1
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Bobrowicz M, Kusowska A, Krawczyk M, Zhylko A, Forcados C, Slusarczyk A, Barankiewicz J, Domagala J, Kubacz M, Šmída M, Dostalova L, Marhelava K, Fidyt K, Pepek M, Baranowska I, Szumera-Cieckiewicz A, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S, Granica M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Majchrzak M, Poreba M, Gehlert CL, Peipp M, Firczuk M, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Winiarska M. CD20 expression regulates CD37 levels in B-cell lymphoma - implications for immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2362454. [PMID: 38846084 PMCID: PMC11155707 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2362454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) plus chemotherapy (R-CHOP) applied as a first-line therapy for lymphoma leads to a relapse in approximately 40% of the patients. Therefore, novel approaches to treat aggressive lymphomas are being intensively investigated. Several RTX-resistant (RR) cell lines have been established as surrogate models to study resistance to R-CHOP. Our study reveals that RR cells are characterized by a major downregulation of CD37, a molecule currently explored as a target for immunotherapy. Using CD20 knockout (KO) cell lines, we demonstrate that CD20 and CD37 form a complex, and hypothesize that the presence of CD20 stabilizes CD37 in the cell membrane. Consequently, we observe a diminished cytotoxicity of anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in complement-dependent cytotoxicity in both RR and CD20 KO cells that can be partially restored upon lysosome inhibition. On the other hand, the internalization rate of anti-CD37 mAb in CD20 KO cells is increased when compared to controls, suggesting unhampered efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Importantly, even a major downregulation in CD37 levels does not hamper the efficacy of CD37-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. In summary, we present here a novel mechanism of CD37 regulation with further implications for the use of anti-CD37 immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/genetics
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Tetraspanins/genetics
- Tetraspanins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Vincristine/pharmacology
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christopher Forcados
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksander Slusarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Šmída
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dostalova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pepek
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Cieckiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Biobank, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika Granica
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Majchrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Kadavá T, Hevler JF, Kalaidopoulou Nteak S, Yin VC, Strasser J, Preiner J, Heck AJ. Higher-order structure and proteoforms of co-occurring C4b-binding protein assemblies in human serum. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00128-y. [PMID: 38811852 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement is a conserved cascade that plays a central role in the innate immune system. To maintain a delicate equilibrium preventing excessive complement activation, complement inhibitors are essential. One of the major fluid-phase complement inhibitors is C4b-binding protein (C4BP). Human C4BP is a macromolecular glycoprotein composed of two distinct subunits, C4BPα and C4BPβ. These associate with vitamin K-dependent protein S (ProS) forming an ensemble of co-occurring higher-order structures. Here, we characterize these C4BP assemblies. We resolve and quantify isoforms of purified human serum C4BP using distinct single-particle detection techniques: charge detection mass spectrometry, and mass photometry accompanied by high-speed atomic force microscopy. Combining cross-linking mass spectrometry, glycoproteomics, and structural modeling, we report comprehensive glycoproteoform profiles and full-length structural models of the endogenous C4BP assemblies, expanding knowledge of this key complement inhibitor's structure and composition. Finally, we reveal that an increased C4BPα to C4BPβ ratio coincides with elevated C-reactive protein levels in patient plasma samples. This observation highlights C4BP isoform variation and affirms a distinct role of co-occurring C4BP assemblies upon acute phase inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kadavá
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes F Hevler
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia Kalaidopoulou Nteak
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Victor C Yin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Juergen Strasser
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Preiner
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Albert Jr Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
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3
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Abendstein L, Noteborn WEM, Veenman LS, Dijkstra DJ, van de Bovenkamp FS, Trouw LA, Sharp TH. DNA Nanostructure-Templated Antibody Complexes Provide Insights into the Geometric Requirements of Human Complement Cascade Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13455-13466. [PMID: 38703132 PMCID: PMC11099972 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The classical complement pathway is activated by antigen-bound IgG antibodies. Monomeric IgG must oligomerize to activate complement via the hexameric C1q complex, and hexamerizing mutants of IgG appear as promising therapeutic candidates. However, structural data have shown that it is not necessary to bind all six C1q arms to initiate complement, revealing a symmetry mismatch between C1 and the hexameric IgG complex that has not been adequately explained. Here, we use DNA nanotechnology to produce specific nanostructures to template antigens and thereby spatially control IgG valency. These DNA-nanotemplated IgG complexes can activate complement on cell-mimetic lipid membranes, which enabled us to determine the effect of IgG valency on complement activation without the requirement to mutate antibodies. We investigated this using biophysical assays together with 3D cryo-electron tomography. Our data revealed the importance of interantigen distance on antibody-mediated complement activation, and that the cleavage of complement component C4 by the C1 complex is proportional to the number of ideally spaced antigens. Increased IgG valency also translated to better terminal pathway activation and membrane attack complex formation. Together, these data provide insights into how nanopatterning antigen-antibody complexes influence the activation of the C1 complex and suggest routes to modulate complement activation by antibody engineering. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first time DNA nanotechnology has been used to study the activation of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoni Abendstein
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E M Noteborn
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Luc S Veenman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe J Dijkstra
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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4
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Wörner TP, Thurman HA, Makarov AA, Shvartsburg AA. Expanding Differential Ion Mobility Separations into the MegaDalton Range. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5392-5398. [PMID: 38526848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Along with mass spectrometry (MS), ion mobility separations (IMS) are advancing to ever larger biomolecules. The emergence of electrospray ionization (ESI) and native MS enabled the IMS/MS analyses of proteins up to ∼100 kDa in the 1990s and whole protein complexes and viruses up to ∼10 MDa since the 2000s. Differential IMS (FAIMS) is substantially orthogonal to linear IMS based on absolute mobility K and offers exceptional resolution, unique selectivity, and steady filtering readily compatible with slower analytical methods such as electron capture or transfer dissociation (ECD/ETD). However, the associated MS stages had limited FAIMS to ions with m/z < 8000 and masses under ∼300 kDa. Here, we integrate high-definition FAIMS with the Q-Exactive Orbitrap UHMR mass spectrometer that can handle m/z up to 80,000 and MDa-size ions in the native ESI regime. In the initial evaluation, the oligomers of monoclonal antibody adalimumab (148 kDa) are size-selected up to at least the nonamers (1.34 MDa) with m/z values up to ∼17,000. This demonstrates the survival and efficient separation of noncovalent MDa assemblies in the FAIMS process, opening the door to novel analyses of the heaviest macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias P Wörner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath Strasse 11, Bremen 28199, Germany
| | - Hayden A Thurman
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath Strasse 11, Bremen 28199, Germany
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre A Shvartsburg
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
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5
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Yang Y, Ivanov DG, Levin MD, Olenyuk B, Cordova-Robles O, Cederstrom B, Schnitzer JE, Kaltashov IA. Characterization of Large Immune Complexes with Size Exclusion Chromatography and Native Mass Spectrometry Supplemented with Gas Phase Ion Chemistry. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38319243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Large immune complexes formed by the cross-linking of antibodies with polyvalent antigens play critical roles in modulating cell-mediated immunity. While both the size and the shape of immune complexes are important determinants in Fc receptor-mediated signaling responsible for phagocytosis, degranulation, and, in some instances, autoimmune pathologies, their characterization remains extremely challenging due to their large size and structural heterogeneity. We use native mass spectrometry (MS) supplemented with limited charge reduction in the gas phase to determine the stoichiometry of immune complexes formed by a bivalent (homodimeric) antigen, a 163 kDa aminopeptidase P2 (APP2), and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to APP2. The observed (APP2·mAb)n complexes populate a wide range of stoichiometries (n = 1-4) with the largest detected species exceeding 1 MDa, although the gas-phase dissociation products are also evident in the mass spectra. While frequently considering a nuisance that complicates interpretation of native MS data, limited dissociation provides an additional dimension for characterization of the immune complex quaternary structure. APP2/mAb associations with identical composition but slightly different elution times in size exclusion chromatography exhibit notable differences in their spontaneous fragmentation profiles. The latter indicates the presence of both extended linear and cyclized (APP2·mAb)n configurations. The unique ability of MS to distinguish between such isomeric structures will be invaluable for a variety of applications where the biological effects of immune complexes are determined by their ability to assemble Fc receptor clusters of certain density on cell surfaces, such as platelet activation by clustering the low-affinity receptors FcγRIIa on their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Daniil G Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Michael D Levin
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bogdan Olenyuk
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Oscar Cordova-Robles
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Brittany Cederstrom
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jan E Schnitzer
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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6
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Cleary SJ, Seo Y, Tian JJ, Kwaan N, Bulkley DP, Bentlage AEH, Vidarsson G, Boilard É, Spirig R, Zimring JC, Looney MR. IgG hexamers initiate acute lung injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577129. [PMID: 38328049 PMCID: PMC10849723 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies can initiate lung injury in a variety of disease states such as autoimmunity, transfusion reactions, or after organ transplantation, but the key factors determining in vivo pathogenicity of injury-inducing antibodies are unclear. A previously overlooked step in complement activation by IgG antibodies has been elucidated involving interactions between IgG Fc domains that enable assembly of IgG hexamers, which can optimally activate the complement cascade. Here, we tested the in vivo relevance of IgG hexamers in a complement-dependent alloantibody model of acute lung injury. We used three approaches to block alloantibody hexamerization (antibody carbamylation, the K439E Fc mutation, or treatment with domain B from Staphylococcal protein A), all of which reduced acute lung injury. Conversely, Fc mutations promoting spontaneous hexamerization made a harmful alloantibody into a more potent inducer of acute lung injury and rendered an innocuous alloantibody pathogenic. Treatment with a recombinant Fc hexamer 'decoy' therapeutic protected mice from lung injury, including in a model with transgenic human FCGR2A expression that exacerbated pathology. These results indicate a direct in vivo role of IgG hexamerization in initiating acute lung injury and the potential for therapeutics that inhibit or mimic hexamerization to treat antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Cleary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
| | - Yurim Seo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Tian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Kwaan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
| | - David P. Bulkley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
| | | | | | - Éric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Rolf Spirig
- CSL Behring, Research, CSL Behring Biologics Research Center, Bern, Switzerland
| | - James C. Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark R. Looney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
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7
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Damelang T, Brinkhaus M, van Osch TLJ, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304365. [PMID: 38259472 PMCID: PMC10800522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, binding to and neutralizing pathogens and other foreign substances. Recent advances in molecular antibody biology and structural protein engineering enabled the modification of IgG antibodies to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review summarizes recent progress in both natural and engineered structural modifications of IgG antibodies, including allotypic variation, glycosylation, Fc engineering, and Fc gamma receptor binding optimization. We discuss the functional consequences of these modifications to highlight their potential for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. J. van Osch
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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Haroon HB, Dhillon E, Farhangrazi ZS, Trohopoulos PN, Simberg D, Moghimi SM. Activation of the complement system by nanoparticles and strategies for complement inhibition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:227-240. [PMID: 37949325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a multicomponent and multifunctional arm of the innate immune system. Complement contributes to non-specific host defence and maintains homeostasis through multifaceted processes and pathways, including crosstalk with the adaptive immune system, the contact (coagulation) and the kinin systems, and alarmin high-mobility group box 1. Complement is also present intracellularly, orchestrating a wide range of housekeeping and physiological processes in both immune and nonimmune cells, thus showing its more sophisticated roles beyond innate immunity, but its roles are still controversial. Particulate drug carriers and nanopharmaceuticals typically present architectures and surface patterns that trigger complement system in different ways, resulting in both beneficial and adverse responses depending on the extent of complement activation and regulation as well as pathophysiological circumstances. Here we consider the role of complement system and complement regulations in host defence and evaluate the mechanisms by which nanoparticles trigger and modulate complement responses. Effective strategies for the prevention of nanoparticle-mediated complement activation are introduced and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajira B Haroon
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Elisha Dhillon
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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9
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Ivanov DG, Ivetic N, Du Y, Nguyen SN, Le SH, Favre D, Nazy I, Kaltashov IA. Reverse Engineering of a Pathogenic Antibody Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25203-25213. [PMID: 37949820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The massive COVID-19 vaccine roll-out campaign illuminated a range of rare side effects, the most dangerous of which─vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)─is caused by adenoviral (Ad)-vectored vaccines. VITT occurrence had been linked to the production of pathogenic antibodies that recognize an endogenous chemokine, platelet factor 4 (PF4). Mass spectrometry (MS)-based evaluation of the ensemble of anti-PF4 antibodies obtained from a VITT patient's blood indicates that the major component is a monoclonal antibody. Structural characterization of this antibody reveals several unusual characteristics, such as the presence of an N-glycan in the Fab segment and high density of acidic amino acid residues in the complementarity-determining regions. A recombinant version of this antibody (RVT1) was generated by transient expression in mammalian cells based on the newly determined sequence. It captures the key properties of VITT antibodies such as their ability to activate platelets in a PF4 concentration-dependent fashion. Homology modeling of the Fab segment reveals a well-defined polyanionic paratope, and the docking studies indicate that the polycationic segment of PF4 readily accommodates two Fab segments, cross-linking the antibodies to yield polymerized immune complexes. Their existence was verified with native MS by detecting assemblies as large as (RVT1)3(PF4)2, pointing out at FcγRIIa-mediated platelet activation as the molecular mechanism underlying VITT clinical manifestations. In addition to the high PF4 affinity, RVT1 readily binds other polycationic targets, indicating a polyreactive nature of this antibody. This surprising promiscuity not only sheds light on VITT etiology but also opens up a range of opportunities to manage this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil G Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nikola Ivetic
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Son N Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S Hung Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Daniel Favre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ishac Nazy
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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10
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Muts RM, den Boer MA, Bardoel BW, Aerts PC, de Haas CJC, Heck AJR, Rooijakkers SHM, Heesterbeek DAC. Artificial surface labelling of Escherichia coli with StrepTagII antigen to study how monoclonal antibodies drive complement-mediated killing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18836. [PMID: 37914798 PMCID: PMC10620216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a key role in the immune defence against Gram-negative bacteria. After binding to bacterial surface antigens, IgG and IgM can activate the complement system and trigger formation of lytic membrane attack complex (MAC) pores. Molecular studies to compare functional activity of antibodies on bacteria are hampered by the limited availability of well-defined antibodies against bacterial surface antigens. Therefore, we genetically engineered E. coli by expressing the StrepTagII antigen into outer membrane protein X (OmpX) and validated that these engineered bacteria were recognised by anti-StrepTagII antibodies. We then combined this antigen-antibody system with a purified complement assay to avoid interference of serum components and directly compare MAC-mediated bacterial killing via IgG1 and pentameric IgM. While both IgG1 and IgM could induce MAC-mediated killing, we show that IgM has an increased capacity to induce complement-mediated killing of E. coli compared to IgG1. While Fc mutations that enhance IgG clustering after target binding could not improve MAC formation, mutations that cause formation of pre-assembled IgG hexamers enhanced the complement activating capacity of IgG1. Altogether, we here present a system to study antibody-dependent complement activation on E. coli and show IgM's enhanced capacity over IgG to induce complement-mediated lysis of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy M Muts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomic Center, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J C de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomic Center, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dani A C Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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San PP, Jacob S. Role of complement in myasthenia gravis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1277596. [PMID: 37869140 PMCID: PMC10585143 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1277596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is a prototypic neuroimmune disorder with autoantibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor complex at the neuromuscular junction. Patients present with mainly ocular muscle weakness and tend to have a generalized muscle weakness later in the clinical course. The weakness can be severe and fatal when bulbar muscles are heavily involved. Acetylcholine receptor antibodies are present in the majority of patients and are of IgG1 and IgG3 subtypes which can activate the complement system. The complement involvement plays a major role in the neuromuscular junction damage and the supporting evidence in the literature is described in this article. Complement therapies were initially studied and approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and in the past decade, those have also been studied in myasthenia gravis. The currently available randomized control trial and real-world data on the efficacy and safety of the approved and investigational complement therapies are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo San
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saiju Jacob
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Bear A, Locke T, Rowland-Jones S, Pecetta S, Bagnoli F, Darton TC. The immune evasion roles of Staphylococcus aureus protein A and impact on vaccine development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1242702. [PMID: 37829608 PMCID: PMC10565657 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1242702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are part of the human commensal flora, opportunistic invasion following breach of the epithelial layers can lead to a wide array of infection syndromes at both local and distant sites. Despite ubiquitous exposure from early infancy, the life-long risk of opportunistic infection is facilitated by a broad repertoire of S. aureus virulence proteins. These proteins play a key role in inhibiting development of a long-term protective immune response by mechanisms ranging from dysregulation of the complement cascade to the disruption of leukocyte migration. In this review we describe the recent progress made in dissecting S. aureus immune evasion, focusing on the role of the superantigen, staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Evasion of the normal human immune response drives the ability of S. aureus to cause infection, often recurrently, and is also thought to be a major hindrance in the development of effective vaccination strategies. Understanding the role of S. aureus virulence protein and determining methods overcoming or subverting these mechanisms could lead to much-needed breakthroughs in vaccine and monoclonal antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bear
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Locke
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thomas C. Darton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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13
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Tsai KY, Chang YJ, Huang CY, Prince GMSH, Chen HA, Makondi PT, Shen YR, Wei PL. Novel heavily fucosylated glycans as a promising therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:505. [PMID: 37496011 PMCID: PMC10373344 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly prevalent and lethal globally, and its prognosis remains unsatisfactory. Drug resistance is regarded as the main cause of treatment failure leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. The overexpression of fucosylated epitopes, which are usually modifications of glycoproteins, was reported to occur in various epithelial cancers. However, the effects of treatments that target these antigens in colorectal cancer remain unclear. METHODS This study investigated the expression of heavily fucosylated glycans (HFGs) in 30 clinical samples from patients with CRC and other normal human tissues. The complement-dependent cytotoxicity was explored in vitro through treatment with anti-HFG monoclonal antibody (mAb) alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. In vivo inhibitory effects were also examined using a xenograft mouse model. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting revealed that HFG expression was higher in human colorectal cancer tissues than in normal tissues. In DLD-1 and SW1116 cells, which overexpress fucosylated epitopes, anti-HFG mAb produced observable cytotoxic effects, especially when it was combined with chemotherapeutic agents. The xenograft model also demonstrated that anti-HFG mAb had potent and dose-dependent inhibitory effects on colorectal tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS As a novel cancer antigen, HFGs are a promising treatment target, and the implementation of anti-HFG mAb treatment for CRC warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Yen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 235041, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - G M Shazzad Hossain Prince
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-An Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 235041, Taiwan
| | | | - Ying-Rou Shen
- Research Department, GlycoNex Inc., New Taipei City, 22175, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 252 Wuxing Street, Sinyi District, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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14
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Boero E, Vezzani G, Micoli F, Pizza M, Rossi O. Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1171213. [PMID: 37260708 PMCID: PMC10227456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade the intestinal epithelium. Antibodies, especially against the O-antigen and some invasion proteins, play a protective role as titres against specific antigens inversely correlate with disease severity; however, the context of antibody action during pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, especially with Shigella being mostly an intracellular pathogen. In the absence of a correlate of protection, functional assays rebuilding salient moments of Shigella pathogenesis can improve our understanding of the role of protective antibodies in blocking infection and disease. In vitro assays are important tools to build correlates of protection. Only recently animal models to recapitulate human pathogenesis, often not in full, have been established. This review aims to discuss in vitro assays to evaluate the functionality of anti-Shigella antibodies in polyclonal sera in light of the multistep and multifaced Shigella infection process. Indeed, measurement of antibody level alone may limit the evaluation of full vaccine potential. Serum bactericidal assay (SBA), and other functional assays such as opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA), and adhesion/invasion inhibition assays (AIA), are instead physiologically relevant and may provide important information regarding the role played by these effector mechanisms in protective immunity. Ultimately, the review aims at providing scientists in the field with new points of view regarding the significance of functional assays of choice which may be more representative of immune-mediated protection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vezzani
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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15
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Moghimi SM, Haroon HB, Yaghmur A, Hunter AC, Papini E, Farhangrazi ZS, Simberg D, Trohopoulos PN. Perspectives on complement and phagocytic cell responses to nanoparticles: From fundamentals to adverse reactions. J Control Release 2023; 356:115-129. [PMID: 36841287 PMCID: PMC11000211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, professional phagocytes and other cells such as Natural killer cells and mast cells are among the important components of the innate arm of the immune system. These constituents provide an orchestrated array of defences and responses against tissue injury and foreign particles, including nanopharmaceuticals. While interception of nanopharmaceuticals by the immune system is beneficial for immunomodulation and treatment of phagocytic cell disorders, it is imperative to understand the multifaceted mechanisms by which nanopharmaceuticals interacts with the immune system and evaluate the subsequent balance of beneficial versus adverse reactions. An example of the latter is adverse infusion reactions to regulatory-approved nanopharmaceuticals seen in human subjects. Here, we discuss collective opinions and findings from our laboratories in mapping nanoparticle-mediated complement and leucocyte/macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Hajira B Haroon
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A Christy Hunter
- School of Pharmacy, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Emanuele Papini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Z Shadi Farhangrazi
- S. M. Discovery Group Inc., Centennial, CO, USA; S. M. Discovery Group Ltd., Durham, UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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16
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Lim K, Nishide G, Sajidah ES, Yamano T, Qiu Y, Yoshida T, Kobayashi A, Hazawa M, Ando T, Hanayama R, Wong RW. Nanoscopic Assessment of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Neutralizing Antibody Using High-Speed AFM. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:619-628. [PMID: 36641798 PMCID: PMC9881159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anti-spike neutralizing antibodies (S NAbs) have been developed for prevention and treatment against COVID-19. The nanoscopic characterization of the dynamic interaction between spike proteins and S NAbs remains difficult. By using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we elucidate the molecular property of an S NAb and its interaction with spike proteins. The S NAb appeared as monomers with a Y conformation at low density and formed hexameric oligomers at high density. The dynamic S NAb-spike protein interaction at RBD induces neither RBD opening nor S1 subunit shedding. Furthermore, the interaction was stable at endosomal pH. These findings indicated that the S NAb could have a negligible risk of antibody-dependent enhancement. Dynamic movement of spike proteins on small extracellular vesicles (S sEV) resembled that on SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity of variant S sEVs to S NAb could be evaluated using HS-AFM. Altogether, we demonstrate a nanoscopic assessment platform for evaluating the binding property of S NAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Goro Nishide
- Division
of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative,
WISE Program for Nano-Precision Medicine, Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Division
of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yamano
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department
of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yujia Qiu
- Division
of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department
of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department
of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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17
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Lerch M, Schanda K, Lafon E, Würzner R, Mariotto S, Dinoto A, Wendel EM, Lechner C, Hegen H, Rostásy K, Berger T, Wilflingseder D, Höftberger R, Reindl M. More Efficient Complement Activation by Anti–Aquaporin-4 Compared With Anti–Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies. NEUROLOGY - NEUROIMMUNOLOGY NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:10/1/e200059. [DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesThe objective was to study complement-mediated cytotoxicity induced by immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti–aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) and anti–myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) in human serum samples from patients suffering from the rare demyelinating diseases of the CNS neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and MOG-IgG–associated disease (MOGAD).MethodsA cell-based assay with HEK293A cells expressing different MOG isoforms (MOGα1-3β1-3) or AQP4-M23 was used. Cells were incubated with human MOG-IgG or AQP4-IgG–positive serum samples together with active or heat-inactivated human complement, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was measured with a lactate dehydrogenase assay. To further quantify antibody-mediated cell damage, formation of the terminal complement complex (TCC) was analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, immunocytochemistry of the TCC and complement component 3 (C3) was performed.ResultsAQP4-IgG–positive serum samples induced higher CDC and TCC levels than MOG-IgG–positive sera. Notably, both showed a correlation between antibody titers and CDC and also between titers and TCC levels. In addition, all 6 MOG isoforms tested (MOGα1-3β1-3) could induce at least some CDC; however, the strongest MOG-IgG–induced CDC levels were found on MOGα1, MOGα3, and MOGβ1. Different MOG-IgG binding patterns regarding recognition of different MOG isoforms were investigated, and it was found that MOG-IgG recognizing all 6 isoforms again induced highest CDC levels on MOGα1and MOGβ1. Furthermore, surface staining of TCC and C3 revealed positive staining on all 6 MOG isoforms tested, as well as on AQP4-M23.DiscussionBoth MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG are able to induce CDC in a titer-dependent manner. However, AQP4-IgG showed markedly higher levels of CDC compared with MOG in vitro on target cells. This further highlights the role of complement in AQP4-IgG–mediated disease and diminishes the importance of complement activation in MOG-IgG–mediated autoimmune disease.
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18
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Oskam N, Damelang T, Streutker M, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Nouta J, Koeleman C, Van Coillie J, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G, Rispens T. Factors affecting IgG4-mediated complement activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087532. [PMID: 36776883 PMCID: PMC9910309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the four human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, IgG4 is considered the least inflammatory, in part because it poorly activates the complement system. Regardless, in IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) and in autoimmune disorders with high levels of IgG4 autoantibodies, the presence of these antibodies has been linked to consumption and deposition of complement components. This apparent paradox suggests that conditions may exist, potentially reminiscent of in vivo deposits, that allow for complement activation by IgG4. Furthermore, it is currently unclear how variable glycosylation and Fab arm exchange may influence the ability of IgG4 to activate complement. Here, we used well-defined, glyco-engineered monoclonal preparations of IgG4 and determined their ability to activate complement in a controlled system. We show that IgG4 can activate complement only at high antigen and antibody concentrations, via the classical pathway. Moreover, elevated or reduced Fc galactosylation enhanced or diminished complement activation, respectively, with no apparent contribution from the lectin pathway. Fab glycans slightly reduced complement activation. Lastly, we show that bispecific, monovalent IgG4 resulting from Fab arm exchange is a less potent activator of complement than monospecific IgG4. Taken together, these results imply that involvement of IgG4-mediated complement activation in pathology is possible but unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Oskam
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology Experimental, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marij Streutker
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carolien Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julie Van Coillie
- Department of Immunohematology Experimental, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Immunohematology Experimental, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG Formed after BNT162b2 Vaccination Can Bind C1q and Activate Complement. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7263740. [PMID: 36573216 PMCID: PMC9789906 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7263740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of vaccine-induced antibodies to bind C1q could affect pathogen neutralization. In this study, we investigated C1q binding and subsequent complement activation by anti-spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) specific antibodies produced following vaccination with either the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 or the inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV. Methods Serum samples were collected in the period of July 2021-March 2022. Participants' demographic data, type of vaccine, date of vaccination, as well as adverse effects of the vaccine were recorded. The serum samples were incubated with S protein RBD-coated plates. Levels of human IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) that were bound to the plate, as well as formed C3d, and C5b-9 were compared between different groups of participants. Results A total of 151 samples were collected from vaccinated (n = 116) and nonvaccinated (n = 35) participants. Participants who received either one or two doses of BNT162b2 formed higher levels of anti-RBD IgG and IgA than participants who received BBIBP-CorV. The anti-RBD IgG formed following either vaccine bound C1q, but significantly more C1q binding was observed in participants who received BNT162b2. Subsequently, C5b-9 formation was significantly higher in participants who received BNT162b2, while no significant difference in C5b-9 formation was found between the nonvaccinated and BBIBP-CorV groups. The formation of C5b-9 was strongly correlated to C1q binding and not to MBL binding, additionally, the ratio of formed C5b-9/bound C1q was significantly higher in the BNT162b2 group. Conclusion Anti-RBD IgG formed following vaccination can bind C1q with subsequent complement activation, and the degree of terminal complement pathway activation differed between vaccines, which could play a role in the protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines. Further investigation into the correlation between vaccine protection and vaccine-induced antibodies' ability to activate complement is required.
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20
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Oostindie SC, Rinaldi DA, Zom GG, Wester MJ, Paulet D, Al-Tamimi K, van der Meijden E, Scheick JR, Wilpshaar T, de Jong B, Hoff-van den Broek M, Grattan RM, Oosterhoff JJ, Vignau J, Verploegen S, Boross P, Beurskens FJ, Lidke DS, Schuurman J, de Jong RN. Logic-gated antibody pairs that selectively act on cells co-expressing two antigens. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1509-1519. [PMID: 35879362 PMCID: PMC9546771 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is constrained because single antigen targets often do not provide sufficient selectivity to distinguish diseased from healthy tissues. We present HexElect®, an approach to enhance the functional selectivity of therapeutic antibodies by making their activity dependent on clustering after binding to two different antigens expressed on the same target cell. lmmunoglobulin G (lgG)-mediated clustering of membrane receptors naturally occurs on cell surfaces to trigger complement- or cell-mediated effector functions or to initiate intracellular signaling. We engineer the Fc domains of two different lgG antibodies to suppress their individual homo-oligomerization while promoting their pairwise hetero-oligomerization after binding co-expressed antigens. We show that recruitment of complement component C1q to these hetero-oligomers leads to clustering-dependent activation of effector functions such as complement mediated killing of target cells or activation of cell surface receptors. HexElect allows selective antibody activity on target cells expressing unique, potentially unexplored combinations of surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Derek A Rinaldi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Michael J Wester
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachel M Grattan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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21
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Sanderson NSR. Complement and myasthenia gravis. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:11-18. [PMID: 36063582 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease associated with antibodies against components of the neuromuscular junction, most often against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Although several mechanisms have been postulated to explain how these autoantibodies can lead to the pathology of the disease, convincing evidence suggests that destruction of the receptor-bearing postsynaptic membrane by complement membrane attack complex is of central importance. In this review, evidence for the importance of complement, and possible relationships between autoantigen, autoantibodies, complement activation, and the destruction of the membrane are discussed. More recent insights from the results of the complement-inhibiting therapeutic antibody eculizumab are also described, and the mechanisms connecting antibody binding to complement activation are considered from a structural viewpoint.
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22
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Michelis R, Milhem L, Galouk E, Stemer G, Aviv A, Tadmor T, Shehadeh M, Shvidel L, Barhoum M, Braester A. Increased serum level of alpha-2 macroglobulin and its production by B-lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953644. [PMID: 36119042 PMCID: PMC9478581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adult’s leukemia in the western world, is caused in 95% of the cases by uncontrolled proliferation of monoclonal B-lymphocytes. The complement system in CLL is chronically activated at a low level via the classical pathway (CP). This chronic activation is induced by IgG-hexamers, which are formed after binding to alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). The study investigated for the first time the serum levels of A2M in CLL patients, their association with the disease severity, and A2M production by the malignant B-lymphocytes. Blood samples were collected from 65 CLL patients and 30 normal controls (NC) subjects, and used for quantifications of the A2M levels, the complement activation marker (sC5b-9), the complement components C2, C3 and C4, and clinical biochemistry and hematology parameters. The production of A2M was studied in B-lymphocytes isolated from blood samples as well as in CLL and non-CLL cell lines.The serum A2M levels were significantly higher in CLL patients vs NCs, showing values of 3.62 ± 0.22 and 1.97 ± 0.10 mg/ml, respectively. Within the CLL group, A2M levels correlated significantly with the disease stage, with sC5b-9, and with clinical indicators of the disease severity. Increased A2M production was showed in three out of four CLL B-lymphocytic lines that were studied, as compared to non-CLL lines, to a non-lymphocytic line, and to blood-derived primary B-lymphocytes. A2M production was further increased both in primary cells and in the CLL cell-line after incubation with CLL sera, compared to NC sera. This study shows for the first time that serum A2M levels in CLL are significantly increased, likely due to A2M production by the malignant B-lymphocytes, and are correlated with the disease severity and with chronic complement activation. The moderate change in A2M production after incubation with NC sera in-vitro supports the hypothesis that inhibition of excess A2M production can be achieved, and that this may potentially down-regulate the IgG-hexamerization and the resulting chronic CP activation. This may also help restore complement system activity, and eventually improve complement activity and immunotherapy outcomes in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Michelis
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- *Correspondence: Regina Michelis,
| | - Lama Milhem
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Evleen Galouk
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Galia Stemer
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Ariel Aviv
- Department of Hematology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mona Shehadeh
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Lev Shvidel
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Masad Barhoum
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Andrei Braester
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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23
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Wines BD, Kurtovic L, Trist HM, Esparon S, Lopez E, Chappin K, Chan LJ, Mordant FL, Lee WS, Gherardin NA, Patel SK, Hartley GE, Pymm P, Cooney JP, Beeson JG, Godfrey DI, Burrell LM, van Zelm MC, Wheatley AK, Chung AW, Tham WH, Subbarao K, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Fc engineered ACE2-Fc is a potent multifunctional agent targeting SARS-CoV2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889372. [PMID: 35967361 PMCID: PMC9369017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Joining a function-enhanced Fc-portion of human IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 produces an antiviral decoy with strain transcending virus neutralizing activity. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and Fc-effector functions of ACE2-Fc decoy proteins, formatted with or without the ACE2 collectrin domain, were optimized by Fc-modification. The different Fc-modifications resulted in distinct effects on neutralization and effector functions. H429Y, a point mutation outside the binding sites for FcγRs or complement caused non-covalent oligomerization of the ACE2-Fc decoy proteins, abrogated FcγR interaction and enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Another Fc mutation, H429F did not improve virus neutralization but resulted in increased C5b-C9 fixation and transformed ACE2-Fc to a potent mediator of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) expressing cells. Furthermore, modification of the Fc-glycan enhanced cell activation via FcγRIIIa. These different immune profiles demonstrate the capacity of Fc-based agents to be engineered to optimize different mechanisms of protection for SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D. Wines
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Halina M. Trist
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Esparon
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Klasina Chappin
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Li-Jin Chan
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesca L. Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila K. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma E. Hartley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip Pymm
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James P. Cooney
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James G. Beeson
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burrell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P. Mark Hogarth
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: P. Mark Hogarth,
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24
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Wang Y, Khalenkov A, Scott DE. An optimized microplate-based method to evaluate complement-dependent hemolysis mediated by intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). Biologicals 2022; 78:1-9. [PMID: 35842374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic reactions can cause serious complications after administration of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), due to passive transfer of anti-A and anti-B IgG antibodies (isoagglutinins). A maximum allowable amount of isoagglutinins is established in the US and EU for licensed IVIG, as measured by a specified direct hemagglutination test (DHAT). Despite this limit, reports of hemolysis have increased over time, raising the question of how well the DHAT predicts clinically significant hemolysis. This study was undertaken to develop a microplate-based complement-dependent hemolysis assay (CDHA) that reproducibly measures functional hemolytic activity of IVIG, for assessment of IVIG products. An IVIG working reference reagent (NIBSC 14/160) was qualified as an assay control and for quantitation purposes. Hemolytic activities of 36 IVIG product lots encompassing seven brands and including 6 clinically hemolytic lots were measured. Hemolytic activity varied among IVIG product brands, and to a lesser extent, from lot-to-lot for individual brands. Correlation between the CDHA and DHAT was not robust which may reflect imprecision of the DHAT method or additional variables that influence complement-dependent hemolysis after opsonization. In conclusion, the CDHA provides a simple, specific, and sensitive tool for IVIG product characterization and investigation of hemolytic events by manufacturers, researchers, and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Wang
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Alexey Khalenkov
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dorothy E Scott
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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25
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Oostindie SC, Lazar GA, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:715-735. [PMID: 35790857 PMCID: PMC9255845 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the cardinal effector molecules of the immune system and are being leveraged with enormous success as biotherapeutic drugs. A key part of the adaptive immune response is the production of an epitope-diverse, polyclonal antibody mixture that is capable of neutralizing invading pathogens or disease-causing molecules through binding interference and by mediating humoral and cellular effector functions. Avidity - the accumulated binding strength derived from the affinities of multiple individual non-covalent interactions - is fundamental to virtually all aspects of antibody biology, including antibody-antigen binding, clonal selection and effector functions. The manipulation of antibody avidity has since emerged as an important design principle for enhancing or engineering novel properties in antibody biotherapeutics. In this Review, we describe the multiple levels of avidity interactions that trigger the overall efficacy and control of functional responses in both natural antibody biology and their therapeutic applications. Within this framework, we comprehensively review therapeutic antibody mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on engineered optimizations and platforms. Overall, we describe how affinity and avidity tuning of engineered antibody formats are enabling a new wave of differentiated antibody drugs with tailored properties and novel functions, promising improved treatment options for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. .,Sparring Bioconsult, Odijk, Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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26
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Oskam N, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Derksen NIL, Kruithof S, de Taeye SW, Vidarsson G, Reijm S, Kissel T, Toes REM, Rispens T. At Critically Low Antigen Densities, IgM Hexamers Outcompete Both IgM Pentamers and IgG1 for Human Complement Deposition and Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:16-25. [PMID: 35705253 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IgM is secreted as a pentameric polymer containing a peptide called the joining chain (J chain). However, integration of the J chain is not required for IgM assembly and in its absence IgM predominantly forms hexamers. The conformations of pentameric and hexameric IgM are remarkably similar with a hexagonal arrangement in solution. Despite these similarities, hexameric IgM has been reported to be a more potent complement activator than pentameric IgM, but reported relative potencies vary across different studies. Because of these discrepancies, we systematically investigated human IgM-mediated complement activation. We recombinantly generated pentameric and hexameric human IgM (IgM+J and IgM-J, respectively) mAbs and measured their ability to induce complement deposition and complement-dependent cytotoxicity when bound to several Ags at varying densities. At high Ag densities, hexameric and pentameric IgM activate complement to a similar extent as IgG1. However, at low densities, hexameric IgM outcompeted pentameric IgM and even more so IgG1. These differences became progressively more pronounced as antigenic density became critically low. Our findings highlight that the differential potency of hexameric and pentameric IgM for complement activation is profoundly dependent on the nature of its interactions with Ag. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of IgM in immunity because it is a more potent complement activator than IgG1 at low Ag densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Oskam
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Kruithof
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sanne Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Liu H, Wu W, Sun G, Chia T, Cao L, Liu X, Guan J, Fu F, Yao Y, Wu Z, Zhou S, Wang J, Lu J, Kuang Z, Wu M, He L, Shao Z, Wu D, Chen B, Xu W, Wang Z, He K. Optimal target saturation of ligand-blocking anti-GITR antibody IBI37G5 dictates FcγR-independent GITR agonism and antitumor activity. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100660. [PMID: 35732156 PMCID: PMC9245059 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is a co-stimulatory receptor and an important target for cancer immunotherapy. We herein present a potent FcγR-independent GITR agonist IBI37G5 that can effectively activate effector T cells and synergize with anti-programmed death 1 (PD1) antibody to eradicate established tumors. IBI37G5 depends on both antibody bivalency and GITR homo-dimerization for efficient receptor cross-linking. Functional analyses reveal bell-shaped dose responses due to the unique 2:2 antibody-receptor stoichiometry required for GITR activation. Antibody self-competition is observed after concentration exceeded that of 100% receptor occupancy (RO), which leads to antibody monovalent binding and loss of activity. Retrospective pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis demonstrates that the maximal efficacy is achieved at medium doses with drug exposure near saturating GITR occupancy during the dosing cycle. Finally, we propose an alternative dose-finding strategy that does not rely on the traditional maximal tolerated dose (MTD)-based paradigm but instead on utilizing the RO-function relations as biomarker to guide the clinical translation of GITR and similar co-stimulatory agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Gangyu Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiongsun Chia
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Fenggen Fu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Shuaixiang Zhou
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Luan He
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shao
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Preclinical Studies, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kaijie He
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China.
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28
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Pande K, Hollingsworth SA, Sam M, Gao Q, Singh S, Saha A, Vroom K, Ma XS, Brazell T, Gorman D, Chen SJ, Raoufi F, Bailly M, Grandy D, Sathiyamoorthy K, Zhang L, Thompson R, Cheng AC, Fayadat-Dilman L, Geierstanger BH, Kingsley LJ. Hexamerization of Anti-SARS CoV IgG1 Antibodies Improves Neutralization Capacity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864775. [PMID: 35603164 PMCID: PMC9114490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and particularly the emerging variants have deepened the need for widely available therapeutic options. We have demonstrated that hexamer-enhancing mutations in the Fc region of anti-SARS-CoV IgG antibodies lead to a noticeable improvement in IC50 in both pseudo and live virus neutralization assay compared to parental molecules. We also show that hexamer-enhancing mutants improve C1q binding to target surface. To our knowledge, this is the first time this format has been explored for application in viral neutralization and the studies provide proof-of-concept for the use of hexamer-enhanced IgG1 molecules as potential anti-viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Pande
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Miranda Sam
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qinshan Gao
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sujata Singh
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anasuya Saha
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karin Vroom
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Shirley Ma
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tres Brazell
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dan Gorman
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shi-Juan Chen
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fahimeh Raoufi
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marc Bailly
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Grandy
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Rob Thompson
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alan C. Cheng
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Laura J. Kingsley
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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29
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Beaussart A, Canonico F, Mazon H, Hidalgo J, Cianférani S, Le Cordier H, Kriznik A, Rahuel-Clermont S. Probing the mechanism of the peroxiredoxin decamer interaction with its reductase sulfiredoxin from the single molecule to the solution scale. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:515-525. [PMID: 35234779 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00037g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins from the Prx1 subfamily (Prx) are highly regulated multifunctional proteins involved in oxidative stress response, redox signaling and cell protection. Prx is a homodimer that associates into a decamer. The monomer C-terminus plays intricate roles in Prx catalytic functions, decamer stability and interaction with its redox partner, the small reductase sulfiredoxin (Srx), that regulates the switching between Prx cellular functions. As only static structures of covalent Prx-Srx complexes have been reported, whether Srx binding dissociates the decameric assembly and how Prx subunit flexibility impacts complex formation are unknown. Here, we assessed the non-covalent interaction mechanism and dynamics in the solution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Srx with the ten subunits of Prx Tsa1 at the decamer level via a combination of multiscale biophysical approaches including native mass spectrometry. We show that the ten subunits of the decamer can be saturated by ten Srx molecules and that the Tsa1 decamer in complex with Srx does not dissociate in solution. Furthermore, the binding events of atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip-grafted Srx molecules to Tsa1 individual subunits were relevant to the interactions between free molecules in solution. Combined with protein engineering and rapid kinetics, the observation of peculiar AFM force-distance signatures revealed that Tsa1 C-terminus flexibility controls Tsa1/Srx two-step binding and dynamics and determines the force-induced dissociation of Srx from each subunit of the decameric complex in a sequential or concerted mode. This combined approach from the solution to the single-molecule level offers promising prospects for understanding oligomeric protein interactions with their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hortense Mazon
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jorge Hidalgo
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS CEA, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alexandre Kriznik
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UMS2008 IBSLor, Biophysics and Structural Biology core facility, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Sophie Rahuel-Clermont
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UMS2008 IBSLor, Biophysics and Structural Biology core facility, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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30
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Delidakis G, Kim JE, George K, Georgiou G. Improving Antibody Therapeutics by Manipulating the Fc Domain: Immunological and Structural Considerations. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:249-274. [PMID: 35363537 PMCID: PMC9648538 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082721-024500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain of antibodies and a plethora of cellular Fc receptors (FcRs) or soluble proteins form a critical link between humoral and innate immunity. In particular, the immunoglobulin G Fc domain is critical for the clearance of target cells by processes that include (a) cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, or complement lysis; (b) modulation of inflammation; (c) antigen presentation; (d) antibody-mediated receptor clustering; and (e) cytokine release. More than 30 Fc-engineered antibodies aimed primarily at tailoring these effects for optimal therapeutic outcomes are in clinical evaluation or have already been approved. Nonetheless, our understanding of how FcR engagement impacts various immune cell phenotypes is still largely incomplete. Recent insights into FcR biology coupled with advances in Fc:FcR structural analysis, Fc engineering, and mouse models that recapitulate human biology are helping to fill in existing knowledge gaps. These advances will provide a blueprint on how to fine-tune the Fc domain to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 24 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Delidakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Katia George
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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31
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Dunlap T, Cao Y. Physiological Considerations for Modeling in vivo Antibody-Target Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:856961. [PMID: 35281913 PMCID: PMC8912916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.856961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of therapeutic antibodies in development pipelines is increasing rapidly. Despite superior success rates relative to small molecules, therapeutic antibodies still face many unique development challenges. There is often a translational gap from their high target affinity and specificity to the therapeutic effects. Tissue microenvironment and physiology critically influence antibody-target interactions contributing to apparent affinity alterations and dynamic target engagement. The full potential of therapeutic antibodies will be further realized by contextualizing antibody-target interactions under physiological conditions. Here we review how local physiology such as physical stress, biological fluid, and membrane characteristics could influence antibody-target association, dissociation, and apparent affinity. These physiological factors in the early development of therapeutic antibodies are valuable toward rational antibody engineering, preclinical candidate selection, and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Dunlap
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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32
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Quantitative Visualization of the Interaction between Complement Component C1 and Immunoglobulin G: The Effect of C H1 Domain Deletion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042090. [PMID: 35216207 PMCID: PMC8876274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) adopts a modular multidomain structure that mediates antigen recognition and effector functions, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity. IgG molecules are self-assembled into a hexameric ring on antigen-containing membranes, recruiting the complement component C1q. In order to provide deeper insights into the initial step of the complement pathway, we report a high-speed atomic force microscopy study for the quantitative visualization of the interaction between mouse IgG and the C1 complex composed of C1q, C1r, and C1s. The results showed that the C1q in the C1 complex is restricted regarding internal motion, and that it has a stronger binding affinity for on-membrane IgG2b assemblages than C1q alone, presumably because of the lower conformational entropy loss upon binding. Furthermore, we visualized a 1:1 stoichiometric interaction between C1/C1q and an IgG2a variant that lacks the entire CH1 domain in the absence of an antigen. In addition to the canonical C1q-binding site on Fc, their interactions are mediated through a secondary site on the CL domain that is cryptic in the presence of the CH1 domain. Our findings offer clues for novel-modality therapeutic antibodies.
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33
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van Kampen MD, Kuipers-De Wilt LH, van Egmond ML, Reinders-Blankert P, van den Bremer ET, Wang G, Heck AJ, Parren PW, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, de Jong RN. Biophysical characterization and stability of modified IgG1 antibodies with different hexamerization propensities. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Nguyen QD, Kikuchi K, Kojima M, Ueno T. Dynamic Behavior of Cargo Proteins Regulated by Linker Peptides on a Protein Needle Scaffold. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Que D. Nguyen
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mariko Kojima
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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35
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Rose N, Holdermann S, Callegari I, Kim H, Fruh I, Kappos L, Kuhle J, Müller M, Sanderson NSR, Derfuss T. Receptor clustering and pathogenic complement activation in myasthenia gravis depend on synergy between antibodies with multiple subunit specificities. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:1005-1025. [PMID: 36074148 PMCID: PMC9547806 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder defined by muscle weakness and fatigability associated with antibodies against proteins of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The most common autoantibody target is the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Three mechanisms have been postulated by which autoantibodies might interfere with neurotransmission: direct antagonism of the receptor, complement-mediated destruction of the postsynaptic membrane, and enhanced internalization of the receptor. It is very likely that more than one of these mechanisms act in parallel. Dissecting the mechanisms of autoantibody-mediated pathology requires patient-derived, monoclonal antibodies. Using membrane antigen capture activated cell sorting (MACACS), we isolated AChR-specific B cells from patients with myasthenia gravis, and produced six recombinant antibodies. All AChR-specific antibodies were hypermutated, including isotypes IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4, and recognized different subunits of the AChR. Despite clear binding, none of the individual antibodies showed significant antagonism of the AChR measured in an in vitro neuromuscular synapse model, or AChR-dependent complement activation, and they did not induce myasthenic signs in vivo. However, combinations of antibodies induced strong complement activation in vitro, and severe weakness in a passive transfer myasthenia gravis rat model, associated with NMJ destruction and complement activation in muscle. The strongest complement activation was mediated by combinations of antibodies targeting disparate subunits of the AChR, and such combinations also induced the formation of large clusters of AChR on the surface of live cells in vitro. We propose that synergy between antibodies of different epitope specificities is a fundamental feature of this disease, and possibly a general feature of complement-mediated autoimmune diseases. The importance of synergistic interaction between antibodies targeting different subunits of the receptor can explain the well-known discrepancy between serum anti-AChR titers and clinical severity, and has implications for therapeutic strategies currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rose
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Holdermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Callegari
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hyein Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fruh
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Müller
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Larsen MD, Bayarri-Olmos R, Garred P, Hviid L. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Activation of the Classical Complement Pathway by Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen-Specific Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:673-678. [PMID: 35881382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have a wide range of applications, ranging from specific antibody titer determination to quantification of any biological or non-biological substance with a specific binding partner (usually an antibody). The activity of biological cascades, such as the complement cascade of the innate immune system, can also be assessed by ELISA. We present here an assay optimized for the detection of the activation of the classical complement pathway by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Delbo Larsen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Bayarri-Olmos
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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37
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Priglinger E, Strasser J, Buchroithner B, Weber F, Wolbank S, Auer D, Grasmann E, Arzt C, Sivun D, Grillari J, Jacak J, Preiner J, Gimona M. Label-free characterization of an extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12156. [PMID: 34669269 PMCID: PMC8528092 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) as therapeutic agents has dramatically increased over the last decade. Current approaches to the characterization and quality control of EV-based therapeutics include particle tracking techniques, Western blotting, and advanced cytometry, but standardized methods are lacking. In this study, we established and verified quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as highly sensitive label-free immunosensing technique for characterizing clinically approved umbilical cord MSC-EVs enriched by tangential flow filtration and ultracentrifugation. Using QCM in conjunction with common characterization methods, we were able to specifically detect EVs via EV (CD9, CD63, CD81) and MSC (CD44, CD49e, CD73) markers. Furthermore, analysis of QCM dissipation versus frequency allowed us to quantitatively determine the ratio of marker-specific EVs versus non-vesicular particles (NVPs) - a parameter that cannot be obtained by any other technique so far. Additionally, we characterized the topography and elasticity of these EVs by atomic force microscopy (AFM), enabling us to distinguish between EVs and NVPs in our EV preparations. This measurement modality makes it possible to identify EV sub-fractions, discriminate between EVs and NVPs, and to characterize EV surface proteins, all with minimal sample preparation and using label-free measurement devices with low barriers of entry for labs looking to widen their spectrum of characterization techniques. Our combination of QCM with impedance measurement (QCM-I) and AFM measurements provides a robust multi-marker approach to the characterization of clinically approved EV therapeutics and opens the door to improved quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Priglinger
- AUVA Research CenterLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyLinz/ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Juergen Strasser
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Boris Buchroithner
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Florian Weber
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Susanne Wolbank
- AUVA Research CenterLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyLinz/ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Daniela Auer
- GMP UnitSpinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies”Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Grasmann
- Transfer Center for Extracellular Vesicles Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Claudia Arzt
- Transfer Center for Extracellular Vesicles Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- AUVA Research CenterLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyLinz/ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- Dept. of BiotechnologyBOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesInstitute of Molecular BiotechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Preiner
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Mario Gimona
- GMP UnitSpinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies”Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- Transfer Center for Extracellular Vesicles Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
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38
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van Osch TLJ, Nouta J, Derksen NIL, van Mierlo G, van der Schoot CE, Wuhrer M, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1545-1554. [PMID: 34408013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human IgG contains one evolutionarily conserved N-linked glycan in its Fc region at position 297. This glycan is crucial for Fc-mediated functions, including its induction of the classical complement cascade. This is induced after target recognition through the IgG-Fab regions, allowing neighboring IgG-Fc tails to associate through Fc:Fc interaction, ultimately leading to hexamer formation. This hexamerization seems crucial for IgG to enable efficient interaction with the globular heads of the first complement component C1q and subsequent complement activation. In this study, we show that galactose incorporated in the IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition, and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and Raji cells. IgG1-Fc sialylation slightly enhanced binding of C1q, but had little effect on downstream complement activation. Using various mutations that decrease or increase hexamerization capacity of IgG1, we show that IgG1-Fc galactosylation has no intrinsic effect on C1q binding to IgG1, but enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and, thereby, complement activation. These data suggest that the therapeutic potential of Abs can be amplified without introducing immunogenic mutations, by relatively simple glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs L J van Osch
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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39
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Sopp JM, Peters SJ, Rowley TF, Oldham RJ, James S, Mockridge I, French RR, Turner A, Beers SA, Humphreys DP, Cragg MS. On-target IgG hexamerisation driven by a C-terminal IgM tail-piece fusion variant confers augmented complement activation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1031. [PMID: 34475514 PMCID: PMC8413284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs elicit responses via Fc-FcγR and Fc-C1q interactions. Optimal C1q interaction is achieved through hexameric Fc:Fc interactions at the target cell surface. Herein is described an approach to exploit the tailpiece of the naturally multimeric IgM to augment hexamerisation of IgG. Fusion of the C-terminal tailpiece of IgM promoted spontaneous hIgG hexamer formation, resulting in enhanced C1q recruitment and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) but with off-target complement activation and reduced in-vivo efficacy. Mutation of the penultimate tailpiece cysteine to serine (C575S) ablated spontaneous hexamer formation, but facilitated reversible hexamer formation after concentration in solution. C575S mutant tailpiece antibodies displayed increased complement activity only after target binding, in-line with the concept of 'on-target hexamerisation', whilst retaining efficient in-vivo efficacy and augmented target cell killing in the lymph node. Hence, C575S-tailpiece technology represents an alternative format for promoting on-target hexamerisation and enhanced CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Sopp
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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40
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Spiteri VA, Goodall M, Doutch J, Rambo RP, Gor J, Perkins SJ. Solution structures of human myeloma IgG3 antibody reveal extended Fab and Fc regions relative to the other IgG subclasses. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100995. [PMID: 34302810 PMCID: PMC8371214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G subclass 3 (IgG3) possesses a uniquely long hinge region that separates its Fab antigen-binding and Fc receptor-binding regions. Owing to this hinge length, the molecular structure of full-length IgG3 remains elusive, and the role of the two conserved Fc glycosylation sites are unknown. To address these issues, we subjected glycosylated and deglycosylated human myeloma IgG3 to multidisciplinary solution structure studies. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, the elongated structure of IgG3 was determined from the reduced sedimentation coefficients s020,w of 5.82 to 6.29 S for both glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG3. X-ray and neutron scattering showed that the Guinier RG values were 6.95 nm for glycosylated IgG3 and were unchanged after deglycosylation, again indicating an elongated structure. The distance distribution function P(r) showed a maximum length of 25 to 28 nm and three distinct maxima. The molecular structure of IgG3 was determined using atomistic modeling based on molecular dynamics simulations of the IgG3 hinge and Monte Carlo simulations to identify physically realistic arrangements of the Fab and Fc regions. This resulted in libraries containing 135,135 and 73,905 glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG3 structures, respectively. Comparisons with the X-ray and neutron scattering curves gave 100 best-fit models for each form of IgG3 that accounted for the experimental scattering curves. These models revealed the first molecular structures for full-length IgG3. The structures exhibited relatively restricted Fab and Fc conformations joined by an extended semirigid hinge, which explains the potent effector functions of IgG3 relative to the other subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Spiteri
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Rambo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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41
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Abstract
![]()
Native mass spectrometry
(MS) involves the analysis and characterization
of macromolecules, predominantly intact proteins and protein complexes,
whereby as much as possible the native structural features of the
analytes are retained. As such, native MS enables the study of secondary,
tertiary, and even quaternary structure of proteins and other biomolecules.
Native MS represents a relatively recent addition to the analytical
toolbox of mass spectrometry and has over the past decade experienced
immense growth, especially in enhancing sensitivity and resolving
power but also in ease of use. With the advent of dedicated mass analyzers,
sample preparation and separation approaches, targeted fragmentation
techniques, and software solutions, the number of practitioners and
novel applications has risen in both academia and industry. This review
focuses on recent developments, particularly in high-resolution native
MS, describing applications in the structural analysis of protein
assemblies, proteoform profiling of—among others—biopharmaceuticals
and plasma proteins, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of
protein–ligand interactions, with the latter covering lipid,
drug, and carbohydrate molecules, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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42
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Staphylococcal protein A inhibits complement activation by interfering with IgG hexamer formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016772118. [PMID: 33563762 PMCID: PMC7896290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016772118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are crucial for the immune response against bacteria. To drive bacterial killing, antibodies should bind to the bacterial cell and induce the complement reaction. This requires target-bound IgGs to form hexameric IgG platforms that are kept together by noncovalent Fc-Fc interactions. Interestingly, pathogenic bacteria produce IgG-binding molecules that bind specifically to the Fc region needed for hexamerization. Here we demonstrate that staphylococcal protein A (SpA) from Staphylococcus aureus specifically blocks formation of IgG hexamers and downstream activation of complement. Furthermore, we show that IgG3 antibodies (which are not recognized by SpA) have superior capacity to activate complement and induce killing of S. aureus by human phagocytes. These insights provide a crucial rationale for optimizing antibody therapies against S. aureus. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G molecules are essential players in the human immune response against bacterial infections. An important effector of IgG-dependent immunity is the induction of complement activation, a reaction that triggers a variety of responses that help kill bacteria. Antibody-dependent complement activation is promoted by the organization of target-bound IgGs into hexamers that are held together via noncovalent Fc-Fc interactions. Here we show that staphylococcal protein A (SpA), an important virulence factor and vaccine candidate of Staphylococcus aureus, effectively blocks IgG hexamerization and subsequent complement activation. Using native mass spectrometry and high-speed atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that SpA blocks IgG hexamerization through competitive binding to the Fc-Fc interaction interface on IgG monomers. In concordance, we show that SpA interferes with the formation of (IgG)6:C1q complexes and prevents downstream complement activation on the surface of S. aureus. Finally, we demonstrate that IgG3 antibodies against S. aureus can potently induce complement activation and opsonophagocytic killing even in the presence of SpA. Together, our findings identify SpA as an immune evasion protein that specifically blocks IgG hexamerization.
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43
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Bondza S, Ten Broeke T, Nestor M, Leusen JHW, Buijs J. Bivalent binding on cells varies between anti-CD20 antibodies and is dose-dependent. MAbs 2021; 12:1792673. [PMID: 32744151 PMCID: PMC7531561 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1792673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their mechanism of action, two types of anti-CD20 antibodies are distinguished: Type I, which efficiently mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and Type II, which instead are more efficient in inducing direct cell death. Several molecular characteristics of these antibodies have been suggested to underlie these different biological functions, one of these being the manner of binding to CD20 expressed on malignant B cells. However, the exact binding model on cells is unclear. In this study, the binding mechanism of the Type I therapeutic antibodies rituximab (RTX) and ofatumumab (OFA) and the Type II antibody obinutuzumab (OBI) were established by real-time interaction analysis on live cells. It was found that the degree of bivalent stabilization differed for the antibodies: OFA was stabilized the most, followed by RTX and then OBI, which had the least amount of bivalent stabilization. Bivalency inversely correlated with binding dynamics for the antibodies, with OBI displaying the most dynamic binding pattern, followed by RTX and OFA. For RTX and OBI, bivalency and binding dynamics were concentration dependent; at higher concentrations the interactions were more dynamic, whereas the percentage of antibodies that bound bivalent was less, resulting in concentration-dependent apparent affinities. This was barely noticeable for OFA, as almost all molecules bound bivalently at the tested concentrations. We conclude that the degree of bivalent binding positively correlates with the complement recruiting capacity of the investigated CD20 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bondza
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Current: Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marika Nestor
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , Uppsala, Sweden
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44
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Troelnikov A, Perkins G, Yuson C, Ahamdie A, Balouch S, Hurtado PR, Hissaria P. Basophil reactivity to BNT162b2 is mediated by PEGylated lipid nanoparticles in patients with PEG allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:91-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Yu X, James S, Felce JH, Kellermayer B, Johnston DA, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, Watanabe Y, Crispin M, French RR, Duriez PJ, Douglas LR, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. TNF receptor agonists induce distinct receptor clusters to mediate differential agonistic activity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:772. [PMID: 34162985 PMCID: PMC8222242 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and natural ligands targeting costimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) exhibit a wide range of agonistic activities and antitumor responses. The mechanisms underlying these differential agonistic activities remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a panel of experimental and clinically-relevant molecules targeting human CD40, 4-1BB and OX40 to examine this issue. Confocal and STORM microscopy reveal that strongly agonistic reagents induce clusters characterized by small area and high receptor density. Using antibody pairs differing only in isotype we show that hIgG2 confers significantly more receptor clustering than hIgG1 across all three receptors, explaining its greater agonistic activity, with receptor clustering shielding the receptor-agonist complex from further molecular access. Nevertheless, discrete receptor clustering patterns are observed with different hIgG2 mAb, with a unique rod-shaped assembly observed with the most agonistic mAb. These findings dispel the notion that larger receptor clusters elicit greater agonism, and instead point to receptor density and subsequent super-structure as key determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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46
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Abstract
Antibody-dependent complement activation plays a major role in various pathophysiological processes in our body, including infection, inflammation, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection. In order to activate complement, antibodies should bind to target cells and recruit complement component C1. C1 is a large, multimolecular complex that consists of the antibody recognition protein C1q and a heterotetramer of proteases (C1r2s2). Although it is believed that interactions between C1 and IgGs are solely mediated by C1q, we here show that C1r2s2 proteases affect the capacity of C1q to form an avid complex with surface-bound IgG molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrate that C1q–IgG stability is influenced by IgG oligomerization and that promoting IgG oligomerization improves phagocytosis of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Complement is an important effector mechanism for antibody-mediated clearance of infections and tumor cells. Upon binding to target cells, the antibody’s constant (Fc) domain recruits complement component C1 to initiate a proteolytic cascade that generates lytic pores and stimulates phagocytosis. The C1 complex (C1qr2s2) consists of the large recognition protein C1q and a heterotetramer of proteases C1r and C1s (C1r2s2). While interactions between C1 and IgG-Fc are believed to be mediated by the globular heads of C1q, we here find that C1r2s2 proteases affect the capacity of C1q to form an avid complex with surface-bound IgG molecules (on various 2,4-dinitrophenol [DNP]-coated surfaces and pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus). The extent to which C1r2s2 contributes to C1q–IgG stability strongly differs between human IgG subclasses. Using antibody engineering of monoclonal IgG, we reveal that hexamer-enhancing mutations improve C1q–IgG stability, both in the absence and presence of C1r2s2. In addition, hexamer-enhanced IgGs targeting S. aureus mediate improved complement-dependent phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Altogether, these molecular insights into complement binding to surface-bound IgGs could be important for optimal design of antibody therapies.
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47
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Wei B, Gao X, Cadang L, Izadi S, Liu P, Zhang HM, Hecht E, Shim J, Magill G, Pabon JR, Dai L, Phung W, Lin E, Wang C, Whang K, Sanchez S, Oropeza J, Camperi J, Zhang J, Sandoval W, Zhang YT, Jiang G. Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation. MAbs 2021; 13:1893427. [PMID: 33682619 PMCID: PMC7946005 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1893427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc galactosylation is a critical quality attribute for anti-tumor recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as the mechanism of action. Although the correlation between galactosylation and CDC has been known, the underlying structure–function relationship is unclear. Heterogeneity of the Fc N-glycosylation produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture biomanufacturing process leads to variable CDC potency. Here, we derived a kinetic model of galactose transfer reaction in the Golgi apparatus and used this model to determine the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture process. The model was validated by a retrospective data analysis of more than 800 historical samples from small-scale and large-scale CHO cell cultures. Furthermore, using various analytical technologies, we discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation changing the three-dimensional conformation of the Fc, which facilitates the IgG1 hexamerization, thus enhancing C1q avidity and subsequent complement activation. Our study offers insight into the formation of galactosylated species, as well as a novel three-dimensional understanding of the structure–function relationship of terminal galactose to complement activation in mAb therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Wei
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States.,Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Xuan Gao
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Peilu Liu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University,Florida, United States
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States
| | - Elizabeth Hecht
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Jeongsup Shim
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Gordon Magill
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Juan Rincon Pabon
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence United States
| | - Lu Dai
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States
| | - Wilson Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Elaine Lin
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Christopher Wang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Kevin Whang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Sean Sanchez
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Jose Oropeza
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Julien Camperi
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco,United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Guoying Jiang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States
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48
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Naseraldeen N, Michelis R, Barhoum M, Chezar J, Tadmor T, Aviv A, Shvidel L, Litmanovich A, Shehadeh M, Stemer G, Shaoul E, Braester A. The Role of Alpha 2 Macroglobulin in IgG-Aggregation and Chronic Activation of the Complement System in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603569. [PMID: 33643290 PMCID: PMC7905172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in the western world. One of the treatments offered for CLL is immunotherapy. These treatments activate various cellular and biochemical mechanisms, using the complement system. Recently it was shown that the complement system in CLL patients is persistently activated at a low level through the classical pathway (CP). The mechanism of chronic CP activation involves the formation of IgG-hexamers (IgG-aggregates). According to recent studies, formation of ordered IgG-hexamers occurs on cell surfaces via specific interactions between Fc regions of the IgG monomers, which occur after antigen binding. The present study investigated the formation of IgG-hexamers in CLL patients and normal (non-malignant) controls (NC), their ability to activate complement, their incidence as cell-free and cell-bound forms and the identity of the antigen causing their formation. Sera from 30 patients and 12 NC were used for separation of IgG- aggregates. The obtained IgG- aggregates were measured and used for assessment of CP activation. For evaluation of the presence of IgG- aggregates on blood cells, whole blood samples were stained and assessed by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IgG- aggregates were higher in CLL and they activated the complement system to a higher extent than in NC. Alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) was identified as the antigen causing the hexamerization/aggregation of IgG, and was found to be part of the hexamer structure by mass spectrometry, Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. The presence of A2M-IgG-hexamers on B-cells suggests that it may be formed on B cells surface and then be detached to become cell-free. Alternatively, it may form in the plasma and then attach to the cell surface. The exact time course of A2M-IgG-hexamers formation in CLL should be further studied. The results in this study may be useful for improvement of current immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseba Naseraldeen
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Regina Michelis
- The Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Masad Barhoum
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Judith Chezar
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Aviv
- Department of Hematology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Lev Shvidel
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Litmanovich
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Mona Shehadeh
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Galia Stemer
- Department of Hematology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ety Shaoul
- Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Andrei Braester
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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49
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Bondza S, Marosan A, Kara S, Lösing J, Peipp M, Nimmerjahn F, Buijs J, Lux A. Complement-Dependent Activity of CD20-Specific IgG Correlates With Bivalent Antigen Binding and C1q Binding Strength. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609941. [PMID: 33505398 PMCID: PMC7829346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the CD20 surface antigen on B cells are widely used in the therapy of B cell malignancies. Upon administration, the antibodies bind to CD20 expressing B cells and induce their depletion via cell- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity or by induction of direct cell killing. The three antibodies currently most often used in the clinic are Rituximab (RTX), Ofatumumab (OFA) and Obinutuzumab (OBI). Even though these antibodies are all of the human IgG1 subclass, they have previously been described to vary considerably in the effector functions involved in therapeutic B cell depletion, especially in regards to complement activation. Whereas OFA is known to strongly induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity, OBI is described to be far less efficient. In contrast, the role of complement in RTX-induced B cell depletion is still under debate. Some of this dissent might come from the use of different in vitro systems for characterization of antibody effector functions. We therefore set out to systematically compare antibody as well as C1q binding and complement-activation by RTX, OFA and OBI on human B cell lines that differ in expression levels of CD20 and complement-regulatory proteins as well as human primary B cells. Applying real-time interaction analysis, we show that the overall strength of C1q binding to live target cells coated with antibodies positively correlated with the degree of bivalent binding for the antibodies to CD20. Kinetic analysis revealed that C1q exhibits two binding modes with distinct affinities and binding stabilities, with exact numbers varying both between antibodies and cell lines. Furthermore, complement-dependent cell killing by RTX and OBI was highly cell-line dependent, whereas the superior complement-dependent cytotoxicity by OFA was independent of the target B cells. All three antibodies were able to initiate deposition of C3b on the B cell surface, although to varying extent. This suggests that complement activation occurs but might not necessarily lead to induction of complement-dependent cytotoxicity. This activation could, however, initiate complement-dependent phagocytosis as an alternative mechanism of therapeutic B cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bondza
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Marosan
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sibel Kara
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josephine Lösing
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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Wang B, Yang C, Jin X, Du Q, Wu H, Dall'Acqua W, Mazor Y. Regulation of antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity by modulating the intrinsic affinity and binding valency of IgG for target antigen. MAbs 2021; 12:1690959. [PMID: 31829766 PMCID: PMC6927764 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1690959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is a potent effector mechanism, engaging both innate and adaptive immunity. Although strategies to improve the CDC activity of antibody therapeutics have primarily focused on enhancing the interaction between the antibody crystallizable fragment (Fc) and the first subcomponent of the C1 complement complex (C1q), the relative importance of intrinsic affinity and binding valency of an antibody to the target antigen is poorly understood. Here we show that antibody binding affinity to a cell surface target antigen evidently affects the extent and efficacy of antibody-mediated complement activation. We further report the fundamental role of antibody binding valency in the capacity to recruit C1q and regulate CDC. More specifically, an array of affinity-modulated variants and functionally monovalent bispecific derivatives of high-affinity anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapeutic immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), previously reported to be deficient in mediating complement activation, were tested for their ability to bind C1q by biolayer interferometry using antigen-loaded biosensors and to exert CDC against a panel of EGFR and HER2 tumor cells of various histological origins. Significantly, affinity-reduced variants or monovalent derivatives, but not their high-affinity bivalent IgG counterparts, induced near-complete cell cytotoxicity in tumor cell lines that had formerly been shown to be resistant to complement-mediated attack. Our findings suggest that monovalent target engagement may contribute to an optimal geometrical positioning of the antibody Fc to engage C1q and deploy the complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chunning Yang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiaofang Jin
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qun Du
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - William Dall'Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yariv Mazor
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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