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Wu S, Yang Y, Zhang M, Khan AU, Dai J, Ouyang J. Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 2 in physiology and pathology: recent advancements. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1334931. [PMID: 38469181 PMCID: PMC10927012 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1334931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are the most numerous and widespread multifunctional protease inhibitor superfamily and are expressed by all eukaryotes. Serpin E2 (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 2), a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily is a potent endogenous thrombin inhibitor, mainly found in the extracellular matrix and platelets, and expressed in numerous organs and secreted by many cell types. The multiple functions of serpin E2 are mainly mediated through regulating urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA, also known as PLAU), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA, also known as PLAT), and matrix metalloproteinase activity, and include hemostasis, cell adhesion, and promotion of tumor metastasis. The importance serpin E2 is clear from its involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we summarize the structural characteristics of the Serpin E2 gene and protein, as well as its roles physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, National Virtual & Reality Experimental Education Center for Medical Morphology (Southern Medical University), National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Xinjin Branch of Chengdu Municipal Public Security Bureau, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, National Virtual & Reality Experimental Education Center for Medical Morphology (Southern Medical University), National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Yue Bei People’s Hospital Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Chengdu Municipal Public Security Bureau Wenjiang Branch, Chengdu, China
| | - Asmat Ullah Khan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, National Virtual & Reality Experimental Education Center for Medical Morphology (Southern Medical University), National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxing Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, National Virtual & Reality Experimental Education Center for Medical Morphology (Southern Medical University), National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, National Virtual & Reality Experimental Education Center for Medical Morphology (Southern Medical University), National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Humphreys SJ, Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. "Super" SERPINs-A stabilizing force against fibrinolysis in thromboinflammatory conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1146833. [PMID: 37153474 PMCID: PMC10155837 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1146833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are a class of inhibitors that utilise a dynamic conformational change to trap and inhibit their target enzymes. Their powerful nature lends itself well to regulation of complex physiological enzymatic cascades, such as the haemostatic, inflammatory and complement pathways. The SERPINs α2-antiplasmin, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-2, protease nexin-1, and C1-inhibitor play crucial inhibitory roles in regulation of the fibrinolytic system and inflammation. Elevated levels of these SERPINs are associated with increased risk of thrombotic complications, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Conversely, deficiencies of these SERPINs have been linked to hyperfibrinolysis with bleeding and angioedema. In recent years SERPINs have been implicated in the modulation of the immune response and various thromboinflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and COVID-19. Here, we highlight the current understanding of the physiological role of SERPINs in haemostasis and inflammatory disease progression, with emphasis on the fibrinolytic pathway, and how this becomes dysregulated during disease. Finally, we consider the role of these SERPINs as potential biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic targets for thromboinflammatory diseases.
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Upregulation of SERPINE2 Results in Poor Prognosis of Hepatoblastoma via Promoting Invasion Abilities. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2283541. [PMID: 36505099 PMCID: PMC9734000 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2283541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant liver tumor in children. High-risk patients, especially those with tumor metastasis, have poor prognosis. Serpin family E member 2 (SERPINE2) is overexpressed in a variety of tumors, especially adenocarcinoma, and promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. The function and mechanism of SERPINE2 in HB are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential clinical prognostic value and molecular mechanism of SERPINE2 in HB. Methods We performed bioinformatics analyses on HB microarray data GSE131329 to study the role of SERPINE2. The expression level of SERPINE2 in HB and its clinical significance were further analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. After constructing the SERPINE2 overexpression and knockdown in HepG2 and HUH6 cells, the 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, wound healing assay, Transwell experiment, and apoptosis assay were performed to explore the role of SERPINE2 in HB progress. Results Upregulation of SERPINE2 was found in HB tissues and was associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, the SERPINE2 expression was related to tumor size, vascular invasion, and tumor metastasis. The Cox regressions show that high SERPINE2 expression is an independent risk factor for HB. SERPINE2 overexpression remarkably enhanced HB cell migration and invasion and suppressed apoptosis, while knockdown of SERPINE2 exerted the opposite effect. In addition, SERPINE2 facilitated the epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) phenotype of HB cells in vitro. Conclusion Our findings indicated that SERPINE2 accelerates HB progression, suggesting that SERPINE2 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and an underlying therapeutic target for HB.
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Venisse L, François D, Madjène C, Brouwers E, de Raucourt E, Boulaftali Y, Declerck P, Arocas V, Bouton MC. Novel ELISA for the specific detection of protease NEXIN-1 in human biological samples. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022; 6:e12756. [PMID: 35865733 PMCID: PMC9294866 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Serpin E2 or protease nexin‐1 (PN‐1) is a glycoprotein belonging to the serpin superfamily, whose function is closely linked to its ability to inhibit thrombin and proteases of the plasminergic system. Objectives In the absence of specific quantitative methods, an ELISA for the quantification of human PN‐1 was characterized and used in biological fluids. Methods The ELISA for human PN‐1 was developed using two monoclonal antibodies raised against human recombinant PN‐1. PN‐1 was quantified in plasma, serum, platelet secretion from controls and patients with hemophilia A and in conditioned medium of aortic tissue. Results A linear dose–response curve was observed between 2 and 35 ng/mL human PN‐1. Intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.2% and 11.1%, respectively. Assay recoveries of PN‐1 added to biological samples were ≈95% in plasma, ≈97% in platelet reaction buffer, and ≈93% in RPMI cell culture medium. Levels of PN‐1 secreted from activated human platelets from controls was similar to that of patients with hemophilia A. PN‐1 could be detected in conditioned media of aneurysmal aorta but not in that of control aorta. Conclusion This is the first fully characterized ELISA for human serpin E2 level in biological fluids. It may constitute a relevant novel tool for further investigations on the pathophysiological role of serpin E2 in a variety of clinical studies. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Venisse
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148-LVTS Paris France
| | - Déborah François
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148-LVTS Paris France
| | - Célina Madjène
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148-LVTS Paris France
| | - Els Brouwers
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle de Raucourt
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148-LVTS Paris France.,Département d'Hématologie Hôpital Beaujon Clichy France.,Centre de Traitement de l'Hémophilie Hôpital Mignot Le Chesnay France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148-LVTS Paris France
| | - Paul Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Véronique Arocas
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148-LVTS Paris France
| | - Marie-Christine Bouton
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1148-LVTS Paris France
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Chen X, Zhang Q, Zhang Q. Predicting potential biomarkers and immune infiltration characteristics in heart failure. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:8671-8688. [PMID: 35942730 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that immune cell activation and their infiltration in the myocardium can have adverse effects on the heart, contributing to the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study is used by bioinformatics analysis to determine the potential diagnostic markers of heart failure and establish an applicable model to predict the association between heart failure and immune cell infiltration. METHODS Firstly, gene expression profiles of dilated heart disease GSE3585 and GSE120895 were obtained in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. This study then selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 54 patients with HF and 13 healthy controls. In this study, biomarkers were identified using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation (LASSO) and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE). Additionally, we evaluated the prognostic discrimination performance by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Cell type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) was used for analyzing immune cell infiltration in HF tissues. Lastly, immune biomarkers were correlated with each other. RESULT After 24 DEGs were analyzed using a combinatorial model of LASSO regression and SVM-RFE analysis, four key genes were obtained, namely NSG1, NPPB, PHLDA1, and SERPINE2.The area under the curve (AUC) of these four genes were greater than 0.8. Subsequently, using CIBERPORT, we also found that compared with normal people, the proportion of M1 macrophages and activated mast cells in heart failure tissues decreased. In addition, correlation analysis showed that NPPB, PHLDA1 and SERPINE2 were associated with immune cell infiltration. CONCLUSION NSG1, NPPB, PHLDA1 and SERPINE2 were identified as potential biomarkers of heart failure. It reveals the comprehensive role of relevant central genes in immune infiltration, which provides a new research idea for the treatment and early detection in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesi Chen
- Cardiovascular Department, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Kawecki C, Aymonnier K, Ferrière S, Venisse L, Arocas V, Boulaftali Y, Christophe OD, Lenting PJ, Bouton MC, Denis CV. Development and characterization of single-domain antibodies neutralizing protease nexin-1 as tools to increase thrombin generation. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2155-2168. [PMID: 32495984 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (Serpin)-family, with thrombin as its main target. Current polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against PN-1 frequently cross-react with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a structurally and functionally homologous Serpin. OBJECTIVES Here, we aimed to develop inhibitory single-domain antibodies (VHHs) that show specific binding to both human (hPN-1) and murine (mPN-1) PN-1. METHODS PN-1-binding VHHs were isolated via phage-display using llama-derived or synthetic VHH-libraries. Following bacterial expression, purified VHHs were analyzed in binding and activity assays. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS By using a llama-derived library, 2 PN-1 specific VHHs were obtained (KB-PN1-01 and KB-PN1-02). Despite their specificity, none displayed inhibitory activity toward hPN-1 or mPN-1. From the synthetic library, 4 VHHs (H12, B11, F06, A08) could be isolated that combined efficient binding to both hPN-1 and mPN-1 with negligible binding to PAI-1. Of these, B11, F06, and A08 were able to fully restore thrombin activity by blocking PN-1. As monovalent VHH, half-maximal inhibitory concentration values for hPN-1 were 50 ± 10, 290 ± 30, and 960 ± 390 nmol/L, for B11, F06, and A08, respectively, and 1580 ± 240, 560 ± 130, and 2880 ± 770 nmol/L for mPN-1. The inhibitory potential was improved 4- to 7-fold when bivalent VHHs were engineered. Importantly, all VHHs could block PN-1 activity in plasma as well as PN-1 released from activated platelets, one of the main sources of PN-1 during hemostasis. In conclusion, we report the generation of inhibitory anti-PN-1 antibodies using a specific approach to avoid cross-reactivity with the homologous Serpin PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kawecki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1148, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karen Aymonnier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1148, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Ferrière
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Venisse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1148, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Arocas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1148, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1148, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier D Christophe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter J Lenting
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie-Christine Bouton
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1148, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cécile V Denis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Li X, Zhao D, Guo Z, Li T, Qili M, Xu B, Qian M, Liang H, E X, Chege Gitau S, Wang L, Huangfu L, Wu Q, Xu C, Shan H. Overexpression of SerpinE2/protease nexin-1 Contribute to Pathological Cardiac Fibrosis via increasing Collagen Deposition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37635. [PMID: 27876880 PMCID: PMC5120308 DOI: 10.1038/srep37635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although increases in cardiovascular load (pressure overload) are known to elicit ventricular remodeling including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, the molecular mechanisms of pressure overload or AngII -induced cardiac interstitial fibrosis remain elusive. In this study, serpinE2/protease nexin-1 was over-expressed in a cardiac fibrosis model induced by pressure-overloaded via transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mouse. Knockdown of serpinE2 attenuates cardiac fibrosis in a mouse model of TAC. At meantime, the results showed that serpinE2 significantly were increased with collagen accumulations induced by AngII or TGF-β stimulation in vitro. Intriguingly, extracellular collagen in myocardial fibroblast was reduced by knockdown of serpinE2 compared with the control in vitro. In stark contrast, the addition of exogenous PN-1 up-regulated the content of collagen in myocardial fibroblast. The MEK1/2- ERK1/2 signaling probably promoted the expression of serpinE2 via transcription factors Elk1 in myocardial fibroblast. In conclusion, stress-induced the ERK1/2 signaling pathway activation up-regulated serpinE2 expression, consequently led accumulation of collagen protein, and contributed to cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenfeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tianshi Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Muge Qili
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bozhi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haihai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqiang E
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Samuel Chege Gitau
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Pharmacy and Complementary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Longtao Huangfu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoqian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongli Shan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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SERPINE2/Protease Nexin-1 in vivo multiple functions: Does the puzzle make sense? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:160-169. [PMID: 27545616 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of glial cells and fibroblasts allowed and lead to the identification SERPINE2/Protease Nexin-1 (SERPINE2/PN-1). Cellular, biochemical, immunological and molecular characterization substantiated its variable expression in many organs as a function of development, adult stages, pathological situations or following injury. It is not a circulating serpin, but as other members of the family, its target specificity is influenced by components of the extracellular matrix. The challenges are to identify where and when SERPINE2/PN-1 modulatory action becomes crucial or even possibly specific in a mosaic of feasible in vivo impacts. Data providing correlations are not sufficient to satisfy this aim. Genetically modified mice, or tissue derived thereof, provide interesting in vivo models to identify and study the relevance of this serpin. This review will highlight sometimes-intriguing results indicating a crucial impact of SERPINE2/PN-1, especially in the vasculature, the nervous system or the behavior of cancer cells in vivo. Data presently available will be discussed in an attempt to define general trends in the diversity of SERPINE2/PN-1 modes of action in vivo.
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The Involvement of Protease Nexin-1 (PN1) in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Degeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30563. [PMID: 27460424 PMCID: PMC4962060 DOI: 10.1038/srep30563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serine protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily. This study was undertaken to investigate the regulatory role of PN-1 in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration. Expression of PN-1 was detected in human IVD tissue of varying grades. Expression of both PN-1 mRNA and protein was significantly decreased in degenerated IVD, and the expression levels of PN-1 were correlated with the grade of disc degeneration. Moreover, a decrease in PN-1 expression in primary NP cells was confirmed. On induction by IL-1β, the expression of PN-1 in NP cells was decreased at day 7, 14, and 21, as shown by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. PN-1 administration decreased IL-1β-induced MMPs and ADAMTS production and the loss of Agg and Col II in NP cell cultures through the ERK1/2/NF-kB signaling pathway. The changes in PN-1 expression are involved in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration. Our findings indicate that PN-1 administration could antagonize IL-1β-induced MMPs and ADAMTS, potentially preventing degeneration of IVD tissue. This study also revealed new insights into the regulation of PN-1 expression via the ERK1/2/NF-kB signaling pathway and the role of PN-1 in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration.
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Selbonne S, Francois D, Raoul W, Boulaftali Y, Sennlaub F, Jandrot-Perrus M, Bouton MC, Arocas V. Protease nexin-1 regulates retinal vascular development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3999-4011. [PMID: 26109427 PMCID: PMC11113785 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified protease nexin-1 (PN-1) or serpinE2, as a possibly underestimated player in maintaining angiogenic balance. Here, we used the well-characterized postnatal vascular development of newborn mouse retina to further investigate the role and the mechanism of action of PN-1 in physiological angiogenesis. The development of retinal vasculature was analysed by endothelial cell staining with isolectin B4. PN-1-deficient (PN-1(-/-)) retina displayed increased vascularization in the postnatal period, with elevated capillary thickness and density, compared to their wild-type littermate (WT). Moreover, PN-1(-/-) retina presented more veins/arteries than WT retina. The kinetics of retinal vasculature development, retinal VEGF expression and overall retinal structure were similar in WT and PN-1(-/-) mice, but we observed a hyperproliferation of vascular cells in PN-1(-/-) retina. Expression of PN-1 was analysed by immunoblotting and X-Gal staining of retinas from mice expressing beta-galactosidase under a PN-1 promoter. PN-1 was highly expressed in the first week following birth and then progressively decreased to a low level in adult retina where it localized on the retinal arteries. PCR arrays performed on mouse retinal RNA identified two angiogenesis-related factors, midkine and Smad5, that were overexpressed in PN-1(-/-) newborn mice and this was confirmed by RT-PCR. Both the higher vascularization and the overexpression of midkine and Smad5 mRNA were also observed in gastrocnemius muscle of PN-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that PN-1 interferes with these pathways. Together, our results demonstrate that PN-1 strongly limits physiological angiogenesis and suggest that modulation of PN-1 expression could represent a new way to regulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Selbonne
- LVTS, INSERM, U1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Deborah Francois
- LVTS, INSERM, U1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - William Raoul
- UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, 75012, Paris, France
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, GICC UMR 7292, Tours, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- LVTS, INSERM, U1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- LVTS, INSERM, U1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Bouton
- LVTS, INSERM, U1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Arocas
- LVTS, INSERM, U1148, Paris, France.
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Santoro A, Conde J, Scotece M, Abella V, Lois A, Lopez V, Pino J, Gomez R, Gomez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. SERPINE2 Inhibits IL-1α-Induced MMP-13 Expression in Human Chondrocytes: Involvement of ERK/NF-κB/AP-1 Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135979. [PMID: 26305372 PMCID: PMC4549255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease, characterized by a progressive loss of articular cartilage. During OA, proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin IL-1, induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in chondrocytes, contributing thus to the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Members of Serpine family, including plasminogen activator inhibitors have been reported to participate in ECM regulation. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of serpin peptidase inhibitor clade E member 2 (SERPINE2), under basal conditions and in response to increasing doses of IL-1α, in human cultured chondrocytes. We also examined the effects of SERPINE2 on IL-1α-induced MMP-13 expression. For completeness, the signaling pathway involved in this process was also explored. METHODS SERPINE2 mRNA and protein expression were evaluated by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis in human T/C-28a2 cell line and human primary chondrocytes. These cells were treated with human recombinant SERPINE2, alone or in combination with IL-1α. ERK 1/2, NFκB and AP-1 activation were assessed by western blot analysis. RESULTS Human cultured chondrocytes express SERPINE2 in basal condition. This expression increased in response to IL-1α stimulation. In addition, recombinant SERPINE2 induced a clear inhibition of MMP-13 expression in IL-1α-stimulated chondrocytes. This inhibitory effect is likely regulated through a pathway involving ERK 1/2, NF-κB and AP-1. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate that SERPINE2 might prevent cartilage catabolism by inhibiting the expression of MMP-13, one of the most relevant collagenases, involved in cartilage breakdown in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of Naples Federico II, Dept. of Pharmacy, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Javier Conde
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ana Lois
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Veronica Lopez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesus Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Division of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gomez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan J. Gomez-Reino
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Department of Medicine and SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Division of Rheumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), the NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors, termed serpins, are key regulators in many biologic events. Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serpin that is barely detectable in plasma but found in many organs and produced by most cell types, including monocytes, platelets, and vascular cells. It has a large inhibition spectrum because it is the most efficient tissue inhibitor of thrombin but also a powerful inhibitor of plasminogen activators and plasmin. It has a high affinity for glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfates, which potentiate its activity toward thrombin and target it to the pericellular space. PN-1 has been previously largely described as a crucial regulator of the proteolytic activity in nerves and of central and peripheral nervous system function. In contrast, little was known about its involvement in hemostasis and vascular biology. This article reviews recent data underlining its emerging role as a key factor in the responses of vessels to injury. Indeed, studies of PN-1-deficient mice have established important antithrombotic and antifibrinolytic properties of this serpin that have heretofore gone unrecognized. The roles of PN-1 in the areas of hemostasis and thrombosis summarized here provide insights that may allow the development of drugs and treatment strategies to prevent or limit thrombotic disorders.
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13
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Umasuthan N, Whang I, Kim JO, Oh MJ, Jung SJ, Choi CY, Yeo SY, Lee JH, Noh JK, Lee J. Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) serpin, protease nexin-1: transcriptional analysis and characterization of its antiprotease and anticoagulant activities. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:785-798. [PMID: 21419793 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) protein with functional roles in growth, development, patho-physiology and injury. Here, we report our work to clone, analyze the expression profile and characterize the properties of the PN-1 gene in rock bream (Rb), Oplegnathus fasciatus. RbPN-1 encodes a peptide of 397 amino acids (AA) with a predicted molecular mass of 44 kDa and a 23 AA signal peptide. RbPN-1 protein was found to harbor a characteristic SERPIN domain comprised of a SERPIN signature and having sequence homology to vertebrate PN-1s. The greatest identity (85%) was observed with PN-1 from the three-spined stickleback fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The functional domains, including a heparin binding site and reactive centre loop were conserved between RbPN-1 and other fish PN-1s; in particular, they were found to correspond to components of the human plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI-1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that RbPN-1 was closer to homologues of green spotted pufferfish and Japanese pufferfish. Recombinant RbPN-1 demonstrated antiprotease activity against trypsin (48%) and thrombin (89%) in a dose-dependent manner, and its antithrombotic activity was potentiated by heparin. The anticoagulant function prolonged clotting time by 3.7-fold, as compared to the control in an activated partial thromboplastin time assay. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated that RbPN-1 is transcribed in many endogenous tissues at different levels. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated a prolonged transcriptional response in hematic cells, and Rb iridovirus up-regulated the RbPN-1 mRNA level in hematic cells to a maximum of 3.4-fold at 12 h post-infection. Interestingly, LPS and Edwardsiella tarda significantly induced the RbPN-1 transcription at the late phase of infection. In vivo studies indicated that injury response caused a temporal suppression in RbPN-1 transcription, in conjunction with that of another SERPIN, rock bream heparin cofactor II, RbHCII. Taken together, our findings suggest that PN-1 functions as an antiprotease and anticoagulant and that SERPINs (PN-1 and HCII) are likely to contribute to immunity and post-injury responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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14
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Xu D, McKee CM, Cao Y, Ding Y, Kessler BM, Muschel RJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 regulates tumor cell invasion through cleavage of protease nexin-1. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6988-98. [PMID: 20736374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is known to enhance the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. In previous work based on a proteomic screen, we identified the serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1) as a potential target of MMP-9. Here, we show that PN-1 is a substrate for MMP-9 and establish a link between PN-1 degradation by MMP-9 and regulation of invasion. PN-1 levels increased in prostate carcinoma cells after downregulation of MMP-9 and in tissues of MMP-9-deficient mice, consistent with PN-1 degradation by MMP-9. We identified three MMP-9 cleavage sites in PN-1 and showed that mutations in those sites made PN-1 more resistant to MMP-9. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is inhibited by PN-1. MMP-9 augmented uPA activity in the medium of PC3-ML cells by degrading PN-1. Prostate cancer cells, overexpressing PN-1 or treated with MMP-9 shRNA, had reduced cell invasion in Matrigel. PN-1 siRNA restored uPA activity and the invasive capacity. PN-1 mutated in the serpin inhibitory domain, the reactive center loop, failed to inhibit uPA and to reduce Matrigel invasion. This study shows a novel molecular pathway in which MMP-9 regulates uPA activity and tumor cell invasion through cleavage of PN-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Xu
- Gray Institute of Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serpin that inhibits plasminogen activators, plasmin, and thrombin. PN-1 is barely detectable in plasma but is expressed by platelets. Here, we studied platelet PN-1 in resting and activated conditions and its function in thrombosis. Studies on human platelets from healthy donors and from patients with a Gray platelet syndrome demonstrate that PN-1 is present both at the platelet surface and in alpha-granules. The role of PN-1 was investigated in vitro using human platelets incubated with a blocking antibody and using platelets from PN-1-deficient mice. Both approaches indicate that platelet PN-1 is active on thrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Blockade and deficiency of platelet PN-1 result in accelerated and increased tissue factor-induced thrombin generation as indicated by calibrated automated thrombography. Moreover, platelets from PN-1-deficient mice respond to subthreshold doses of thrombin, as assessed by P-selectin expression and platelet aggregation. Thrombus formation, induced ex vivo by collagen in blood flow conditions and in vivo by FeCl(3)-induced injury, is significantly increased in PN-1-deficient mice, demonstrating the antithrombotic properties of platelet PN-1. Platelet PN-1 is thus a key player in the thrombotic process, whose negative regulatory role has been, up to now, markedly underestimated.
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16
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Arcone R, Chinali A, Pozzi N, Parafati M, Maset F, Pietropaolo C, De Filippis V. Conformational and biochemical characterization of a biologically active rat recombinant Protease Nexin-1 expressed in E. coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1794:602-14. [PMID: 19167525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protease Nexin-1, a 43-kDa glycoprotein, is a major physiological thrombin inhibitor involved in the modulation of nerve cell plasticity. Recombinant rat Protease Nexin-1 (rPN-1) was efficiently produced in Escherichia coli using a T7 RNA polymerase based expression system and purified by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography yielding 3 mg of protein per liter of cell culture. The purity and chemical identity of rPN-1 were assessed by SDS-PAGE, Reverse Phase- High Performance Liquid Chromatography, mass spectrometry and two-dimensional-gel electrophoresis. Conformational analysis by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of mixed alpha/beta secondary structure and the prevailing localization of Trp-residues in rather polar environments. Fluorescence titration of rPN-1 with heparin indicated that rPN-1 binds heparin with high affinity. Furthermore, the formation of a SDS-stable 1:1 thrombin-rPN-1 complex, monitored by SDS-PAGE, confirmed the native-like structure of rPN-1. Finally, the cellular effects of rPN-1, such as its ability to promote neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells, were found to be very similar to those elicited by natural PN-1. Altogether, our results demonstrate that glycosylation does not alter neither structure nor function of PN-1 and that E. coli is a suitable expression system for obtaining milligram quantities of pure and fully active rPN-1 for structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Arcone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Edificio delle Bioscienze, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
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17
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Lino MM, Atanasoski S, Kvajo M, Fayard B, Moreno E, Brenner HR, Suter U, Monard D. Mice lacking protease nexin-1 show delayed structural and functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush. J Neurosci 2007; 27:3677-85. [PMID: 17409231 PMCID: PMC6672422 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0277-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple molecular mechanisms influence nerve regeneration. Because serine proteases were shown to affect peripheral nerve regeneration, we performed nerve crush experiments to study synapse reinnervation in adult mice lacking the serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1). PN-1 is a potent endogenous inhibitor of thrombin, trypsin, tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs), and urokinase plasminogen activators. Compared with the wild type, a significant delay in synapse reinnervation was detected in PN-1 knock-out (KO) animals, which was associated with both reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of Schwann cells. Various factors known to affect Schwann cells were also altered. Fibrin deposits, tPA activity, mature BDNF, and the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor were increased in injured sciatic nerves of mutant mice. To test whether the absence of PN-1 in Schwann cells or in the axon caused delay in reinnervation, PN-1 was overexpressed exclusively in the nerves of PN-1 KO mice. Neuronal PN-1 expression did not rescue the delayed reinnervation. The results suggest that Schwann cell-derived PN-1 is crucial for proper reinnervation through its contribution to the autocrine control of proliferation and survival. Thus, the precise balance between distinct proteases and serpins such as PN-1 can modulate the overall impact on the kinetics of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Lino
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and
- Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, Institute of Physiology, and
| | - Mirna Kvajo
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bérengère Fayard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliza Moreno
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Brenner
- Institute of Physiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Denis Monard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Onuma Y, Asashima M, Whitman M. A Serpin family gene, protease nexin-1 has an activity distinct from protease inhibition in early Xenopus embryos. Mech Dev 2006; 123:463-71. [PMID: 16797167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1)/glia-derived nexin (GDN) is a member of the Serpin (serine proteinase inhibitor) family, and can inhibit thrombin, plasmin, and plasminogen activators. PN-1 has been shown to be a neuroprotective factor in a number of assay systems, and this activity has been assumed to be a function of its protease inhibitory function. Here, we report cloning and characterization of a Xenopus orthologue of PN-1 (xPN-1). xPN-1 was isolated in a functional screen of an egg cDNA library for factors that modify early axial patterning. xPN-1 is expressed maternally through late tadpole stages, and is expressed preferentially in the notochord, the pharyngeal endoderm, the otic vesicle, and the ventral region of the brain in tailbud embryos. Over-expression of xPN-1 causes defective gastrulation, inhibits convergent extension movements in activin induced animal caps, and inhibits expression of a distinct subset of activin induced mesendodermal markers. Interestingly, expression of point or deletion mutation of the Reactive Center Loop of xPN1,which is essential for the protease inhibitory activity of all serpins, had effects on Xenopus development indistinguishable from those of wild type xPN-1. These observations suggest the possibility that xPN-1 has a novel activity in addition to its established function as an inhibitor of serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Onuma
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston MA 02115, USA
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19
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Li X, Herz J, Monard D. Activation of ERK signaling upon alternative protease nexin-1 internalization mediated by syndecan-1. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:936-51. [PMID: 16741952 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1), an inhibitor of serine proteases, contributes to tissue homeostasis and influences the behavior of some tumor cells. The internalization of PN-1 protease complexes is considered to be mediated by the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1). In this study, both wild-type and LRP1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were shown to internalize PN-1. Receptor associated protein (RAP) interfered with PN-1 uptake only in wild-type MEF cells, indicating that another receptor mediates PN-1 uptake in the absence of LRP1. In LRP1-/- MEF cells, inhibitor sensitivity and kinetic values (t(1/2) at 45 min) of PN-1 uptake showed a similarity to syndecan-1-mediated endocytosis. In these cells, PN-1 uptake was increased by overexpression of full-length syndecan-1 and decreased by RNA interference targeting this proteoglycan. Most important, in contrast to PKA activation known to be triggered by LRP1-mediated internalization, our study shows that syndecan-1-mediated internalization of PN-1 stimulated the Ras-ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobiao Li
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Zibara K, Garin G, McGregor JL. Identification, structural, and functional characterization of a new early gene (6A3-5, 7 kb): implication in the proliferation and differentiation of smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005; 2005:254-70. [PMID: 16192684 PMCID: PMC1224700 DOI: 10.1155/jbb.2005.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a major role in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Differential display was used to compare transcription profiles of synthetic SMCs to proliferating rat cultured SMC line. An isolated cDNA band (6A3-5) was shown by northern (7 kb) to be upregulated in the proliferating cell line. A rat tissue northern showed differential expression of this gene in different tissues. Using 5' RACE and screening of a rat brain library, part of the cDNA was cloned and sequenced (5.4 kb). Sequence searches showed important similarities with a new family of transcription factors, bearing ARID motifs. A polyclonal antibody was raised and showed a protein band of 175 kd, which is localized intracellularly. We also showed that 6A3-5 is upregulated in dedifferentiated SMC (P9) in comparison to contractile SMC ex vivo (P0). This work describes cloning, structural, and functional characterization of a new early gene involved in SMC phenotype modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Zibara
- INSERM XR331, Faculty of Medicine RTH Laënnec, 69372 Lyon, France
- *Kazem Zibara:
| | - Gwenaële Garin
- Genomics and Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London
SW3 6LR, UK
| | - John L. McGregor
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College, University of London,
London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Fieber C, Baumann P, Vallon R, Termeer C, Simon JC, Hofmann M, Angel P, Herrlich P, Sleeman JP. Hyaluronan-oligosaccharide-induced transcription of metalloproteases. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:359-67. [PMID: 14657275 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated dendritic epidermal Langerhans cells and metastatic tumour cells share many properties. Both cell types can invade the surrounding tissue, enter the lymphatic system and travel to regional lymph nodes. We have recently shown that fragments of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan, which are typically produced at sites of inflammation, can activate dendritic cells. Upon activation, dendritic cells upregulate expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). These observations prompted us to investigate whether exposure to hyaluronan fragments also induces MMP expression in tumour cells. Here, we report that MMP-9, MMP-13 and urokinase plasminogen activator are upregulated in murine 3LL tumour cells after exposure to mixed-size hyaluronan. Similarly upregulated MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression was observed in primary fibroblasts. By using size-fractionated hyaluronan preparations, we show that the enhanced expression of MMP-9 and MMP-13 is only induced by small hyaluronan (HA) fragments. Although our data suggest that HA-fragment-induced MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression is receptor mediated, they rule out an involvement of the hyaluronan receptors CD44, RHAMM/IHAP and TLR-4. Finally, we show that HA fragment-induced MMP-9 transcription is mediated via NF-κB. Our results suggest that the metastasis-associated HA degradation in tumours might promote invasion by inducing MMP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Fieber
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, and University of Karlsruhe, Institute of Genetics, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Rossignol P, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Vranckx R, Bouton MC, Meilhac O, Lijnen HR, Guillin MC, Michel JB, Anglés-Cano E. Protease nexin-1 inhibits plasminogen activation-induced apoptosis of adherent cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:10346-56. [PMID: 14699093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310964200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of adhesive glycoproteins by plasmin is implicated in cell migration. In this study, we further explored the role of plasminogen activation in cell adhesion and survival and show that uncontrolled plasminogen activation at the cell surface may induce cell detachment and apoptosis. We hypothesized that this process could be prevented in adherent cells by expression of protease nexin-1, a potent serpin able to inhibit thrombin, plasmin, and plasminogen activators. Using two- and three-dimensional culture systems, we demonstrate that Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts constitutively express tissue-type plasminogen activator and efficiently activate exogenously added plasminogen in a specific and saturable manner (K(m) = 46 nm). The formation of plasmin results in proteolysis of fibronectin and laminin, which is followed by cell detachment and apoptosis. Protease nexin-1 expressed by transfected cells significantly inhibited the activity of plasmin and tissue-type plasminogen activator via the formation of inhibitory complexes and prevented cell detachment and apoptosis. In conclusion, protease nexin-1 may be an important anti-apoptotic factor for adherent cells. This cell model could be a useful tool to evaluate therapeutic agents such as serpins in vascular pathologies involving pericellular protease-protease inhibitor imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rossignol
- INSERM U460, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris 18, France
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23
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Festoff BW. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) in the nervous system: Roles in neuroplasticity and neurotrauma. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Bouton MC, Richard B, Rossignol P, Philippe M, Guillin MC, Michel JB, Jandrot-Perrus M. The serpin protease-nexin 1 is present in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and is upregulated in L-NAME hypertensive rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:142-7. [PMID: 12524238 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000047867.98019.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-nexin 1 (PN-1) belongs to the serpin superfamily and behaves as a specific thrombin inhibitor in the pericellular environment. Little is known about PN-1 expression and its regulation in the vascular system. In this study, we examined the expression of functionally active PN-1 in vitro in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and in vivo in rat arterial media and its regulation in hypertensive rats. METHODS AND RESULTS The vascular PN-1 formed specific covalent complexes with thrombin involving the catalytic site of the protease, and heparin increased the formation of these complexes. We also demonstrated PN-1 in rat arterial media by immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, we examined in vivo vascular expression of PN-1 in a model of chronic hypertension induced by long-term administration of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Marked increases in PN-1 mRNA (3-fold) and protein (2-fold) were observed after 2 months of hypertension. Increased expression of PN-1 in the vascular wall was associated with an increase in the formation of complexes between radiolabeled-thrombin and PN-1, indicating that PN-1 was functional. CONCLUSIONS PN-1 may thus participate in the mechanisms that regulate thrombin activity in the vessel wall.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/pharmacology
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/administration & dosage
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Protease Nexins
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Serpin E2
- Serpins/biosynthesis
- Serpins/immunology
- Serpins/pharmacology
- Serpins/physiology
- Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thrombin/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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25
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Crisp RJ, Knauer MF, Knauer DJ. Protease nexin 1 is a potent urinary plasminogen activator inhibitor in the presence of collagen type IV. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47285-91. [PMID: 12356769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease nexin 1 (PN1) in solution forms inhibitory complexes with thrombin or urokinase, which have opposing effects on the blood coagulation cascade. An initial report provided data supporting the idea that PN1 target protease specificity is under the influence of collagen type IV (1). Although collagen type IV demonstrated no effect on the association rate between PN1 and thrombin, the study reported that the association rate between PN1 and urokinase was allosterically reduced 10-fold. This has led to the generally accepted idea that the primary role of PN1 in the brain is to act as a rapid thrombin inhibition and clearance mechanism during trauma and loss of vascular integrity. In studies to identify the structural determinants of PN1 that mediate the allosteric interaction with collagen type IV, we found that protease specificity was only affected after transient exposure of PN1 to acidic conditions that mimic the elution protocol from a monoclonal antibody column. Because PN1 used in previous studies was purified over a monoclonal antibody column, we propose that the allosteric regulation of PN1 target protease specificity by collagen type IV is a result of the purification protocol. We provide both biochemical and kinetic data to support this conclusion. This finding is significant because it implies that PN1 may play a much larger role in the modeling and remodeling of brain tissues during development and is not simply an extravasated thrombin clearance mechanism as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Crisp
- Department of Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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26
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Blasi F, Ciarrocchi A, Luddi A, Strazza M, Riccio M, Santi S, Arcone R, Pietropaolo C, D'Angelo R, Costantino-Ceccarini E, Melli M. Stage-specific gene expression in early differentiating oligodendrocytes. Glia 2002; 39:114-23. [PMID: 12112363 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The screening of a differential library from precursor and differentiated oligodendrocytes, obtained through the representational difference analysis (RDA) technique, has generated a number of cDNA recombinants corresponding to mRNA coding for known and unknown proteins: (1) mRNA coding for proteins involved in protein synthesis, (2) mRNA coding for proteins involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton, and (3) mRNA coding for proteins of unknown function. The expression profile of the mRNA was studied by Northern blot hybridization to the poly-A(+) mRNA from primary rat progenitor and differentiated oligodendrocytes. In most cases, hybridization to the precursor was higher than hybridization to the differentiated mRNA, supporting the validity of the differential screening. Hybridization of the cDNA to rat cerebral hemisphere and brain stem poly-A(+) mRNA, isolated from 1- to 90-day-old rats, confirms the results obtained with the mRNA from differentiating oligodendrocytes. The intensity of the hybridization bands decreases as differentiation proceeds. The pattern of expression observed in oligodendrocytes is different from that found in the brain only in the case of the nexin-1 mRNA, the level of which remains essentially constant throughout differentiation both in the brain stem and in the cerebral hemispheres, in agreement with the published data. In contrast, the intensity of hybridization to the oligodendrocyte mRNA is dramatically lower in the differentiated cells compared with the progenitor oligodendrocyte cells. Some of the recombinant cDNA represent mRNA sequences present at high frequency distribution in the cells, while others belong to the rare sequences group. Six recombinants code for proteins of the ribosomal family, suggesting that of approximately 70 known ribosomal proteins, only a few are upregulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation. The third category of open reading frame (ORF) is represented by rare messengers coding for proteins of unknown functions and includes six clones: RDA 279, 11, 95, 96, 254, and 288.
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27
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Progressive neuronal and motor dysfunction in mice overexpressing the serine protease inhibitor protease nexin-1 in postmitotic neurons. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11698595 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-22-08830.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of the homeostasis between proteases and their inhibitors has been associated with lesion-induced or degenerative neuronal changes. Protease nexin-1 (PN-1), a secreted serine protease inhibitor, is constitutively expressed in distinct neuronal cell populations of the adult CNS. In an earlier study we showed that transgenic mice with ectopic or increased expression of PN-1 in postnatal neurons have altered synaptic transmission. Here these mice are used to examine the impact of an extracellular proteolytic imbalance on long-term neuronal function. These mice develop disturbances in motor behavior from 12 weeks on, with some of the histopathological changes described in early stages of human motor neuron disease, and neurogenic muscle atrophy in old age. In addition, sensorimotor integration, measured by epicranial multichannel recording of sensory evoked potentials, is impaired. Our results suggest that axonal dysfunction rather than cell death underlies these phenotypes. In particular, long projecting neurons, namely cortical layer V pyramidal and spinal motor neurons, show an age-dependent vulnerability to PN-1 overexpression. These mice can serve to study early stages of in vivo neuronal dysfunction not yet associated with cell loss.
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28
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Atchley WR, Lokot T, Wollenberg K, Dress A, Ragg H. Phylogenetic analyses of amino acid variation in the serpin proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:1502-11. [PMID: 11470841 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of 110 serpin protein sequences revealed clades consistent with independent phylogenetic analyses based on exon-intron structure and diagnostic amino acid sites. Trees were estimated by maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, and partial split decomposition using both the BLOSUM 62 and Jones-Taylor-Thornton substitution matrices. Neighbor-joining trees gave results closest to those based on independent analyses using genomic and chromosomal data. The maximum-likelihood trees derived using the quartet puzzling algorithm were very conservative, producing many small clades that separated groups of proteins that other results suggest were related. Independent analyses based on exon-intron structure suggested that a neighbor-joining tree was more accurate than maximum-likelihood trees obtained using the quartet puzzling algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Atchley
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7614, USA.
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29
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Kim NK, Choi MJ, Chung HM, Sohn TJ, Hwang SG, Oh D, Lee HH, Lee YH, Ko JJ. Increased expression and localization of a serine protease inhibitor, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), in the ovary and uterus during implantation in rat. Thromb Res 2001; 103:135-42. [PMID: 11457471 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that inactivates several proteases, including thrombin, urokinase, plasminogen activators (PA), and plasmin. It also plays a role in regulating proteolytic activity generated by PA system. PN-1 is known to be involved in tissue remodeling, cellular invasiveness, matrix degradation, and tumor growth. However, the role of PN-1 in female reproductive tracts, such as the uterus, ovary, and oviduct, during pregnancy is not known. The present study was designed to investigate the changes of PN-1 mRNA level and localization in the tracts during implantation and early pregnancy by using reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization. We found that PN-1 mRNA levels were coordinately regulated during early pregnancy in a stage- and tissue-specific manner, such that an increased expression of PN-1 gene appeared at the time of the implantation period in the uterus and ovary. Both the uterus and ovary synthesized PN-1 mRNA and their maximal PN-1 expression occurred on Day 6.5 postcoitum (p.c.). On 13.5 days of pregnancy, PN-1 level was low in the uterus and ovary. On the other hand, PN-1 mRNA in the oviduct did not show after 6.5 days of pregnancy. It appears that PN-1 mRNA in the uterus and ovary was highly regulated during early pregnancy, which might have an important role in implantation of rat blastocysts. PN-1 was localized in endometrial stromal cells of the uterus and in granulosa cells of the unstimulated primary follicles in the ovary during periimplantation period. Also, PN-1 mRNA expression was higher at implantation period than that at nonimplantation period of pregnancy. In conclusion, PN-1 is expressed in female reproductive tracts and highly regulated during implantation and early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Clinical Research, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Pundang-ku, Sungnam 463-712, South Korea.
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30
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Suzuki T, Minagawa S, Michishita E, Ogino H, Fujii M, Mitsui Y, Ayusawa D. Induction of senescence-associated genes by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in HeLa cells. Exp Gerontol 2001; 36:465-74. [PMID: 11250118 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) universally induces a senescence-like phenomenon in mammalian cells. To assess this phenomenon at the level of gene expression, we constructed a PCR-based subtractive cDNA library enriched for mRNA species that immediately increase by administration of BrdU to HeLa cells. Candidate cDNA clones were isolated by differential colony hybridization, and then positive clones were identified by Northern blot analysis. Sequencing analysis revealed that the identified cDNA species were classified into three groups: widely used senescence-markers, known species whose relevance to senescence is yet to be reported, and known or novel ESTs. As expected, the majority of them showed an increase in expression in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. These results suggest that similar mechanisms operate in the regulation of BrdU-induced genes and senescence-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Kihara Institute of Biological Research and Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho 641-12, Totsuka-ku, 244-0813, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Green C, Levashina E, McKimmie C, Dafforn T, Reichhart JM, Gubb D. The necrotic gene in Drosophila corresponds to one of a cluster of three serpin transcripts mapping at 43A1.2. Genetics 2000; 156:1117-27. [PMID: 11063688 PMCID: PMC1461326 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/156.3.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutants of the necrotic (nec) gene in Drosophila melanogaster die in the late pupal stage as pharate adults, or hatch as weak, but relatively normal-looking, flies. Adults develop black melanized spots on the body and leg joints, the abdomen swells with hemolymph, and flies die within 3 or 4 days of eclosion. The TOLL-mediated immune response to fungal infections is constitutively activated in nec mutants and pleiotropic phenotypes include melanization and cellular necrosis. These changes are consistent with activation of one or more proteolytic cascades. The nec gene corresponds to Spn43Ac, one of a cluster of three putative serine proteinase inhibitors at 43A1.2, on the right arm of chromosome 2. Although serpins have been implicated in the activation of many diverse pathways, lack of an individual serpin rarely causes a detectable phenotype. Absence of Spn43Ac, however, gives a clear phenotype, which will allow a mutational analysis of critical features of the molecular structure of serpins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Green
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England
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32
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Aoki T, Hirono I, Kim MG, Katagiri T, Tokuda Y, Toyohara H, Yamamoto E. Identification of viral induced genes in Ig+ leucocytes of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, by differential hybridisation with subtracted and un-subtracted cDNA probes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 10:623-630. [PMID: 11081439 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2000.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulated genes of leucocytes expressing immunoglobulin (Ig+ leucocytes) of hirame rhabdovirus (HRV)-infected Japanese flounder were identified by differential hybridisation, using subtracted and un-subtracted cDNA probes. Ig+ leucocytes were separated from apparently healthy and HRV-infected Japanese flounder by the magnetic beads antibody method using mouse anti-Japanese flounder Ig monoclonal antibody (mab). A cDNA library was constructed from HRV-infected Japanese flounder leucocytes, and was screened with subtracted cDNA probes enriched in genes up-regulated by HRV infection. Fifty cDNAs were isolated for further analysis. These included cDNAs coding for homologues of interferon-inducible 56K protein (IFI56), Stat3, CEF-10, RGS5, inducible poly(A) binding protein, prolylcarboxylpeptidase, basigin III (Ig superfamily), MUC-18 (Ig superfamily), proteasome-nexin 1 (SERPIN), herpes virus entry mediator (TNFR family), collagenase III, gelatinase-b, megakaryocyte stimulating factor, Rab8-interacting protein, IgM, IgD and 20 unknown cDNA clones. The majority of these identified genes are reported for the first time in fish. From leucocytes mRNA for homologues of IFI56, CEF-10, Stat3, SERPIN and inducible poly (A) binding protein expression was shown to increase following HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aoki
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Minato, Japan.
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33
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Abstract
Proteinases and their inhibitors are very likely to function as mediators or regulators of the hair growth cycle. Very little information is currently available, however, regarding the specific inhibitors present in human hair follicles at defined stages of their growth cycle. In this study we have analyzed two proteinase inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 and protease nexin 1, in human hair follicles using in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry. Protease nexin 1 mRNA was found only in the mesenchymal population of the hair follicle, i.e., the follicular papilla cells, during the anagen but not the catagen phase. In contrast, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 was localized to several epithelial populations in the follicle: the more differentiated cells of the infundibulum; the companion layer in anagen follicles; and the single layer of outer root sheath cells directly abutting the club hair in telogen follicles. At least some of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 in human follicles appears to be in the relaxed form, as evidenced by strong staining with an antibody that is specific for this form of the inhibitor. This suggests that plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 interacts with and is cleaved by an endogenous follicular proteinase and supports a constitutive role for this inhibitor in human follicular epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Jensen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6142, USA
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34
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Strehlow D, Jelaska A, Strehlow K, Korn JH. A potential role for protease nexin 1 overexpression in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1179-90. [PMID: 10207170 PMCID: PMC408270 DOI: 10.1172/jci1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleroderma currently affects approximately 75,000-100,000 individuals in the United States. Fibroblasts isolated from lesional skin of scleroderma patients overexpress collagens and other matrix components, and this abnormality is maintained for multiple passages in culture. To understand the molecular basis for matrix gene overexpression, we performed a differential display comparison of fibroblasts from clinically lesional and nonlesional scleroderma skin. The results suggested that protease nexin 1 (PN1), a protease inhibitor, is overexpressed in scleroderma fibroblasts. Northern blot verification showed that lesional and nonlesional scleroderma fibroblasts had three- to five-fold increased levels of PN1 mRNA compared with healthy fibroblasts. Western analysis showed that scleroderma fibroblasts also secreted more PN1. In situ hybridization of skin biopsy specimens demonstrated PN1 expression in the dermis of four out of six scleroderma patients but no PN1 expression in the dermis of six healthy volunteers. Transient or stable overexpression of PN1 in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts increased collagen promoter activity or endogenous collagen transcript levels, respectively. PN1 mutagenized at its active site and antisense PN1 both failed to increase collagen promoter activity. These results suggest that overexpression of enzymatically active PN1 may play a pathogenic role in the development of the scleroderma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strehlow
- Arthritis Center, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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35
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Mentz S, de Lacalle S, Baerga-Ortiz A, Knauer MF, Knauer DJ, Komives EA. Mechanism of thrombin clearance by human astrocytoma cells. J Neurochem 1999; 72:980-7. [PMID: 10037469 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells secrete a variety of factors that contribute to the regulation of neurite initiation and continued outgrowth, among them proteases and protease inhibitors. An alteration in the balance between these proteins has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, resulting in an accumulation of thrombin:protease nexin 1 (PN1) complexes in the brains of these patients. This report aims at providing a biochemical explanation for this phenomenon. We show that human astrocytoma cells bind and internalize thrombin and thrombin:PN1 complexes efficiently by a PN1-dependent mechanism. Binding was potently inhibited by soluble heparin and did not occur with the mutant PN1 (K7E) deficient in heparin binding. Receptor-associated protein, an antagonist of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), inhibited internalization of thrombin by the astrocytoma cells, but did not affect cell-surface binding. The results are consistent with a mechanism by which astrocytoma cells clear thrombin in a sequential manner: thrombin is first complexed with PN1, then bound to cell-surface heparins, and finally internalized by LRP. This mechanism provides a link between the neuronal growth regulators thrombin and PN1 and proteins genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease, such as LRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mentz
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Akaaboune M, Hantaï D, Smirnova I, Lachkar S, Kapsimali M, Verdière-Sahuqué M, Festoff BW. Developmental regulation of the serpin, protease nexin I, localization during activity-dependent polyneuronal synapse elimination in mouse skeletal muscle. J Comp Neurol 1998; 397:572-9. [PMID: 9699917 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980810)397:4<572::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate neuromuscular development, all muscle fibers are transiently innervated by more than one neuron. Among the numerous factors shown to potentially influence the passage from poly- to mononeuronal innervation, serine proteases and their inhibitors appear to play important roles. In this regard, protease nexin I (PNI), a potent inhibitor of the serine protease, thrombin, is highly localized to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). In turn, thrombin is responsible for activity-dependent synapse elimination both in an in vitro model, and in vivo. In the present study, we used a monospecific anti-PNI polyclonal antibody to study the developmental kinetics of PNI expression in mouse leg skeletal muscle. By using immunoblotting, we detected PNI at embryonic day 16 (E16), as a 48-kDa band. This 48-kDa PNI band became prominent in leg muscle extracts at postnatal day 5 (P5) and remained so in extracts from adult muscle. In contrast, a higher molecular weight immunoreactive PNI band, which was sodium dodecyl sulfate- and beta-mercaptoethanol-resistant, was first detected at E16, increased at birth (P0), and then decreased at P15, i.e., after the wave of polyneuronal synapse elimination had occurred in these muscles. The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, measuring active, complexed, and truncated PNI, correlated with Western blot data. We used immunocytochemistry to probe the localization of PNI at the NMJ and found that PNI was present in the cytoplasm of myotubes at E16, but neither then nor at birth did it colocalize with acetylcholine receptors. PNI became localized at NMJs by P5 and increased by P15, after which it remained stably concentrated there in the adult. Finally, we studied the gene expression of PNI mRNA, by using Northern blotting, and showed that PNI mRNA was present in skeletal muscle and remained stable throughout the time-course studies, suggesting that developmental regulation of muscle PNI occurs principally at the translational and/or post-translational levels. These results suggest that the localization of PNI, through a binding site or "receptor" may play an important role in differentiation and maintenance of synapse.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Aging/physiology
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Mice/embryology
- Mice/growth & development
- Mice/metabolism
- Muscle Development
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Neurons/physiology
- Protease Nexins
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Synapses/physiology
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akaaboune
- Développement, Pathologie, Régénération du Système Neuromusculaire, INSERM U.153, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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37
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Cunningham DD, Donovan FM. Regulation of neurons and astrocytes by thrombin and protease nexin-1. Relationship to brain injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 425:67-75. [PMID: 9433490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5391-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D D Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92697-4025, USA
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38
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Ball EH, Jain N, Sanwal BD. Colligin, a collagen binding serpin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 425:239-45. [PMID: 9433505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5391-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E H Ball
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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39
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Sugita Y, Becerra SP, Chader GJ, Schwartz JP. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has direct effects on the metabolism and proliferation of microglia and indirect effects on astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 1997; 49:710-8. [PMID: 9335258 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19970915)49:6<710::aid-jnr5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a neurotrophic agent first identified in conditioned medium from cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells, induces neuronal differentiation with neurite outgrowth in Y-79 retinoblastoma cells and has a neurotrophic survival effect on cerebellar granule cells in culture. In the present study, we investigated the effects of human recombinant PEDF (rPEDF) on proliferation and activation of microglia and astrocytes isolated from newborn rat brain. rPEDF treatment caused microglia to round up morphologically, increased their metabolic activity (measured by both MTS conversion and acid phosphatase activity), but blocked proliferation (mitosis). This blocking effect could be demonstrated in cultures stimulated to proliferate by addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. The effect of rPEDF on microglial metabolic activity showed a dose-response relationship both in serum-containing medium and in chemically defined medium and was blocked with anti-PEDF antibody. rPEDF had no direct effect on the metabolic activity or proliferation of cultured astrocytes but blocked their proliferation in astrocyte-microglia co-cultures. Proliferation of isolated astrocytes was also blocked by conditioned medium from microglia treated with PEDF (PMCM). The effect of PMCM on astrocytes was not blocked by an antibody to transforming growth factor-beta. These results demonstrate that PEDF activates microglial metabolism while blocking proliferation and suggest that a soluble factor(s) released by rPEDF-stimulated microglia blocks the proliferation of astrocytes. Thus, PEDF could play an important role in regulation of glial function and proliferation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugita
- Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1279, USA
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40
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Endogenous serine protease inhibitor modulates epileptic activity and hippocampal long-term potentiation. J Neurosci 1997. [PMID: 9169529 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.17-12-04688.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1), a member of the serpin superfamily, controls the activity of extracellular serine proteases and is expressed in the brain. Mutant mice overexpressing PN-1 in brain under the control of the Thy-1 promoter (Thy 1/PN-1) or lacking PN-1 (PN-1-/-) were found to develop epileptic activity in vivo and in vitro. Theta burst-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the CA1 field of hippocampal slices were augmented in Thy 1/PN-1 mice and reduced in PN-1-/- mice. Compensatory changes in GABA-mediated inhibition in Thy 1/PN-1 mice suggest that altered brain PN-1 levels lead to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission.
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41
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Pindon A, Hantai D, Jandrot-Perrus M, Festoff BW. Novel expression and localization of active thrombomodulin on the surface of mouse brain astrocytes. Glia 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199703)19:3<259::aid-glia8>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Citron BA, Ratzlaff KT, Smirnova IV, Festoff BW. Protease nexin I (PNI) in mouse brain is expressed from the same gene as in seminal vesicle. J Mol Neurosci 1996; 7:183-91. [PMID: 8906614 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Protease nexin I (PNI), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), is the most potent tissue inhibitor of thrombin. In the nervous system, PNI has been shown to participate in processes related to synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. We assigned the human gene for PNI (P17) to chromosome 2q33-35, and to syntenic regions in mouse chromosome 1. Others showed that a similar serpin was expressed in mouse seminal vesicle, which presented the possibility of a "duplicate" gene. The data also raised controversy over the quantity of PNI mRNA expressed in the brain vs peripheral tissues, such as seminal vesicle. In order to further our investigations of PNI regulation and its influence on neuronal survival and neuroprotection, it was necessary to confirm whether the nexin observed in mouse brain samples was identical to the published protease nexin I sequences. To accomplish this, we performed DNA sequence analysis of cDNAs made from RNAs isolated from mouse forebrain and hindbrain as well as from seminal vesicle. These confirmed the identity of the mouse PNI gene (SPI4) in brain and peripheral tissues. Furthermore, Northern hybridization studies indicated that the PNI message is present at lower levels in the adult brain compared to the adult seminal vesicle. Western immunoblotting showed no differences between brain and seminal vesicle PNI proteins. The PNI cDNAs generated will serve as useful probes for the continued characterization of the serpin:protease balance as it relates to nerve cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Citron
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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43
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Voss GC, Botteri F, Monard D, Jockusch H. Localization of protease nexin-1 gene Spi4 between villin and acetylcholine receptor gamma genes on mouse Chromosome 1. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:167-8. [PMID: 8835544 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G C Voss
- Developmental Biology Unit, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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44
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Allan EH, Martin TJ. Prostaglandin E2 regulates production of plasminogen activator isoenzymes, urokinase receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in primary cultures of rat calvarial osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 1995; 165:521-9. [PMID: 7593231 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041650310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The bone resorbing agent, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), was found to alter several components of the plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin pathway in primary cultures of rat neonatal osteoblast-like cells. The mRNA and activities of both urokinase-type PA (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA) were enhanced by PGE2 treatment. The presence of mRNA for the uPA receptor (uPAR) has been demonstrated in these cells and steady-state levels shown to be greatly enhanced, the response being rapid and sustained for at least 24 hours. mRNA for plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) was modulated in a biphasic manner, with inhibition of the constitutive level apparent at 4 hours of treatment and stimulation apparent at 12 hours and longer, while PAI-1 protein, measured by an ELISA assay for rat PAI-1, was diminished over this period. Neither PAI-2 mRNA nor mRNA for the broad spectrum protease inhibitor, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), was found to be modulated by PGE2. Therefore, PGE2 is likely to stimulate cell surface proteolytic activity, since uPA mRNA and cell-associated activity were elevated, as was mRNA for the cellular receptor for uPA. Although it was not possible to measure uPAR number and affinity it seems likely that elevated uPAR mRNA would translate into increased uPARs which would localize the increased uPA activity to the pericellular region. tPA mRNA and activity were also increased transiently with the activity inhibited with prolonged incubations, apparently by PAI-1. Elevation of tPA mRNA and activity may result in elevated activity within the extracellular matrix as tPA has been reported to associate with several matrix proteins. Thus the early effect of PGE2 would be to promote proteolysis, both pericellularly and in the extracellular matrix. The inhibition of PAI-1 mRNA and protein, which would contribute to the elevation of activity, is due to PGE2, but the later stimulatory effect on PAI-1 mRNA may be due to feedback regulation by transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), secreted by osteoblasts and activated by elevated levels of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Allan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Yu DW, Yang T, Sonoda T, Gaffney K, Jensen PJ, Dooley T, Ledbetter S, Freedberg IM, Lavker R, Sun TT. Message of nexin 1, a serine protease inhibitor, is accumulated in the follicular papilla during anagen of the hair cycle. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 12):3867-74. [PMID: 8719892 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.12.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A group of specialized mesenchymal cells located at the root of the mammalian hair follicle, known as the follicular or dermal papillary cells, are involved in regulating the hair cycle, during which keratinocytes of the lower follicle undergo proliferation, degeneration and regrowth. Using the arbitrarily primed-PCR approach, we have identified a 1.3 kb messenger RNA that is present in large quantities in cultured rat follicular papillary cells, but not in skin fibroblasts. This mRNA encodes nexin 1, a potent protease inhibitor that can inactivate several growth-modulating serine proteases including thrombin, urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. In situ hybridization showed that nexin 1 message is accumulated in the follicular papilla cells of anagen follicles, but is undetectable in keratinocytes or other skin mesenchymal cells. In addition, nexin 1 message level varies widely among several immortalized rat vibrissa papillary cell lines, and these levels correlate well with the reported abilities of these cell lines to support in vivo follicular reconstitution. These results suggest a possible role of nexin 1 in regulating hair follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Yu
- Ronald O. Pereiman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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46
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Becerra SP, Sagasti A, Spinella P, Notario V. Pigment epithelium-derived factor behaves like a noninhibitory serpin. Neurotrophic activity does not require the serpin reactive loop. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:25992-9. [PMID: 7592790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a neurite-promoting factor, has an amino acid primary structure that is related to members of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. Controlled proteolysis of native PEDF (50 kDa) with either trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, or subtilisin yields in each case one major limited product of 46 kDa as analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N-terminal sequence analysis of the isolated 46-kDa products indicates a favored cleavage region located toward the C-terminal end of PEDF. A proteolyzed PEDF protein reaction mixture reveals two overlapping sequences: that of the N terminus of intact PEDF and that of an internal region, consistent with cleavage of PEDF about position 382. These data indicate that PEDF protein has a globular conformation with one protease-sensitive exposed loop that contains the homologous serpin-reactive site. Cleavage within the reactive-site loop of PEDF does not cause a conformational change in the molecules (the stressed (S)-->relaxed (R) transition) and results in heat denaturation identical to its native counterpart. This lack of conformational change is also seen upon cleavage within the reactive-site loop of the noninhibitory serpin ovalbumin. Furthermore, the PEDF neurite-promoting function is not lost with cleavage of the exposed loop. Recombinant PEDF polypeptide fragments with larger truncations from the C-terminal end show neurotrophic activity. Our results clearly indicate that integrity of the PEDF homologous serpin reactive center is dispensable for neurotrophic activity. Thus, the PEDF induction of neurites must be mediated by a mechanism other than serine protease inhibition. Altogether our data indicate that PEDF belongs to the subgroup of noninhibitory serpins and that its N-terminal region confers a neurite-promoting activity to the protein. The neurotrophic active site of PEDF is separated from the serpin reactive-site loop, not only in the primary structure, but also in the folded protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Becerra
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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47
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Liang Z, Söderhäll K. Isolation of cDNA encoding a novel serpin of crayfish hemocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 112:385-91. [PMID: 7584865 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned a serpin-type proteinase inhibitor from a crayfish hemocyte cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence consists of 429 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 21 amino acids. The mature protein has a calculated molecular mass of 45,029 daltons. Identities ranging up to 38% were observed between the crayfish serpin and other members of the serpin family. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the crayfish serpin has a closer relationship to insect serpins than to other animal serpins. Phe369-Ser370 were proposed to be the P1-P1' residues of the inhibitor reactive site. This protein was found to be expressed in hemocytes but not in the hepatopancreas of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liang
- Department of Physiological Botany, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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48
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Van Obberghen-Schilling E, Vouret-Craviari V, Chen YH, Grall D, Chambard JC, Pouysségur J. Thrombin and its receptor in growth control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 766:431-41. [PMID: 7486688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb26692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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49
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Cañete Soler R, Gui YH, Linask KK, Muschel RJ. MMP-9 (gelatinase B) mRNA is expressed during mouse neurogenesis and may be associated with vascularization. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 88:37-52. [PMID: 7493406 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(95)00079-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Expression of MMP-9 mRNA, a type IV collagenase gene product, was followed during embryonic development of the mouse brain using in situ hybridization. Murine embryos from 7.5 to 15 days after fertilization were sectioned and evaluated for MMP-9 expression. During early development, from day 7.5 to day 9, no signal was detected in the cells of the neuroepithelium or in cells of the cephalic mesenchyme of the neural tube. At day 11, gene expression was localized to the Rathke's pouch and the germinal zone of the primitive ventricular system. At day 13, but most notably at day 15, high levels of MMP-9 were expressed by progenitor cells in close association with the development of structures, such as the hypophysis, the choroid plexus, the ganglion cell layer of the retina and the uveal tract. High MMP-9 mRNA levels were also associated with dense cellular aggregates destined to form the highly vascular grey matter of the brain. The presence of MMP-9 mRNA was confirmed using a ribonuclease protection assay. A 105 kDa gelatinase, consistent with the expected molecular mass for the murine MMP-9, was detected in embryonic brain extracts by substrate gel electrophoresis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the localization of MMP-9 in developing neural tissues. Our results suggest that MMP-9 expression may have a previously unsuspected role in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cañete Soler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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50
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Abstract
The antigens produced by the infective-stage larvae of filarial parasites are potentially important targets for a protective immune response. A major impediment to studies on the biochemistry and molecular biology of antigens from infective larvae is a lack of parasite material. By employing a reverse transcription PCR-based strategy which exploited the presence of a conserved 22-nucleotide spliced leader sequence present at the 5' end of a proportion of nematode transcripts, spliced leader-containing cDNAs were amplified from the late-vector-stage larvae of the filarial nematode Brugia malayi. A major 1.4-kb PCR product was cloned into pBluescript. One of the PCR cDNA clones (BmY8) contained a 1,287-bp insert that encoded the first member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily to be described from nematodes. Reverse transcription PCR analysis of RNA isolated from different developmental stages of the parasite showed that transcription of the B. malayi serpin (Bmserpin) begins between days 8 and 9 of larval development within the insect vector and continues through to the adult and microfilarial stages. In immunoblot analyses of B. malayi somatic extracts, the native protein was estimated to have a molecular weight of 44,000. In immunoblots using excretory-secretory products from infective- and fourth-stage larvae, a single band with an estimated molecular weight of 75,000 was detected. A quantitative analysis of somatic extracts demonstrated that infective-stage larvae contained 10- to 16-fold-more Bmserpin than adults or microfilariae. Bmserpin was immunogenic in gerbils and was recognized strongly by sera from immunized animals. Bmserpin, which has the potential for modifying host defense responses, may play an important role in parasite survival during the early phase of vertebrate-stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yenbutr
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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