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Liu L, Dou Y, Wang J, Zhao Y, Kong W, Ma C, He D, Wang H, Zhang H, Chang A, Zhao P. Recent Advances in Flexible Temperature Sensors: Materials, Mechanism, Fabrication, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405003. [PMID: 39073012 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics is an emerging and cutting-edge technology which is considered as the building blocks of the next generation micro-nano electronics. Flexible electronics integrate both active and passive functions in devices, driving rapid developments in healthcare, the Internet of Things (IoT), and industrial fields. Among them, flexible temperature sensors, which can be directly attached to human skin or curved surfaces of objects for continuous and stable temperature measurement, have attracted much attention for applications in disease prediction, health monitoring, robotic signal sensing, and curved surface temperature measurement. Preparing flexible temperature sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, wide temperature measurement interval, high flexibility, stretchability, low cost, high reliability, and stability has become a research target. This article reviewed the latest development of flexible temperature sensors and mainly discusses the sensitive materials, working mechanism, preparation process, and the applications of flexible temperature sensors. Finally, conclusions based on the latest developments, and the challenges and prospects for research in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingying Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Wenwen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Chaoyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Donglin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Hongguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Aimin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Pengjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
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Shahbazi M, Jäger H, Ettelaie R, Chen J, Kashi PA, Mohammadi A. Dispersion strategies of nanomaterials in polymeric inks for efficient 3D printing of soft and smart 3D structures: A systematic review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 333:103285. [PMID: 39216400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscience-often summarized as "the future is tiny"-highlights the work of researchers advancing nanotechnology through incremental innovations. The design and innovation of new nanomaterials are vital for the development of next-generation three-dimensional (3D) printed structures characterized by low cost, high speed, and versatile capabilities, delivering exceptional performance in advanced applications. The integration of nanofillers into polymeric-based inks for 3D printing heralds a new era in additive manufacturing, allowing for the creation of custom-designed 3D objects with enhanced multifunctionality. To optimize the use of nanomaterials in 3D printing, effective disaggregation techniques and strong interfacial adhesion between nanofillers and polymer matrices are essential. This review provides an overview of the application of various types of nanomaterials used in 3D printing, focusing on their functionalization principles, dispersion strategies, and colloidal stability, as well as the methodologies for aligning nanofillers within the 3D printing framework. It discusses dispersive methods, synergistic dispersion, and in-situ growth, which have yielded smart 3D-printed structures with unique functionality for specific applications. This review also focuses on nanomaterial alignment in 3D printing, detailing methods that enhance selective deposition and orientation of nanofillers within established and customized printing techniques. By emphasizing alignment strategies, we explore their impact on the performance of 3D-printed composites and highlight potential applications that benefit from ordered nanoparticles. Through these continuing efforts, this review shows that the design and development of the new class of nanomaterials are crucial to developing the next generation of smart 3D printed architectures with versatile abilities for advanced structures with exceptional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyar Shahbazi
- Institute of Material Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Material Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rammile Ettelaie
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Food Oral Processing Laboratory, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peyman Asghartabar Kashi
- Faculty of Biosystem, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University Hamburg, Institute of Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Chaney LE, van Beek A, Downing JR, Zhang J, Zhang H, Hui J, Sorensen EA, Khalaj M, Dunn JB, Chen W, Hersam MC. Bayesian Optimization of Environmentally Sustainable Graphene Inks Produced by Wet Jet Milling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309579. [PMID: 38530067 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphene is a potentially scalable method to produce conductive graphene inks for printed electronic applications. Among LPE methods, wet jet milling (WJM) is an emerging approach that uses high-speed, turbulent flow to exfoliate graphene nanoplatelets from graphite in a continuous flow manner. Unlike prior WJM work based on toxic, high-boiling-point solvents such as n-methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP), this study uses the environmentally friendly solvent ethanol and the polymer stabilizer ethyl cellulose (EC). Bayesian optimization and iterative batch sampling are employed to guide the exploration of the experimental phase space (namely, concentrations of graphite and EC in ethanol) in order to identify the Pareto frontier that simultaneously optimizes three performance criteria (graphene yield, conversion rate, and film conductivity). This data-driven strategy identifies vastly different optimal WJM conditions compared to literature precedent, including an optimal loading of 15 wt% graphite in ethanol compared to 1 wt% graphite in NMP. These WJM conditions provide superlative graphene production rates of 3.2 g hr-1 with the resulting graphene nanoplatelets being suitable for screen-printed micro-supercapacitors. Finally, life cycle assessment reveals that ethanol-based WJM graphene exfoliation presents distinct environmental sustainability advantages for greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel consumption, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Chaney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Anton van Beek
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Julia R Downing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jinrui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hengrui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Janan Hui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - E Alexander Sorensen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Maryam Khalaj
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jennifer B Dunn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Guo L, Zhang X, Zhao DM, Chen S, Zhang WX, Yu YL, Wang JH. Portable Photoacoustic Analytical System Combined with Wearable Hydrogel Patch for pH Monitoring in Chronic Wounds. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11595-11602. [PMID: 38950152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Timely diagnosis, monitoring, and management of chronic wounds play crucial roles in improving patients' quality of life, but clinical evaluation of chronic wounds is still ambiguous and relies heavily on the experience of clinician, resulting in increased social and financial burden and delay of optimal treatment. During the different stages of the healing process, specific and dynamic changes of pH values in the wound exudate can be used as biomarkers to reflect the wound status. Herein, a pH-responsive agent with well-behaved photoacoustic (PA) properties, nitrazine yellow (NY), was incorporated in poly(vinyl alcohol)/sucrose (PVA/Suc) hydrogel to construct a wearable pH-sensing patch (PVA/Suc/NY hydrogel) for monitoring of pH values during chronic wound healing. According to Rosencwaig-Gersho theory and the combination of 3D printing technology, the PA chamber volume and chopping frequency were systematically optimized to improve the sensitivity of the PA analytical system. The prepared PVA/Suc/NY hydrogel patch had excellent mechanical properties and flexibility and could maintain conformal contact with skin. Moreover, combined with the miniaturized PA analytical device, it had the potential to detect pH values (5.0-9.0) free from the color interference of blood and therapeutic drugs, which provides a valuable strategy for wound pH value monitoring by PA quantitation. This strategy of combining the wearable hydrogel patch with portable PA analysis offers broad new prospects for the treatment and management of chronic wounds due to its features of simple operation, time savings, and anti-interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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Zhang H, Xu H, Cui L, Pan Z, Lee PH, Jung MK, Choi JP. An Extensive Study of the Influence of Key Flow Variables on Printed Line Quality Outcomes during Aerosol Jet Printing Using Coupled Three-Dimensional Numerical Models. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3179. [PMID: 38998262 PMCID: PMC11242870 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was developed to explore the intricate aerodynamic mechanisms associated with aerosol jet printing (AJP). The proposed approach integrates computational fluid dynamics and discrete phase modeling, offering a comprehensive understanding of the deposition mechanisms of the AJP process. Initially, numerical solutions of the governing equations were obtained under the assumptions of compressible and laminar flows, facilitating an analysis of certain key flow variables, in this case, the sheath gas flow rate and carrier gas flow rate across the fluid domain. Subsequently, incorporating a Lagrangian discrete phase model allowed a detailed examination of the droplet behavior after nozzle ejection, considering the influence of the Saffman lift force. Finally, experiments were performed to elucidate the influence of key flow variables on the printed width. Generally, the measured printed line morphology and corresponding line electrical performance exhibited close conformity with the numerical model, demonstrating that the proposed numerical model is important for making well-informed decisions during process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; (H.Z.); (H.X.); (L.C.); (Z.P.)
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Haifeng Xu
- School of Information Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; (H.Z.); (H.X.); (L.C.); (Z.P.)
| | - Lin Cui
- School of Information Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; (H.Z.); (H.X.); (L.C.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zhenggao Pan
- School of Information Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; (H.Z.); (H.X.); (L.C.); (Z.P.)
| | - Pil-Ho Lee
- Department of 3D Printing, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (P.-H.L.); (M.-K.J.)
| | - Min-Kyo Jung
- Department of 3D Printing, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (P.-H.L.); (M.-K.J.)
| | - Joon-Phil Choi
- Department of 3D Printing, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (P.-H.L.); (M.-K.J.)
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Lv X, Xie T, Chen J, Fang D, Yi S. One-step of ionic liquid-assisted stabilization and dispersion: Exfoliated graphene and its applications in stimuli-responsive conductive hydrogels based on chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132699. [PMID: 38824103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, as novel flexible biosensors, have demonstrated significant potential in areas such as soft robotics, electronic devices, and wearable technology. Graphene is a promising conductive material, but its dispersibility in aqueous solutions exists difficulties. Here, we discover that untreated graphene, after exfoliation by different ionic liquids, can disperse well in aqueous solutions. We investigate the impact of four ionic liquids with varying alkyl chain lengths ([Bmim]Cl, [Omim]Cl, [Dmim]Cl, [Hmim]Cl) on the dispersibility of grapheme, and a dual physically cross-linked network hydrogel structure is designed using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), methyl methacrylate octadecyl ester (SMA), ionic liquid@graphene (ILs@GN), and chitosan (CS). Notably, SMA, CS, AA and AM act as dynamic cross-linking points through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, playing a crucial role in energy dissipation. The resulting hydrogel exhibits outstanding stretchability (2250 %), remarkable toughness (1.53 MJ/m3) in tensile deformation performance, high compressive strength (1.13 MPa), rapid electrical responsiveness (response time ∼ 50 ms), high electrical conductivity (12.11 mS/cm), and excellent strain sensing capability (GF = 12.31, strain = 1000 %). These advantages make our composite hydrogel demonstrate high stability in extensive deformations, offering repeatability in pressure and strain and making it a promising candidate for multifunctional sensors and flexible electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xue Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Junzheng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Di Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shurui Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
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Pinheiro T, Morais M, Silvestre S, Carlos E, Coelho J, Almeida HV, Barquinha P, Fortunato E, Martins R. Direct Laser Writing: From Materials Synthesis and Conversion to Electronic Device Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402014. [PMID: 38551106 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Direct Laser Writing (DLW) has been increasingly selected as a microfabrication route for efficient, cost-effective, high-resolution material synthesis and conversion. Concurrently, lasers participate in the patterning and assembly of functional geometries in several fields of application, of which electronics stand out. In this review, recent advances and strategies based on DLW for electronics microfabrication are surveyed and outlined, based on laser material growth strategies. First, the main DLW parameters influencing material synthesis and transformation mechanisms are summarized, aimed at selective, tailored writing of conductive and semiconducting materials. Additive and transformative DLW processing mechanisms are discussed, to open space to explore several categories of materials directly synthesized or transformed for electronics microfabrication. These include metallic conductors, metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides and carbides, laser-induced graphene, and their mixtures. By accessing a wide range of material types, DLW-based electronic applications are explored, including processing components, energy harvesting and storage, sensing, and bioelectronics. The expanded capability of lasers to participate in multiple fabrication steps at different implementation levels, from material engineering to device processing, indicates their future applicability to next-generation electronics, where more accessible, green microfabrication approaches integrate lasers as comprehensive tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pinheiro
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Maria Morais
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Sara Silvestre
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Carlos
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - João Coelho
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Henrique V Almeida
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barquinha
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- i3N|CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
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9
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Zhou K, Ding R, Ma X, Lin Y. Printable and flexible integrated sensing systems for wireless healthcare. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7264-7286. [PMID: 38470428 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of wearable sensing devices and artificial intelligence has enabled portable and wireless tracking of human health, fulfilling the promise of digitalized healthcare applications. To achieve versatile design and integration of multi-functional modules including sensors and data transmission units onto various flexible platforms, printable technologies emerged as some of the most promising strategies. This review first introduces the commonly utilized printing technologies, followed by discussion of the printable ink formulations and flexible substrates to ensure reliable device fabrication and system integration. The advances of printable sensors for body status monitoring are then discussed. Moreover, the integration of wireless data transmission via printable approaches is also presented. Finally, the challenges in achieving printable sensing devices and wireless integrated systems with competitive performances are considered, so as to realize their practical applications for personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemeng Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ruochen Ding
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiaohao Ma
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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10
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An J, Tran VT, Xu H, Ma W, Chen X, Le TD, Du H, Sun G, Kim Y. High-Throughput Manufacturing of Multimodal Epidermal Mechanosensors with Superior Detectability Enabled by a Continuous Microcracking Strategy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305777. [PMID: 38032171 PMCID: PMC10811494 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive human-machine interactions (HMIs) are expected to be promoted by epidermal tactile receptive devices that can accurately perceive human activities. In reality, however, the HMI efficiency is limited by the unsatisfactory perception capability of mechanosensors and the complicated techniques for device fabrication and integration. Herein, a paradigm is presented for high-throughput fabrication of multimodal epidermal mechanosensors based on a sequential "femtosecond laser patterning-elastomer infiltration-physical transfer" process. The resilient mechanosensor features a unique hybrid sensing layer of rigid cellular graphitic flakes (CGF)-soft elastomer. The continuous microcracking of CGF under strain enables a sharp reduction in conductive pathways, while the soft elastomer within the framework sustains mechanical robustness of the structure. As a result, the mechanosensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity in a broad strain range (GF of 371.4 in the first linear range of 0-50%, and maximum GF of 8922.6 in the range of 61-70%), a low detection limit (0.01%), and a fast response/recovery behavior (2.6/2.1 ms). The device also exhibits excellent sensing performances to multimodal mechanical stimuli, enabling high-fidelity monitoring of full-range human motions. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, multi-pixel mechanosensor arrays are constructed and implemented in a robot hand controlling system and a security system, providing a platform toward efficient HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing An
- Institute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632P. R. China
| | - Van Thai Tran
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Hai Xu
- College of Materials Science and TechnologyNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing211100P. R. China
| | - Wenshuai Ma
- Institute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632P. R. China
| | - Xingkuan Chen
- Department of ChemistryJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632P. R. China
| | - Truong‐Son Dinh Le
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Hejun Du
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Young‐Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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11
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Cui X, Miao C, Lu S, Liu X, Yang Y, Sun J. Strain Sensors Made of MXene, CNTs, and TPU/PSF Asymmetric Structure Films with Large Tensile Recovery and Applied in Human Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59655-59670. [PMID: 38085975 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Designing flexible wearable sensors with a wide sensing range, high sensitivity, and high stability is a vulnerable research direction with a futuristic field to study. In this paper, Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon nanotube (CNT)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/polysulfone (PSF) composite films with excellent sensor performance were obtained by self-assembly of conductive fillers in TPU/PSF porous films with an asymmetric structure through vacuum filtration, and the porous films were prepared by the phase inversion method. The composite films consist of the upper part with finger-like "cavities" filled by MXene/CNTs, which reduces the microcracks in the conductive network during the tensile process, and the lower part has smaller apertures of a relatively dense resin cortex assisting the recovery process. The exclusive layer structure of the MXene/CNTs/TPU/PSF film sensor, with a thickness of 46.95 μm, contains 0.0339 mg/cm2 single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and 0.348 mg/cm2 MXene only, providing functional range (0-80.7%), high sensitivity (up to 1265.18), and excellent stability and durability (stable sensing under 2300 fatigue tests, viable to the initial resistance), endurably cycled under large strains with serious damage to the conductive network. Finally, the MXene/CNTs/TPU/PSF film sensor is usable for monitoring pulse, swallow, tiptoe, and various joint bends in real time and distributing effective electrical signals. This paper implies that the MXene/CNTs/TPU/PSF film sensor has broad prospects in pragmatic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Chengjing Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Shaowei Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Xingmin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Jingchao Sun
- School of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
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12
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Das KK, Basu B, Maiti P, Dubey AK. Piezoelectric nanogenerators for self-powered wearable and implantable bioelectronic devices. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:85-113. [PMID: 37673230 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the recent innovations in the field of personalized healthcare is the piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) for various clinical applications, including self-powered sensors, drug delivery, tissue regeneration etc. Such innovations are perceived to potentially address some of the unmet clinical needs, e.g., limited life-span of implantable biomedical devices (e.g., pacemaker) and replacement related complications. To this end, the generation of green energy from biomechanical sources for wearable and implantable bioelectronic devices gained considerable attention in the scientific community. In this perspective, this article provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the recent developments in the processing, applications and associated concerns of piezoelectric materials (synthetic/biological) for personalized healthcare applications. In particular, this review briefly discusses the concepts of piezoelectric energy harvesting, piezoelectric materials (ceramics, polymers, nature-inspired), and the various applications of piezoelectric nanogenerators, such as, self-powered sensors, self-powered pacemakers, deep brain stimulators etc. Important distinction has been made in terms of the potential clinical applications of PENGs, either as wearable or implantable bioelectronic devices. While discussing the potential applications as implantable devices, the biocompatibility of the several hybrid devices using large animal models is summarized. This review closes with the futuristic vision of integrating data science approaches in developmental pipeline of PENGs as well as clinical translation of the next generation PENGs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) hold great promise for transforming personalized healthcare through self-powered sensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue regeneration. The limited battery life of implantable devices like pacemakers presents a significant challenge, leading to complications from repititive surgeries. To address such a critical issue, researchers are focusing on generating green energy from biomechanical sources to power wearable and implantable bioelectronic devices. This comprehensive review critically examines the latest advancements in synthetic and nature-inspired piezoelectric materials for PENGs in personalized healthcare. Moreover, it discusses the potential of piezoelectric materials and data science approaches to enhance the efficiency and reliability of personalized healthcare devices for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Kumar Das
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- SMST, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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13
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Liu L, Xu Z, Molina Vargas AM, Dollery SJ, Schrlau MG, Cormier D, O'Connell MR, Tobin GJ, Du K. Aerosol Jet Printing-Enabled Dual-Function Electrochemical and Colorimetric Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11997-12005. [PMID: 37505456 PMCID: PMC11229527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
An aerosol jet printing-enabled dual-function biosensor for the sensitive detection of pathogens using SARS-CoV-2 RNA as an example has been developed. A CRISPR-Cas13:guide-RNA complex is activated in the presence of a target RNA, leading to the collateral trans-cleavage of ssRNA probes that contain a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tag. This, in turn, catalyzes the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by HRP, resulting in a color change and electrochemical signal change. The colorimetric and electrochemical sensing protocol does not require complicated target amplification and probe immobilization and exhibits a detection sensitivity in the femtomolar range. Additionally, our biosensor demonstrates a wide dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude. This low-cost aerosol inkjet printing technique allows for an amplification-free and integrated dual-function biosensor platform, which operates at physiological temperature and is designed for simple, rapid, and accurate point-of-care (POC) diagnostics in either low-resource settings or hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-9800, United States
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623-5603, United States
| | - Adrian Moises Molina Vargas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Stephen J Dollery
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, Maryland 21702-8717, United States
| | - Michael G Schrlau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Denis Cormier
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623-5603, United States
| | - Mitchell R O'Connell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Gregory J Tobin
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, Maryland 21702-8717, United States
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-9800, United States
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14
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Doddapaneni VVK, Lee K, Aysal HE, Paul BK, Pasebani S, Sierros KA, Okwudire CE, Chang CH. A Review on Progress, Challenges, and Prospects of Material Jetting of Copper and Tungsten. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2303. [PMID: 37630889 PMCID: PMC10459285 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and tungsten (W) possess exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity properties, making them suitable candidates for applications such as interconnects and thermal conductivity enhancements. Solution-based additive manufacturing (SBAM) offers unique advantages, including patterning capabilities, cost-effectiveness, and scalability among the various methods for manufacturing Cu and W-based films and structures. In particular, SBAM material jetting techniques, such as inkjet printing (IJP), direct ink writing (DIW), and aerosol jet printing (AJP), present a promising approach for design freedom, low material wastes, and versatility as either stand-alone printers or integrated with powder bed-based metal additive manufacturing (MAM). Thus, this review summarizes recent advancements in solution-processed Cu and W, focusing on IJP, DIW, and AJP techniques. The discussion encompasses general aspects, current status, challenges, and recent research highlights. Furthermore, this paper addresses integrating material jetting techniques with powder bed-based MAM to fabricate functional alloys and multi-material structures. Finally, the factors influencing large-scale fabrication and potential prospects in this area are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vinay K. Doddapaneni
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Kijoon Lee
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (K.L.); (B.K.P.); (S.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Havva Eda Aysal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (H.E.A.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Brian K. Paul
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (K.L.); (B.K.P.); (S.P.)
- Advanced Technology and Manufacturing Institute (ATAMI), Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Somayeh Pasebani
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (K.L.); (B.K.P.); (S.P.)
- Advanced Technology and Manufacturing Institute (ATAMI), Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Konstantinos A. Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (H.E.A.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Chinedum E. Okwudire
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Chih-hung Chang
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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15
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Fumeaux N, Briand D. Zinc hybrid sintering for printed transient sensors and wireless electronics. NPJ FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 2023; 7:14. [PMID: 38665150 PMCID: PMC11041761 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Transient electronics offer a promising solution for reducing electronic waste and for use in implantable bioelectronics, yet their fabrication remains challenging. We report on a scalable method that synergistically combines chemical and photonic mechanisms to sinter printed Zn microparticles. Following reduction of the oxide layer using an acidic solution, zinc particles are agglomerated into a continuous layer using a flash lamp annealing treatment. The resulting sintered Zn patterns exhibit electrical conductivity values as high as 5.62 × 106 S m-1. The electrical conductivity and durability of the printed zinc traces enable the fabrication of biodegradable sensors and LC circuits: temperature, strain, and chipless wireless force sensors, and radio-frequency inductive coils for remote powering. The process allows for reduced photonic energy to be delivered to the substrate and is compatible with temperature-sensitive polymeric and cellulosic substrates, enabling new avenues for the additive manufacturing of biodegradable electronics and transient implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Fumeaux
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - D. Briand
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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16
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Zhang H, Hong E, Chen X, Liu Z. Machine Learning Enables Process Optimization of Aerosol Jet 3D Printing Based on the Droplet Morphology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36892258 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is a promising noncontact direct ink writing technology that enables flexible and conformal electronic devices to be fabricated onto planar and nonplanar substrates with higher resolution and less waste. Despite possessing many advantages, the limited electrical performance of microelectronic devices caused by the poor printing quality is still the greatest hurdle to overcome for AJP technology. With the motivation to improve the printing quality, a novel hybrid machine learning method is proposed to analyze and optimize the AJP process based on the deposited droplet morphology in this study. The proposed method consists of classic machine learning approaches, including space-filling-based experimental design, clustering, classification, regression, and multiobjective optimization. In the proposed method, a two-dimensional (2D) design space is fully explored using a Latin hypercube sampling approach for experimental design, and a K-means clustering approach is employed to reveal the cause-effect relationship between the deposited droplet morphology and printed line characteristics. Following that, an optimal operating window with respect to the deposited droplet morphology is identified using a support vector machine to ensure the printing quality in a design space. Finally, to achieve high-controllability and sufficient-thickness droplets, Gaussian process regression is adopted to develop the process model of droplet geometrical properties, and the deposited droplet morphology is optimized under dual conflicting objectives of customizing the droplet diameter and maximizing droplet thickness. Different from previous printing quality optimization approaches, the proposed method enables a systemic investigation on the formation mechanisms of printed line characteristics, and the printing quality is fundamentally optimized based on the deposited droplet morphology. Moreover, data-driven-based characteristics can help the proposed approach serve as a guideline for printing quality optimization in other noncontact direct ink writing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Enhang Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xindong Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- China Aerospace Times Feihong Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100854, China
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17
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Naghdi T, Ardalan S, Asghari Adib Z, Sharifi AR, Golmohammadi H. Moving toward smart biomedical sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:115009. [PMID: 36565545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel biomedical sensors as highly promising devices/tools in early diagnosis and therapy monitoring of many diseases and disorders has recently witnessed unprecedented growth; more and faster than ever. Nonetheless, on the eve of Industry 5.0 and by learning from defects of current sensors in smart diagnostics of pandemics, there is still a long way to go to achieve the ideal biomedical sensors capable of meeting the growing needs and expectations for smart biomedical/diagnostic sensing through eHealth systems. Herein, an overview is provided to highlight the importance and necessity of an inevitable transition in the era of digital health/Healthcare 4.0 towards smart biomedical/diagnostic sensing and how to approach it via new digital technologies including Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, IoT gateways (smartphones, readers), etc. This review will bring together the different types of smartphone/reader-based biomedical sensors, which have been employing for a wide variety of optical/electrical/electrochemical biosensing applications and paving the way for future eHealth diagnostic devices by moving towards smart biomedical sensing. Here, alongside highlighting the characteristics/criteria that should be met by the developed sensors towards smart biomedical sensing, the challenging issues ahead are delineated along with a comprehensive outlook on this extremely necessary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Naghdi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Ardalan
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Asghari Adib
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Sharifi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Golmohammadi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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De Fazio R, Mastronardi VM, De Vittorio M, Visconti P. Wearable Sensors and Smart Devices to Monitor Rehabilitation Parameters and Sports Performance: An Overview. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23041856. [PMID: 36850453 PMCID: PMC9965388 DOI: 10.3390/s23041856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative evaluation of kinetic parameters, the joint's range of motion, heart rate, and breathing rate, can be employed in sports performance tracking and rehabilitation monitoring following injuries or surgical operations. However, many of the current detection systems are expensive and designed for clinical use, requiring the presence of a physician and medical staff to assist users in the device's positioning and measurements. The goal of wearable sensors is to overcome the limitations of current devices, enabling the acquisition of a user's vital signs directly from the body in an accurate and non-invasive way. In sports activities, wearable sensors allow athletes to monitor performance and body movements objectively, going beyond the coach's subjective evaluation limits. The main goal of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of wearable technologies and sensing systems to detect and monitor the physiological parameters of patients during post-operative rehabilitation and athletes' training, and to present evidence that supports the efficacy of this technology for healthcare applications. First, a classification of the human physiological parameters acquired from the human body by sensors attached to sensitive skin locations or worn as a part of garments is introduced, carrying important feedback on the user's health status. Then, a detailed description of the electromechanical transduction mechanisms allows a comparison of the technologies used in wearable applications to monitor sports and rehabilitation activities. This paves the way for an analysis of wearable technologies, providing a comprehensive comparison of the current state of the art of available sensors and systems. Comparative and statistical analyses are provided to point out useful insights for defining the best technologies and solutions for monitoring body movements. Lastly, the presented review is compared with similar ones reported in the literature to highlight its strengths and novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Fazio
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Aguascalientes 20290, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.D.F.); (V.M.M.); Tel.: +39-08-3229-7334 (R.D.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Mariano Mastronardi
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.D.F.); (V.M.M.); Tel.: +39-08-3229-7334 (R.D.F.)
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Paolo Visconti
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
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19
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Chakraborty S, Park HY, Ahn SI. Copper laser patterning on a flexible substrate using a cost-effective 3D printer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21149. [PMID: 36477714 PMCID: PMC9729301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the cost effective direct laser patterning of copper (Cu) on thin polyimide substrates (PI thickness: 12.5-50 µm) using a 405 nm laser module attached to an inexpensive 3D printer. The focal length of the laser was intentionally controlled to reduce defects on patterned Cu and surface damage of PI under predetermined process conditions. The appropriate focal length was examined at various focal distances. Focal distances of - 2.4 mm and 3 mm were found for the shorter focal length (SFL) and longer focal length (LFL), respectively, compared to the actual focal length. This resulted in clean Cu line patterns without line defects. Interestingly, the SFL case had a different Cu growth pattern to that of LFL, indicating that the small difference in the laser incident angle could affect Cu precursor sintering. Cu square patterns had a lower resistivity of 70 μΩ·cm for an LFL after three or four laser scans, while the SFL showed a resistivity below 48 μΩ·cm for a one-time laser scan. The residues of the Cu precursor on PI were easily removed with flowing water and normal surfactants. However, the resistivity of the patterns decreased after cleaning. Among the scan gaps, the Cu square pattern formed at a 70 μm scan gap had the lowest sheet resistance and the least change in resistance from around 4 to 4.4 Ω/ϒ after cleaning. This result implies that the adhesion of the patterned Cu could be improved if the coated Cu precursor was well sintered under the proper process conditions. For the application of this method to bioelectronics, including biosensors, LEDs were connected to the Cu patterns on PI attached to the arm skin and worked well, even when the substrate PI was bent during power connecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeol Park
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Il Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Inkjet Printing of Electrodes on Electrospun Micro- and Nanofiber Hydrophobic Membranes for Flexible and Smart Textile Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225043. [PMID: 36433170 PMCID: PMC9697924 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for smart textile and sensor applications, the interest in printed electronics is rising. In this study, we explore the applicability of electrospun membranes, characterized by high porosity and hydrophobicity, as potential substrates for printed electronics. The two most common inks, silver and carbon, were used in inkjet printing to create a conductive paths on electrospun membranes. As substrates, we selected hydrophobic polymers, such as polyimide (PI), low- and high-molecular-weight poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (PVB) and polystyrene (PS). Electrospinning of PI and PVB resulted in nanofibers in the range of 300-500 nm and PVB and PS microfibers (1-5 μm). The printed patterns were investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and resistance measurements. To verify the biocompatibility of printed electrodes on the membranes, an indirect cytotoxicity test with cells (MG-63) was performed. In this research, we demonstrated good printability of silver and carbon inks on flexible PI, PVB and PS electrospun membranes, leading to electrodes with excellent conductivity. The cytotoxicity study indicated the possibility of using manufactured printed electronics for various sensors and also as topical wearable devices.
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21
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Jia J, Peng Y, Zha XJ, Ke K, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Yang MB, Yang W. Janus and Heteromodulus Elastomeric Fiber Mats Feature Regulable Stress Redistribution for Boosted Strain Sensing Performance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16806-16815. [PMID: 36194701 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors have huge potential for applications in healthcare, human-machine interfacing, and augmented reality systems. However, the nonlinear response of the resistance signal to strain has caused considerable difficulty and complexity in data processing and signal transformation, thus impeding their practical applications severely. Herein, we propose a simple way to achieve linear and reproducible resistive signals responding to strain in a relatively wide strain range for flexible strain sensors, which is achieved via the fabrication of Janus and heteromodulus elastomeric fiber mats with micropatterns using microimprinting second processing technology. In detail, both isotropic and anisotropic fiber mats can turn into Janus fiber mats with periodical and heteromodulus micropatterns via controlling the fiber fusion and the diffusion of local macromolecular chains of thermoplastic elastomers. The Janus heterogeneous microstructure allows for stress redistribution upon stretching, thus leading to lower strain hysteresis and improved linearity of resistive signal. Moreover, tunable sensing performance can be achieved by tailoring the size of the micropatterns on the fiber mat surface and the fiber anisotropy. The Janus mat strain sensors with high signal linearity and good reproducibility have a very low strain detection limit, enabling potential applications in human-machine interfacing and intelligent control fields if combined with a wireless communication module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Zha
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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22
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Zhou J, Long X, Huang J, Jiang C, Zhuo F, Guo C, Li H, Fu Y, Duan H. Multiscale and hierarchical wrinkle enhanced graphene/Ecoflex sensors integrated with human-machine interfaces and cloud-platform. NPJ FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 2022; 6:55. [PMID: 37520266 PMCID: PMC9255543 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-022-00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Current state-of-the-art stretchable/flexible sensors have received stringent demands on sensitivity, flexibility, linearity, and wide-range measurement capability. Herein, we report a methodology of strain sensors based on graphene/Ecoflex composites by modulating multiscale/hierarchical wrinkles on flexible substrates. The sensor shows an ultra-high sensitivity with a gauge factor of 1078.1, a stretchability of 650%, a response time of ~140 ms, and a superior cycling durability. It can detect wide-range physiological signals including vigorous body motions, pulse monitoring and speech recognition, and be used for monitoring of human respirations in real-time using a cloud platform, showing a great potential for the healthcare internet of things. Complex gestures/sign languages can be precisely detected. Human-machine interface is demonstrated by using a sensor-integrated glove to remotely control an external manipulator to remotely defuse a bomb. This study provides strategies for real-time/long-range medical diagnosis and remote assistance to perform dangerous tasks in industry and military fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Xinxin Long
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Caixuan Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Fengling Zhuo
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Chen Guo
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Honglang Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST United Kingdom
| | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300 Guangdong Province China
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23
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dos Santos DM, Cardoso RM, Migliorini FL, Facure MH, Mercante LA, Mattoso LH, Correa DS. Advances in 3D printed sensors for food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Ali MA, Hu C, Yttri EA, Panat R. Recent Advances in 3D Printing of Biomedical Sensing Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2107671. [PMID: 36324737 PMCID: PMC9624470 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, is a rapidly evolving technique that allows for the fabrication of functional materials with complex architectures, controlled microstructures, and material combinations. This capability has influenced the field of biomedical sensing devices by enabling the trends of device miniaturization, customization, and elasticity (i.e., having mechanical properties that match with the biological tissue). In this paper, the current state-of-the-art knowledge of biomedical sensors with the unique and unusual properties enabled by 3D printing is reviewed. The review encompasses clinically important areas involving the quantification of biomarkers (neurotransmitters, metabolites, and proteins), soft and implantable sensors, microfluidic biosensors, and wearable haptic sensors. In addition, the rapid sensing of pathogens and pathogen biomarkers enabled by 3D printing, an area of significant interest considering the recent worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, is also discussed. It is also described how 3D printing enables critical sensor advantages including lower limit-of-detection, sensitivity, greater sensing range, and the ability for point-of-care diagnostics. Further, manufacturing itself benefits from 3D printing via rapid prototyping, improved resolution, and lower cost. This review provides researchers in academia and industry a comprehensive summary of the novel possibilities opened by the progress in 3D printing technology for a variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Eric A Yttri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
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25
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Sun C, Chu X, Yan S, Ren J, Chen D, Jiang D, Yuan S. The Design and Evaluation of a High-Speed Jet Dispenser Driven by Single Piezoelectric Stack. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:833-842. [PMID: 34847027 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3131667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Droplet injection methods are widely used in the applications of microelectronic manufacturing, biological engineering, and 3-D printing. This work presents a new jet dispenser driven by a single piezoelectric stack that enables the capability of drop-on-demand patterning under a high working frequency (500 Hz). Due to the special designs of the jet dispenser, a broad range of liquids, whose viscosities span more than four orders of magnitude (21-665 320 cps), can be jetted. Moreover, a coupled Coulomb damping physical model is proposed, which includes an electromechanical and a dynamic model. Both the Coulomb and the fluid-solid damping are considered in the dynamic model. In order to validate the results obtained by using MATLAB/Simulink, the experiments were carried out. The injection performance of this jet dispenser has been tested by employing a self-made jetting platform. The minimum volume of a jetting droplet is about 14.4 nL with liquid wax. The error of volume uniformity among droplets does not exceed 8%, and the error of angle trajectory is about 0.17°. Furthermore, the versatility of the jet dispenser is demonstrated by printing liquid lubricant, food, glue, silver past, and a ceramic slurry in predefined patterns.
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26
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Wang Y, Wang G, Li X, Yin J, Zhu J. Research Progress of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Prepared by Solution-Based Processing. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Wu Y, Zhao D, Zhang J, Lin A, Wang Y, Cao L, Wang S, Xiong S, Gu F. Microscale Curling and Alignment of Ti 3C 2T x MXene by Confining Aerosol Droplets for Planar Micro-Supercapacitors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33067-33074. [PMID: 34901658 PMCID: PMC8655942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing techniques have revolutionized the field of fabricating micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with a high degree of pattern and geometry flexibility. However, traditional additive manufacturing processes are based on the functionality of microstructural modulation, which is essential for device performance. Herein, Ti3C2T x MXene was chosen to report a convenient aerosol jet printing (AJP) process for the in situ curling and alignment of MXene nanosheets. The aerosol droplet provides a microscale regime for curling MXene monolayers while their alignment is performed by the as-generated directional stress derived from the quasi-conical fiber array (CFA)-guided parallel droplet flow. Interdigital microelectrodes were further developed with the curled MXene and a satisfying areal capacitance performance has been demonstrated. Importantly, the AJP technique holds promise for revolutionizing additive manufacturing techniques for fabricating future smart microelectronics and devices not only in the microscale but also in the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Danjiao Zhao
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jidi Zhang
- Institute
for Process Modelling and Optimization, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aiping Lin
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shixian Xiong
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- Institute
for Process Modelling and Optimization, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
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28
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Niu S, Chang X, Zhu Z, Qin Z, Li J, Jiang Y, Wang D, Yang C, Gao Y, Sun S. Low-Temperature Wearable Strain Sensor Based on a Silver Nanowires/Graphene Composite with a Near-Zero Temperature Coefficient of Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55307-55318. [PMID: 34762410 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the exploration of wearable strain sensors that can work under subzero temperatures while simultaneously possessing anti-interference capability toward temperature is still a grand challenge. Herein, we present a low-temperature wearable strain sensor that is constructed via the incorporation of a Ag nanowires/graphene (Ag NWs/G) composite into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. The Ag NWs/G/PDMS strain sensor exhibits promising flexibility at a very low temperature (-40 °C), outstanding fatigue resistance with low hysteresis energy, and near-zero temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). The Ag NWs/G/PDMS strain sensor shows excellent sensing performance under subzero temperatures with a very high gauge factor of 9156 under a strain of >36%, accompanied by a noninterference characteristic to temperature (-40 to 20 °C). The Ag NWs/G/PDMS strain sensor also demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring various human movements such as finger bending, arm waving, wrist rotation, and knee bending under both room temperature and low-temperature conditions. This work initiates a new promising strategy to construct next-generation wearable strain sensors that can work stably and effectively under very low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Niu
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xueting Chang
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingchang Jiang
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chuanxiao Yang
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shibin Sun
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
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29
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Zhang H, Moon SK. Reviews on Machine Learning Approaches for Process Optimization in Noncontact Direct Ink Writing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53323-53345. [PMID: 34042439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, machine learning has gained considerable attention in noncontact direct ink writing because of its novel process modeling and optimization techniques. Unlike conventional fabrication approaches, noncontact direct ink writing is an emerging 3D printing technology for directly fabricating low-cost and customized device applications. Despite possessing many advantages, the achieved electrical performance of produced microelectronics is still limited by the printing quality of the noncontact ink writing process. Therefore, there has been increasing interest in the machine learning for process optimization in the noncontact direct ink writing. Compared with traditional approaches, despite machine learning-based strategies having great potential for efficient process optimization, they are still limited to optimize a specific aspect of the printing process in the noncontact direct ink writing. Therefore, a systematic process optimization approach that integrates the advantages of state-of-the-art machine learning techniques is in demand to fully optimize the overall printing quality. In this paper, we systematically discuss the printing principles, key influencing factors, and main limitations of the noncontact direct ink writing technologies based on inkjet printing (IJP) and aerosol jet printing (AJP). The requirements for process optimization of the noncontact direct ink writing are classified into four main aspects. Then, traditional methods and the state-of-the-art machine learning-based strategies adopted in IJP and AJP for process optimization are reviewed and compared with pros and cons. Finally, to further develop a systematic machine learning approach for the process optimization, we highlight the major limitations, challenges, and future directions of the current machine learning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Seung Ki Moon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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30
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Lei D, Zhang H, Liu N, Zhang Q, Su T, Wang L, Ren Z, Zhang Z, Su J, Gao Y. Tensible and flexible high-sensitive spandex fiber strain sensor enhanced by carbon nanotubes/Ag nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505509. [PMID: 34547730 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac28d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the wearable strain sensors have received extensive research interest in recent years, it remains a huge challenge conforming the requirements in both of ultrahigh stretchability and high strain coefficient (gauge factor). Herein, a stretchable and flexible spandex fiber strain sensor coupled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) that assembled through an efficient and large-scale layer-by layer self-assembly is presented. To ensure CNTs and Ag NPs can attach well to the spandex fiber without falling off, achieving high sensitivity under large tensile, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polystyrene sulfonic acid are introduced to improve the adhesion via the molecular entanglement and other interactions between them. Consequently, the strain sensor exhibits remarkable performance, such as an ultrahigh gauge factor of 58.5 in the low-strain range from 0% to 20%, a wide strain range (0%-200%), a fast response time of 42 ms and good working stability (>5000 stretching-releasing cycles). Subsequently, detailed mechanism of the sensor and its use in full range of human motion monitoring are further studied. It is worth noting that with the distinctive mechanism and structure, the special spandex fiber sensor is able to monitor minimum strain as low as 0.053%, showing tremendous prospect for the field of smart fabrics and wearable health care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lei
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Nishuang Liu
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuoyi Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoxin Wang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Ren
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Gao
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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31
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Zhu J, Wu X, Jan J, Du S, Evans J, Arias AC. Tuning Strain Sensor Performance via Programmed Thin-Film Crack Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38105-38113. [PMID: 34342977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors with well-controlled sensitivity and stretchability are crucial for applications ranging from large deformation monitoring to subtle vibration detection. Here, based on single-metal material on the elastomer and one-pot evaporation fabrication method, we realize controlled strain sensor performance via a novel programable cracking technology. Specifically, through elastomeric substrate surface chemistry modification, the microcrack generation and morphology evolution of the strain sensing layer is controlled. This process allows for fine tunability of the cracked film morphology, resulting in strain sensing devices with a sensitivity gauge factor of over 10 000 and stretchability up to 100%. Devices with a frequency response up to 5.2 Hz and stability higher than 1000 cycles are reported. The reported strain sensors, tracking both subtle and drastic mechanical deformations, are demonstrated in healthcare devices, human-machine interaction, and smart-home applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhu
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jasmine Jan
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - James Evans
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ana C Arias
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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32
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Li Z, Li B, Chen B, Zhang J, Li Y. 3D printed graphene/polyurethane wearable pressure sensor for motion fitness monitoring. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:395503. [PMID: 34126609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0b1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structural design of three-dimensional (3D) flexible wearable sensors using conductive polymer composites is a hot spot in current research. In this paper, honeycomb-shaped flexible resistive pressure sensors with three different support structures were manufactured by using thermoplastic polyurethane and graphene nanoplatelets composites based on fused deposition 3D printing technology. Based on the various 3D conductive network of the sensors, the flexible sensor exhibit excellent piezoresistive performance, such as adjustable gauge factor (GF) (13.70-54.58), exceptional durability and stability. A combination of representative volume element and finite element simulations was used to simulate the stress distribution of sensors with different structures to predict the structure's effect on the sensor GF. In addition, the sensor can be attached to human body to monitor the body's swallowing and walking behaviors. The sensor has prospective process applications for intelligent wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqi Chen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
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Abdolmaleki H, Kidmose P, Agarwala S. Droplet-Based Techniques for Printing of Functional Inks for Flexible Physical Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006792. [PMID: 33772919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics (PE) is an emerging technology that uses functional inks to print electrical components and circuits on variety of substrates. This technology has opened up new possibilities to fabricate flexible, bendable, and form-fitting devices at low-cost and fast speed. There are different printing technologies in use, among which droplet-based techniques are of great interest as they provide the possibility of printing computer-controlled design patterns with high resolution, and greater production flexibility. Nanomaterial inks form the heart of this technology, enabling different functionalities. To this end, intensive research has been carried out on formulating inks with conductive, semiconductive, magnetic, piezoresistive, and piezoelectric properties. Here, a detailed landscape view on different droplet-based printing technologies (inkjet, aerosol jet, and electrohydrodynamic jet) is provided, with comprehensive discussion on their working principals. This is followed by a detailed research overview of different functional inks (metal, carbon, polymer, and ceramic). Different sintering methods and common substrates being used in printed electronics are also discussed, followed by an in-depth review of different physical sensors fabricated by droplet-based techniques. Finally, the challenges facing the field are considered and a perspective on possible ways to overcome them is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Abdolmaleki
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Preben Kidmose
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Shweta Agarwala
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
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Liu H, Zhang H, Han W, Lin H, Li R, Zhu J, Huang W. 3D Printed Flexible Strain Sensors: From Printing to Devices and Signals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004782. [PMID: 33448066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The revolutionary and pioneering advancements of flexible electronics provide the boundless potential to become one of the leading trends in the exploitation of wearable devices and electronic skin. Working as substantial intermediates for the collection of external mechanical signals, flexible strain sensors that get intensive attention are regarded as indispensable components in flexible integrated electronic systems. Compared with conventional preparation methods including complicated lithography and transfer printing, 3D printing technology is utilized to manufacture various flexible strain sensors owing to the low processing cost, superior fabrication accuracy, and satisfactory production efficiency. Herein, up-to-date flexible strain sensors fabricated via 3D printing are highlighted, focusing on different printing methods based on photocuring and materials extrusion, including Digital Light Processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and direct ink writing (DIW). Sensing mechanisms of 3D printed strain sensors are also discussed. Furthermore, the existing bottlenecks and future prospects are provided for further progressing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ruizi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Key Laboratory of Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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Novel Resistive Sensor Design Utilizing the Geometric Freedom of Additive Manufacturing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct additive manufacturing (AM) of sensors has in recent years become possible, but still remains a largely unexplored area. This work proposes a novel resistive sensor design that utilizes the geometric freedom offered by AM, especially by material extrusion, to enable a customizable and amplified response to force and deformation. This is achieved by using a multi-material design made of an elastomer and an electrically conductive polymer that enables a physical shortening of the conductive path under compressive load through a specific definition of shape. A number of different variants of this novel sensor design are tested, measuring their mechanical and electrical behavior under compression. The results of these tests confirm a strong resistive response to mechanical loading. Furthermore, the results provide insight into the influencing factors of the design, i.e., the gap size between the conductive pathing and the stiffness of the sense element support structure are found to be primary influencing factors governing sensor behavior.
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Stretchable Strain Sensor for Human Motion Monitoring Based on an Intertwined-Coil Configuration. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101980. [PMID: 33036403 PMCID: PMC7600075 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics, such as sensors, actuators, and supercapacitors, have attracted broad interest owing to their promising applications. Nevertheless, practical problems involving their sensitivity and stretchability remain as challenges. In this work, efforts were devoted to fabricating a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on dip-coating of graphene onto an electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofibrous membrane, followed by spinning of the TPU/graphene nanomembrane into an intertwined-coil configuration. Owing to the intertwined-coil configuration and the synergy of the two structures (nanoscale fiber gap and microscale twisting of the fiber gap), the conductive strain sensor showed a stretchability of 1100%. The self-inter-locking of the sensor prevents the coils from uncoiling. Thanks to the intertwined-coil configuration, most of the fibers were wrapped into the coils in the configuration, thus avoiding the falling off of graphene. This special configuration also endowed our strain sensor with an ability of recovery under a strain of 400%, which is higher than the stretching limit of knees and elbows in human motion. The strain sensor detected not only subtle movements (such as perceiving a pulse and identifying spoken words), but also large movements (such as recognizing the motion of fingers, wrists, knees, etc.), showing promising application potential to perform as flexible strain sensors.
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Zeng M, Kuang W, Khan I, Huang D, Du Y, Saeidi-Javash M, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Hoffman AJ, Zhang Y. Colloidal Nanosurfactants for 3D Conformal Printing of 2D van der Waals Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003081. [PMID: 32851710 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Printing techniques using nanomaterials have emerged as a versatile tool for fast prototyping and potentially large-scale manufacturing of functional devices. Surfactants play a significant role in many printing processes due to their ability to reduce interfacial tension between ink solvents and nanoparticles and thus improve ink colloidal stability. Here, a colloidal graphene quantum dot (GQD)-based nanosurfactant is reported to stabilize various types of 2D materials in aqueous inks. In particular, a graphene ink with superior colloidal stability is demonstrated by GQD nanosurfactants via the π-π stacking interaction, leading to the printing of multiple high-resolution patterns on various substrates using a single printing pass. It is found that nanosurfactants can significantly improve the mechanical stability of the printed graphene films compared with those of conventional molecular surfactant, as evidenced by 100 taping, 100 scratching, and 1000 bending cycles. Additionally, the printed composite film exhibits improved photoconductance using UV light with 400 nm wavelength, arising from excitation across the nanosurfactant bandgap. Taking advantage of the 3D conformal aerosol jet printing technique, a series of UV sensors of heterogeneous structures are directly printed on 2D flat and 3D spherical substrates, demonstrating the potential of manufacturing geometrically versatile devices based on nanosurfactant inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Zeng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Wenzheng Kuang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Irfan Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Dali Huang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yipu Du
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mortaza Saeidi-Javash
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lecheng Zhang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhengdong Cheng
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anthony J Hoffman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Yanliang Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Herbert R, Lim HR, Yeo WH. Printed, Soft, Nanostructured Strain Sensors for Monitoring of Structural Health and Human Physiology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25020-25030. [PMID: 32393022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soft strain sensors that are mechanically flexible or stretchable are of significant interest in the fields of structural health monitoring, human physiology, and human-machine interfaces. However, existing deformable strain sensors still suffer from complex fabrication processes, poor reusability, limited adhesion strength, or structural rigidity. In this work, we introduce a versatile, high-throughput fabrication method of nanostructured, soft material-enabled, miniaturized strain sensors for both structural health monitoring and human physiology detection. Aerosol jet printing of polyimide and silver nanowires enables multifunctional strain sensors with tunable resistance and gauge factor. Experimental study of soft material compositions and multilayered structures of the strain sensor demonstrates the capabilities of strong adhesion and conformal lamination on different surfaces without the use of conventional fixtures and/or tapes. A two-axis, printed strain gauge enables the detection of force-induced strain changes on a curved stem valve for structural health management while offering reusability over 10 times without losing the sensing performance. Direct comparison with a commercial film sensor captures the advantages of the printed soft sensor in enhanced gauge factor and sensitivity. Another type of a stretchable strain sensor in skin-wearable applications demonstrates a highly sensitive monitoring of a subject's motion, pulse, and breathing, validated by comparing it with a clinical-grade system. Overall, the presented comprehensive study of materials, mechanics, printing-based fabrication, and interfacial adhesion shows a great potential of the printed soft strain sensor for applications in continuous structural health monitoring, human health detection, machine-interfacing systems, and environmental condition monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Mishra S, Kim YS, Intarasirisawat J, Kwon YT, Lee Y, Mahmood M, Lim HR, Herbert R, Yu KJ, Ang CS, Yeo WH. Soft, wireless periocular wearable electronics for real-time detection of eye vergence in a virtual reality toward mobile eye therapies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1729. [PMID: 32201718 PMCID: PMC7069716 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in electronic packaging and image processing techniques have opened the possibility for optics-based portable eye tracking approaches, but technical and safety hurdles limit safe implementation toward wearable applications. Here, we introduce a fully wearable, wireless soft electronic system that offers a portable, highly sensitive tracking of eye movements (vergence) via the combination of skin-conformal sensors and a virtual reality system. Advancement of material processing and printing technologies based on aerosol jet printing enables reliable manufacturing of skin-like sensors, while the flexible hybrid circuit based on elastomer and chip integration allows comfortable integration with a user's head. Analytical and computational study of a data classification algorithm provides a highly accurate tool for real-time detection and classification of ocular motions. In vivo demonstration with 14 human subjects captures the potential of the wearable electronics as a portable therapy system, whose minimized form factor facilitates seamless interplay with traditional wearable hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat Mishra
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yun-Soung Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jittrapol Intarasirisawat
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, Jennison Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NT, UK
| | - Young-Tae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yongkuk Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Musa Mahmood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chee Siang Ang
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, Jennison Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NT, UK
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Flexible Wearable Electronics Advance Research Program, Institute for Materials, and Neural Engineering Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Haghniaz R, Rashidi A, Ahadian S, Sheikhi A, Chen J, Khademhosseini A, Milani AS, Hoorfar M, Toyserkani E. 3D-Printed Ultra-Robust Surface-Doped Porous Silicone Sensors for Wearable Biomonitoring. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1520-1532. [PMID: 31904931 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional flexible porous conductors have significantly advanced wearable sensors and stretchable devices because of their specific high surface area. Dip coating of porous polymers with graphene is a facile, low cost, and scalable approach to integrate conductive layers with the flexible polymer substrate platforms; however, the products often suffer from nanoparticle delamination and overtime decay. Here, a fabrication scheme based on accessible methods and safe materials is introduced to surface-dope porous silicone sensors with graphene nanoplatelets. The sensors are internally shaped with ordered, interconnected, and tortuous internal geometries (i.e., triply periodic minimal surfaces) using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed sacrificial molds. The molds were dip coated to transfer-embed graphene onto the silicone rubber (SR) surface. The presented procedure exhibited a stable coating on the porous silicone samples with long-term electrical resistance durability over ∼12 months period and high resistance against harsh conditions (exposure to organic solvents). Besides, the sensors retained conductivity upon severe compressive deformations (over 75% compressive strain) with high strain-recoverability and behaved robustly in response to cyclic deformations (over 400 cycles), temperature, and humidity. The sensors exhibited a gauge factor as high as 10 within the compressive strain range of 2-10%. Given the tunable sensitivity, the engineered biocompatible and flexible devices captured movements as rigorous as walking and running to the small deformations resulted by human pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Composites Research Network-Okanagan Node (CRN), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
- Advanced Thermo-fluidic Laboratory (ATFL), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Armin Rashidi
- Composites Research Network-Okanagan Node (CRN), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Amir Sheikhi
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , 106 Greenberg Building , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Radiology , University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Abbas S Milani
- Composites Research Network-Okanagan Node (CRN), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- Advanced Thermo-fluidic Laboratory (ATFL), School of Engineering , University of British Columbia , 3333 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1V 1V7 , Canada
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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Serpelloni M, Cantù E, Borghetti M, Sardini E. Printed Smart Devices on Cellulose-Based Materials by means of Aerosol-Jet Printing and Photonic Curing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E841. [PMID: 32033245 PMCID: PMC7038689 DOI: 10.3390/s20030841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics is an expanding research field that can reach the goal of reducing the environmental impact on electronics exploiting renewable and biodegradable materials, like paper. In our work, we designed and tested a new method for fabricating hybrid smart devices on cellulose substrates by aerosol jet printing (AJP) and photonic curing, also known as flash lamp annealing (FLA), capable to cure low temperature materials without any damage. Three different cellulose-based materials (chromatographic paper, photopaper, cardboard) were tested. Multilayer capability and SMDs (surface mount devices) interconnections are possible permitting high flexibility in the fabrication process. Electrical and geometrical tests were performed to analyze the behavior of printed samples. Resulted resistivities are 26.3 × 10-8 m on chromatographic paper, 22.3 × 10-8 m on photopaper and 13.1 × 10-8 m on cardboard. Profilometer and optical microscope evaluations were performed to state deposition quality and penetration of the ink in cellulose materials (thicknesses equal to 24.9, 28.5, and 51 μm respectively for chromatographic paper, photopaper, and cardboard). Furthermore, bending (only chromatographic paper did not reach the break-up) and damp environment tests (no significant variations in resistance) where performed. A final prototype of a complete functioning multilayer smart devices on cellulose 3D-substrate is shown, characterized by multilayers, capacitive sensors, SMDs interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Serpelloni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Edoardo Cantù
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.)
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Liu S, Reed SN, Higgins MJ, Titus MS, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Oxide rupture-induced conductivity in liquid metal nanoparticles by laser and thermal sintering. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17615-17629. [PMID: 31274138 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metallic inks with superior conductivity and printability are necessary for high-throughput manufacturing of printed electronics. In particular, gallium-based liquid metal inks have shown great potential in creating soft, flexible and stretchable electronics. Despite their metallic composition, as-printed liquid metal nanoparticle films are non-conductive due to the surrounding metal oxide shells which are primarily Ga2O3, a wide-bandgap semiconductor. Hence, these films require a sintering process to recover their conductivity. For conventional solid metallic nanoparticles, thermal and laser processing are two commonly used sintering methods, and the sintering mechanism is well understood. Nevertheless, laser sintering of liquid metal nanoparticles was only recently demonstrated, and to date, the effect of thermal sintering has rarely been investigated. Here, eutectic gallium-indium nanoparticle films are processed separately by laser or thermal sintering in an ambient environment. Laser and thermally sintered films are compared with respect to electrical conductivity, surface morphology and elemental composition, crystallinity and surface composition. Both methods impart thermal energy to the films and generate thermal stress in the particles, resulting in rupture of the gallium oxide shells and achieving electrical conductivity across the film. For laser sintering, extensive oxide rupture allows liquid metal cores to flow out and coalesce into conductive pathways. For thermal sintering, due to less thermal stress and more oxidation, the oxide shells only rupture locally and extensive phase segregation occurs, leading to non-liquid particle films at room temperature. Electrical conductivity is instead attributed to segregated metal layers and gallium oxide which becomes crystalline and conductive at high temperatures. This comprehensive comparison confirms the necessity of oxidation suppression and significant thermal stress via instantaneous laser irradiation to achieve conductive patterns in liquid form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanliangzi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Maurizi M, Slavič J, Cianetti F, Jerman M, Valentinčič J, Lebar A, Boltežar M. Dynamic Measurements Using FDM 3D-Printed Embedded Strain Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2661. [PMID: 31212852 PMCID: PMC6631479 DOI: 10.3390/s19122661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
3D-printing technology is opening up new possibilities for the co-printing of sensory elements. While quasi-static research has shown promise, the dynamic performance has yet to be researched. This study researched smart 3D structures with embedded and printed sensory elements. The embedded strain sensor was based on the conductive PLA (Polylactic Acid) material. The research was focused on dynamic measurements of the strain and considered the theoretical background of the piezoresistivity of conductive PLA materials, the temperature effects, the nonlinearities, the dynamic range, the electromagnetic sensitivity and the frequency range. A quasi-static calibration used in the dynamic measurements was proposed. It was shown that the temperature effects were negligible, the sensory element was linear as long as the structure had a linear response, the dynamic range started at ∼ 30 μ ϵ and broadband performance was in the range of few kHz (depending on the size of the printed sensor). The promising results support future applications of smart 3D-printed systems with embedded sensory elements being used for dynamic measurements in areas where currently piezo-crystal-based sensors are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maurizi
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Goffredo Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Janko Slavič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Filippo Cianetti
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Goffredo Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marko Jerman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Joško Valentinčič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andrej Lebar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Poljanska c. 26a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miha Boltežar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Goh GL, Saengchairat N, Agarwala S, Yeong WY, Tran T. Sessile droplets containing carbon nanotubes: a study of evaporation dynamics and CNT alignment for printed electronics. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10603-10614. [PMID: 31135018 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are 1-dimensional (1D) and flexible nanomaterials with high electric conductivity and a high aspect ratio. These features make CNTs highly suitable materials for the fabrication of flexible electronics. CNTs can also be made into dispersions which can be used as the feedstock material for droplet-based 3D printing technologies, e.g., inkjet printing and aerosol jet printing to fabricate printed electronics. These printing techniques involve several physical processes including deposition of ink droplets on flexible polymeric substrates such as polyimides, evaporation of the solvent and formation of thin films of CNTs, all of which have not been thoroughly investigated. Besides, alignment of the CNTs in the resultant thin films dictates their electrical performance. In this work, we examine the effect of substrate temperature and CNT concentration on the evaporation dynamics and also the alignment in the deposition patterns. Evaporation-driven self-assembly of CNTs and their preferential alignment are observed. Image analysis and Raman spectroscopy are utilised to evaluate the degree of alignment of the CNT network. It is found that the contact line dynamics depends greatly on the CNT concentration. Besides, the substrate temperature plays a significant role in determining the order of the CNTs in the drying deposition pattern. Our findings show the possibility of controlling the film morphology and the degree of alignment of CNTs for printed electronics in the printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liang Goh
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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Abstract
This paper presents the fabrication and implementation of novel resistive sensors that were implemented for strain-sensing applications. Some of the critical factors for the development of resistive sensors are addressed in this paper, such as the cost of fabrication, the steps of the fabrication process which make it time-consuming to complete each prototype, and the inability to achieve optimised electrical and mechanical characteristics. The sensors were fabricated via magnetron sputtering of thin-film chromium and gold layer on the thin-film substrates at defined thicknesses. Sticky copper tapes were attached on the two sides of the sensor patches to form the electrodes. The operating principle of the fabricated sensors was based on the change in their responses with respect to the corresponding changes in their relative resistance as a function of the applied strain. The strain-induced characteristics of the patches were studied with different kinds of experiments, such as consecutive bending and pressure application. The sensors with 400 nm thickness of gold layer obtained a sensitivity of 0.0086 Ω/ppm for the pressure ranging between 0 and 400 kPa. The gauge factor of these sensors was between 4.9–6.6 for temperatures ranging between 25 °C and 55 °C. They were also used for tactile sensing to determine their potential as thin-film sensors for industrial applications, like in robotic and pressure-mapping applications. The results were promising in regards to the sensors’ controllable film thickness, easy operation, purity of the films and mechanically sound nature. These sensors can provide a podium to enhance the usage of resistive sensors on a higher scale to develop thin-film sensors for industrial applications.
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Functional nanocomposites for 3D printing of stretchable and wearable sensors. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Han T, Nag A, Afsarimanesh N, Mukhopadhyay SC, Kundu S, Xu Y. Laser-Assisted Printed Flexible Sensors: A Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19061462. [PMID: 30934649 PMCID: PMC6471508 DOI: 10.3390/s19061462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a substantial review of some of the significant research done on the fabrication and implementation of laser-assisted printed flexible sensors. In recent times, using laser cutting to develop printed flexible sensors has become a popular technique due to advantages such as the low cost of production, easy sample preparation, the ability to process a range of raw materials, and its usability for different functionalities. Different kinds of laser cutters are now available that work on samples very precisely via the available laser parameters. Thus, laser-cutting techniques provide huge scope for the development of prototypes with a varied range of sizes and dimensions. Meanwhile, researchers have been constantly working on the types of materials that can be processed, individually or in conjugation with one another, to form samples for laser-ablation. Some of the laser-printed techniques that are commonly considered for fabricating flexible sensors, which are discussed in this paper, include nanocomposite-based, laser-ablated, and 3D-printing. The developed sensors have been used for a range of applications, such as electrochemical and strain-sensing purposes. The challenges faced by the current printed flexible sensors, along with a market survey, are also outlined in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- DGUT-CNAM Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523106, China.
| | - Anindya Nag
- DGUT-CNAM Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523106, China.
| | | | | | - Sudip Kundu
- CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India.
| | - Yongzhao Xu
- DGUT-CNAM Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523106, China.
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Evolution Mechanism of Photonically Sintered Nano-Silver Conductive Patterns. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020258. [PMID: 30769790 PMCID: PMC6410248 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flash sintering is the most promising sintering method because of its high speed and large area of effect. However, current flash sintering processes exhibit poor stability and the conductive pattern surface is highly susceptible to damage during this process. Therefore, a sintering parameter prediction system must be established to optimize sintering parameters for manufacturing. In this study, a photon-sintered nano-silver particle model is proposed for studying the sintering characteristics of metal nanoparticles. The temperature field of the sintering area is obtained using the heat transfer formula and the sintered neck state, and the conductive pattern density of the nano-silver particles are obtained by employing the fluid dynamics finite element method. The conductive pattern's structural density and conductivity are determined using the electronic state density and potential distribution of the crystal structure. The sintering state is then predicted based on the sintering parameters. The simulation results are consistent with conductive patterns corresponding to different sintering degrees observed using an electron microscope. The results of this study provide reference sintering parameters for flash sintering with effective cost reduction.
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Maddipatla D, Narakathu BB, Ochoa M, Rahimi R, Zhou J, Yoon CK, Jiang H, Al-Zubaidi H, Obare SO, Zieger MA, Ziaie B, Atashbar MZ. Rapid prototyping of a novel and flexible paper based oxygen sensing patch via additive inkjet printing process. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22695-22704. [PMID: 35519443 PMCID: PMC9067098 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02883h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and flexible oxygen sensing patch was successfully developed for wearable, industrial, food packaging, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications using a cost-efficient and rapid prototypable additive inkjet print manufacturing process. An oxygen sensitive ink was formulated by dissolving ruthenium dye and ethyl cellulose polymer in ethanol in a 1 : 1 : 98 (w/w/w) ratio. The patch was fabricated by depositing the oxygen sensitive ink on a flexible parchment paper substrate using an inkjet printing process. A maximum absorbance from 430 nm to 480 nm and a fluorescence of 600 nm was observed for the oxygen sensitive ink. The capability of the oxygen sensitive patch was investigated by measuring the fluorescence quenching lifetime of the printed dye for varying oxygen concentration levels. A fluorescence lifetime decay (τ) from ≈4 μs to ≈1.9 μs was calculated for the printed oxygen sensor patch, for oxygen concentrations varying from ≈5 mg L−1 to ≈25 mg L−1. A sensitivity of 0.11 μs mg L−1 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9315 was measured for the printed patches. The results demonstrated the feasibility of employing an inkjet printing process for the rapid prototyping of flexible and moisture resistant oxygen sensitive patches which facilitates a non-invasive method for monitoring oxygen and its concentration levels. A paper-based low cost and rapid prototypable flexible oxygen sensing patch was developed for the first time using a cost-efficient additive inkjet print manufacturing process for wearable, food packaging, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Maddipatla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Western Michigan University
- USA
| | - Binu B. Narakathu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Western Michigan University
- USA
| | - Manuel Ochoa
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - Chang K. Yoon
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - Hongjie Jiang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Purdue University
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Babak Ziaie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - Massood Z. Atashbar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Western Michigan University
- USA
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