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de Souza HM, de Almeida RF, Lopes AP, Hauser-Davis RA. Review: Fish bile, a highly versatile biomarker for different environmental pollutants. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 278:109845. [PMID: 38280442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological assessments encompass a broad spectrum of biochemical endpoints and ecological factors, allowing for comprehensive assessments concerning pollutant exposure levels and their effects on both fish populations and surrounding ecosystems. While these evaluations offer invaluable insights into the overall health and dynamics of aquatic environments, they often provide an integrated perspective, making it challenging to pinpoint the precise sources and individual-level responses to environmental contaminants. In contrast, biliary pollutant excretion assessments represent a focused approach aimed at understanding how fish at the individual level respond to environmental stressors. In this sense, the analysis of pollutant profiles in fish bile not only serves as a valuable exposure indicator, but also provides critical information concerning the uptake, metabolism, and elimination of specific contaminants. Therefore, by investigating unique and dynamic fish responses to various pollutants, biliary assessments can contribute significantly to the refinement of ecotoxicological studies. This review aims to discuss the multifaceted utility of bile as a potent biomarker for various environmental pollutants in fish in targeted monitoring strategies, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, estrogenic compounds, resin acids, hepatotoxins and per- and polyfluorinated substances. The main caveats of this type of assessment are also discussed, as well as future directions of fish bile studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloise Martins de Souza
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Regina Fonsêca de Almeida
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 22453-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pontes Lopes
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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Yue Z, Chen Y, Wu Z, Cheng X, Bao Z, Deng X, Shen H, Liu J, Xie P, Chen J. Thermal stratification controls taste and odour compounds by regulating the phytoplankton community in a large subtropical water source reservoir (Xin'anjiang Reservoir). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133539. [PMID: 38271873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin are compounds released by algae that significantly degrade reservoir water quality, posing a threat to both the safety of drinking water and the quality of aquatic products sourced from these environments. However, few studies have explored how enhanced thermal stratification affects the occurrence and regulation of odorants in large drinking water reservoirs. Through systematic monitoring and investigation of Xin'anjiang Reservoir, we found that enhanced thermal stratification promotes filamentous cyanobacteria, particularly Leptolyngbya sp., as the primary contributor to 2-MIB production within the 1-10 m layer of the water column. The highest 2-MIB concentration, 92.5 ng/L, was recorded in the riverine region, which was 2.54 and 14.52 times higher than that in the transitional and central parts of the reservoir, respectively. Temperature indirectly impacted algal growth and odorant production by modulating TN/TP ratios. Geosmin concentration responded rapidly to relatively low TN/TP ratios (< 25). Our findings suggest that phosphorus control in estuaries should be enhanced during thermal stratification period. In summary, our study provides valuable insights to inform pragmatic water intake strategies and the distribution and release of odorants caused by thermal stratification. This is particularly relevant in the context of future global warming and extremely high temperatures during the warm season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yue
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yuru Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhixu Wu
- Hangzhou Bureau of Ecology and Environment Chun'An Branch, Hangzhou 311700, China
| | - Xinliang Cheng
- Hangzhou Bureau of Ecology and Environment Chun'An Branch, Hangzhou 311700, China
| | - Zhen Bao
- Hangzhou Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311700, China
| | - Xuwei Deng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
| | - Hong Shen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
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3
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Huang Y, Lenhart JJ. The dependence in microcystin removal with powdered activated carbon on variant properties, carbon properties, and dissolved organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141205. [PMID: 38219990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is commonly used by water treatment plants to remove harmful cyanotoxins such as microcystins (MCs) produced during seasonal harmful algal blooms. MC removal by PAC depends upon the properties of the PAC, the properties of the MC variant, and the presence and properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). To identify which of these factors has the greatest impact on the removal of MC by PAC, we evaluated the removal of four different MC variants (MC-LR, MC-LA, MC-RR and desmethylated MC-RR) by three different PAC types (wood-based, coal-blend and coal-based). The role of DOM properties was evaluated using DOM isolated from two different sources, a terrestrial source (Suwannee River Fulvic Acid, SRFA) and a microbial source (Grand Lake St Marys DOM, GLSM). The results of adsorption experiments conducted over a period of 72 h demonstrated the wood-based PAC, which had the highest surface area and mesopore volume of the PAC tested, had the highest adsorption rate and capacity for all four MC variants. Of the variants studied, neutrally charged MC-RR was adsorbed more rapidly and to a greater extent on all of the PAC types than were the other variants. Although MC-LA and MC-LR had the greatest hydrophobicity, their negative charges resulted in their being adsorbed the least. As expected, DOM inhibited microcystin adsorption to PAC. The degree of inhibition, however, did not significantly vary for the two DOM types evaluated, indicating the properties of the DOM on MC adsorption to PAC was less important than the PAC properties or MC variant properties. Overall, PAC properties were a more important factor in MC removal than were the MC properties or DOM conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Huang
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - John J Lenhart
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA.
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Goh KC, Sim ZY, Te SH, He Y, Gin KYH. Microcystis genotypes in a tropical freshwater lake: Discovery of novel MIB-producing Microcystis with potentially unique synthesis pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169249. [PMID: 38081424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a threat to freshwater systems over the world due to the production of hepatotoxins like microcystin (MC), and nuisance taste and odour (T&O) compounds like 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). While MCs are known to cause detrimental effects to both water quality and human health, MIB is only reported to cause aesthetical problems. In this study, we investigated a tropical, urban lake that was experiencing persistent MC and MIB events. Although it was dominated by Microcystis blooms, analysis revealed that the toxigenic Microcystis were not the only species driving the MC concentrations. Additionally, there was also a lack of causative species for the MIB events. Through isolation, we have identified three toxigenic Microcystis found to produce four different variants of MCs, and two novel non-toxigenic Microcystis that were capable of producing MIB. The ability to produce MIB had never been previously reported for this species. Compared to other major producers such as Planktothricoides sp. and Streptomyces sp., the MIB synthase genes of our Microcystis sp. strains were partial, illustrating the possibility of unique synthesis pathways. The Microcystis sp. strains were found to produce about 2.77-5.22 fg MIB cell-1, with a majority of the contents (70-80 %) existing in the extracellular phase. Correlation analysis of field study indicated that phosphorus limitation may have an indirect effect on non-toxigenic Microcystis abundance and proportion by influencing the toxigenic genotype, suggesting that current measures to control HABs may favour the proliferation of the non-toxigenic Microcystis. The potential for Microcystis sp. to produce MIB through unique synthesis pathway, coupled with the potential dominance of non-toxigenic genotypes in Microcystis blooms, signals the possibility that non-toxigenic Microcystis should be monitored as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Chien Goh
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Zhi Yang Sim
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Shu Harn Te
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A-07-03, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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5
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Stroski KM, Roelke DL, Kieley CM, Park R, Campbell KL, Klobusnik NH, Walker JR, Cagle SE, Labonté JM, Brooks BW. What, How, When, and Where: Spatiotemporal Water Quality Hazards of Cyanotoxins in Subtropical Eutrophic Reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1473-1483. [PMID: 38205949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Though toxins produced during harmful blooms of cyanobacteria present diverse risks to public health and the environment, surface water quality surveillance of cyanobacterial toxins is inconsistent, spatiotemporally limited, and routinely relies on ELISA kits to estimate total microcystins (MCs) in surface waters. Here, we employed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to examine common cyanotoxins, including five microcystins, three anatoxins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, and saxitoxin in 20 subtropical reservoirs spatially distributed across a pronounced annual rainfall gradient. Probabilistic environmental hazard analyses identified whether water quality values for cyanotoxins were exceeded and if these exceedances varied spatiotemporally. MC-LR was the most common congener detected, but it was not consistently observed with other toxins, including MC-YR, which was detected at the highest concentrations during spring with many observations above the California human recreation guideline (800 ng/L). Cylindrospermopsin was also quantitated in 40% of eutrophic reservoirs; these detections did not exceed a US Environmental Protection Agency swimming/advisory level (15,000 ng/L). Our observations have implications for routine water quality monitoring practices, which traditionally use ELISA kits to estimate MC levels and often limit collection of surface samples during summer months near reservoir impoundments, and further indicate that spatiotemporal surveillance efforts are necessary to understand cyanotoxins risks when harmful cyanobacteria blooms occur throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Stroski
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Daniel L Roelke
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - Crista M Kieley
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - Royoung Park
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - Kathryn L Campbell
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - N Hagen Klobusnik
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - Jordan R Walker
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - Sierra E Cagle
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - Jessica M Labonté
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, United States
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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6
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Lee M, Kim SH, Kim D, Kim HJ. Rapid and Easy Detection of Microcystin-LR Using a Bioactivated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Effect Transistor Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:37. [PMID: 38248414 PMCID: PMC10813581 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based field-effect transistor (MWCNT-FET) sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity for microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Carboxylated MWCNTs were activated with an MC-LR-targeting aptamer (MCTA). Subsequently the bioactivated MWCNTs were immobilized between interdigitated drain (D) and source (S) electrodes through self-assembly. The top-gated MWCNT-FET sensor was configured by dropping the sample solution onto the D and S electrodes and immersing a Ag/AgCl electrode in the sample solution as a gate (G) electrode. We believe that the FET sensor's conduction path arises from the interplay between the MCTAs, with the applied gate potential modulating this path. Using standard instruments and a personal computer, the sensor's response was detected in real-time within a 10 min time frame. This label-free FET sensor demonstrated an impressive detection capability for MC-LR in the concentration range of 0.1-0.5 ng/mL, exhibiting a lower detection limit of 0.11 ng/mL. Additionally, the MWCNT-FET sensor displayed consistent reproducibility, a robust selectivity for MC-LR over its congeners, and minimal matrix interferences. Given these attributes, this easily mass-producible FET sensor is a promising tool for rapid, straightforward, and sensitive MC-LR detection in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Seong H. Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Don Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (D.K.)
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Li Z, Cao G, Qiu L, Chen X, Zhong L, Wang X, Xu H, Wang C, Fan L, Meng S, Chen J, Song C. Aquaculture activities influencing the generation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol: a case study in the aquaculture regions of Hongze Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:4196-4208. [PMID: 38100023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Contamination by odor substances such as geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) was examined in the cultured water from aquaculture farming in the region of the Hongze Lake in 2022, and some factors influencing residual levels of them in the water were analyzed. Geographically, high concentrations of GSM were located mainly in the north and northeast culture areas of the lake, while those of 2-MIB were found in the northeast and southwest. Analysis of the water in the enclosure culture revealed significant differences in the concentrations of GSM and 2-MIB among the cultured species. The mean concentrations of GSM in culture water were ranked in the order: crab > the four major Chinese carps > silver and bighead carp, and silver and bighead carp > crab > the four major Chinese carps for 2-MIB. The concentration of GSM was significantly higher at 38.99 ± 18.93 ng/L in crab culture water compared to other fish culture water. Significant differences were observed in GSM concentrations between crab enclosure culture and pond culture, while 2-MIB levels were comparable. These findings suggest that cultural management practices significantly affect the generation of odor substances. The taste and odor (T&O) assessment revealed that the residual levels of GSM and 2-MIB in most samples were below the odor threshold concentrations (OTCs), although high levels of GSM and 2-MIB in all water bodies were at 30.9% and 27.5%, respectively. Compared with the corresponding data from other places and the regulation guidelines of Japan, USA, and China, the region in the Hongze Lake is generally classified as a slightly T&O area, capable of supporting the aquaculture production scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100000, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Zhong
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 210017, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchi Wang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100000, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Changbo Wang
- Kunshan Fisheries Technology Extension Center, 215300, Kunshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Fan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100000, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100000, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhang Chen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100000, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Song
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100000, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Pierce EF, Schnetzer A. Microcystin Concentrations, Partitioning, and Structural Composition during Active Growth and Decline: A Laboratory Study. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:684. [PMID: 38133188 PMCID: PMC10746996 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin can be present in variable concentrations, phases (dissolved and particulate), and structural forms (congeners), all which impact the toxicity and persistence of the algal metabolite. Conducting incubation experiments with six bloom assemblages collected from the Chowan River, North Carolina, we assessed microcystin dynamics during active growth and biomass degradation. Upon collection, average particulate and dissolved microcystin ranged between 0.2 and 993 µg L-1 and 0.5 and 3.6 µg L-1, respectively. The presence of congeners MC-LA, -LR, -RR, and -YR was confirmed with MC-RR and MC-LR being the most prevalent. Congener composition shifted over time and varied between dissolved and particulate phases. Particulate microcystin exponentially declined in five of six incubations with an average half-life of 10.2 ± 3.7 days, while dissolved microcystin remained detectable until the end of the incubation trials (up to 100 days). Our findings suggest that concerns about food-web transfer via intracellular toxins seem most warranted within the first few weeks of the bloom peak, while dissolved toxins linger for several months in the aftermath of the event. Also, it was indicated there were differences in congener profiles linked to the sampling method. We believe this study can inform monitoring strategies and aid microcystin-exposure risk assessments for cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Pierce
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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9
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Dong H, Aziz MT, Richardson SD. Transformation of Algal Toxins during the Oxidation/Disinfection Processes of Drinking Water: From Structure to Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12944-12957. [PMID: 37603687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
With the increase of algal blooms worldwide, drinking water resources are threatened by the release of various algal toxins, which can be hepatotoxic, cytotoxic, or neurotoxic. Because of their ubiquitous occurrence in global waters and incomplete removal in conventional drinking water treatment, oxidation/disinfection processes have become promising alternative treatment options to destroy both the structures and toxicity of algal toxins. This Review first summarizes the occurrence and regulation of algal toxins in source water and drinking water. Then, the transformation kinetics, disinfection byproducts (DBPs)/transformation products (TPs), pathways, and toxicity of algal toxins in water oxidation/disinfection processes, including treatment by ozonation, chlorination, chloramination, ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation process, and permanganate, are reviewed. For most algal toxins, hydroxyl radicals (HO•) exhibit the highest oxidation rate, followed by ozone and free chlorine. Under practical applications, ozone and chlorine can degrade most algal toxins to meet water quality standards. However, the transformation of the parent structures of algal toxins by oxidation/disinfection processes does not guarantee a reduction in toxicity, and the formation of toxic TPs should also be considered, especially during chlorination. Notably, the toxicity variation of algal toxins is associated with the chemical moiety responsible for toxicity (e.g., Adda moiety in microcystin-LR and uracil moiety in cylindrospermopsin). Moreover, the formation of known halogenated DBPs after chlorination indicates that toxicity in drinking water may shift from toxicity contributed by algal toxins to toxicity contributed by DBPs. To achieve the simultaneous toxicity reduction of algal toxins and their TPs, optimized oxidation/disinfection processes are warranted in future research, not only for meeting water quality standards but also for effective reduction of toxicity of algal toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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10
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Garbeva P, Avalos M, Ulanova D, van Wezel GP, Dickschat JS. Volatile sensation: The chemical ecology of the earthy odorant geosmin. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1565-1574. [PMID: 36999338 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin may be the most familiar volatile compound, as it lends the earthy smell to soil. The compound is a member of the largest family of natural products, the terpenoids. The broad distribution of geosmin among bacteria in both terrestrial and aquatic environments suggests that this compound has an important ecological function, for example, as a signal (attractant or repellent) or as a protective specialized metabolite against biotic and abiotic stresses. While geosmin is part of our everyday life, scientists still do not understand the exact biological function of this omnipresent natural product. This minireview summarizes the current general observations regarding geosmin in prokaryotes and introduces new insights into its biosynthesis and regulation, as well as its biological roles in terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariana Avalos
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Ulanova
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Teng J, Song M, Xu Q, Zou Q, Zhang H, Yin C, Liu X, Liu Y, Yan H. Purification and Activity of the Second Recombinant Enzyme for Biodegrading Linearized Microcystins by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:494. [PMID: 37624251 PMCID: PMC10467064 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are produced and released by the harmful bloom-forming cyanobacteria, which severely threaten drinking water safety and human health due to their high toxicity, widespread distribution, and structural stability. The linearized microcystinase (MlrB) further hydrolyses the poisonous linearized MCs produced by the microcystinase-catalysed MCs to form tetrapeptides. Here, the purification and activity of MlrB were investigated. The results showed that the linearized products generated by 12.5 mg/L MC-LR and MC-RR were removed by purified recombinant MlrB at a protein concentration of 1 mg/L within 30 min. The high catalytic activity of MlrB can be obtained via heterologous expression and affinity purification, which lays the foundation for further studies on the properties and mechanism of MCs biodegradation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (J.T.)
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12
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Bashir F, Bashir A, Bouaïcha N, Chen L, Codd GA, Neilan B, Xu WL, Ziko L, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Arruda RS, Ganai BA. Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:241. [PMID: 37394567 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are a global environmental concern that encompasses public health issues, water availability, and water quality owing to the production of various secondary metabolites (SMs), including cyanotoxins in freshwater, brackish water, and marine ecosystems. The frequency, extent, magnitude, and duration of CHABs are increasing globally. Cyanobacterial species traits and changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and global climate change, together allow cyanobacteria to thrive. The cyanotoxins include a diverse range of low molecular weight compounds with varying biochemical properties and modes of action. With the application of modern molecular biology techniques, many important aspects of cyanobacteria are being elucidated, including aspects of their diversity, gene-environment interactions, and genes that express cyanotoxins. The toxicological, environmental, and economic impacts of CHABs strongly advocate the need for continuing, extensive efforts to monitor cyanobacterial growth and to understand the mechanisms regulating species composition and cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we critically examined the genomic organization of some cyanobacterial species that lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their characteristic properties discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Bashir
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Government College for Women, Nawa-Kadal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematic, and Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science (SEES), Yunnan University (YNU), 650500, Kunming, China.
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Brett Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Laila Ziko
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
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13
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Zhang C, McIntosh KD, Sienkiewicz N, Stelzer EA, Graham JL, Lu J. Using cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton to assess trophic conditions: A qPCR-based, multi-year study in twelve large rivers across the United States. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119679. [PMID: 37011576 PMCID: PMC10123349 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton is the essential primary producer in fresh surface water ecosystems. However, excessive phytoplankton growth due to eutrophication significantly threatens ecologic, economic, and public health. Therefore, phytoplankton identification and quantification are essential to understanding the productivity and health of freshwater ecosystems as well as the impacts of phytoplankton overgrowth (such as Cyanobacterial blooms) on public health. Microscopy is the gold standard for phytoplankton assessment but is time-consuming, has low throughput, and requires rich experience in phytoplankton morphology. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is accurate and straightforward with high throughput. In addition, qPCR does not require expertise in phytoplankton morphology. Therefore, qPCR can be a useful alternative for molecular identification and enumeration of phytoplankton. Nonetheless, a comprehensive study is missing which evaluates and compares the feasibility of using qPCR and microscopy to assess phytoplankton in fresh water. This study 1) compared the performance of qPCR and microscopy in identifying and quantifying phytoplankton and 2) evaluated qPCR as a molecular tool to assess phytoplankton and indicate eutrophication. We assessed phytoplankton using both qPCR and microscopy in twelve large freshwater rivers across the United States from early summer to late fall in 2017, 2018, and 2019. qPCR- and microscope-based phytoplankton abundance had a significant positive linear correlation (adjusted R2 = 0.836, p-value < 0.001). Phytoplankton abundance had limited temporal variation within each sampling season and over the three years studied. The sampling sites in the midcontinent rivers had higher phytoplankton abundance than those in the eastern and western rivers. For instance, the concentration (geometric mean) of Bacillariophyta, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, and Dinoflagellates at the sampling sites in the midcontinent rivers was approximately three times that at the sampling sites in the western rivers and approximately 18 times that at the sampling sites in the eastern rivers. Welch's analysis of variance indicates that phytoplankton abundance at the sampling sites in the midcontinent rivers was significantly higher than that at the sampling sites in the eastern rivers (p-value = 0.013) but was comparable to that at the sampling sites in the western rivers (p-value = 0.095). The higher phytoplankton abundance at the sampling sites in the midcontinent rivers was presumably because these rivers were more eutrophic. Indeed, low phytoplankton abundance occurred in oligotrophic or low trophic sites, whereas eutrophic sites had greater phytoplankton abundance. This study demonstrates that qPCR-based phytoplankton abundance can be a useful numerical indicator of the trophic conditions and water quality in freshwater rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiqian Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, United States
| | - Kyle D McIntosh
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Nathan Sienkiewicz
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Erin A Stelzer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbus, OH 43229, United States
| | | | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
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14
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Zhang H, Zhao X, Li Y, Xie P. A meta-analysis on the toxicity of microcystin-LR to fish and mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121780. [PMID: 37150342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), the most prevalent and dangerous microcystin, poses high risks to living organisms, especially fish and mammals. Although many studies have focused on the toxic effect on fish and mammals exposed to MC-LR, works that incorporate published data into a comprehensive comparison and analysis are still limited. Here, the adverse effects of oxidative stress markers, health, functional traits, and performance traits in fish and mammals were systematically verified by collecting data from 67 studies for the first time. Notably, we first found that the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) always showed increases, whereas the growth (performance traits) always had a significant decrease (p < 0.001) under all variables of MC-LR exposure, i.e., exposure time, exposure concentration, exposure route, and even life stage. Additionally, our study first verified that the activities of MDA and LPO can be employed as oxidative stress indicators of MC-LR effects in fish and mammals instead of other biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), considered by previous studies. Growth may be regarded as a highly sensitive indicator of MC-LR toxicity in mammals and fish. At the same time, we first found that the impact of MC-LR exposure concentration on LPO, MDA, and growth is higher than that of exposure time, exposure route, and different life stages using the random forest (RF) model. In short, this work sheds light on the potential biochemical and individual toxicity of MC-LR exposure in fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Yehao Li
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ping Xie
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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15
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Howard MDA, Smith J, Caron DA, Kudela RM, Loftin K, Hayashi K, Fadness R, Fricke S, Kann J, Roethler M, Tatters A, Theroux S. Integrative monitoring strategy for marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms and toxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:586-604. [PMID: 35748667 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many coastal states throughout the USA have observed negative effects in marine and estuarine environments caused by cyanotoxins produced in inland waterbodies that were transported downstream or produced in the estuaries. Estuaries and other downstream receiving waters now face the dual risk of impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) that occur in the coastal ocean as well as those originating in inland watersheds. Despite this risk, most HAB monitoring efforts do not account for hydrological connections in their monitoring strategies and designs. Monitoring efforts in California have revealed the persistent detection of cyanotoxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. These studies underscore the importance of inland waters as conduits for the transfer of cyanotoxins to the marine environment and highlight the importance of approaches that can monitor across hydrologically connected waterbodies. A HAB monitoring strategy is presented for the freshwater-to-marine continuum to inform HAB management and mitigation efforts and address the physical and hydrologic challenges encountered when monitoring in these systems. Three main recommendations are presented based on published studies, new datasets, and existing monitoring programs. First, HAB monitoring would benefit from coordinated and cohesive efforts across hydrologically interconnected waterbodies and across organizational and political boundaries and jurisdictions. Second, a combination of sampling modalities would provide the most effective monitoring for HAB toxin dynamics and transport across hydrologically connected waterbodies, from headwater sources to downstream receiving waterbodies. Third, routine monitoring is needed for toxin mixtures at the land-sea interface including algal toxins of marine origins as well as cyanotoxins that are sourced from inland freshwater or produced in estuaries. Case studies from California are presented to illustrate the implementation of these recommendations, but these recommendations can also be applied to inland states or regions where the downstream receiving waterbody is a freshwater lake, reservoir, or river. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:586-604. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D A Howard
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - David A Caron
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Keith Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Rich Fadness
- North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, Santa Rosa, California, USA
| | | | - Jacob Kann
- Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences, Ashland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Avery Tatters
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
| | - Susanna Theroux
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
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16
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Zhang Y, Whalen JK, Cai C, Shan K, Zhou H. Harmful cyanobacteria-diatom/dinoflagellate blooms and their cyanotoxins in freshwaters: A nonnegligible chronic health and ecological hazard. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119807. [PMID: 36871382 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human and ecological health depends on the vitality of freshwater systems, but these are increasingly threatened by cyanotoxins released from harmful algal blooms (HABs). Periodic cyanotoxin production, although undesirable, may be tolerable when there is enough time for cyanotoxins to degrade and dissipate in the environment, but the year-round presence of these toxins will be a chronic health for humans and ecosystems. The purpose of this critical review is to document the seasonal shifts of algal species and their ecophysiological acclimatation to dynamic environmental conditions. We discuss how these conditions will create successive occurrences of algal blooms and the release of cyanotoxins into freshwater. We first review the most common cyanotoxins, and evaluate the multiple ecological roles and physiological functions of these toxins for algae. Then, the annual recurring patterns HABs are considered in the context of global change, which demonstrates the capacity for algal blooms to shift from seasonal to year-round growth regimes that are driven by abiotic and biotic factors, leading to chronic loading of freshwaters with cyanotoxins. At last, we illustrate the impacts of HABs on the environment by compiling four health issues and four ecology issues emanating from their presence in the that covers atmosphere, aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. Our study highlights the annual patterns of algal blooms, and proposes that a "perfect storm" of events is lurking that will cause the 'seasonal toxicity' to become a full-blown, 'chronic toxicity' in the context of the deterioration of HABs, highlighting a non-negligible chronic health and ecological hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Natural Resource Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, QC H9×3V9, Canada; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, China.
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Department of Natural Resource Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, QC H9×3V9, Canada
| | - Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Shan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China, CAS Key Lab on Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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17
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Manganelli M, Testai E, Tazart Z, Scardala S, Codd GA. Co-Occurrence of Taste and Odor Compounds and Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacterial Blooms: Emerging Risks to Human Health? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040872. [PMID: 37110295 PMCID: PMC10146173 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria commonly form large blooms in waterbodies; they can produce cyanotoxins, with toxic effects on humans and animals, and volatile compounds, causing bad tastes and odors (T&O) at naturally occurring low concentrations. Notwithstanding the large amount of literature on either cyanotoxins or T&O, no review has focused on them at the same time. The present review critically evaluates the recent literature on cyanotoxins and T&O compounds (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, β-ionone and β-cyclocitral) to identify research gaps on harmful exposure of humans and animals to both metabolite classes. T&O and cyanotoxins production can be due to the same or common to different cyanobacterial species/strains, with the additional possibility of T&O production by non-cyanobacterial species. The few environmental studies on the co-occurrence of these two groups of metabolites are not sufficient to understand if and how they can co-vary, or influence each other, perhaps stimulating cyanotoxin production. Therefore, T&Os cannot reliably serve as early warning surrogates for cyanotoxins. The scarce data on T&O toxicity seem to indicate a low health risk (but the inhalation of β-cyclocitral deserves more study). However, no data are available on the effects of combined exposure to mixtures of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds and to combinations of T&O compounds; therefore, whether the co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds is a health issue remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Manganelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00162 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00162 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Zakaria Tazart
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Simona Scardala
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00162 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Geoffrey A. Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK;
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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18
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Mao JF, Li W, Liu X, He Y, Gin KYH. Responses of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa under single and repeated ofloxacin exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114668. [PMID: 36812870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are omnipresent and pseudo-persistent in the environment. Yet, their potential ecological risks under repeated exposure, which is more environmentally relevant, are understudied. Therefore, this study used ofloxacin (OFL) as the probe chemical to investigate the toxic effects of different exposure scenarios-single dose of high concentration (4.0 µg/L) and multiple additions of low concentrations-towards the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Flow cytometry was employed to measure a collection of biomarkers, including endpoints related with biomass, single cell properties and physiological status. Results showed that the single dose of the highest OFL level inhibited cellular growth, chl-a content and cell size of M. aeruginosa. In contrast, OFL induced stronger chl-a autofluorescence and higher doses tended to have more remarkable effects. Repeated low OFL doses can more significantly increase the metabolic activity of M. aeruginosa than a single high dose. Viability and cytoplasmic membrane were not affected by OFL exposure. Oxidative stress was observed for the different exposure scenarios, with fluctuating responses. This study demonstrated the different physiological responses of M. aeruginosa under different OFL exposure scenarios, providing novel insights into the toxicity of antibiotics under repeated exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Feijian Mao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xintong Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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19
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Liu H, Chen S, Zhang H, Wang N, Ma B, Liu X, Niu L, Yang F, Xu Y, Zhang X. Effects of copper sulfate algaecide on the cell growth, physiological characteristics, the metabolic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa and raw water application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130604. [PMID: 37056015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria blooms (HCBs) occurred frequently and become a serious scientific challenge. Copper sulfate (CuSO4) is a broad-spectrum chemical algaecide to control algae blooms. Herein, the Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to different CuSO4 (0.0, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/L) to assess the variations in algal physiological process and metabolic profiles. The results indicated that exposure to CuSO4 of 0.5 mg/L at 72 h could significantly inhibit the cell growth and photosynthetic capacity of M. aeruginosa, including chl-a content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Plasma membrane damage causing cell lysis of M. aeruginosa increased the K+ release. The increase of SOD and CAT suggested that CuSO4 treatment caused oxidative stress in algal cells. Different doses of CuSO4 modified the carbon metabolic potential, algal cells had their unique metabolic mode thereby. Moreover, the research further verified that CuSO4 would also inhibit algal growth and change algal community structure in site-collected water application. Overall, laboratory results of M. aeruginosa to CuSO4 and site-collected water application of algal responses to CuSO4 might be conducive to uncovering the controlling mechanism of algae and the potential effect of carbon cycling in an ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Haihan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Na Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Limin Niu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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20
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Du X, Fu Y, Tian Z, Liu H, Xin H, Fu X, Wang F, Zhang H, Zeng X. Microcystin-LR accelerates follicular atresia in mice via JNK-mediated adherent junction damage of ovarian granulosa cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114592. [PMID: 36731181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of aquatic environmental contaminants with reproductive toxicity produced by cyanobacterial blooms, but its toxic effects and mechanisms on the ovary are not fully understood. Here, proteomic techniques and molecular biology experiments were performed to study the potential mechanism of MC-LR-caused ovarian toxicity. Results showed that protein expression profile of ovarian granulosa cells (KK-1) was changed by 17 μg/mL MC-LR exposure. Comparing with the control group, 118 upregulated proteins as well as 97 downregulated proteins were identified in MC-LR group. Function of differentially expressed proteins was found to be enriched in pathways related to adherent junction, such as cadherin binding, cell-cell junction, cell adhesion and focal adherens. Furthermore, in vitro experiments, MC-LR significantly downregulated the expression levels of proteins associated with adherent junction (β-catenin, N-cadherin, and α-catenin) as well as caused cytoskeletal disruption in KK-1 cells (P < 0.05), indicating that the adherent junction was damaged. Results of in vivo experiments have shown that after 14 days of acute MC-LR exposure (40 μg/kg), damaged adherent junction and an increased number of atretic follicles were observed in mouse ovaries. Moreover, MC-LR activated JNK, an upstream regulator of adherent junction proteins, in KK-1 cells and mouse ovarian tissues. In contrast, JNK inhibition alleviated MC-LR-induced adherent junction damage in vivo and in vitro, as well as the number of atretic follicles. Taken together, findings from the present study indicated that JNK is involved in MC-LR-induced granulosa cell adherent junction damage, which accelerated follicular atresia. Our study clarified a novel mechanism of MC-LR-caused ovarian toxicity, providing a theoretical foundation for protecting female reproductive health from environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongxia Xin
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fufang Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xin Zeng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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21
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Seo Y, Yoon Y, Lee M, Jang M, Kim TH, Kim Y, Yoo HY, Min J, Lee T. Rapid electrochemical biosensor composed of DNA probe/iridium nanoparticle bilayer for Aphanizomenon flos-aquae detection in fresh water. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113218. [PMID: 36871331 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and require adequate detection and control systems. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a harmful cyanobacterium that produces the toxicant saxitoxin. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the presence of A. flos-aquae in lakes and rivers. We proposed a rapid electrochemical biosensor composed of DNA primer/iridium nanoparticles (IrNP) bilyer for the detection of A. flos-aquae in freshwater. The extracted A. flos-aquae gene (rbcL-rbcX) is used as a target, and it was fixed to the electrode using a 5'-thiolated DNA primer (capture probe). Then, Avidin@IrNPs complex for amplification of electrical signals was bound to the target through a 3'-biotinylated DNA primer (detection probe). To rapidly detect the target, an alternating current electrothermal flow technique was introduced in the detection step, which could reduce the detection time to within 20 min. To confirm the biosensor fabrication, atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the surface morphology. To evaluate the biosensor performance, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used. The target gene was detected at a concentration of 9.99 pg/mL in tap water, and the detection range was 0.1 ng/mL to 103 ng/mL with high selectivity. Based on the combined system, we employed A. flos-aquae in tap water. This rapid cyanobacteria detection system is a powerful tool for CyanoHABs in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseph Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungro Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonbong Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06910, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06910, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Evans N, Fitzpatrick SC, Givens CE, Gordon SE, Gray JL, Green EM, Griffin DW, Hladik ML, Kanagy LK, Lisle JT, Loftin KA, Blaine McCleskey R, Medlock-Kakaley EK, Navas-Acien A, Roth DA, South P, Weis CP. Bottled water contaminant exposures and potential human effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107701. [PMID: 36542998 PMCID: PMC10123854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bottled water (BW) consumption in the United States and globally has increased amidst heightened concern about environmental contaminant exposures and health risks in drinking water supplies, despite a paucity of directly comparable, environmentally-relevant contaminant exposure data for BW. This study provides insight into exposures and cumulative risks to human health from inorganic/organic/microbial contaminants in BW. METHODS BW from 30 total domestic US (23) and imported (7) sources, including purified tapwater (7) and spring water (23), were analyzed for 3 field parameters, 53 inorganics, 465 organics, 14 microbial metrics, and in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) bioactivity. Health-benchmark-weighted cumulative hazard indices and ratios of organic-contaminant in vitro exposure-activity cutoffs were assessed for detected regulated and unregulated inorganic and organic contaminants. RESULTS 48 inorganics and 45 organics were detected in sampled BW. No enforceable chemical quality standards were exceeded, but several inorganic and organic contaminants with maximum contaminant level goal(s) (MCLG) of zero (no known safe level of exposure to vulnerable sub-populations) were detected. Among these, arsenic, lead, and uranium were detected in 67 %, 17 %, and 57 % of BW, respectively, almost exclusively in spring-sourced samples not treated by advanced filtration. Organic MCLG exceedances included frequent detections of disinfection byproducts (DBP) in tapwater-sourced BW and sporadic detections of DBP and volatile organic chemicals in BW sourced from tapwater and springs. Precautionary health-based screening levels were exceeded frequently and attributed primarily to DBP in tapwater-sourced BW and co-occurring inorganic and organic contaminants in spring-sourced BW. CONCLUSION The results indicate that simultaneous exposures to multiple drinking-water contaminants of potential human-health concern are common in BW. Improved understandings of human exposures based on more environmentally realistic and directly comparable point-of-use exposure characterizations, like this BW study, are essential to public health because drinking water is a biological necessity and, consequently, a high-vulnerability vector for human contaminant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Emily M Green
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - John T Lisle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul South
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher P Weis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Malhotra A, Örmeci B. Detection and identification of a mixed cyanobacteria and microalgae culture using derivative spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 238:112616. [PMID: 36502599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and monitoring of algal blooms and potentially toxic cyanobacteria in source waters are becoming increasingly important with rising climate change and industrialization. There is a growing need to measure the mixed microalgae cultures sensitively and accurately, as multiple algae species are present in natural source waters. This study investigated the detection of an equal concentration, mixed-culture of cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) and a common green algae (Chlorella vulgaris) in water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry while employing longer pathlengths and derivative spectrophotometry to improve the detection limit. A strong linear relationship (R2 > 0.99) was found between the concentration and absorbance of the mixed-culture at 682 nm using 50 and 100 mm pathlengths. This study showed that the cyanobacterial (phycocyanin) peak could be separately identified in mixed-culture setting, while the chlorophyll peaks of both algae overlapped each other. The lowest detection limit of the mixed algal culture using traditional spectrophotometry and derivative spectrophotometry was calculated to be 25,997 cells/mL and 5505 cells/mL using a 100 mm cuvette pathlength. Lastly, the performance of mixed-culture and individual algal cultures were compared, and analyses were carried out to evaluate differences in slopes which can be used for quantification purposes. The results indicate that derivative spectrophotometry significantly improved the detection limit making the method potentially viable for the early detection of mixed algal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitesh Malhotra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Banu Örmeci
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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24
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Xue Q, Kong M, Xie L, Li T, Liao M, Yan Z, Zhao Y. Temporal dynamics of microcystins in two reservoirs with different trophic status during the early growth stage of cyanobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87132-87143. [PMID: 35802334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in frequency and severity, which makes their toxic secondary metabolites of microcystins (MCs) have been widely studied, especially in their distribution and influence factors in different habitats. However, the distribution of MCs on the early growth stage of harmful cyanobacteria and its influence factors and risks are still largely unknown. Thus, in the present study, two reservoirs (Lutian Reservoir and Lake Haitang) with different trophic status in China have been studied weekly from March to May in 2018, when the cyanobacteria communities were just in the early growth stage, to investigate the variation of MCs concentration and the relationships between MCs and environmental parameters. During the investigation, Lutian Reservoir and Lake Haitang were found to be mesotrophic and light eutrophic, respectively. In Lutian Reservoir, the concentration of EMCs (extracellular MCs) was obviously higher than that of IMCs (intracellular MCs) with a mean value of 0.323 and 0.264 μg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentration of EMCs also fluctuated more sharply than that of IMCs. Congeners of IMC-YR and EMC-LR were respectively dominant in total concentrations of IMCs and EMCs. Unsurprisingly, in Lake Haitang, the concentrations of IMC and EMC were both significantly higher than that in Lutian Reservoir with a mean concentration of 0.482 and 0.472 μg/L, respectively. Differently, the concentration of MC-YR was dominant in both IMCs and EMCs, followed by MC-LR. In correlation analysis, the IMCs were significantly and positively correlated with the density and biomass of phytoplankton phyla and potential MCs-producing cyanobacteria and the parameters of water temperature (WT), nutrients, and organic matters. Similar results were also observed for EMCs. While the different variations of MCs in the two reservoirs might be primarily caused by the differences in WT, nutrients (especially phosphorus), organic matters, and the composition of MCs-producing cyanobacteria. In addition, the coexistence of the dominant species of Pseudoanabaena sp., which can produce a taste-and-odor compound of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), might have a significant impact on the concentration and toxicity of MCs. Our results suggested that the risks posed by MCs at the early growth stage of cyanobacteria should also deserve our attention, especially in mesotrophic water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, 8 Jiangwangmiao, 10 Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mengna Liao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Zebin Yan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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25
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Schwarzenberger A. Negative Effects of Cyanotoxins and Adaptative Responses of Daphnia. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110770. [PMID: 36356020 PMCID: PMC9694520 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The plethora of cyanobacterial toxins are an enormous threat to whole ecosystems and humans. Due to eutrophication and increases in lake temperatures from global warming, changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins and selection of few highly toxic species/ strains are likely. Globally, one of the most important grazers that controls cyanobacterial blooms is Daphnia, a freshwater model organism in ecology and (eco)toxicology. Daphnia-cyanobacteria interactions have been studied extensively, often focusing on the interference of filamentous cyanobacteria with Daphnia's filtering apparatus, or on different nutritional constraints (the lack of essential amino acids or lipids) and grazer toxicity. For a long time, this toxicity only referred to microcystins. Currently, the focus shifts toward other deleterious cyanotoxins. Still, less than 10% of the total scientific output deals with cyanotoxins that are not microcystins; although these other cyanotoxins can occur just as frequently and at similar concentrations as microcystins in surface water. This review discusses the effects of different cyanobacterial toxins (hepatotoxins, digestive inhibitors, neurotoxins, and cytotoxins) on Daphnia and provides an elaborate and up-to-date overview of specific responses and adaptations of Daphnia. Furthermore, scenarios of what we can expect for the future of Daphnia-cyanobacteria interactions are described by comprising anthropogenic threats that might further increase toxin stress in Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schwarzenberger
- Limnological Institute, University Konstanz, Mainaustr. 252, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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26
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Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Charboneau R, George CM, Navas-Acien A, O’Leary M, Red Cloud R, Zacher T, Breitmeyer SE, Cardon MC, Cuny CK, Ducheneaux G, Enright K, Evans N, Gray JL, Harvey DE, Hladik ML, Kanagy LK, Loftin KA, McCleskey RB, Medlock-Kakaley EK, Meppelink SM, Valder JF, Weis CP. Tapwater Exposures, Effects Potential, and Residential Risk Management in Northern Plains Nations. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:1772-1788. [PMID: 36277121 PMCID: PMC9578051 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the United States (US), private-supply tapwater (TW) is rarely monitored. This data gap undermines individual/community risk-management decision-making, leading to an increased probability of unrecognized contaminant exposures in rural and remote locations that rely on private wells. We assessed point-of-use (POU) TW in three northern plains Tribal Nations, where ongoing TW arsenic (As) interventions include expansion of small community water systems and POU adsorptive-media treatment for Strong Heart Water Study participants. Samples from 34 private-well and 22 public-supply sites were analyzed for 476 organics, 34 inorganics, and 3 in vitro bioactivities. 63 organics and 30 inorganics were detected. Arsenic, uranium (U), and lead (Pb) were detected in 54%, 43%, and 20% of samples, respectively. Concentrations equivalent to public-supply maximum contaminant level(s) (MCL) were exceeded only in untreated private-well samples (As 47%, U 3%). Precautionary health-based screening levels were exceeded frequently, due to inorganics in private supplies and chlorine-based disinfection byproducts in public supplies. The results indicate that simultaneous exposures to co-occurring TW contaminants are common, warranting consideration of expanded source, point-of-entry, or POU treatment(s). This study illustrates the importance of increased monitoring of private-well TW, employing a broad, environmentally informative analytical scope, to reduce the risks of unrecognized contaminant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bradley
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | | | - Kelly L. Smalling
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | | | - Robert Charboneau
- Spirit
Lake Tribe Office of Environmental Health, Fort Totten, North Dakota 58335, United States
| | - Christine Marie George
- Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Columbia
University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Marcia O’Leary
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Reno Red Cloud
- Oglala
Sioux Tribe Natural Resources Regulatory Agency, Pine Ridge, South Dakota 57770, United States
| | - Tracy Zacher
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | | | - Mary C. Cardon
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christa K. Cuny
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Guthrie Ducheneaux
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Kendra Enright
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Nicola Evans
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80228-3742, United States
| | - David E. Harvey
- Indian Health Service/HHS, Rockville, Maryland 20857, United States
| | | | - Leslie K. Kanagy
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80228-3742, United States
| | - Keith A. Loftin
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | | | | | | | - Joshua F. Valder
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Rapid City, South Dakota 57702, United States
| | - Christopher P. Weis
- National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United
States
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27
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El Bouaidi W, Libralato G, Tazart Z, Enaime G, Douma M, Ounas A, Yaacoubi A, Lofrano G, Carotenuto M, Saviano L, Siciliano A, Romano Spica V, Guida M, Loudiki M. Nature-based coagulants for drinking water treatment: An ecotoxicological overview. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10782. [PMID: 36029154 PMCID: PMC9545364 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The intensive human activities extensively contaminated water sources making its treatment a problem of paramount importance, especially with the increasing of global population and water scarcity. The application of natural coagulants has become a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional ones. This study was aimed at evaluating the efficiency of four plant extracts namely Agave americana, Carpobrotus acinaciformis, Austrocylindropuntia subulate, and Senicio anteuphorbium as natural coagulants to remove Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacterium from water. The effects of pH (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, and 10) and coagulant dose (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg/L) on the coagulation efficiency were investigated. Results showed that plant-based extracts exhibited high coagulant abilities significantly contributing to the removal of M. aeruginosa cells up to 80% on a case-by-case basis. The ecotoxicity (Daphnia magna, Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Sorghum saccharatum) was absent or presented very slight acute toxicity up to 12.5 mg/L being S. anteuphorbium the least toxic. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Nature-based plant extracts showed removal rates up to 80%. Lower pH and A. subulate and S. anteuphorbium were the most efficient coagulants Toxicity effects were plant extracts-based and dose function. A. subulate and S. anteuphorbium were the least toxic extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad El Bouaidi
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change; Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of BiologyCadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakeshMorocco
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Zakaria Tazart
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change; Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of BiologyCadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakeshMorocco
| | - Ghizlane Enaime
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental EngineeringRuhr‐Universität BochumBochumGermany
| | - Mountasser Douma
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK)Sultan Moulay Slimane UniversityKhouribgaMorocco
| | - Abdelaziz Ounas
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of ChemistryCadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakeshMorocco
| | - Abdelrani Yaacoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of ChemistryCadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakeshMorocco
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Movement, Human and Health SciencesUniversity of Rome Foro ItalicoRomeItaly
| | - Maurizio Carotenuto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”University of SalernoFisciano (SA)Italy
| | - Lorenzo Saviano
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health SciencesUniversity of Rome Foro ItalicoRomeItaly
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Mohammed Loudiki
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change; Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of BiologyCadi Ayyad UniversityMarrakeshMorocco
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Shin JK, Park Y, Kim NY, Hwang SJ. Downstream Transport of Geosmin Based on Harmful Cyanobacterial Outbreak Upstream in a Reservoir Cascade. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159294. [PMID: 35954649 PMCID: PMC9368543 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding water quality events in a multiple-impoundment series is important but seldom presented comprehensively. Therefore, this study was conducted to systematically understand the explosion event of geosmin (GSM) in the North Han River (Chuncheon, Soyang, Euiam, and Cheongpyeong Reservoirs) and Han River (Paldang Reservoir), which consists of a cascade reservoir series, the largest drinking water source system in South Korea. We investigated the spatiotemporal relationship of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in the upstream reservoir (Euiam) with the water quality incident event caused by the GSM in the downstream reservoir (Paldang) from January to December 2011. The harmful cyanobacterial bloom occurred during August−September under a high water temperature (>20 °C) after a heavy-rainfall-based flood runoff event. The high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the upper Euiam Reservoir was prolonged for two months with a maximum concentration of 1150.5 mg m−3, in which the filamentous Dolichospermum circinale Kütz dominated the algal community at a rate of >99%. These parameters remarkably decreased (17.3 mg Chl-a m−3) in October 2011 when the water temperature decreased (5 °C) and soluble reactive phosphorus was depleted. However, high and unprecedented GSM concentrations, with a maximum value of 1640 ng L−1, were detected in the downstream reservoirs (Cheongpyeong and Paldang); the level was 11 times higher than the value (10 ng L−1) recommended by the World Health Organization. The concentrations of GSM gradually decreased and had an adverse effect on the drinking water quality until the end of December 2011. Our study indicated that the time lag between the summer−fall cyanobacterial outbreak in the upstream reservoir and winter GSM explosion events in the downstream reservoirs could be attributed to the transport and release of GSM through the effluent from hydroelectric power generation in this multiple-reservoir system. Therefore, we suggest that a structural understanding of the reservoir cascade be considered during water quality management of drinking water sources to avoid such incidents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ki Shin
- Busan Region Branch Office of the Nakdong River, Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water), Busan 49300, Korea;
| | - Yongeun Park
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Nan-Young Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Soon-Jin Hwang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3748
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Du C, Zheng S, Yang Y, Feng X, Chen J, Tang Y, Wang H, Yang F. Chronic exposure to low concentration of MC-LR caused hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113649. [PMID: 35605325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent hepatotoxin can cause liver damages. However, research on hepatic lipid metabolism caused by long-term exposure to environmental concentrations MC-LR is limited. In the current study, mice were exposed to various low concentrations of MC-LR (0, 1, 30, 60, 90, 120 μg/L in the drinking water) for 9 months. The general parameters, serum and liver lipids, liver tissue pathology, lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins of liver were investigated. The results show that chronic MC-LR exposure had increased the levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in serum and liver. In addition, histological observation revealed that hepatic lobules were disordered with obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and lipid droplets. More importantly, the mRNA and proteins expression levels of lipid synthesis-related nuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (nSREBP-1c), SREBP-1c, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), acetyl-CoA-carboxylase1 (ACC1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) were increased in MC-LR treated groups, the expression levels of fatty acids β-oxidation related genes peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) was decreased after exposure to 60-120 μg/L MC-LR. Furthermore, the inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were higher than that in the control group. All the findings indicated that mice were exposed to chronic low concentrations MC-LR caused liver inflammation and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder .
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Du
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Shuilin Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Dreher TW, Foss AJ, Davis EW, Mueller RS. 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin and microcystin producers among diverse Anabaena/Dolichospermum/Aphanizomenon CyanoHABs in Oregon, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 116:102241. [PMID: 35710201 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several genomes of Nostocales ADA clade members from the US Pacific Northwest were recently sequenced. Biosynthetic genes for microcystin, cylindrospermopsin or anatoxin-a were present in 7 of the 15 Dolichospermum/Anabaena strains and none of the 5 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) strains. Toxin analyses (ELISA and LC-MS/MS) were conducted to quantitate and identify microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) congeners/analogs in samples dominated by Dolichospermum spp. of known genome sequence. MC-LR was the main congener produced by Dolichospermum spp. from Junipers Reservoir, Lake Billy Chinook and Odell Lake, while a congener provisionally identified as [Dha7]MC-HtyR was produced by a Dolichospermum sp. in Detroit Reservoir. A second Dolichospermum sp. from Detroit Reservoir was found to produce 7-epi-CYN, with 7-deoxy-CYN also present, but no CYN. The monitoring history of each of these lakes indicates the capacity for high levels of cyanotoxins during periods when Dolichospermum spp. are the dominant cyanobacteria. The diversity of ADA strains found in the US Pacific NW emphasizes the importance of these cyanobacteria as potentially toxic HAB formers in this temperate climatic region. Our results linking congener and genetic identity add data points that will help guide development of improved tools for predicting congener specificity from cyanotoxin gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Amanda J Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA.
| | - Edward W Davis
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ryan S Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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31
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Adsorbents Used for Microcystin Removal from Water Sources: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in water sources, driven by climate change and eutrophication, is of great concern worldwide today. Cyanobacterial blooms can negatively affect water bodies and generate harmful secondary metabolites, namely microcystins (MCs), which significantly impair water quality. Various adsorbents used for MC removal from water sources were assessed in this investigation. Activated carbon constitutes the most widely used adsorbent for treating contaminated waters due to its high affinity for adsorbing MCs. Alternative adsorbents have also been proposed and reported to provide higher efficiency, but the studies carried out so far in this regard are still insufficient. The mechanisms implicated in MC adsorption upon different adsorbents should be further detailed for a better optimization of the adsorption process. Certainly, adsorbent characteristics, water pH and temperature are the main factors influencing the adsorption of MCs. In this context, optimization studies must be performed considering the effectiveness, economic aspects associated with each adsorbent. This review provides guidelines for more practical field applications of the adsorption in the treatment of waters actually contaminated with MCs.
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El Bouaidi W, Libralato G, Douma M, Ounas A, Yaacoubi A, Lofrano G, Albarano L, Guida M, Loudiki M. A review of plant-based coagulants for turbidity and cyanobacteria blooms removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42601-42615. [PMID: 35384538 PMCID: PMC9148277 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the proliferation of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (CyanoHABs) has increased with water eutrophication and climate change, impairing human health and the environment in relation to water supply. In drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), the bio-coagulation based on natural coagulants has been studied as an eco-friendly alternative technology to conventional coagulants for both turbidity and CyanoHABs removal. Plant-based coagulants have demonstrated their coagulation efficiency in turbidity removal, as reported in several papers but its ability in cyanobacterial removal is still limited. This paper mainly reviewed the application of plant-based coagulants in DWTPs, with focus on turbidity removal, including cyanobacterial cells. The future potential uses of these green coagulants to reduce noxious effects of cyanobacterial proliferation are presented. Green coagulants advantages and limitations in DWTPs are reviewed and discussed summarizing more than 10 years of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad El Bouaidi
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change; Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P. O Box 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mountasser Douma
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, 25000 Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Ounas
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdelrani Yaacoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Chemistry, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Motorie, Umane E Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Roma Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Albarano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mohammed Loudiki
- Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change; Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah, P. O Box 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
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33
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Liu H, Zeng X, Ma Y, Chen X, Losiewicz MD, Du X, Tian Z, Zhang S, Shi L, Zhang H, Yang F. Long-term exposure to low concentrations of MC-LR induces blood-testis barrier damage through the RhoA/ROCK pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113454. [PMID: 35367887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), an emerging water pollutant, produced by cyanobacteria, has an acute testicular toxicity. However, little is known about the chronic toxic effects of MC-LR exposure on the testis at environmental concentrations and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to different low concentrations of MC-LR for 6, 9 and 12 months. The results showed that MC-LR could cause testis structure loss, cell abscission and blood-testis barrier (BTB) damage. Long-term exposure of MC-LR also activated RhoA/ROCK pathway, which was accompanied by the rearrangement of α-Tubulin. Furthermore, MC-LR reduced the levels of the adherens junction proteins (N-cadherin and β-catenin) and the tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) in a dose- and time-dependent way, causing BTB damage. MC-LR also reduced the expressions of Occludin, ZO-1, β-catenin, and N-cadherin in TM4 cells, accompanied by a disruption of cytoskeletal proteins. More importantly, the RhoA inhibitor Rhosin ameliorated these MC-LR-induced changes. Together, these new findings suggest that long-term exposure to MC-LR induces BTB damage through RhoA/ROCK activation: involvement of tight junction and adherens junction changes and cytoskeleton disruption. This study highlights a new mechanism for MC-LR-induced BTB disruption and provides new insights into the cause and treatment of BTB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Losiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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34
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Christensen VG, Olds HT, Norland J, Khan E. Phytoplankton community interactions and cyanotoxin mixtures in three recurring surface blooms within one lake. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128142. [PMID: 35042050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce numerous secondary metabolites (cyanotoxins) with various toxicities, yet data on cyanotoxins in many lakes are limited. Moreover, little research is available on complex relations among cyanobacteria that produce toxins. Therefore, we studied cyanobacteria and 19 cyanotoxins at three sites with recurring blooms in Kabetogama Lake (USA). Seven of 19 toxins were detected in various combinations. Anabaenopeptin A and B were detected in every sample. Microcystin-YR was detected more frequently than microcystin-LR, unlike other lakes in the region. Microcystin-YR concentrations, however, generally were low; two samples exceeded drinking water guidelines and no samples exceeded recreational guidelines. Anabaenopeptins correlated with six cyanobacterial taxa, most of which lack available literature on peptide production. The potential toxin producing cyanobacteria, Microcystis, was significantly correlated to microcystin-YR. Pseudanabaena sp. and Synechococcus sp. had strong negative correlations with several toxins that may indicate competition or stress between organisms. Non-metric multidimensional scaling identified three cyanobacterial pairs that may reflect symbiotic or antagonistic relations. This study highlights interactions among cyanobacteria and multiple cyanotoxins and the methods used may be useful for uncovering additional patterns in cyanobacteria communities in other systems, leading to further understanding of how those interactions lead to toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Christensen
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 2280 Woodale Dr., Mounds View , MN, USA; North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, 1300 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Hayley T Olds
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 2280 Woodale Dr., Mounds View , MN, USA
| | - Jack Norland
- North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, 1300 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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35
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de Aquino Santos AS, Vilar MCP, Amorim CA, Molica RJR, do Nascimento Moura A. Exposure to toxic Microcystis via intact cell ingestion and cell crude extract differently affects small-bodied cladocerans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:23194-23205. [PMID: 34799801 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are increasingly common in aquatic environments worldwide. These microorganisms cause concern due to their ability to produce cyanotoxins. Aquatic organisms, especially zooplankton, are exposed to cyanobacterial toxins by different routes, depending on the bloom phase. During cyanobacterial dominance, zooplankton is exposed to cyanotoxins through the ingestion of cyanobacterial cells, while at the bloom senescence, dissolved toxins are the most representative route. In this study, we assessed the effects of a microcystin-producing strain of Microcystis aeruginosa (NPLJ-4) on clones of the tropical small cladocerans Macrothrix spinosa (two clones) and Ceriodaphnia cornuta (one clone) exposed to intact cells and aqueous cell crude extracts. Short-term toxicity assays and life-table experiments were performed to assess the effects of the toxic M. aeruginosa on the survival and life history of the cladocerans. In the short-term toxicity assay, we found that cladocerans were more affected by intact cells. Both clones of M. spinosa were more affected when exposed to intact cells, while C. cornuta displayed about 5-fold more resistance. On the other hand, crude extracts had a low impact on cladocerans' survival. Also, we observed a significant decrease in survival, fecundity, and growth of animals exposed to sublethal and environmentally relevant concentrations of M. aeruginosa cellular biomass. However, even at high concentrations of dissolved microcystins, the crude extract did not have significant effects on the life history parameters of the cladocerans. Although they can be found during cyanobacterial bloom events, small-bodied cladocerans are still affected by toxic Cyanobacteria depending on the exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane Silva de Aquino Santos
- Graduate Program in Development and Environment, Geographical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, 50740-530, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mauro Cesar Palmeira Vilar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cihelio Alves Amorim
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University - METU, Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Renato José Reis Molica
- Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco - UFAPE, Av. Bom Pastor, Boa Vista, CEP 55292-270, Garanhuns, PE, Brazil
| | - Ariadne do Nascimento Moura
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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36
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Li H, Gu X, Chen H, Mao Z, Shen R, Zeng Q, Ge Y. Co-occurrence of multiple cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor compounds in the large eutrophic Lake Taihu, China: Dynamics, driving factors, and challenges for risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118594. [PMID: 34848287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms producing toxic metabolites occur frequently in freshwater, yet the environmental behaviors of complex cyanobacterial metabolites remain largely unknown. In this study, the seasonal and spatial variations of several classes of cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) and taste-and-odor (T&O) compounds (β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol) in Lake Taihu were simultaneously investigated for the first time. The total cyanotoxins were dominated by microcystins with concentrations highest in November (mean 2209 ng/L) and lowest in February (mean 48.7 ng/L). Cylindrospermopsins were abundant in May with the highest content of 622.8 ng/L. Saxitoxins only occurred in May (mean 19.2 ng/L) and November (mean 198.5 ng/L). Extracellular T&O compounds were most concentrated in August, the highest being extracellular β-cyclocitral (mean 240.6 ng/L) followed by 2-methylisoborneol (mean 146.6 ng/L). Environment variables play conflicting roles in modulating the dynamics of different groups of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds. Total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria density were important factors affecting the variation of total microcystins, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone concentrations. In contrast, total cylindrospermopsins, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin concentrations were significantly influenced by water temperature and TP. There was a significant and linear relationship between microcystins and β-cyclocitral/β-ionone, while cylindrospermopsins were positively correlated with 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. The perceptible odors may be good indicators for the existence of cyanotoxins. Hazard quotients revealed that potential human health risks from microcystins were high in August and November. Meanwhile, the risks from cylindrospermopsins were at moderate levels. Cylindrospermopsins and saxitoxins were first identified in this lake, suggesting that diverse cyanotoxins might co-occur more commonly than previously thought. Hence, the risks from other cyanotoxins beyond microcystins shouldn't be ignored. This study also highlights that the necessity for further assessing the combination effects of these complex metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ruijie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qingfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - You Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Kim M, Hong S, Cha J, Kim Y, Lee CE, An Y, Shin KH. Multimedia distributions and the fate of microcystins from freshwater discharge in the Geum River Estuary, South Korea: Applicability of POCIS for monitoring of microalgal biotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118222. [PMID: 34571464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the characteristics of the environmental multimedia distribution of microcystins (MCs) introduced from freshwater discharge through the estuary dam of the Geum River. In addition, the applicability of a passive sampling device (polar organic chemical integrative sampler, POCIS) for monitoring MCs was evaluated. Surface water, suspended solids (SS), sediments, and oysters were collected from the inner and outer estuary dam. Seven MC variants were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. POCIS was deployed at three sites over one week, and MCs were monitored for four weeks from August to September 2019. Before POCIS was deployed in the field, compounds-specific sampling rates of MCs were determined as functions of water temperature (10, 20, and 30 °C), flow rate (0, 0.38, and 0.76 m s-1), and salinity (0, 15, and 30 psu) in the laboratory. The sampling rates of MCs in POCIS increased significantly with increasing water temperature and flow rate, whereas salinity did not significantly affect the sampling rates between freshwater and saltwater. The MCs in the Geum River Estuary mainly existed as particulate forms (mean: 78%), with relatively low proportions of dissolved forms (mean: 22%), indicating that MCs were mainly contained in cyanobacterial cells. There was no significant correlation among the concentrations of MCs in water, SS, sediments, and oysters. Time-weighted average concentrations of MCs from POCIS were not significantly correlated with the concentrations of MCs in water and oysters. The metabolites of MCs, including MC-LR-GSH, MC-LR-Cys, MC-RR-GSH, and MC-RR-Cys, were detected in oysters (no metabolites were detected in POCIS). Overall, POCIS can be useful for monitoring dissolved MCs in the aquatic ecosystem, particularly in calculating time-weighted average concentrations, but it seems to have limitations in evaluating the contamination status of total MCs, mainly in particulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eon Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyoung An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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Feist SM, Lance RF. Genetic detection of freshwater harmful algal blooms: A review focused on the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in Microcystis aeruginosa and Prymnesium parvum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 110:102124. [PMID: 34887004 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence and severity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing due to a number of factors, including human practices and climate change. Sensitive and robust methods that allow for early and expedited HAB detection across large landscape scales are needed. Among the suite of HAB detection tools available, a powerful option exists in genetics-based approaches utilizing environmental sampling, also termed environmental DNA (eDNA). Here we provide a detailed methodological review of three HAB eDNA approaches (quantitative PCR, high throughput sequencing, and isothermal amplification). We then summarize and synthesize recently published eDNA applications covering a variety of HAB surveillance and research objectives, all with a specific emphasis in the detection of two widely problematic freshwater species, Microcystis aeruginosa and Prymnesium parvum. In our summary and conclusion we build on this literature by discussing ways in which eDNA methods could be advanced to improve HAB detection. We also discuss ways in which eDNA data could be used to potentially provide novel insight into the ecology, mitigation, and prediction of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena M Feist
- Environmental Lab, United States Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States.
| | - Richard F Lance
- Environmental Lab, United States Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
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Li Y, Si S, Huang F, Wei J, Dong S, Yang F, Li H, Liu S. Ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical biosensor for detecting linear microcystin-LR using degrading enzyme MlrB as recognition element. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 144:108000. [PMID: 34906815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.108000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A label-free electrochemical biosensor was firstly constructed to detect linear microcystin-LR (L-MC-LR) with high sensitivity. Degradation enzyme MlrB was used as recognition element for specific recognition of L-MC-LR. The electrode was modified with -COOH functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube to increase the specific surface area and improve the conductivity, which was then applied to immobilize MlrB. The electrochemical signal was changed with the reaction between MlrB and L-MC-LR, which was recorded by using square wave voltammetry. The electrochemical biosensor showed superior sensitivity, with a dynamic range of 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.127 pg/mL. Moreover, the fabricated electrochemical biosensor exhibited excellent specificity toward L-MC-LR in real water samples. The concentrations of spiked L-MC-LR were 0.100, 5.00, 50.0 ng/mL, and the recovery rates were 95.0-104% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.900-2.30% and 74.0-93.0% with RSD of 2.30-3.50% in lake water and tap water, respectively. Furthermore, the selectivity, reproducibility, and stability demonstrated the potential of degradation enzymes as recognition element in detection of cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Sisi Si
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Feiyu Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jia Wei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
| | - Huimin Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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Wu T, Zhu G, Zhu M, Xu H, Yang J, Zhao X. Effects of algae proliferation and density current on the vertical distribution of odor compounds in drinking water reservoirs in summer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117683. [PMID: 34237652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reservoirs are an important type of drinking water source for megacities, while lots of reservoirs are threatened by odor problems during certain seasons. The influencing factors of odor compounds in reservoirs are still unclear. During August 2019, a nationwide survey investigating the distribution of odor compounds in reservoirs used as drinking water sources was conducted on seven reservoirs. 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin were detected in almost every reservoir, and some odor compound concentrations even exceeded the odor threshold concentration. The average concentration of 2-MIB was 2.68 ng/L, and geosmin was 3.63 ng/L. The average chlorophyll a concentration was 8.25 μg/L. The dominant genera of phytoplankton in these reservoirs belonged to cyanobacteria and diatom. Statistical analysis showed that odor compound concentration was significantly related to the chlorophyll a concentration and indicated that the odor compounds mainly came from phytoplankton. The concentration of odor compounds in the euphotic zone was significantly related to phytoplankton species and biomass. Therefore, the odor compound concentrations in the subsurface chlorophyll maxima layer was generally higher than in the surface layer. However, the odor compounds in the hypolimnion layer were related to the density current. This research suggests that both phytoplankton proliferation events and heavy storm events are important risk factors increasing odor compounds in reservoirs. Control of algal bloom, in-situ profile monitoring system and depth-adjustable pumping system will greatly reduce the risk of odor problems in reservoirs using as water supplies for large cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Xianfu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic-Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources & Hubei Engineering Research Center of Hydroecology Protection and Restoration, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
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Bradley PM, Padilla IY, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Breitmeyer SE, Cardon MC, Conley JM, Evans N, Givens CE, Gray JL, Gray LE, Hartig PC, Higgins CP, Hladik ML, Iwanowicz LR, Lane RF, Loftin KA, McCleskey RB, McDonough CA, Medlock-Kakaley E, Meppelink S, Weis CP, Wilson VS. Pilot-scale expanded assessment of inorganic and organic tapwater exposures and predicted effects in Puerto Rico, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147721. [PMID: 34134358 PMCID: PMC8504685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale expanded target assessment of mixtures of inorganic and organic contaminants in point-of-consumption drinking water (tapwater, TW) was conducted in Puerto Rico (PR) to continue to inform TW exposures and corresponding estimations of cumulative human-health risks across the US. In August 2018, a spatial synoptic pilot assessment of than 524 organic and 37 inorganic chemicals was conducted in 14 locations (7 home; 7 commercial) across PR. A follow-up 3-day temporal assessment of TW variability was conducted in December 2018 at two of the synoptic locations (1 home, 1 commercial) and included daily pre- and post-flush samples. Concentrations of regulated and unregulated TW contaminants were used to calculate cumulative in vitro bioactivity ratios and Hazard Indices (HI) based on existing human-health benchmarks. Synoptic results confirmed that human exposures to inorganic and organic contaminant mixtures, which are rarely monitored together in drinking water at the point of consumption, occurred across PR and consisted of elevated concentrations of inorganic contaminants (e.g., lead, copper), disinfection byproducts (DBP), and to a lesser extent per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and phthalates. Exceedances of human-health benchmarks in every synoptic TW sample support further investigation of the potential cumulative risk to vulnerable populations in PR and emphasize the importance of continued broad characterization of drinking-water exposures at the tap with analytical capabilities that better represent the complexity of both inorganic and organic contaminant mixtures known to occur in ambient source waters. Such health-based monitoring data are essential to support public engagement in source water sustainability and treatment and to inform consumer point-of-use treatment decision making in PR and throughout the US.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary C Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - L Earl Gray
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher P Weis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Vogiazi V, de la Cruz A, Varughese EA, Heineman WR, White RJ, Dionysiou DD. Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Microcystin-LR in Water Samples Via Target-Induced Displacement of Aptamer Associated [Ru(NH 3) 6] 3. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2021; 1:10.1021/acsestengg.1c00256. [PMID: 34988551 PMCID: PMC8722374 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the successful development of an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor for point-of-use detection and quantification of the highly potent microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in water. The sensor uses hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride ([Ru(NH3)6]3+) as redox mediator, because of the ability of the positively charged (3+) molecule to associate with the phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids. We quantitatively measure the target-induced displacement of aptamer associated, or surface confined, [Ru(NH3)6]3+ in the presence of MC-LR. Upon the addition of MC-LR in the water, surface-confined [Ru(NH3)6]3+ dissociates, resulting in less faradaic current from the reduction of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ to [Ru(NH3)6]2+ Sensing surfaces of highly packed immobilized aptamers were capable of recording decreasing square wave voltammetry (SWV) signals after the addition of MC-LR in buffer. As a result, SWV recorded substantial signal suppression within 15 min of target incubation. The sensor showed a calculated limit of detection (LOD) of 9.2 pM in buffer. The effects of interferents were minimal, except when high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) were present. Also, the sensor performed well in drinking water samples. These results indicate a sensor with potential for fast and specific quantitative determination of MC-LR in drinking water samples. A common challenge when developing electrochemical, aptamer-based sensors is the need to optimize the nucleic acid aptamer in order to achieve sensitive signaling. This is particularly important when an aptamer experiences only a small or localized conformational change that provides only a limited electrochemical signal change. This study suggests a strategy to overcome that challenge through the use of a nucleic acid-associated redox label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Vogiazi
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Armah de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eunice A Varughese
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Ryan J White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0030
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0012, USA
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Ni L, Wu H, Du C, Li X, Li Y, Xu C, Wang P, Li S, Zhang J, Chen X. Effects of allelochemical artemisinin in Artemisia annua on Microcystis aeruginosa: growth, death mode, and microcystin-LR changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:45253-45265. [PMID: 33861424 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of an allelochemical artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua (A. annua) on cell growth, death mode, and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) changes of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), a series of morphological and biochemical characteristics were studied. The results showed that artemisinin could inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa and reduce the content of phycobiliprotein. Under the allelopathy of artemisinin, algae cells deformed due to swelling, which caused cell membranes to rupture and cell contents to leak. FDA/PI double-staining results showed that 15.10-94.90% of algae cells experienced the death mode of necrosis-like. Moreover, there were 8.35-14.50% of algae cells undergoing programmed cell death, but their caspase-3-like protease activity remained unchanged, which may mean that algae cells were not experiencing caspase-dependent apoptosis under artemisinin stress. Attacked by artemisinin directly, both intracellular and extracellular MC-LR increased sharply with the upregulation of mcyB, mcyD, and mcyH. The upregulation multiple of mcyH suggested that M. aeruginosa could accelerate transportation of algal toxin under adverse conditions of artemisinin. Artemisinin not only can inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa but it also causes the accelerated release and increase of microcystin-LR. These imply that the application of artemisinin should be reconsidered in practical water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Hanqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Cunhao Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xianglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Water Conservancy Department, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Cyanobacteria Management Office, Wuxi, 214071, China
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Wang S, Ding P, Lu S, Wu P, Wei X, Huang R, Kai T. Cell density-dependent regulation of microcystin synthetase genes (mcy) expression and microcystin-LR production in Microcystis aeruginosa that mimics quorum sensing. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112330. [PMID: 34020285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the secondary metabolites of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (Cyano-HABs), microcystins (MCs) were generated under various environmental and cellular conditions. The understanding of the causes of MCs generation is of great interest in the field of water treatment and environmental science. In this work, we studied how Microcystis aeruginosa (FACHB-905) cell densities affect the MCs synthetase genes (mcy) expression, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and quorum sensing molecules (Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs)) production. An electrochemical sensor was developed here for sensitive and quantitative detection of MC-LR that cultured at different cell densities. The results showed that mcy expression and MC-LR concentration started to increase when the cell density reached ca. 22 × 106 cells/mL, and was significantly increased with increasing cell densities. Moreover, the up-regulation of AHLs with increasing cell densities revealed that MC-LR is quorum sensing-mediated. Our results undoubtedly confirmed that MC-LR was produced in a cell density-dependent way that mimics quorum sensing, and the minimum cell density (ca. 22 × 106 cells/mL) that was required to produce MC-LR was provided and offered a reference standard for the prevention and control of MCs pollution in the actual water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlin Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wei
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ruixue Huang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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Ferreira MA, Brandão CCS, Ginoris YP. Oxidation of Cylindrospermopsin by Fenton Process: A Bench-Scale Study of the Effects of Dose and Ratio of H 2O 2 and Fe(II) and Kinetics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:604. [PMID: 34564608 PMCID: PMC8473306 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become a significant environmental and human health concern due to its high toxicological potential and widespread distribution. High concentrations of cyanotoxins may be produced during cyanobacterial blooms. Special attention is required when these blooms occur in sources of water intended for human consumption since extracellular cyanotoxins are not effectively removed by conventional water treatments, leading to the need for advanced water treatment technologies such as the Fenton process to produce safe water. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the application of the Fenton process for the degradation of CYN at bench-scale. The oxidation of CYN was evaluated by Fenton reaction at H2O2/Fe(II) molar ratio in a range of 0.4 to 4.0, with the highest degradation of about 81% at molar ratio of 0.4. Doubling the concentrations of reactants for the optimized H2O2/Fe(II) molar ratio, the CYN degradation efficiency reached 91%. Under the conditions studied, CYN degradation by the Fenton process followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with an apparent constant rate ranging from 0.813 × 10-3 to 1.879 × 10-3 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Celia Silveira Brandão
- Environmental Technology and Water Resources Postgraduation Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (Y.P.G.)
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46
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A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13162147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose an environmental health hazard due to the release of water-soluble cyanotoxins. One of the most prevalent cyanotoxins in nature is microcystins (MCs), a class of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, and they are produced by several common cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Once released from cyanobacterial cells, MCs are subjected to physical chemical and biological transformations in natural environments. MCs can also be taken up and accumulated in aquatic organisms and their grazers/predators and induce toxic effects in several organisms, including humans. This brief review aimed to summarize our current understanding on the chemical structure, exposure pathway, cytotoxicity, biosynthesis, and environmental transformation of microcystins.
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47
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Christensen VG, Stelzer EA, Eikenberry BC, Olds HT, LeDuc JF, Maki RP, Saley AM, Norland J, Khan E. Cyanotoxin mixture models: Relating environmental variables and toxin co-occurrence to human exposure risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125560. [PMID: 33773250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms, often containing multiple toxins, are a serious public health issue. However, there are no known models that predict a cyanotoxin mixture (anatoxin-a, microcystin, saxitoxin). This paper presents two cyanotoxin mixture models (MIX) and compares them to two microcystin (MC) models from data collected in 2016-2017 from three recurring cyanobacterial bloom locations in Kabetogama Lake, Voyageurs National Park (Minnesota, USA). Models include those using near-real-time environmental variables (readily available) and those using additional comprehensive variables (based on laboratory analyses). Comprehensive models (R2 = 0.87 MC; R2 = 0.86 MIX) explained more variability than the environmental models (R2 = 0.58 MC; R2 = 0.57 MIX). Although neither MIX model was a better fit than the MC models, the MIX models produced no false negatives in the calibration dataset, indicating that all observations above regulatory guidelines were simulated by the MIX models. This is the first known use of Virtual Beach software for a cyanotoxin mixture model, and the methods used in this paper may be applicable to other lakes or beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Christensen
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 2280 Woodale Drive, Mounds View, MN 55112, USA; North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Erin A Stelzer
- US Geological Survey Ohio Water Microbiology Laboratory, 6460 Busch Blvd STE 100, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Barbara C Eikenberry
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Hayley T Olds
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Jaime F LeDuc
- Voyageurs National Park, 360 Highway 11 East, International Falls, MN 56649, USA
| | - Ryan P Maki
- Voyageurs National Park, 360 Highway 11 East, International Falls, MN 56649, USA
| | - Alisha M Saley
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Jack Norland
- North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Omidi A, Pflugmacher S, Kaplan A, Kim YJ, Esterhuizen M. Reviewing Interspecies Interactions as a Driving Force Affecting the Community Structure in Lakes via Cyanotoxins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1583. [PMID: 34442662 PMCID: PMC8401979 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The escalating occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms worldwide is a matter of concern. Global warming and eutrophication play a major role in the regularity of cyanobacterial blooms, which has noticeably shifted towards the predomination of toxic populations. Therefore, understanding the effects of cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic ecosystems and their advantages to the producers are of growing interest. In this paper, the current literature is critically reviewed to provide further insights into the ecological contribution of cyanotoxins in the variation of the lake community diversity and structure through interspecies interplay. The most commonly detected and studied cyanobacterial toxins, namely the microcystins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine, and their ecotoxicity on various trophic levels are discussed. This work addresses the environmental characterization of pure toxins, toxin-containing crude extracts and filtrates of single and mixed cultures in interspecies interactions by inducing different physiological and metabolic responses. More data on these interactions under natural conditions and laboratory-based studies using direct co-cultivation approaches will provide more substantial information on the consequences of cyanotoxins in the natural ecosystem. This review is beneficial for understanding cyanotoxin-mediated interspecies interactions, developing bloom mitigation technologies and robustly assessing the hazards posed by toxin-producing cyanobacteria to humans and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Wallace Bldg., 125 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
- Finland and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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49
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Bradley PM, LeBlanc DR, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Cardon MC, Clark JM, Conley JM, Evans N, Givens CE, Gray JL, Earl Gray L, Hartig PC, Higgins CP, Hladik ML, Iwanowicz LR, Loftin KA, Blaine McCleskey R, McDonough CA, Medlock-Kakaley EK, Weis CP, Wilson VS. Public and private tapwater: Comparative analysis of contaminant exposure and potential risk, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106487. [PMID: 33752165 PMCID: PMC8268049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are primary drivers of environmental contamination worldwide, including in drinking-water resources. In the United States (US), federal and state agencies regulate and monitor public-supply drinking water while private-supply monitoring is rare; the current lack of directly comparable information on contaminant-mixture exposures and risks between private- and public-supplies undermines tapwater (TW) consumer decision-making. METHODS We compared private- and public-supply residential point-of-use TW at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where both supplies share the same groundwater source. TW from 10 private- and 10 public-supply homes was analyzed for 487 organic, 38 inorganic, 8 microbial indicators, and 3 in vitro bioactivities. Concentrations were compared to existing protective health-based benchmarks, and aggregated Hazard Indices (HI) of regulated and unregulated TW contaminants were calculated along with ratios of in vitro exposure-activity cutoffs. RESULTS Seventy organic and 28 inorganic constituents were detected in TW. Median detections were comparable, but median cumulative concentrations were substantially higher in public supply due to 6 chlorine-disinfected samples characterized by disinfection byproducts and corresponding lower heterotrophic plate counts. Public-supply applicable maximum contaminant (nitrate) and treatment action (lead and copper) levels were exceeded in private-supply TW samples only. Exceedances of health-based HI screening levels of concern were common to both TW supplies. DISCUSSION These Cape Cod results indicate comparable cumulative human-health concerns from contaminant exposures in private- and public-supply TW in a shared source-water setting. Importantly, although this study's analytical coverage exceeds that currently feasible for water purveyors or homeowners, it nevertheless is a substantial underestimation of the full breadth of contaminant mixtures documented in the environment and potentially present in drinking water. CONCLUSION Regardless of the supply, increased public engagement in source-water protection and drinking-water treatment, including consumer point-of-use treatment, is warranted to reduce risks associated with long-term TW contaminant exposures, especially in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary C Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - L Earl Gray
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher P Weis
- U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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50
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Mishra S, Stumpf RP, Schaeffer B, Werdell PJ, Loftin KA, Meredith A. Evaluation of a satellite-based cyanobacteria bloom detection algorithm using field-measured microcystin data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145462. [PMID: 33609824 PMCID: PMC9677180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Widespread occurrence of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) and the associated health effects from potential cyanotoxin exposure has led to a need for systematic and frequent screening and monitoring of lakes that are used as recreational and drinking water sources. Remote sensing-based methods are often used for synoptic and frequent monitoring of CyanoHABs. In this study, one such algorithm - a sub-component of the Cyanobacteria Index called the CIcyano, was validated for effectiveness in identifying lakes with toxin-producing blooms in 11 states across the contiguous United States over 11 bloom seasons (2005-2011, 2016-2019). A matchup data set was created using satellite data from MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI), and nearshore, field-measured Microcystins (MCs) data as a proxy of CyanoHAB presence. While the satellite sensors cannot detect toxins, MCs are used as the indicator of health risk, and as a confirmation of cyanoHAB presence. MCs are also the most common laboratory measurement made by managers during CyanoHABs. Algorithm performance was evaluated by its ability to detect CyanoHAB 'Presence' or 'Absence', where the bloom is confirmed by the presence of the MCs. With same-day matchups, the overall accuracy of CyanoHAB detection was found to be 84% with precision and recall of 87 and 90% for bloom detection. Overall accuracy was expected to be between 77% and 87% (95% confidence) based on a bootstrapping simulation. These findings demonstrate that CIcyano has utility for synoptic and routine monitoring of potentially toxic cyanoHABs in lakes across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachidananda Mishra
- Consolidated Safety Services Inc., Fairfax 22030, USA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring 20910, USA.
| | - Richard P Stumpf
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring 20910, USA
| | - Blake Schaeffer
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham 27709, USA
| | - P Jeremy Werdell
- Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt 20771, USA
| | - Keith A Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas water Science Center, Lawrence 66049, USA
| | - Andrew Meredith
- Consolidated Safety Services Inc., Fairfax 22030, USA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring 20910, USA
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