1
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Alharbi N, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. The influence of component structural arrangement on peptide vaccine immunogenicity. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108029. [PMID: 36028180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based subunit vaccines utilise minimal immunogenic components (i.e. peptides) to generate highly specific immune responses, without triggering adverse reactions. However, strong adjuvants and/or effective delivery systems must be incorporated into such vaccines, as peptide antigens cannot induce substantial immune responses on their own. Unfortunately, many adjuvants are too weak or too toxic to be used in combination with peptide antigens. These shortcomings have been addressed by the conjugation of peptide antigens with lipidic/ hydrophobic adjuvanting moieties. The conjugates have shown promising safety profiles and improved immunogenicity without the help of traditional adjuvants and have been efficient in inducing desired immune responses following various routes of administration, including subcutaneous, oral and intranasal. However, not only conjugation per se, but also component arrangement influences vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the importance of influence of the vaccine chemical structure modification on the immune responses generated. It discusses a variety of factors that affect the immunogenicity of peptide conjugates, including: i) self-adjuvanting moiety length and number; ii) the orientation of epitopes and self-adjuvanting moieties in the conjugate; iii) the presence of spacers between conjugated components; iv) multiepitopic arrangement; and v) the effect of chirality on vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Alharbi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; University of Jeddah, College of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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2
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Abstract
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The development of
lipopeptides (lipidated peptides) for vaccines
is discussed, including their role as antigens and/or adjuvants. Distinct
classes of lipopeptide architectures are covered including simple
linear and ligated constructs and lipid core peptides. The design,
synthesis, and immunological responses of the important class of glycerol-based
Toll-like receptor agonist lipopeptides such as Pam3CSK4, which contains three palmitoyl chains and a CSK4 hexapeptide sequence, and many derivatives of this model immunogenic
compound are also reviewed. Self-assembled lipopeptide structures
including spherical and worm-like micelles that have been shown to
act as vaccine agents are also described. The work discussed includes
examples of lipopeptides developed with model antigens, as well as
for immunotherapies to treat many infectious diseases including malaria,
influenza, hepatitis, COVID-19, and many others, as well as cancer
immunotherapies. Some of these have proceeded to clinical development.
The research discussed highlights the huge potential of, and diversity
of roles for, lipopeptides in contemporary and future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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3
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Kaur A, Kaushik D, Piplani S, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. TLR2 Agonistic Small Molecules: Detailed Structure-Activity Relationship, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Med Chem 2020; 64:233-278. [PMID: 33346636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in microbial species. Among the various TLRs, TLR2 has a special place due to its ability to sense the widest repertoire of PAMPs owing to its heterodimerization with either TLR1 or TLR6, broadening its ligand diversity against pathogens. Various scaffolds are reported to activate TLR2, which include naturally occurring lipoproteins, synthetic lipopeptides, and small heterocyclic molecules. We described a detailed SAR in TLR2 agonistic scaffolds and also covered the design and chemistry for the conjugation of TLR2 agonists to antigens, carbohydrates, polymers, and fluorophores. The approaches involved in delivery of TLR2 agonists such as lipidation of antigen, conjugation to polymers, phosphonic acids, and other linkers to achieve surface adsorption, liposomal formulation, and encapsulating nanoparticles are elaborated. The crystal structure analysis and computational modeling are also included with the structural features that facilitate TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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4
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Lu BL, Williams GM, Brimble MA. TLR2 agonists and their structure–activity relationships. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5073-5094. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00942c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We review the structure–activity relationships and synthetic studies of TLR2 agonists – important chemical targets in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Lu
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
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5
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Lu BL, Williams GM, Verdon DJ, Dunbar PR, Brimble MA. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel TLR2 Agonists as Potential Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccines. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2282-2291. [PMID: 31418565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has gained increasing attention due to its potential specificity and lack of adverse side effects when compared to more traditional modes of treatment. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists are lipopeptides possessing the S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-l-cysteine (Pam2Cys) motif and exhibit potent immunostimulatory effects. These agonists offer a means of providing "danger signals" in order to activate the immune system toward tumor antigens. Thus, the development of TLR2 agonists is attractive in the search of potential immunostimulants for cancer. Existing SAR studies of Pam2Cys with TLR2 indicate that the structural requirements for activity are, for the most part, very intolerable. We have investigated the importance of stereochemistry, the effect of N-terminal acylation, and homologation between the two ester functionalities in Pam2Cys-conjugated lipopeptides on TLR2 activity. The R diastereomer is significantly more potent than the S diastereomer and N-terminal modification generally lowers TLR2 activity. Most notably, homologation gives rise to analogues which are comparatively active to the native Pam2Cys containing constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Lu
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Verdon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Wei MM, Wang YS, Ye XS. Carbohydrate-based vaccines for oncotherapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1003-1026. [PMID: 29512174 DOI: 10.1002/med.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most serious threats to human worldwide. Aberrant patterns of glycosylation on the surface of cancer cells, which are correlated with various cancer development stages, can differentiate the abnormal tissues from the healthy ones. Therefore, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent the desired targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, these carbohydrate antigens may not able to evoke powerful immune response to combat with cancer for their poor immunogenicity and immunotolerance. Different approaches have been developed to address these problems. In this review, we want to summarize the latest advances in TACAs based anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Man Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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7
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Oosenbrug T, van de Graaff MJ, Ressing ME, van Kasteren SI. Chemical Tools for Studying TLR Signaling Dynamics. Cell Chem Biol 2017. [PMID: 28648377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The detection of infectious pathogens is essential for the induction of antimicrobial immune responses. The innate immune system detects a wide array of microbes using a limited set of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). One family of PRRs with a central role in innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Upon ligation, these receptors initiate signaling pathways culminating in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or type I interferons (IFN-I). In recent years, it has become evident that the specific subcellular location and timing of TLR activation affect signaling outcome. The subtlety of this signaling has led to a growing demand for chemical tools that provide the ability to conditionally control TLR activation. In this review, we survey current models for TLR signaling in time and space, discuss how chemical tools have contributed to our understanding of TLR ligands, and describe how they can aid further elucidation of the dynamic aspects of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Oosenbrug
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Michel J van de Graaff
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands.
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands.
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8
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Biotechnology approaches to produce potent, self-adjuvanting antigen-adjuvant fusion protein subunit vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:375-389. [PMID: 28288861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination approaches (e.g. live attenuated or killed microorganisms) are among the most effective means to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These approaches, nevertheless, have failed to yield successful vaccines against many important pathogens. To overcome this problem, methods have been developed to identify microbial components, against which protective immune responses can be elicited. Subunit antigens identified by these approaches enable the production of defined vaccines, with improved safety profiles. However, they are generally poorly immunogenic, necessitating their administration with potent immunostimulatory adjuvants. Since few safe and effective adjuvants are currently used in vaccines approved for human use, with those available displaying poor potency, or an inability to stimulate the types of immune responses required for vaccines against specific diseases (e.g. cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) to treat cancers), the development of new vaccines will be aided by the availability of characterized platforms of new adjuvants, improving our capacity to rationally select adjuvants for different applications. One such approach, involves the addition of microbial components (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs), that can stimulate strong immune responses, into subunit vaccine formulations. The conjugation of PAMPs to subunit antigens provides a means to greatly increase vaccine potency, by targeting immunostimulation and antigen to the same antigen presenting cell. Thus, methods that enable the efficient, and inexpensive production of antigen-adjuvant fusions represent an exciting mean to improve immunity towards subunit antigens. Herein we review four protein-based adjuvants (flagellin, bacterial lipoproteins, the extra domain A of fibronectin (EDA), and heat shock proteins (Hsps)), which can be genetically fused to antigens to enable recombinant production of antigen-adjuvant fusion proteins, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, structural or sequence requirements for activity, sequence modifications to enhance their activity or simplify production, adverse effects, and examples of vaccines in preclinical or human clinical trials.
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9
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Fujita Y, Taguchi H. Nanoparticle-Based Peptide Vaccines. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7152328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Gential GP, Ho NI, Chiodo F, Meeuwenoord N, Ossendorp F, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Synthesis and evaluation of fluorescent Pam3Cys peptide conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3641-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Thompson P, Lakshminarayanan V, Supekar NT, Bradley JM, Cohen PA, Wolfert MA, Gendler SJ, Boons GJ. Linear synthesis and immunological properties of a fully synthetic vaccine candidate containing a sialylated MUC1 glycopeptide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10214-7. [PMID: 26022217 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the linear synthesis of a sialylated glycolipopeptide cancer vaccine candidate has been developed using a strategically designed sialyl-Tn building block and microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis. The glycolipopeptide elicited potent humoral and cellular immune responses. T-cells primed by such a vaccine candidate could be restimulated by tumor-associated MUC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Thompson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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12
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Willems MMJHP, Zom GG, Khan S, Meeuwenoord N, Melief CJM, van der Stelt M, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA, Ossendorp F, Filippov DV. N-tetradecylcarbamyl lipopeptides as novel agonists for Toll-like receptor 2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6873-8. [PMID: 25019313 DOI: 10.1021/jm500722p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New analogues (UPam) of triacylated lipopeptide Pam3CysSK4, a popular agonist of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), were designed making use of the cocrystal structure of a TLR2 heterodimer (with TLR1) with Pam3CysSK4. Twenty-two UPam derivatives that feature an N-tetradecylcarbamyl chain to mimic the native N-palmitoyl moiety and various small amino acids residues at the penultimate N-terminal position were prepared via solid-phase synthesis. In vitro evaluation of immunostimulatory properties revealed new potent TLR2 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian M J H P Willems
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Yuan Y, Elbegdorj O, Beletskaya IO, Selley DE, Zhang Y. Structure activity relationship studies of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3'-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ) analogues as potent opioid receptor ligands: preliminary results on the role of electronic characteristics for affinity and function. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5045-8. [PMID: 23948248 PMCID: PMC3776595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
17-Cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3'-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ) was previously designed following the 'message-address' concept and was identified as a potent and highly selective mu opioid receptor (MOR) ligand based on its pharmacological profile. We here report the preliminary structure activity relationship (SAR) studies of this novel lead compound. For the new ligands synthesized as NAQ analogues, their binding assay results showed that a longer spacer and a saturated ring system of the side chain were unfavorable for their MOR selectivity over the kappa and delta opioid receptors. In contrast, substitutions with different electronic properties at either 1'- or 4'-position of the isoquinoline ring of the side chain were generally acceptable for reasonable MOR selectivity. The majority of NAQ analogues retained low efficacy at the MOR compared to NAQ in the (35)S-GTP[γS] binding assays while electron-withdrawing groups at 1'-position of the isoquinoline ring induced higher MOR stimulation than electron-donating groups did. In summary, the electronic characteristics of substituents at 1'- or 4'-position of the isoquinoline ring in NAQ seem to be critical and need to be further tuned up to achieve higher MOR selectivity and lower MOR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Orgil Elbegdorj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Irina O. Beletskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dana E. Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern subunit vaccines: development, components, and research opportunities. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:360-76. [PMID: 23316023 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines, based on the administration of killed or attenuated microorganisms, have proven to be among the most effective methods for disease prevention. Safety issues related to administering these complex mixtures, however, prevent their universal application. Through identification of the microbial components responsible for protective immunity, vaccine formulations can be simplified, enabling molecular-level vaccine characterization, improved safety profiles, prospects to develop new high-priority vaccines (e.g. for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria), and the opportunity for extensive vaccine component optimization. This subunit approach, however, comes at the expense of decreased immunity, requiring the addition of immunostimulatory agents (adjuvants). As few adjuvants are currently used in licensed vaccines, adjuvant development represents an exciting area for medicinal chemists to play a role in the future of vaccine development. In addition, immune responses can be further customized though optimization of delivery systems, tuning the size of particulate vaccines, targeting specific cells of the immune system (e.g. dendritic cells), and adding components to aid vaccine efficacy in whole immunized populations (e.g. promiscuous T-helper epitopes). Herein we review the current state of the art and future direction in subunit vaccine development, with a focus on the described components and their potential to steer the immune response toward a desired response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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15
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Zom GGP, Khan S, Filippov DV, Ossendorp F. TLR ligand-peptide conjugate vaccines: toward clinical application. Adv Immunol 2012; 114:177-201. [PMID: 22449782 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396548-6.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approaches to treat cancer with therapeutic vaccination have made significant progress. In order to induce efficient antitumor immunity, a vaccine should target and activate antigen-presenting cells, such as the dendritic cell, while delivering the tumor-derived antigen of choice. Conjugates of synthetic peptides and ligands of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) combine these features and, given their synthetic nature, can be produced under GMP conditions. Therefore, conjugation of antigenic peptides to potent PRR ligands is a promising vaccination approach for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses on the different PRR families that can be exploited for the design of conjugates and explores the results obtained so far with PRR ligands conjugated to antigen. The uptake and processing of Toll-like receptor ligand-peptide conjugates are discussed in more detail, as well as future directions that may further enhance the immunogenicity of conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs G P Zom
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines: target cancer with sugar bullets. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:259-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Zhang R, Xu Y, Xiao R, Wang S, Zhang B. Improved production of (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol using Candida parapsilosis (R)-carbonyl reductase expressed in Pichia pastoris. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Azuma M, Sawahata R, Akao Y, Ebihara T, Yamazaki S, Matsumoto M, Hashimoto M, Fukase K, Fujimoto Y, Seya T. The peptide sequence of diacyl lipopeptides determines dendritic cell TLR2-mediated NK activation. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20824059 PMCID: PMC2932735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocyte effectors that are activated to control certain microbial infections and tumors. Many NK-activating and regulating receptors are involved in regulating NK cell function. In addition, activation of naïve NK cells is fundamentally triggered by cytokines or myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) in various modes. In this study, we synthesized 16 S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyl)propyl]cysteine (Pam2Cys) lipopeptides with sequences designed from lipoproteins of Staphylococcus aureus, and assessed their functional properties using mouse (C57BL/6) bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and NK cells. NK cell activation was evaluated by three criteria: IFN-γ production, up-regulation of NK activation markers and cytokines, and NK target (B16D8 cell) cytotoxicity. The diacylated lipopeptides acted as TLR2 ligands, inducing up-regulation of CD25/CD69/CD86, IL-6, and IL-12p40, which represent maturation of BMDC. Strikingly, the Pam2Cys lipopeptides induced mouse NK cell activation based on these criteria. Cell-cell contact by Pam2Cys peptide-stimulated BMDC and NK cells rather than soluble mediators released by stimulated BMDC induced activation of NK cells. For most lipopeptides, the BMDC TLR2/MyD88 pathway was responsible for driving NK activation, while some slightly induced direct activation of NK cells via the TLR2/MyD88 pathway in NK cells. The potential for NK activation was critically regulated by the peptide primary sequence. Hydrophobic or proline-containing sequences proximal to the N-terminal lipid moiety interfered with the ability of lipopeptides to induce BMDC-mediated NK activation. This mode of NK activation is distinctly different from that induced by polyI:C, which is closely associated with type I IFN-inducing pathways of BMDC. These results imply that the MyD88 pathway of BMDC governs an alternative NK-activating pathway in which the peptide sequence of TLR2-agonistic lipopeptides critically affects the potential for NK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Sawahata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Akao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Hashimoto
- Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wu W, Li R, Malladi SS, Warshakoon HJ, Kimbrell MR, Amolins MW, Ukani R, Datta A, David SA. Structure-activity relationships in toll-like receptor-2 agonistic diacylthioglycerol lipopeptides. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3198-213. [PMID: 20302301 DOI: 10.1021/jm901839g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The N-termini of bacterial lipoproteins are acylated with a (S)-(2,3-bisacyloxypropyl)cysteinyl residue. Lipopeptides derived from lipoproteins activate innate immune responses by engaging Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and are highly immunostimulatory and yet without apparent toxicity in animal models. The lipopeptides may therefore be useful as potential immunotherapeutic agents. Previous structure-activity relationships in such lipopeptides have largely been obtained using murine cells, and it is now clear that significant species-specific differences exist between human and murine TLR responses. We have examined in detail the role of the highly conserved Cys residue as well as the geometry and stereochemistry of the Cys-Ser dipeptide unit. (R)-Diacylthioglycerol analogues are maximally active in reporter gene assays using human TLR2. The Cys-Ser dipeptide unit represents the minimal part-structure, but its stereochemistry was found not to be a critical determinant of activity. The thioether bridge between the diacyl and dipeptide units is crucial, and replacement by an oxoether bridge results in a dramatic decrease in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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21
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Zeng W, Eriksson E, Chua B, Grollo L, Jackson DC. Structural requirement for the agonist activity of the TLR2 ligand Pam2Cys. Amino Acids 2010; 39:471-80. [PMID: 20091415 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipopeptides have demonstrated great potential as a vaccine strategy for eliciting cellular and humoral immunity. One of the most potent lipid moieties used is S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine (Pam2Cys). Pam2Cys binds to and activates dendritic cells by engagement of Toll like receptor 2 (TLR 2). In this study, we have investigated the structural requirement of the agonist activity of Pam2Cys by varying the three structural elements of the core structure S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine namely (1) the alpha-amino group of the cysteine residue (2) the sulphur atom of the cysteine residue and (3) the 2,3-dihydroxypropyl moiety. Four novel analogues of Pam2Cys were made and each of these analogues were incorporated into vaccine constructs and examined for immunogenicity. Our results demonstrate that (1) the potency of the peptide vaccine is least affected by removal of the amino group (2) substitution of the sulphur atom with an amide bond leads to significant reduction of biological activity (3) removal of the amino group and at the same time substitution of the sulphur with an amide bond significantly decreases the biological activity (4) in the two analogues in which the sulphur atom is replaced with an amide bond the analogue containing the 1,3-dihydroxypropyl moiety demonstrates higher activity than the one which contains 2,3-dihydroxypropyl. In conclusion, the results demonstrate strict structural requirements for agonist activity of the TLR2 ligand Pam2Cys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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22
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Fujimoto Y, Hashimoto M, Furuyashiki M, Katsumoto M, Seya T, Suda Y, Fukase K. Lipopeptides from Staphylococcus aureus as Tlr2 Ligands: prediction with mrna expression, chemical synthesis, and immunostimulatory activities. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2311-5. [PMID: 19681087 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Buskas T, Thompson P, Boons GJ. Immunotherapy for cancer: synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5335-49. [PMID: 19724783 PMCID: PMC2787243 DOI: 10.1039/b908664c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids of cancer cells, which correlates with poor survival rates, is being exploited for the development of immunotherapies for cancer. In particular, advances in the knowledge of cooperation between the innate and adaptive system combined with the implementation of efficient synthetic methods for assembly of oligosaccharides and glycopeptides is providing avenues for the rationale design of vaccine candidates. In this respect, fully synthetic vaccine candidates show great promise because they incorporate only those elements requires for relevant immune responses, and hence do not suffer from immune suppression observed with classical carbohydrate-protein conjugate vaccines. Such vaccines are chemically well-defined and it is to be expected that they can be produced in a reproducible fashion. In this feature article, recent advances in the development of fully synthetic sub-unit carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Buskas
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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24
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Khan S, Weterings JJ, Britten CM, de Jong AR, Graafland D, Melief CJM, van der Burg SH, van der Marel G, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, Ossendorp F. Chirality of TLR-2 ligand Pam3CysSK4 in fully synthetic peptide conjugates critically influences the induction of specific CD8+ T-cells. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:1084-91. [PMID: 19027958 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent conjugation of synthetic Toll-like receptor ligands (TLR-L) to synthetic antigenic peptides provides well-defined constructs that have significantly improved capacity to induce efficient priming of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in vivo. We have recently explored the cellular mechanisms underlying the efficient induction of a CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte response by such synthetic model vaccines [Khan, S., Bijker, M.S., Weterings, J.J., Tanke, H.J., Adema, G.J., van, H.T., Drijfhout, J.W., Melief, C.J., Overkleeft, H.S., van der Marel, G.A., Filippov, D.V., van der Burg, S.H., Ossendorp, F., 2007. Distinct uptake mechanisms but similar intracellular processing of two different toll-like receptor ligand-peptide conjugates in dendritic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 21145-21159.]. In the current study we have investigated the behaviour of two diastereomers of the TLR-2 ligand Pam(3)CSK(4) (Pam) derivatives, namely the R- and S-epimers at C-2 of the glycerol moiety. Other studies have shown that the Pam(3)Cys based lipopeptides of R-configuration (Pam(R)) in the glycerol moiety enhanced macrophage and B-cell activation compared to those with S-configuration (Pam(S)). Here we report that Pam(R)-conjugates lead to better activation of dendritic cells than the Pam(S)-conjugates as judged by higher IL-12 secretion, upregulation of relevant markers for dendritic cell maturation. In contrast both epimers were internalized equally efficient in a clathrin-dependent manner indicating no qualitative difference in the uptake of the two stereoisomeric Pam-conjugates. We conclude that the enhanced DC activation is due to enhanced TLR-2 triggering by the Pam(R)-conjugate in contrast to the Pam(S)-conjugate. Importantly, induction of specific CD8(+) T-cells was significantly higher in mice injected with the Pam(R)-conjugates compared to mice injected with the Pam(S)-conjugate. In summary we show that the favourable effects of the Pam(R)-configuration of TLR-2 ligand can be attributed to direct effects on dendritic cells resulting in enhancement of CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Khan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Kimbrell MR, Warshakoon H, Cromer JR, Malladi S, Hood JD, Balakrishna R, Scholdberg TA, David SA. Comparison of the immunostimulatory and proinflammatory activities of candidate Gram-positive endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and lipopeptides, in murine and human cells. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:132-41. [PMID: 18468694 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative septic shock is well established. The corresponding proinflammatory and immunostimulatory molecule(s) on the Gram-positive bacteria is less well understood, and its identification and characterization would be a key prerequisite in designing specific sequestrants of the Gram-positive endotoxin(s). We report in this paper the comparison of NF-kappaB-, cytokine- and chemokine-inducing activities of the TLR2 ligands, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), peptidoglycan (PGN), and lipopeptides, to LPS, a prototype TLR4 agonist, in murine macrophage cell-lines as well as in human blood. In murine cells, di- and triacyl liopopeptides are equipotent in their NF-kappaB inducing activity relative to LPS, but elicit much lower proinflammatory cytokines. However, both LPS and the lipopeptides potently induce the secretion of a pattern of chemokines that is suggestive of the engagement of a TLR4-independent TRIF pathway. In human blood, although the lipopeptides induce p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and CD11b upregulation in granulocytes at ng/ml concentrations, they do not elicit proinflammatory cytokine production even at very high doses; LTA, however, activates neutrophils and induces cytokine secretion, although its potency is considerably lower than that of LPS, presumably due to its binding to plasma proteins. We conclude that, in human blood, the pattern of immunostimulation and proinflammatory mediator production elicited by LTA parallels that of LPS.
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Ingale S, Buskas T, Boons GJ. Synthesis of glyco(lipo)peptides by liposome-mediated native chemical ligation. Org Lett 2007; 8:5785-8. [PMID: 17134272 DOI: 10.1021/ol062423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although native chemical ligation (NCL) is emerging as a powerful method for the assembly of (glyco)peptide building blocks, its applicability is reduced when peptide segments are poorly soluble in aqueous buffer. We have found that incorporating reactants in liposomes allows NCL of lipophilic peptides and lipopeptides. Furthermore, the reaction rates of liposome-mediated NCL are higher than traditional reaction conditions resulting in improved yields. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampat Ingale
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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27
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Seyberth T, Voss S, Brock R, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G. Lipolanthionine Peptides Act as Inhibitors of TLR2-Mediated IL-8 Secretion. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1754-65. [PMID: 16509590 DOI: 10.1021/jm050585d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins from gram-positive and -negative bacteria, mycoplasma, and shorter synthetic lipopeptide analogues activate cells of the innate immune system via the Toll-like receptor TLR2/TLR1 or TLR2/TLR6 heterodimers. For this reason, these compounds constitute highly active adjuvants for vaccines either admixed or covalently linked. The lanthionine scaffold has structural similarity with the S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine core structure of the lipopeptides. Therefore, lanthionine-based lipopeptide amides were synthesized and probed for activity as potential TLR2 agonists or antagonists. A collection of analytically defined lipolanthionine peptide amides exhibited an inhibitory effect of the TLR2-mediated IL-8 secretion when applied in high molar excess to the agonistic synthetic lipopeptide Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4-OH. Structure-activity relationships revealed the influence of the chirality of the two alpha-carbon atoms, the chain lengths of the attached fatty acids and fatty amines, and the oxidation level of the sulfur atom on the inhibitory activity of the lipolanthionine peptide amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Seyberth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Müller SDC, Müller MR, Huber M, Esche Uv UVD, Kirschning CJ, Wagner H, Bessler WG, Mittenbühler K. Triacyl-lipopentapeptide adjuvants: TLR2-dependent activation of macrophages and modulation of receptor-mediated cell activation by altering acyl-moieties. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:1287-300. [PMID: 15313427 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipopeptides derived from bacterial lipoprotein are efficient immunoadjuvants. In vitro they activate antigen presenting cells (APCs) to induce the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and the activation of further transcription factors. This results in the expression of genes encoding cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and in the release of reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediates. The molecular structure of microbial products determines TLR specificity and thus their activatory potential and immunoadjuvanticity. In the present study, we investigated the lipopeptide-induced activation of leukocytes at different cellular levels by applying derivatives of a synthetic lipopentapeptide-fatty acid library. Our results show that TLR2 plays a key role for the activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by lipopentapeptide derivatives and that the fatty acid composition of the lipopeptides determines their activation potential and TLR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke D C Müller
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung der Universität, AK Tumorimmunologie/Vakzine, Stefan-Meier-Str. 8, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Roth A, Espuelas S, Thumann C, Frisch B, Schuber F. Synthesis of Thiol-Reactive Lipopeptide Adjuvants. Incorporation into Liposomes and Study of Their Mitogenic Effect on Mouse Splenocytes. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:541-53. [PMID: 15149182 DOI: 10.1021/bc034184t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic analogues of triacylated and diacylated lipopeptides derived from the N-terminal domain of respectively bacterial and mycoplasmal lipoproteins are highly potent immunoadjuvants when administered either in combination with protein antigens or covalently linked to small peptide epitopes. Because of their amphipathic properties, lipopeptides, such as S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-cysteinyl-alanyl-glycine (Pam(3)CAG), can be conveniently incorporated into liposomes and serve as anchors for antigens that are linked to them. To design vaccination constructs based on synthetic peptides and liposomes as vectors. we have accordingly synthesized a series of lipopeptides that differ by the number (Pam(3)C vs Pam(2)C) and nature of the acyl chains (palmitoyl vs oleoyl) and by the presence at their C-terminus of thiol-reactive functions, such as maleimide or bromoacetyl. When incorporated into liposomes, these latter functionalized lipopeptides allow, in aqueous media, a well controlled chemoselective conjugation of HS-peptides to the surface of the vesicles. Using a BALB/c mice splenocyte proliferation assay ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation), we have measured the lymphocyte activation potency of the different lipopeptides. We found that, compared to their free (emulsified) forms, the liposomal lipopeptides were endowed with enhanced mitogenic activities; i.e., up to 2 orders of magnitude for Pam(3)CAG which was more potent than Pam(2)CAG. The impact of functionalization on the cellular activity of Pam(3)CAG was dependent on the thiol-reactive group introduced: whereas the bromoacetyl derivative retained its full activity, the presence of a maleimide group virtually abolished the lymphocyte activation of the lipopeptide. Finally, the substitution of saturated palmitoyl chains by unsaturated oleoyl chains was inhibitory. Thus, thiol-reactive Ol(3)CAG derivatives were the least active mitogens in our assay. Taken together, our findings are of importance for the further optimization of antigen-specific liposomal-based synthetic vaccines; the bromoacetyl derivative of Pam(3)CAG should be a promising lipopeptide derivative serving as an anchor for peptide epitopes while retaining its lymphocyte activation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Roth
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7514 CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Strasbourg-Illkirch, France
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30
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Pappalardo M, Bousquet E, Annino A, Lombardo G, Bernardini R, Ronsisvalle G. Synthesis of new P3CS derivatives and their mitogenic activity on in vitro mice splenocytes. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:329-36. [PMID: 12727543 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against tumors represents a relevant issue in current human cancer therapy. The N-terminal part of the lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-Cys-Ser (P(3)CS) and analogs with longer aminoacidic sequence are polyclonal activators for B-lymphocytes. Previous study reported that their N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) derivatives increase immunocyte mitogenic activity. Therefore, in order to obtain compounds of greater activity and to investigate relationships between molecular structure of S-glyceryl skeleton and biological activity, we synthesized new Troc derivatives of P(3)CS. The mitogenicity of compounds was determined in vitro, by measuring in vitro [3H]-thymidine incorporation into splenocytes from Balb/c mice. Concentrations of compounds ranged from 0 to 64 micro g/ml. In particular, S-[2,3-bis(trichloroethoxycarbonyloxy)]-N-trichloroethoxycarbonyl dipeptide derivative exhibited significant mitogenic activity endowed with high pharmacological potency. These new series of compounds could be used as potent immunoadjuvants for the development of novel synthetic vaccines for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pappalardo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Viale Andrea 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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31
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Müller MR, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Loop T, Humar M, Pfannes SDC, Bessler WG, Mittenbühler K. Lipopeptide adjuvants: monitoring and comparison of P3CSK4- and LPS-induced gene transcription. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1065-77. [PMID: 12349944 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-derived synthetic lipoproteins constitute potent macrophage activators in vivo and are effective stimuli, enhancing the immune response especially with respect to low or non-immunogenic compounds. N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2R,S)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinyl-seryl-(lysyl)3-lysine (P3CSK4), exhibiting one of the most effective lipopeptide derivatives, represents a highly efficient immunoadjuvant in parenteral, oral, nasal and genetic immunization either in combination with or after covalent linkage to antigen. In order to further elucidate its molecular mode of action with respect to the transcriptional level, we focused our investigations on the P3CSK4-induced modulation of gene transcription. We could show that P3CSK4 activates/represses an array of at least 140 genes partly involved in signal transduction and regulation of the immune response. P3CSK4 activates the expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 (p53), c-rel, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) alpha (IkappaB alpha), type 2 (inducible) nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), CD40-LR, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and interleukin 1/6/15 (IL-1/6/15). We detected no activation of heat shock protein (HSP) 27, 60, 84 and 86, osmotic stress protein 94 (Osp 94), IL-12, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 (ERK1), p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP)-kinase (p38), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), CD14 and caspase genes. Furthermore, we monitored inhibition of STAT6, Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) and cyclin D1/D3 gene transcription after stimulating bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with lipopeptide. In addition, we monitored significant differences after lipopeptide and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of bone marrow-derived murine macrophages. Our findings are of importance for further optimizing both conventional and genetic immunization, and for the development of novel synthetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Müller
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung der Universität Freiburg, AK Tumorimmunologie/Vakzine, Germany
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Gras-Masse H. Single-chain lipopeptide vaccines for the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses in randomly selected populations. Mol Immunol 2001; 38:423-31. [PMID: 11741692 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Effective vaccine development is now taking advantage of the rapidly accumulating information concerning the molecular basis of a protective immune response. Analysts and medicinal chemists have joined forces with immunologists and taken up the clear challenge of identifying immunologically active structural elements and synthesizing them in pure, reproducible forms. Current literature reveals the growing interest for extremely reductionist approaches aiming at producing totally synthetic vaccines that would be fully defined at the molecular level and particularly safe. The sequential information contained in these formulations tends to be minimized to those epitopes which elicit neutralizing antibodies, or cell-mediated responses. In the following review, we describe some of our results in developing fully synthetic, clinically acceptable lipopeptide vaccines for inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses in randomly selected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gras-Masse
- UMR 8525, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue Calmette, 59021 Cedex, Lille, France.
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Papini AM, Mazzanti B, Nardi E, Traggiai E, Ballerini C, Biagioli T, Kalbacher H, Beck H, Deeg M, Chelli M, Ginanneschi M, Massacesi L, Vergelli M. Palmitoyl derivatives of GpMBP epitopes: T-cell response and peptidases susceptibility. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3504-10. [PMID: 11585454 DOI: 10.1021/jm010913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the immunoadjuvant effects of lipoconjugation of peptide antigens in an in vitro system by using CD4+ T-cells. The lipopeptides obtained by conjugating a palmitoyl moiety at the N(alpha)-terminal of Gln(74) or at the epsilon-NH(2) of Lys(75) of GpMBP(74-85) induced increased T-cell responsiveness compared to the native nonlipidated peptide. On the other hand, lipoderivatives of GpMBP(82-98) did not increase the T-cell response, demonstrating that the superagonist inducing effect of lipoconjugation is epitope-specific. Digestion of the two native peptides with cathepsin D and L, both implicated in antigen processing, and with a complete lysosomal fraction of a EBV-transformed B cell line shows that GpMBP(74-85) is resistant to cellular proteases, while GpMBP(82-98) is easily digested by these enzymes. These results suggest that the first prerequisite for increasing the T-cell response by lipoconjugation is the stability of the native peptide to peptidases, providing an important insight into the understanding of the immunoadjuvant effect of lipoderivative antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Papini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica "Ugo Schiff" and Centro di Studio sulla Chimica e la Struttura dei Composti Eterociclici e loro Applicazioni del C.N.R., Polo Scientifico Universitario, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Müller MR, Pfannes SD, Ayoub M, Hoffmann P, Bessler WG, Mittenbühler K. Immunostimulation by the synthetic lipopeptide P3CSK4: TLR4-independent activation of the ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway in macrophages. Immunology 2001; 103:49-60. [PMID: 11380692 PMCID: PMC1783214 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lipopeptides based on bacterial lipoprotein are efficient activators for monocytes/macrophages inducing the release of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediates, and the translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB). In this report we investigate the signal transduction pathways involved in leucocyte activation by the synthetic lipopeptide N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2R,S)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinyl-seryl-(lysyl)3-lysine (P3CSK4). We show that P3CSK4 activates mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinases ERK1/2 and MAP kinase (MAPK)-kinases MEK1/2 in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Additionally, we could detect differences between the P3CSK4 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of MAP kinases: Different levels in phosphorylation were found both in kinetics and dose-response using RAW 264.7 cells or BMDM from BALB/c and LPS responder mice (C57BL/10ScSn) or LPS non-responder mice (C57BL/10ScCr). The lipopeptide activated the MAPK-signalling cascade in both LPS responder and non-responder macrophages, whereas LPS induced the MAPK signalling pathway only in macrophages derived from LPS responder mice. An approximately 70% decrease of lipopeptide induced NFkappaB translocation and an about 50% reduction of nitric oxide (NO) release was observed in the presence of anti-CD14. These data correspond to the reduction of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after stimulation with P3CSK4 in the presence of anti-CD14 antibodies. Inhibition of MEK1/2 by PD98059 completely reduced the lipopeptide-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 indicating that MEK1/2 are solely responsible for the phosphorylation of the downstream-located MAP kinases ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Müller
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung der Universität, AK Tumorimmunologie/Vakzine, Freiburg, Germany
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35
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vd Esche U, Ayoub M, Pfannes SD, Müller MR, Huber M, Wiesmüller KH, Loop T, Humar M, Fischbach KF, Strünkelnberg M, Hoffmann P, Bessler WG, Mittenbühler K. Immunostimulation by bacterial components: I. Activation Of macrophages and enhancement of genetic immunization by the lipopeptide P3CSK4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 22:1093-102. [PMID: 11137616 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(00)00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipopeptides derived from the N-terminus of bacterial lipoprotein constitute potent macrophage activators and polyclonal B-lymphocyte stimulators. They are also efficient immunoadjuvants in parenteral, oral and nasal immunization either in combination with or after covalent linkage to an antigen. Here we show how alterations in the molecular structure influence their biological properties indicating P3CSK4 as one of the most active members of a lipopentapeptide fatty acid library. This compound resulted in a most pronounced macrophage stimulation as indicated by NO release, activation of NFkappaB translocation, and enhancement of tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, P3CSK4 activates/represses an array of at least 140 genes partly involved in signal transduction and regulation of the immune response. Finally we have evidence that P3CSK4 constitutes an effective adjuvant for DNA immunizations, especially increasing weak humoral immune responses. Our findings are of importance for further optimizing both conventional and genetic immunization, and for the development of novel synthetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- U vd Esche
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung der Universität Freiburg, AK Tumorimmunologie/Vakzine, Stefan-Meier-Str. 8, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Reichel F, Roelofsen AM, Geurts HPM, Hämäläinen TI, Feiters MC, Boons GJ. Stereochemical Dependence of the Self-Assembly of the Immunoadjuvants Pam3Cys and Pam3Cys-Ser. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991319q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Reichel
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Institute for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Central Microscopy Facility, University of Nijmegen, Tornooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annie M. Roelofsen
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Institute for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Central Microscopy Facility, University of Nijmegen, Tornooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus P. M. Geurts
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Institute for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Central Microscopy Facility, University of Nijmegen, Tornooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Taina I. Hämäläinen
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Institute for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Central Microscopy Facility, University of Nijmegen, Tornooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martinus C. Feiters
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Institute for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Central Microscopy Facility, University of Nijmegen, Tornooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Contribution from the School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom, Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Institute for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Central Microscopy Facility, University of Nijmegen, Tornooiveld, NL 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hoffmann P, Jiménez-Diaz M, Weckesser J, Bessler WG. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages constitute feeder cells for human B cell hybridomas. J Immunol Methods 1996; 196:85-91. [PMID: 8841446 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), a homogeneous cell population easily obtainable in large quantities and at reproducible quality by in vitro differentiation, were used as feeder cells for human B cell hybridomas after fusion or during recloning. We used as antigens for the in vitro immunization of human B lymphocytes from peripheral blood as well as from tonsils: (i) synthetic peptides representing immunogenic sequences of gp160 and Nef of HIV-1, coupled to the lipopeptide carrier N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2 RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinyl(-seryl-seryl) (P3 CSS-[gp160(303-329)] and P3C-nef24), (ii) the toxins saxitoxin and microcystin, coupled to BSA (BSA-STX and BSA-MCYST). After fusion with the mouse-human heteromyeloma CB-F7, we could demonstrate that BMDM exert a strong growth supporting effect on post-fusion cultures, resulting in 81.6% versus 23.6% growth-positive wells for P3C-nef24, and 100% versus 71.2% growth-positive wells for BSA-STX stimulated cells in cultures with and without BMDM, respectively. Furthermore, clones in wells with BMDM grew much more rapidly, resulting in 24.3% versus 3.6%, 98.1% versus 42.2% and 56.7% versus 6.7% of cultures ready for screening 2 weeks after fusion of P3C-nef24, P3CSS-[gp160(303-329)], and BSA-STX stimulated lymphocytes, respectively. Apart from their effect on cell growth, murine BMDM also increased the percentage of immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cultures after fusion, as shown for BSA-STX stimulated lymphocytes (47.8% versus 6.7%), as well as the percentage of cultures producing specific antibodies, as demonstrated with BSA-MCYST activated cells (42% versus 10%). Finally, recloning efficiencies of two human B cell hybridomas (E 10 and F 2) were raised profoundly by BMDM, resulting in 100% versus 64.2% and 90.9% versus 44.2% growth-positive wells after recloning on a ten cells/well level. As murine BMDM can also be stored in liquid nitrogen without loss of activity, they constitute ideal feeder cells for the establishment of human B cell hybridomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hoffmann
- Institut für Immunbiologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Our current understanding of the interaction between bacteria and macrophages, cells of the immune system that play a major role in the defense against infection, is summarized. Cell-surface structures of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that account for these interactions are described in detail. Besides surface structures, soluble bacterial molecules, toxins that are derived from pathogenic bacteria, are also shown to modulate macrophage functions. In order to affect macrophage functions, bacterial surface structures have to be recognized by the macrophage and toxins have to be taken up. Subsequently, signal transduction mechanisms are initiated that enable the macrophage to respond to the invading bacteria. To destroy bacteria, macrophages employ many strategies, among which antigen processing and presentation to T cells, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and different bactericidal mechanisms are considered to be the main weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hauschildt
- Institut für Immunobiologie, Universität, Freiburg, Germany
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Toyokuni T, Hakomori S, Singhal AK. Synthetic carbohydrate vaccines: synthesis and immunogenicity of Tn antigen conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:1119-32. [PMID: 7757411 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, Tn antigen (GalNAc alpha 1-->O-Ser), was synthesized with a spacer arm, and assembled to dimeric and trimeric structures using N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha- D-galactopyranosyl)-L-serine as a key building block. The synthetic antigens were conjugated with OSA and their immunogenicity examined in mice. Mice immunized with dimeric or trimeric Tn antigen showed a stronger antibody (IgM) response to a Tn-glycoprotein (asialo-ovine submaxillary mucin) than mice immunized with monomeric Tn antigen. The dimeric and trimeric Tn antigens also induced measurable IgG responses. The dimeric Tn antigen was further coupled to a Starburst dendrimer (5th generation) and to tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl-serine, a synthetic lipopeptide of the active moiety of a major lipoprotein of Escherichia coli. Unexpectedly, the Starburst dendrimer conjugate did not stimulate any immune response specific to Tn antigen. On the other hand, immunization of mice with the lipopeptide conjugate produced not only a high IgM response but also significant IgG anti-Tn response without any carrier molecules or additional adjuvants. The production of IgG antibody is quite significant since carbohydrate antigens are in general known to produce only IgM antibody response. Being a totally synthetic, low-molecular weight, and carrier-free immunogen, the lipopeptide conjugate could be a prototype of synthetic carbohydrate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toyokuni
- Biomembrane Institute, Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
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40
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Huang W, Nardelli B, Tam JP. Lipophilic multiple antigen peptide system for peptide immunogen and synthetic vaccine. Mol Immunol 1994; 31:1191-9. [PMID: 7935506 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(94)90033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development and structural requirements of a new lipophilic multiple antigen peptide (lipoMAP) system for immunogens that contains a built-in lipophilic adjuvant and has the ability to elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). In addition to the peptide antigens of choice at the amino terminus, the basic lipoMAP design consists of three components: a tetravalent symmetrical core matrix containing two levels of branching beta-alanyl-lysine as a building unit, a hydrophilic Ser-Ser dipeptide linker, and at the carboxyl terminus, palmitoyl lysines (PL) with alternating chirality. An 18-residue peptide from the third variable region in the gp120 of HIV-1 was used as antigen in eight models for a structure-function study. Alternating palmitoyl lysine (PL) was introduced as the lipid anchor and built-in adjuvant because D and L Lys (Pal) was found via molecular modeling to best mimic phosphatidylcholine and thus provide the most stable peptide antigens on the ordered lipid membranes. The requirements of the palmitoyl lysines and the L-Ser-L-Ser linker were crucial, since replacement with palmitoyl serines or L-Ser-D-Ser linkers led to a marked decrease in immune response. The stoichimetric ratio of PL vs MAP was also important. Multiple antigen peptide (MAP) constructs without the lipophilic PLs, those that were underlipidated and contained one PL, or those that were overlipidated containing four PLs, were ineffective. LipoMAPs containing three palmitic acids elicited significant humoral responses in oil-based emulsion and liposomes, but not in water or alum formulations. LipoMAP containing only two PLs was found best to be incorporated in liposomes and elicited a significant immune response and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). These models were compared favorably with a preparation using tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine (P3C) as the lipid anchor. We also developed a modular synthesis of MAP-P3C that incorporated P3C as a premade unit containing a thiopyridine, which simplified the overall scheme and minimized oxidation during stepwise peptide synthesis. This lipoMAP model is a new addition to the design of our macromolecular assemblage approach mimicking peptide antigens on the surface of micro-organisms. It may be a potentially useful approach to the design of a synthetic vaccine for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2363
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41
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Kostyal DA, Butler GH, Beezhold DH. A 48-kilodalton Mycoplasma fermentans membrane protein induces cytokine secretion by human monocytes. Infect Immun 1994; 62:3793-800. [PMID: 7520421 PMCID: PMC303033 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.9.3793-3800.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans is one of several Mycoplasma species that have been reported to stimulate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion from monocytes. This activity has been associated primarily with the mycoplasma membrane fraction. In this article, we have characterized a membrane protein that stimulates TNF and interleukin 1 beta secretion. The TNF-releasing activity partitioned into the Triton X-114 detergent phase, suggesting that the molecules is hydrophobic. The secretion of TNF is elevated in the presence of serum, which suggests that a serum component may play a role in the interaction between this mycoplasma protein and monocytes. Treatment of monocytes with monoclonal anti-CD14 antibody had no effect on the levels of TNF-releasing activity. By using the monocyte Western blot (immunoblot) technique, we have determined the molecular mass of the active molecule to be 48 kDa. This molecule appears to be distinct from the recently described family of variable lipoproteins of M. fermentans. Mycoplasma particulate material treated with proteinase K lost all inducing activity, whereas lipoprotein lipase-treated samples retained some level of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Kostyal
- Laboratory of Macrophage Biology, Guthrie Foundation for Medical Research, Sayre, Pennsylvania 18840
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42
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Belisle JT, Brandt ME, Radolf JD, Norgard MV. Fatty acids of Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:2151-7. [PMID: 8157583 PMCID: PMC205333 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.8.2151-2157.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental ultrastructural feature shared by the spirochetal pathogens Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (T. pallidum) and Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agents of venereal syphilis and Lyme disease, respectively, is that their most abundant membrane proteins contain covalently attached fatty acids. In this study, we identified the fatty acids covalently bound to lipoproteins of B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum and examined potential acyl donors to these molecules. Palmitate was the predominant fatty acid of both B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum lipoproteins. T. pallidum lipoproteins also contained substantial amounts of stearate, a fatty acid not typically prevalent in prokaryotic lipoproteins. In both spirochetes, the fatty acids of cellular lipids differed from those of their respective lipoproteins. To characterize phospholipids in these organisms, spirochetes were metabolically labeled with [3H]palmitate or [3H]oleate; B. burgdorferi contained only phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine, while T. pallidum contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and cardiolipin. Although palmitate predominated in the lipoproteins, there were no apparent differences in the incorporation of these two fatty acids into phospholipids (putative acyl donors). Phospholipase A1 and A2 digestion of phosphatidylcholine from B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum labeled with either [3H]palmitate or [3H]oleate also revealed that neither fatty acid was incorporated preferentially into the 1 and 2 positions (potential acyl donor sites) of the glycerol backbone. The combined findings suggest that fatty acid utilization during lipoprotein synthesis is determined largely by the fatty acid specificities of the lipoprotein acyl transferases. These findings also provide the basis for ongoing efforts to elucidate the relationship between lipoprotein acylation and the physiological functions and inflammatory activities of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235
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Abstract
A novel infinity-amino acid based oligopeptide system has been designed, which combines structural features of lipids with those of amino acids and peptides. Because of their bifunctional nature, the fatty amino acids and peptides have the capacity to be chemically conjugated to drugs and peptides with a wide variety of functional groups. The linkage between drug and lipidic unit may either be biologically stable (ie. a new drug is formed) or exhibit biological or chemical instability (ie. the conjugate is a pro-drug). In either case, the resulting conjugates would be expected to possess a high degree of membrane-like character, which may be sufficient to facilitate their passage across membranes. The long alkyl side chains may also have the additional effect of protecting a labile parent drug from enzymatic attack. The lipidic system has been conjugated to a wide variety of different compounds, including (i) alkaloids (ii) beta-lactam antibiotics, (iii) anticancer compounds (iv) CNS drugs and (v) peptides. The biological examination of the conjugates showed that an increase in lipophilicity caused an increase in the in vitro cellular and in vivo oral uptake, as well as passage through the blood-brain-barrier, suggesting that conjugation to lipidic amino acids and peptides is a useful approach to improve the absorption of poorly-absorbed drugs. Lipidic conjugates of peptides (TRH, LHRH) resulted in higher enzymatic stability of the conjugates, proving that the long alkyl side chains also have the additional effect of protecting a labile parent drug or peptide in a biological environment. A novel Lipid-Core-Peptide (LCP) system has also been synthesised by incorporating lipidic amino acids to a lysine based polyamino acid system to enhance lipophilicity and membrane binding effects and the metabolic stability of the compound. The LCP system as a combined adjuvant-carrier-vaccine greatly increased the immunogenicity of synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Toth
- School of Pharmacy, University of London, U.K
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44
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Toth I, Danton M, Flinn N, Gibbons WA. A combined adjuvant and carrier system for enhancing synthetic peptides immunogenicity utilising lipidic amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)79265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Erdile LF, Brandt MA, Warakomski DJ, Westrack GJ, Sadziene A, Barbour AG, Mays JP. Role of attached lipid in immunogenicity of Borrelia burgdorferi OspA. Infect Immun 1993; 61:81-90. [PMID: 8418068 PMCID: PMC302690 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.1.81-90.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OspA is a protective antigen of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Expression of the full-length B. burgdorferi B31 OspA gene in Escherichia coli produces a protein that is processed posttranslationally by signal peptidase II and contains an attached lipid moiety. The recombinant OspA lipoprotein has been purified by detergent extraction and ion-exchange chromatography. Priming and boosting with OspA lipoprotein, either with no adjuvant or adsorbed to alum, elicited a strong, dose-dependent immunoglobulin G response. Serum from vaccinated mice inhibited spirochetal growth in vitro. Mice immunized twice with as little as 0.4 micrograms of OspA lipoprotein were protected against an intradermal challenge with 10(4) infectious spirochetes. The ability of the purified recombinant lipoprotein to induce a strong protective response in the absence of toxic adjuvants makes it an excellent candidate antigen for a human vaccine against Lyme disease. By contrast, no serum immunoglobulin G or growth inhibitory response to OspA nonlipoprotein was seen at any dose. The difference in immunogenicities of the lipoprotein and nonlipoprotein forms of OspA is not due to any difference in the antigenicities of the two proteins. These results suggest that posttranslational lipid attachment is a critical determinant of the immunogenicity of the OspA protein.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines
- Base Sequence
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cross Reactions
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Lipids/genetics
- Lipids/immunology
- Lipoproteins
- Lyme Disease/immunology
- Lyme Disease/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Erdile
- Connaught Laboratories, Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370
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46
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Wiesmüller KH, Bessler WG, Jung G. Solid phase peptide synthesis of lipopeptide vaccines eliciting epitope-specific B-, T-helper and T-killer cell response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1992; 40:255-60. [PMID: 1282504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte subpopulations involved in the self and nonself recognition processes are antibody producing cells, T-helper cells and T-killer cells. By using lipopeptide adjuvants and lipopeptide-antigen conjugates each of the major pathways of immune response can be specifically addressed on the molecular level of minimized synthetic lipopeptide vaccines. The immunologically active principle of the lipopeptide constructs is the synthetic N-terminus of bacterial lipoprotein, tri-palmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine, which can be covalently linked to B-, T-helper and CTL epitopes. Methods of multiple peptide synthesis based on Merrifield's solid-phase synthesis allow the economic production of the high numbers of overlapping lipopeptides required for the complete immunological screening of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Wiesmüller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
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47
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Offermanns S, Seifert R, Metzger JW, Jung G, Lieberknecht A, Schmidt U, Schultz G. Lipopeptides are effective stimulators of tyrosine phosphorylation in human myeloid cells. Biochem J 1992; 282 ( Pt 2):551-7. [PMID: 1312332 PMCID: PMC1130816 DOI: 10.1042/bj2820551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipopeptide analogues of the N-terminus of bacterial lipoprotein are effective activators of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. We studied the effect of the lipopeptide N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]- (R)-cysteinyl-(S)-seryl-(S)-lysyl-(S)-lysyl-(S)-lysyl-(S)-lysine [Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4] on tyrosine phosphorylation in dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP-differentiated HL-60 cells, using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 concentration-dependently stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of 100/110 kDa and 60 kDa proteins and, to a lesser extent, of 55 kDa and 70/75 kDa proteins. Half-maximal and maximal effects were observed at concentrations of 1-6 and 5-50 micrograms/ml respectively. The lipopeptide-induced increase in phosphorylation was rapid and transient, with a peak response after 30-60 s. The lipopeptide (2S)-2-palmitoylamino-6-palmitoyloxymethyl-7-palmitoyloxy heptanoyl-Ser-(Lys)4 [Pam3Ahh-Ser-(Lys)4] was as potent as Pam3Cys-Ser(Lys)4, whereas (2S,6S)-2-palmitoylamino-6,7-bis(palmitoyloxy)heptanoyl++ +-Ser-(Lys)4 [Pam3Adh-Ser-(Lys)4] and Pam3Cys-Ser-Gly did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation. Lipopeptide-induced tyrosine phosphorylation was not affected by treatment of cells with pertussis toxin. Neither phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate nor A23187 induced tyrosine phosphorylation in dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP-differentiated HL-60 cells. In HL-60 promyelocytes, Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 had no effect on tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas the lipopeptide also induced tyrosine phosphorylation in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3-differentiated HL-60 cells and in human neutrophils. These results show that lipopeptides are effective stimulators of tyrosine phosphorylation in mature human myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Offermanns
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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48
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Seifert R, Serke S, Huhn D, Bessler WG, Hauschildt S, Metzger J, Wismüller KH, Jung G. Incomplete functional differentiation of HL-60 leukemic cells by synthetic lipopeptides. Partial inhibition by pertussis toxin of enhanced superoxide formation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 203:143-51. [PMID: 1309696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb19839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In human neutrophils, the synthetic lipopeptide, N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3- bis(palmitoyloxy-(2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinyl-(S)-seryl-(S)-lysyl-( S)-lysyl-(S) -lysyl-(S)-lysine [Pam3CysSer(Lys)4], activates NADPH-oxidase catalyzed superoxide (O2-) formation through pertussis-toxin-sensitive and pertussis-toxin-insensitive mechanisms (Seifert, R., Schultz, G., Richter-Freund, M., Metzger, J., Wiesmüller, K.-H., Jung, G., Bessler, W. G. & Hauschildt, S. (1990) Biochem. J. 267, 795-802). We studied the effects of lipopeptides on differentiation of HL-60 leukemic cells. Pam3CysSer(Lys)4 enhanced phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced O2- formation (presumably through the expression of components of NADPH oxidase) in a concentration-dependent manner with a half-maximal effect at 100 ng/ml and a maximum at 1 microgram/ml. The effect of the lipopeptide was evident after 24 h and reached a plateau after 48 h. (2S,6S)-2-Palmitoylamino-6,7- bis(palmitoyloxy)heptanoyl-(S)-seryl-(S)-lysyl-(S)-lysyl-(S) -lysyl-(S)-lysine enhanced O2- formation as well. The effects of Pam3CysSer(Lys)4 were potentiated by dibutyryl cAMP, dimethyl sulfoxide, retinoic acid, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, interferon-gamma and tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha. Pertussis toxin, but not its B-oligomer, partially inhibited enhanced O2- formation induced by Pam3CysSer(Lys)4. O2- formation induced by arachidonic acid and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane were more sensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin than O2- formation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Enhanced O2- formation induced by dibutyryl cAMP was not affected by pertussis toxin. Unlike ATP, histamine, prostaglandin E1 and the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, Pam3CysSer(Lys)4 did not increase cytosolic Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i) in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. Histamine but not lipopeptides stimulated high-affinity GTPase of guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins in membranes of undifferentiated HL-60 cells. In Pam3CysSer(Lys)4-differentiated HL-60 cells, the responsiveness to the [Ca2+]i-increasing agonists, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine, C5a and leukotriene B4, was increased, whilst the responsiveness to prostaglandin E1 and isoproterenol was decreased. Pam3CysSer(Lys)4 did not inhibit proliferation of HL-60 cells but decreased transferrin receptor expression and increased C3bi receptor expression. Pertussis toxin did not affect proliferation and expression of transferrin and C3bi receptors. Dibutyryl cAMP was considerably more effective than Pam3CysSer(Lys)4 at inducing alterations in the above parameters. Our results suggest that (a) Pam3CysSer(Lys)4 induces incomplete functional differentiation of HL-60 cells through a mechanism which does not depend on a rise in [Ca2+]i and is different from that of other differentiation-inducing substances and (b) the mechanism by which Pam3CysSer(Lys)4 induces differentiation involves pertussis-toxin-sensitive and pertussis-toxin-insensitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Seifert
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Metzger JW, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G. Synthesis of N alpha-Fmoc protected derivatives of S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine and their application in peptide synthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1991; 38:545-54. [PMID: 1819589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1991.tb01538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acylated derivatives of S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine (S-glycerylcysteine) form the N-terminus of structural and functional proteins of bacterial origin. Synthetic lipopeptides containing tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine are derived from bacterial lipoprotein and constitute potent immunoadjuvants activating both B-lymphocytes and macrophages. There is increasingly interest in conjugates consisting of tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine linked to appropriate viral and bacterial antigens, because of their capability of inducing antigen specific antibodies and T-helper and T-killer cell specific immune responses. A new convenient synthetic pathway for the preparation of these tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl peptides is described. The use of N alpha-Fmoc-protected S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine and its O,O'-bis acylated derivatives for the synthesis of triacyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl, O,O'-bis-acyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl and S-glycerylcysteinyl peptides of high diastereomeric purity by solid phase peptide synthesis or synthesis in solution is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Metzger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, FRG
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