: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:159003. [PMID: 36155041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A majority of clay minerals contain Fe, and the redox cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) in clay minerals has been extensively studied as it may fuel the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and govern the mobility, toxicity and bioavailability of a number of environmental contaminants. There are three types of Fe in clay minerals, including structural Fe sandwiched in the lattice of clays, Fe species in interlayer space and adsorbed on the external surface of clays. They exhibit distinct reactivity towards contaminants due to their differences in redox properties and accessibility to contaminant species. In natural environments, microbially driven Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycling in clay minerals is thought to be important, whereas reductants (e.g., dithionite and Fe(II)) or oxidants (e.g., peroxygens) are capable of enhancing the rates and extents of redox dynamics in engineered systems. Fe(III)-containing clay minerals can directly react with oxidizable pollutants (e.g., phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), whereas structural Fe(II) is able to react with reducible pollutants, such as nitrate, nitroaromatic compounds, chlorinated aliphatic compounds. Also structural Fe(II) can transfer electrons to oxygen (O2), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), yielding reactive radicals that can promote the oxidative transformation of contaminants. This review summarizes the recent discoveries on redox reactivity of Fe in clay minerals and its links to fates of environmental contaminants. The biological and chemical reduction mechanisms of Fe(III)-clay minerals, as well as the interaction mechanism between Fe(III) or Fe(II)-containing clay minerals and contaminants are elaborated. Some knowledge gaps are identified for better understanding and modelling of clay-associated contaminant behavior and effective design of remediation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingya Fan
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing, Beijing 102628, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Huaiyong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Huang L, Wu H, Ren J, Gu C, Chen Z. Enhanced photodegradation of tylosin in the presence of natural montmorillonite: Synergistic effects of adsorption and surface hydroxyl radicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158750. [PMID: 36108839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tylosin (TYL) is a ubiquitous macrolide antibiotic which has been frequently detected in natural aqueous environment. Montmorillonite (MMT), a major component of natural suspended particles, plays essential roles in the transportation and transformation processes of various organic contaminants. This study systematically investigated the photodegradation behavior and mechanism of TYL in MMT suspensions under simulated sunlight irradiation. In the existence of 0.1 g L-1 Na-MMT, >80.8 % TYL was degraded after 8 h irradiation, which was significantly higher than that in the absence of MMT (42.5 %). Further mechanistic studies suggested that the synergistic effects including the formation of surface complex and the generation of surface hydroxyl radicals play essential roles in the accelerated TYL phototransformation. Meanwhile, other factors like exchangeable cations of MMTs, pH and ionic strength could also strongly influence the TYL photodegradation. The probable degradation pathways of TYL in MMT suspension was further proposed based on the detected intermediates and DFT calculations. Photobacterium phospherium T3 bioluminescent assay revealed that the photodegradation products of TYL have a lower acute toxicity than bulk TYL, especially in the presence of MMT. This study provides new insights for the photodegradation pathways of organic contaminants in aqueous environments, which is of great importance for assessing the fate and risk of emerging pollutants in natural surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (arable), Ministry of Natural Resources Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, PR China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (arable), Ministry of Natural Resources Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (arable), Ministry of Natural Resources Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, PR China
| | - Zhanghao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Mo J, Feng J, He W, Liu Y, Cao N, Tang Y, Gu S. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons fluoranthene on the soil aggregate stability and the possible underlying mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:10245-10255. [PMID: 36071360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an increasing problem in many countries, impacting the ecological environment's sustainable development. This study investigated the effects of fluoranthene (Fla) on soil aggregate stability. A possible mechanism for the interaction of Fla with soil aggregates was proposed by characterizing the aggregate structure. The results showed that Fla significantly improved the aggregate stability in the concentration range of 0-30.0 mg/kg. The content of macro-aggregates reached the maximum value at 10 mg/kg of Fla, which increased by 24.25% compared with the control group, while the content of large-aggregates decreased by 12.11%. Meanwhile, the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased by 56.63% and 37.66%, respectively. However, the macro-aggregates zeta potential value and specific surface area (SSA) decreased by 12.68% and 13.61%, respectively. The cracks of macro-aggregates were also significantly reduced. In addition, Fla-based free radicals were detected on the macro-aggregates. The absorption peak of the C-O group significantly increased, indicating that Fla may be covalently bound to the aggregates by aromatic ether bonds, which is a possible mechanism for the interaction between Fla and aggregates. This study provides theoretical support for revealing the effects of PAHs on soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Mo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, 42 Wenhua St., Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying He
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuze Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Gu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd., Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ito S. Muon Spin Rotation/Resonance (μSR) for Studying Radical Reactivity of Unsaturated Organophosphorus Compounds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200843. [PMID: 35702738 PMCID: PMC9796767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The positive muon (μ+ ) can be regarded as a light isotope of proton and has been an important tool to study radical reactions of organic compounds. Recently, muons have been applied to produce short-lived paramagnetic species from the heavier unsaturated organic molecules including the p-block elements. This article overviews recent muon spin rotation/resonance (μSR) studies on the phosphorus analogs of alkenes, anthracenes, and cyclobutane-1,3-diyls together with the fundamentals of μSR. The acyclic phosphaalkene of P=C and phosphasilenes of P=Si can accept muonium (Mu=[μ+ e- ]) at the heavier double bonds, and the corresponding radicals have been characterized. The phosphorus atom in 9-phosphaanthracene, whose P=C double bond is stabilized by the peri-substituted CF3 groups, predominantly captures muonium to provide the corresponding paramagnetic fused heterocyclic system. The peri-trifluoromethyl groups are functional to promote the unprecedented light isotope effect of muon providing the planar three-cyclic molecular structure to consume the increased zero-point energy. The formally open-shell singlet 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl unit can accept muonium at the (ylidic) phosphorus or the skeletal radicalic carbon, and the corresponding paramagnetic phosphorus heterocycles can be characterized by μSR. The findings on these muoniation processes to the unsaturated phosphorus-containing compounds will contribute not only to development of novel paramagnetic functional species but also to progress on muon science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied ChemistrySchool of Materials and Chemical TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152-8552Japan
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Wang Y, Peng A, Ding K, Ren L, Chen Z, Gu C. Dioxin-like compounds formation mediated by Fe 3+-montmorillonite: The substituent effects of halophenols. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134531. [PMID: 35398469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxic dioxin or/and dioxin-like compounds could be naturally formed from the reaction of halophenols on Fe3+-montmorillonite minerals under ambient conditions. Given that the toxicities and productions of dioxin or/and dioxin-like compounds are largely determined by the number, species, and position of the carried halogen atoms, it is necessary to explore the substituent effects on the reaction of halophenols with Fe3+-montmorillonite. Herein, Fe3+-montmorillonite catalyzed polymerizations of six halophenols were examined in a wide range of relative humidity (10%∼80%) using combinations of mass spectrometry identifications and density functional theory calculations. Results show that both the position and species of the substituents substantially impact the reaction rate, product species, and transformation pathways. In general, regardless of humidity ortho-substituted chlorophenols are more reactive than meta-substituted chlorophenols, which is also supported by the density functional theory calculations indicating that the ortho positions are more likely to be attacked. Regarding substituent species, bromophenols are slightly more reactive and also more easily affected by humidities than chlorophenols, which is due to the weaker electron absorbing ability of the bromine atom than the chlorine atom. Hydroxylated polyhalogenated diphenyl ethers are more frequently detected polymerization products, although hydroxylated polyhalogenated biphenyls are greater quantity of products. Overall, this study provides useful information for understanding the natural formation of dioxin or/and dioxin-like compounds mediated by clay minerals and underlying reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211167, China
| | - Anping Peng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Keqiang Ding
- College of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211167, China
| | - Lingxiao Ren
- College of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211167, China
| | - Zeyou Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Wang Y, Tian Q, Yang G, Li X, Du W, Leong YK, Chang JS. Enhanced chlortetracycline removal by iron oxide modified spent coffee grounds biochar and persulfate system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134654. [PMID: 35452644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlortetracycline (CTC) is a tetracycline derivative antibiotic that has been widely used in the livestock industry for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Effective measures should be taken to decrease the environmental risks associated with CTC-rich waste. Biochar produced by biomass waste showed great potential for organic contaminants removal by adsorption and catalytic degradation. This study prepared iron oxide-modified coffee grounds biochar (CGF) at different temperatures for enhanced CTC removal by adsorption and degradation. The main mechanism for CTC removal was found to be electrostatic interaction. In addition, pore diffusion, hydrogen bonds, and π-π bonds also contributed to CTC adsorption. Maximum CTC adsorption capacity was 223.63 mg/g for CGF800 (CGF prepared at 800 °C pyrolysis). The free radical content of CGF600 (CFG prepared at 600 °C pyrolysis) was higher than CGF800, and there were no significant advantages in using biochar prepared at a higher temperature for persulfate activation. The ion mass-to-charge ratio (M/z) is used to describe the ratio of mass to charge of an ion or peak, which can infer compound structure. The structure of CTC degradation products was analyzed by UPLC-MS, and the M/z values were determined as 444, 273, and 154. Thus, pyrolysis of coffee grounds at higher temperatures increased CTC adsorption capacity, and CGF can indirectly assist in CTC degradation by persulfate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Qingbai Tian
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Guanyun Yang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan.
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Qiu X, Ma S, Zhang J, Fang L, Guo X, Zhu L. Dissolved Organic Matter Promotes the Aging Process of Polystyrene Microplastics under Dark and Ultraviolet Light Conditions: The Crucial Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10149-10160. [PMID: 35793149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) interact frequently with dissolved organic matter (DOM) commonly found in the environment, but information on the aging behavior of MPs under the participation of DOM is still lacking. Thus, the polystyrene microplastic (PSMP) aging process with DOM participation was systematically studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analyses under dark and ultraviolet (UV) light conditions. DOM was found to promote electron transfer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under dark conditions and the aging of PSMPs, while the process of DOM generating ROS under UV light was more susceptible to photoelectrons and accelerated the aging process of PSMPs. However, among the four DOM types, fulvic acid (FA) has a more significant promoting effect on the aging process of PSMPs than humic acid, which can be attributed to the stronger conversion ability of FA to semiquinone radicals. Density functional theory calculations are used to describe the difference in the aging process of different structures of plastics with the participation of DOM. This study provides a necessary theoretical basis for the study of the migration of MPs in groundwater and deep surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Sirui Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
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Characteristics of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in PM2.5 and the Influence of Air Pollutants in Shihezi, Northwestern China. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070341. [PMID: 35878247 PMCID: PMC9321939 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a kind of hazardous substance that exist stably in the atmosphere for a long time. EPFRs combined with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the human respiratory tract through respiration, causing oxidative stress and DNA damage, and they are also closely related to lung cancer. In this study, the inhalation risk for EPFRs in PM2.5 and factors influencing this risk were assessed using the equivalent number of cigarette tar EPFRs. The daily inhalation exposure for EPFRs in PM2.5 was estimated to be equivalent to 0.66–8.40 cigarette tar EPFRs per day. The concentration level and species characteristics were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentration of EPFRs in the study ranged from 1.353–4.653 × 1013 spins/g, and the types of EPFRs were mainly oxygen- or carbon-centered semiquinone-type radicals. Our study showed that there is a strong correlation between the concentrations of EPFRs and conventional pollutants, except for sulfur dioxide. The major factors influencing EPFR concentration in the atmosphere were temperature and wind speed; the higher the temperature and wind speed, the lower the concentration of EPFRs. The findings of this study provide an important basis for further research on the formation mechanism and health effects of EPFRs.
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Lin Q, Tan X, Almatrafi E, Yang Y, Wang W, Luo H, Qin F, Zhou C, Zeng G, Zhang C. Effects of biochar-based materials on the bioavailability of soil organic pollutants and their biological impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153956. [PMID: 35189211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the unique structure and superior properties, biochar-based materials, including pristine biochar and composites of biochar with other functional materials, are considered as new generation materials for diverse multi-functional applications, which may be intentionally or unintentionally released to soil. The influencing mechanism of biochar-based material on soil organisms is a key aspect for quantifying and predicting its benefits and trade-offs. This work focuses on the effects of biochar-based materials on soil organisms within the past ten years. 206 sources are reviewed and available knowledge on biochar-based materials' impacts on soil organisms is summarized from a diverse perspective, including the pollutant bioavailability changes in soil, and potential effects of biochar-based materials on soil organisms. Herein, effects of biochar-based materials on the bioavailability of soil organic pollutants are detailed, from the perspective of plant, microorganism, and soil fauna. Potential biological effects of pristine biochar (PBC), metal/metal compounds-biochar composites (MBC), clay minerals-biochar composites (CMBC), and carbonaceous materials-biochar composites (CBC) on soil organisms are highlighted for the first time. And possible mechanisms are presented based on the different characters of biochar-based materials as well as various environmental interactions. Finally, the bottleneck and challenges of risk assessment of biochar-based materials as well as future prospects are proposed. This work not only promotes the development of risk assessment system of biochar-based materials, but broadens the strategy for the design and optimization of environmental-friendly biochar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eydhah Almatrafi
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hanzhuo Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Fanzhi Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chengyun Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Jiang X, Xiao Y, Xiao J, Zhang W, Rongliang Q. The effect of persistent free radicals in sludge derived biochar on p-chlorophenol removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134218. [PMID: 35257702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge pyrolysis can effectively dispose of sludge and obtain sludge-derived biochar (SDBC) as an adsorbent for pollutant removal. Recently, persistent free radicals (PFRs), which have also been detected in many types of biochar, have attracted considerable attention for organic pollutant degradation. Sludge collected from a sewage treatment plant was pyrolyzed into SDBC, which contained a large amount of PFRs, and the resulting SDBC was then applied for the removal of p-chlorophenol. An SDBC dosage of 5 g L-1 was applied for treating 5 mg L-1 of p-chlorophenol; the highest removal efficiency of 90% was achieved at pH 3, and 22% of the initial p-chlorophenol was degraded by the SDBC. Hydroxyl free radicals were observed and contributed to the degradation of p-chlorophenol. The spent SDBC was reused five times after regeneration through the desorption of adsorbed p-chlorophenol. The p-chlorophenol removal efficiency remained constant, but the degradation decreased with increasing reuse cycles, suggesting that the p-chlorophenol degradation efficiency was positively correlated with the intensity of PFRs on SDBC. Further modification of the SDBC sample in HNO3 or NaOH increased the amount of PFRs, and consequently, the degradation of p-chlorophenol under low oxygen conditions, further confirming the crucial role of PFRs in p-chlorophenol degradation. This study provides insights into the application of SDBC, a promising material, for contaminant abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiana Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Qiu Rongliang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Li Z, Zhao H, Li X, Bekele TG. Characteristics and sources of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in Dalian, Northeast China: correlation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24612-24622. [PMID: 34822091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are an emerging class of environmental hazardous contaminants that extensively, stably exist in airborne particulate matter and pose harmful effects on human health. However, there was little research about the sources of EPFRs in actual atmospheric conditions. This study reported the occurrence, characteristics, and sources of EPFRs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 collected in Dalian, China. The concentrations of PM2.5-bound EPFRs ranged from 1.13 × 1013 to 8.97 × 1015 spins/m3 (mean value: 1.14 × 1015 spins/m3). Carbon-centered radicals and carbon-centered radicals with adjacent oxygen atoms were detected. The concentration of ∑PAHs ranged from 1.09 to 76.24 ng/m3, and PAHs with high molecular weight (HMW) were predominant species in PM2.5. Correlation of EPFRs with SO2, NO2, O3, and 12 kinds of PAHs indicated that both fuel (coal and biomass) combustion and photoreaction in atmosphere influenced the concentrations of EPFR. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model results have shown that the primary sources contributed most of the EPFRs and those of secondary sources had a little proportion. Coal combustion (52.4%) was the primary contributor of EPFRs, followed by traffic emission (22.6%), industrial sources (9.6%), and secondary sources (9.2%) during the heating period, whereas industrial emission (39.2%) was the primary contributor, followed by coal combustion (38.1%), vehicular exhaust (23.5%), and secondary sources (9.6%) during the non-heating period. The finding of the present study provides an important evidence for further study on the formation mechanism of EPFRs in actual atmospheric to control the air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
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Li Q, Sun X, Zhang W, Sun Z, Na S, Chen Z, Wang L, Yuan C, Sun H. Effect of Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite on arsenic oxidation and anthracene transformation in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151939. [PMID: 34838910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite can oxidize arsenite (As(III)) and also degrade anthracene. However, the application of Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite to remediate soil contaminated by arsenic and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has not been reported. In this study, we first investigated the transformation of arsenic and anthracene on the surface of Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, and then added Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite to spiked soil to examine its effect on arsenic oxidation and anthracene transformation. The experiments included treatments with As(III) and anthracene added separately or combined (both at a rate of 100 mg/kg). Compared with Na-modified montmorillonite, Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite significantly promoted As(III) oxidation and anthracene transformation on its surface. After 15 days of incubation, the proportion of As(V) (As(V)/[As(III) + As(V)]) on Na-modified montmorillonite was approximately 60%, and the transformation extent of anthracene was < 30%; on Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, on the other hand, the proportion of As(V) was approximately 90%, and almost all anthracene was transformed. Adding 5% Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite to spiked soil also significantly enhanced As(III) oxidation and anthracene transformation. After 15 days, in the soil with added Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, the proportion of As(V) was approximately 40%, the transformation extent of anthracene was > 60%, and approximately half of the initial added anthracene was transformed to anthraquinone. By contrast, after 15 days, in the soil without added Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, the proportion of As(V) was only approximately 20%, the transformation extent of anthracene was < 25%, and anthraquinone was not detected. In both the montmorillonite and soil systems, the transformation of arsenic and anthracene had little influence on each other. The results showed that Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite has the potential to remediate soil contaminated by arsenic and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinhui Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuo Na
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chaolei Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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48
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Li X, Zhao H, Qu B, Tian Y. Photoformation of environmentally persistent free radicals on particulate organic matter in aqueous solution: Role of anthracene and formation mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132815. [PMID: 34752830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) generated under irradiation have been widely detected in soil particles, atmospheric particles and microplastic particles, but the formation of EPFRs in water is not well understood. This study investigated the formation of EPFRs on particulate organic matter (POM) in water contaminated by anthracene (Ant) under irradiation. The photoformation and decay progress of EPFRs was represented with the help of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique on both actual POM and Fe(III)-montmorillonite simulated samples. EPR signals at the range of 1016 to 1017 spin/g were detected and the half-life time of EPFRs stored in water was at around 16.62 h and 60.80 h, much shorter than those in the air. The g factors were all larger than 2.0040, which indicated the generation of oxygen centered EPFRs. The primary intermediates were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and a possible EPFR formation pathway during Ant degradation was proposed. The interaction between Ant and POM, and the hydroxylation and carbonylation of the intermediates made contributions to the generation of EPFRs. Meanwhile, the indirect photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA) has been demonstrated by analyzing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photogenerated electrons in the solution with POM containing EPFRs. It is found that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were induced and might promote the photodegration. Overall, our present study provided useful information to understand the photoformation of EPFRs on POM and their fate in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Baocheng Qu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT, Harbin, 150090, China.
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49
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Cheng P, Zhao X, El-Ramady H, Elsakhawy T, Waigi MG, Ling W. Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals from photodegradation of triclosan by metal oxides/silica suspensions and particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133322. [PMID: 34922972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxides play an essential role in the photocatalysis of contaminants and substantially increase in the environment by the engineering production. However, whether emerging contaminants will be produced during photocatalysis of contaminants remains unclear. Here, triclosan (TCS) photodegradation in metal oxides/silica suspensions and particles, simulated as the states of metal oxides in water and soil environments, were studied. The photodegradation results confirmed that metal oxides exhibited a double-effect. They promoted TCS photodegradation by generating reactive oxidizing species (ROS) in metal oxides/silica suspensions and inhibited the photodegradation by competing with TCS for irradiation in metal oxides/silica particles. In this study, the critical discovery was the formation of emerging contaminants, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), and EPFRs yields were promoted by metal oxides (Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2). They were more stable in metal oxides than silica, and the half-lives ranged from 6.7 h to 90.9 d. Although CuO did not increase EPFRs yields compared to silica, the half-lives of EPFRs were also longer. In addition, this study found that EPFRs yields were dependent on the metal oxides concentrations. Our results provided a new insight into the negative environmental impacts of metal oxides and improved our understanding of the formation and fate of EPFRs by metal oxides in soil and aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hassan El-Ramady
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Tamer Elsakhawy
- Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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50
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Zhu K, Jia H, Jiang W, Sun Y, Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang T, Guo X, Zhu L. The First Observation of the Formation of Persistent Aminoxyl Radicals and Reactive Nitrogen Species on Photoirradiated Nitrogen-Containing Microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:779-789. [PMID: 34964354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing microplastics (N-MPs) are widely present in the atmosphere, but their potential health risks have been overlooked. In this study, the formation of persistent aminoxyl radicals (PAORs) and reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) on the N-MPs under light irradiation was investigated. After photoaging, an anisotropic triplet with the g-factor of ∼2.0044, corresponding to PAORs, was detected on the nonaromatic polyamide (PA) rather than amino resin (AmR) by electron paramagnetic resonance and confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The generated amine oxide portions on the photoaged PA were identified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, which were considered to be the main structural basis/precursors of a PAOR. Surprisingly, RNSs were also observed on the irradiated PA. The generated ·NO due to the aphotolysis of nitrone groups simultaneously reacted with peroxide radicals and O2·- to yield ·NO2 and peroxynitrite, respectively, which were responsible for peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) and CO3·- formation. Besides, a significantly higher oxidative potential and reductive potential were observed for the aged PA than AmR, which is assigned to the abundant RNSs, organic hydroperoxides and PANs, and a strong ability to transfer electrons from PAOR, respectively. This work provides important information for the potential risks of airborne N-MPs and may serve as a guide for future toxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yajiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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