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Ma G, Ma K, Zhang J, Zhao X, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lu J, Wei X, Wang X, Yu H. Mechanistic insight into biotransformation of novel triazine-based flame retardant 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione by human cytochrome P450s. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123883. [PMID: 38548154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The escalating focus on the environmental occurrence and toxicology of emerging pollutants underscores the imperative need for a profound exploration of their metabolic transformations mediated by human CYP450 enzymes. Such investigations have the potential to unravel the intricate metabolite profiles, substantially altering the toxicological outcomes. In this study, we integrated the computational simulations with in vitro metabolism experiments to investigate the metabolic activity and mechanism of an emerging pollutant, 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (TDBP-TAZTO), catalyzed by human CYP450s. The results highlight the important contributions of CYP2E1, 3A4 and 2C9 to the biotransformation of TDBP-TAZTO, leading to the identification of four distinct metabolites. The effective binding conformations governing biotransformation reactions of TDBP-TAZTO within active CYP450s are unveiled. Structural instability of primary hydroxyTDBP-TAZTO products suggests three potential outcomes: (1) generation of an alcohol metabolite through successive debromination and reduction reactions, (2) formation of a dihydroxylated metabolite through secondary hydroxylation by CYP450, and (3) production of an N-dealkylated metabolite via decomposition and isomerization reactions in the aqueous environment. The formation of a desaturated debrominated metabolite may arise from H-abstraction and barrier-free Br release during the primary oxidation, potentially competing with the generation of hydroxyTDBP-TAZTO. These findings provide detailed mechanistic insight into TDBP-TAZTO biotransformation by CYP450s, which can enrich our understanding of the metabolic fate and associated health risk of this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Kan Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xianglong Zhao
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Yewen Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiayu Lu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shuren Street 8, 310015, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Luo H, Ou J, Huang J. Reactive Carbonyl Species Scavenger: Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate. Foods 2024; 13:992. [PMID: 38611299 PMCID: PMC11012208 DOI: 10.3390/foods13070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a prominent polyphenol found abundantly in tea, has garnered significant attention for its potential in preventing and ameliorating a wide range of diseases. Its remarkable antioxidant properties and ability to capture reactive carbonyl species make it a key player among tea's polyphenolic components. This paper delves into the synthesis and origins of both EGCG and reactive carbonyl species (RCS), emphasizing the toxicity of RCS in various food sources and their formation during food processing. Understanding EGCG's capability to capture and metabolize RCS is crucial for harnessing its health benefits. Thus, this paper explores the underlying mechanisms of EGCG for RCS inhibition and its role in capturing these compounds to generate EGCG-RCS adducts. And the absorption and metabolism of EGCG-RCS adducts is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Luo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Juanying Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Junqing Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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3
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Skorokhod O, Vostokova E, Gilardi G. The role of P450 enzymes in malaria and other vector-borne infectious diseases. Biofactors 2024; 50:16-32. [PMID: 37555735 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne infectious diseases are still an important global health problem. Malaria is the most important among them, mainly pediatric, life-threatening disease. Malaria and other vector-borne disorders caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses have a strong impact on public health and significant economic costs. Most vector-borne diseases could be prevented by vector control, with attention to the ecological and biodiversity conservation aspects. Chemical control with pesticides and insecticides is widely used as a measure of prevention although increasing resistance to insecticides is a serious issue in vector control. Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism and poses a big challenge. Insect enzyme systems, including monooxygenase CYP P450 enzymes, are employed by vectors mainly to metabolize insecticides thus causing resistance. The discovery and application of natural specific inhibitors/blockers of vector P450 enzymes as synergists for commonly used pesticides will contribute to the "greening" of insecticides. Besides vector CYPs, host CYP enzymes could also be exploited to fight against vector-borne diseases: using mostly their detoxifying properties and involvement in the immune response. Here, we review published research data on P450 enzymes from all players in vector-borne infections, that is, pathogens, vectors, and hosts, regarding the potential role of CYPs in disease. We discuss strategies on how to exploit cytochromes P450 in vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Vostokova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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4
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Moldogazieva NT, Zavadskiy SP, Astakhov DV, Terentiev AA. Lipid peroxidation: Reactive carbonyl species, protein/DNA adducts, and signaling switches in oxidative stress and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 687:149167. [PMID: 37939506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Under the exposure of lipids to reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation proceeds non-enzymatically and generates an extremely heterogeneous mixture of reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Among them, HNE, HHE, MDA, methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and acrolein are the most studied and/or abundant ones. Over the last decades, significant progress has been achieved in understanding mechanisms of RCS generation, protein/DNA adduct formation, and their identification and quantification in biological samples. In our review, we critically discuss the advancements in understanding the roles of RCS-induced protein/DNA modifications in signaling switches to provide adaptive cell response under physiological and oxidative stress conditions. At non-toxic concentrations, RCS modify susceptible Cys residue in c-Src to activate MAPK signaling and Cys, Lys, and His residues in PTEN to cause its reversible inactivation, thereby stimulating PI3K/PKB(Akt) pathway. RCS toxic concentrations cause irreversible Cys modifications in Keap1 and IKKβ followed by stabilization of Nrf2 and activation of NF-κB, respectively, for their nuclear translocation and antioxidant gene expression. Dysregulation of these mechanisms causes diseases including cancer. Alterations in RCS, RCS detoxifying enzymes, RCS-modified protein/DNA adducts, and signaling pathways have been implicated in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurbubu T Moldogazieva
- Department of Pharmacology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, 8 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey P Zavadskiy
- Department of Pharmacology, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, 8 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Astakhov
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biodesign and Complex Systems Modelling, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, 8 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Terentiev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997, 1 Ostrovityanov Street, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Podgorski MN, Keto AB, Coleman T, Bruning JB, De Voss JJ, Krenske EH, Bell SG. The Oxidation of Oxygen and Sulfur-Containing Heterocycles by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301371. [PMID: 37338048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of monooxygenase enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of molecules which contain heterocyclic, aromatic functional groups. Here we study how oxygen- and sulfur-containing heterocyclic groups interact with and are oxidized using the bacterial enzyme CYP199A4. This enzyme oxidized both 4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzoic acid and 4-(thiophen-3-yl)benzoic acid almost exclusively via sulfoxidation. The thiophene oxides produced were activated towards Diels-Alder dimerization after sulfoxidation, forming dimeric metabolites. Despite X-ray crystal structures demonstrating that the aromatic carbon atoms of the thiophene ring were located closer to the heme than the sulfur, sulfoxidation was still favoured with 4-(thiophen-3-yl)benzoic acid. These results highlight a preference of this cytochrome P450 enzyme for sulfoxidation over aromatic hydroxylation. Calculations predict a strong preference for homodimerization of the enantiomers of the thiophene oxides and the formation of a single major product, in broad agreement with the experimental data. 4-(Furan-2-yl)benzoic acid was oxidized to 4-(4'-hydroxybutanoyl)benzoic acid using a whole-cell system. This reaction proceeded via a γ-keto-α,β-unsaturated aldehyde species which could be trapped in vitro using semicarbazide to generate a pyridazine species. The combination of the enzyme structures, the biochemical data and theoretical calculations provides detailed insight into the formation of the metabolites formed from these heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Angus B Keto
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Tom Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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6
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Tian M, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation and Hepatotoxicity of Furan-containing Compounds. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:655-670. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Chai L, Zhang H, Song R, Yang H, Yu H, Paneth P, Kepp KP, Akamatsu M, Ji L. Precision Biotransformation of Emerging Pollutants by Human Cytochrome P450 Using Computational-Experimental Synergy: A Case Study of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14037-14050. [PMID: 34663070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precision biotransformation is an envisioned strategy offering detailed insights into biotransformation pathways in real environmental settings using experimentally guided high-accuracy quantum chemistry. Emerging pollutants, whose metabolites are easily overlooked but may cause idiosyncratic toxicity, are important targets of such a strategy. We demonstrate here that complex metabolic reactions of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) catalyzed by human CYP450 enzymes can be mapped via a three-step synergy strategy: (i) screening the possible metabolites via high-throughout (moderate-accuracy) computations; (ii) analyzing the proposed metabolites in vitro by human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP450 enzymes; and (iii) rationalizing the experimental data via precise mechanisms using high-level targeted computations. Through the bilateral dialogues from qualitative to semi-quantitative to quantitative levels, we show how TDCIPP metabolism especially by CYP3A4 generates bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) as an O-dealkylation metabolite and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) 3-chloro-1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (alcoholβ-dehalogen) as a dehalogenation/reduction metabolite via the initial rate-determining H-abstraction from αC- and βC-positions. The relative yield ratio [dehalogenation/reduction]/[O-dealkylation] is derived from the relative barriers of H-abstraction at the βC- and αC-positions by CYP3A4, estimated as 0.002 to 0.23, viz., an in vitro measured ratio of 0.04. Importantly, alcoholβ-dehalogen formation points to a new mechanism involving successive oxidation and reduction functions of CYP450, with its precursor aldehydeβ-dehalogen being a key intermediate detected by trapping assays and rationalized by computations. We conclude that the proposed three-step synergy strategy may meet the increasing challenge of elucidating biotransformation mechanisms of substantial synthesized organic compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chai
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanni Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Runqian Song
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Miki Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Li Ji
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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8
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Guengerich FP, Yoshimoto FK. Formation and Cleavage of C-C Bonds by Enzymatic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6573-6655. [PMID: 29932643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many oxidation-reduction (redox) enzymes, particularly oxygenases, have roles in reactions that make and break C-C bonds. The list includes cytochrome P450 and other heme-based monooxygenases, heme-based dioxygenases, nonheme iron mono- and dioxygenases, flavoproteins, radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes, copper enzymes, and peroxidases. Reactions involve steroids, intermediary metabolism, secondary natural products, drugs, and industrial and agricultural chemicals. Many C-C bonds are formed via either (i) coupling of diradicals or (ii) generation of unstable products that rearrange. C-C cleavage reactions involve several themes: (i) rearrangement of unstable oxidized products produced by the enzymes, (ii) oxidation and collapse of radicals or cations via rearrangement, (iii) oxygenation to yield products that are readily hydrolyzed by other enzymes, and (iv) activation of O2 in systems in which the binding of a substrate facilitates O2 activation. Many of the enzymes involve metals, but of these, iron is clearly predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
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9
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Sadler NC, Webb-Robertson BJM, Clauss TR, Pounds JG, Corley R, Wright AT. High-Fat Diets Alter the Modulatory Effects of Xenobiotics on Cytochrome P450 Activities. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:308-318. [PMID: 29688711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) enzymes metabolize critical endogenous chemicals and oxidize nearly all xenobiotics. Dysregulated P450 activities lead to altered capacity for drug metabolism and cellular stress. The effects of mixed exposures on P450 expression and activity are variable and elusive. A high-fat diet (HFD) is a common exposure that results in obesity and associated pathologies including hepatotoxicity. Herein, we report the effects of cigarette smoke on P450 activities of normal weight and HFD induced obese mice. Activity-based protein profiling results indicate that HFD mice had significantly decreased P450 activity, likely instigated by proinflammatory chemicals, and that P450 enzymes involved in detoxification, xenobiotic metabolism, and bile acid synthesis were effected by HFD and smoke interaction. Smoking increased activity of all lung P450 and coexposure to diet effected P450 2s1. We need to expand our understanding of common exposures coupled to altered P450 metabolism to enhance the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drug dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Sadler
- Chemical Biology & Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 United States
| | - Bobbie-Jo M Webb-Robertson
- Chemical Biology & Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 United States
| | - Therese R Clauss
- Chemical Biology & Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 United States
| | - Joel G Pounds
- Chemical Biology & Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 United States
| | - Richard Corley
- Chemical Biology & Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 United States
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Chemical Biology & Exposure Sciences, Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 United States
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10
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Mol M, Regazzoni L, Altomare A, Degani G, Carini M, Vistoli G, Aldini G. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxification of 4-hydroxynonenal: Methodological aspects and biological consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:328-344. [PMID: 28161307 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), an electrophilic end-product deriving from lipid peroxidation, undergoes a heterogeneous set of biotransformations including enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. The former mostly involve red-ox reactions on the HNE oxygenated functions (phase I metabolism) and GSH conjugations (phase II) while the latter are due to the HNE capacity to spontaneously condense with nucleophilic sites within endogenous molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids. The overall metabolic fate of HNE has recently attracted great interest not only because it clearly determines the HNE disposal, but especially because the generated metabolites and adducts are not inactive molecules (as initially believed) but show biological activities even more pronounced than those of the parent compound as exemplified by potent pro-inflammatory stimulus induced by GSH conjugates. Similarly, several studies revealed that the non-enzymatic reactions, initially considered as damaging processes randomly involving all endogenous nucleophilic reactants, are in fact quite selective in terms of both reactivity of the nucleophilic sites and stability of the generated adducts. Even though many formed adducts retain the expected toxic consequences, some adducts exhibit well-defined beneficial roles as documented by the protective effects of sublethal concentrations of HNE against toxic concentrations of HNE. Clearly, future investigations are required to gain a more detailed understanding of the metabolic fate of HNE as well as to identify novel targets involved in the biological activity of the HNE metabolites. These studies are and will be permitted by the continuous progress in the analytical methods for the identification and quantitation of novel HNE metabolites as well as for proteomic analyses able to offer a comprehensive picture of the HNE-induced adducted targets. On these grounds, the present review will focus on the major enzymatic and non-enzymatic HNE biotransformations discussing both the molecular mechanisms involved and the biological effects elicited. The review will also describe the most important analytical enhancements that have permitted the here discussed advancements in our understanding of the HNE metabolic fate and which will permit in a near future an even better knowledge of this enigmatic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Genny Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Łuczaj W, Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Antioxidants and HNE in redox homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:87-101. [PMID: 27888001 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, cells are in a stable state known as redox homeostasis, which is maintained by the balance between continuous ROS/RNS generation and several mechanisms involved in antioxidant activity. ROS overproduction results in alterations in the redox homeostasis that promote oxidative damage to major components of the cell, including the biomembrane phospholipids. Lipid peroxidation subsequently generates a diverse set of products, including α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Of these products, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is the most studied aldehyde on the basis of its involvement in cellular physiology and pathology. This review summarizes the current knowledge in the field of HNE generation, metabolism, and detoxification, as well as its interactions with various cellular macromolecules (protein, phospholipid, and nucleic acid). The formation of HNE-protein adducts enables HNE to participate in multi-step regulation of cellular metabolic pathways that include signaling and transcription of antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic proteins. The most widely described roles for HNE in the signaling pathways are associated with its activation of kinases, as well as transcription factors that are responsible for redox homeostasis (Ref-1, Nrf2, p53, NFκB, and Hsf1). Depending on its level, HNE exerts harmful or protective effects associated with the induction of antioxidant defense mechanisms. These effects make HNE a key player in maintaining redox homeostasis, as well as producing imbalances in this system that participate in aging and the development of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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12
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Llop S, Tran V, Ballester F, Barbone F, Sofianou-Katsoulis A, Sunyer J, Engström K, Alhamdow A, Love TM, Watson GE, Bustamante M, Murcia M, Iñiguez C, Shamlaye CF, Rosolen V, Mariuz M, Horvat M, Tratnik JS, Mazej D, van Wijngaarden E, Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Rand MD, Broberg K. CYP3A genes and the association between prenatal methylmercury exposure and neurodevelopment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 105:34-42. [PMID: 28500872 PMCID: PMC5517297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results on the association between prenatal exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) and child neuropsychological development are heterogeneous. Underlying genetic differences across study populations could contribute to this varied response to MeHg. Studies in Drosophila have identified the cytochrome p450 3A (CYP3A) family as candidate MeHg susceptibility genes. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether genetic variation in CYP3A genes influences the association between prenatal exposure to MeHg and child neuropsychological development. METHODS The study population included 2639 children from three birth cohort studies: two subcohorts in Seychelles (SCDS) (n=1160, 20 and 30months of age, studied during the years 2001-2012), two subcohorts from Spain (INMA) (n=625, 14months of age, 2003-2009), and two subcohorts from Italy and Greece (PHIME) (n=854, 18months of age, 2006-2011). Total mercury, as a surrogate of MeHg, was analyzed in maternal hair and/or cord blood samples. Neuropsychological development was evaluated using Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). Three functional polymorphisms in the CYP3A family were analyzed: rs2257401 (CYP3A7), rs776746 (CYP3A5), and rs2740574 (CYP3A4). RESULTS There was no association between CYP3A polymorphisms and cord mercury concentrations. The scores for the BSID mental scale improved with increasing cord blood mercury concentrations for carriers of the most active alleles (β[95% CI]:=2.9[1.53,4.27] for CYP3A7 rs2257401 GG+GC, 2.51[1.04,3.98] for CYP3A5 rs776746 AA+AG and 2.31[0.12,4.50] for CYP3A4 rs2740574 GG+AG). This association was near the null for CYP3A7 CC, CYP3A5 GG and CYP3A4 AA genotypes. The interaction between the CYP3A genes and total mercury was significant (p<0.05) in European cohorts only. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the polymorphisms in CYP3A genes may modify the response to dietary MeHg exposure during early life development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Llop
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Van Tran
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Jordi Sunyer
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain; ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Av. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Av. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Av. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Engström
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ayman Alhamdow
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanzy M Love
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gene E Watson
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain; ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Av. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Av. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Genomics and Disease Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Av. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Murcia
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Valentina Rosolen
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marika Mariuz
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Si-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja S Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Si-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Si-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Philip W Davidson
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gary J Myers
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Matthew D Rand
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Rotondo R, Moschini R, Renzone G, Tuccinardi T, Balestri F, Cappiello M, Scaloni A, Mura U, Del-Corso A. Human carbonyl reductase 1 as efficient catalyst for the reduction of glutathionylated aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:323-332. [PMID: 27562619 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human recombinant carbonyl reductase 1 (E.C. 1.1.1.184, hCBR1) is shown to efficiently act as aldehyde reductase on glutathionylated alkanals, namely 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal (GSHNE), 3-glutathionyl-nonanal, 3-glutathionyl-hexanal and 3-glutathionyl-propanal. The presence of the glutathionyl moiety appears as a necessary requirement for the susceptibility of these compounds to the NADPH-dependent reduction by hCBR1. In fact the corresponding alkanals and alkenals, and the cysteinyl and γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl alkanals adducts were either ineffective or very poorly active as CBR1 substrates. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals the ability of hCBR1 to reduce GSHNE to the corresponding GS-dihydroxynonane (GSDHN) and at the same time to catalyze the oxidation of the hemiacetal form of GSHNE, generating the 3-glutathionylnonanoic-δ-lactone. These data are indicative of the ability of the enzyme to catalyze a disproportion reaction of the substrate through the redox recycle of the pyridine cofactor. A rationale for the observed preferential activity of hCBR1 on different GSHNE diastereoisomers is given by molecular modelling. These results evidence the potential of hCBR1 acting on GSHNE to accomplish a dual role, both in terms of HNE detoxification and, through the production of GSDHN, in terms of involvement into the signalling cascade of the cellular inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Rotondo
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, via Argine, 1085, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Balestri
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, via Argine, 1085, Napoli, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy.
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14
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Nuez-Ortín WG, Carter CG, Wilson R, Cooke I, Nichols PD. Preliminary Validation of a High Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and α-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Dietary Oil Blend: Tissue Fatty Acid Composition and Liver Proteome Response in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161513. [PMID: 27556399 PMCID: PMC4996530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine oils are important to human nutrition as the major source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) that is low or lacking in terrestrial plant or animal oils. The inclusion of fish oil as main source of n-3 LC-PUFA in aquafeeds is mostly limited by the increasing price and decreasing availability. Fish oil replacement with cheaper terrestrial plant and animal oils has considerably reduced the content of n-3 LC-PUFA in flesh of farmed Atlantic salmon. Novel DHA-enriched oils with high alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content will be available from transgenic oilseeds plants in the near future as an alternative for dietary fish oil replacement in aquafeeds. As a preliminary validation, we formulated an oil blend (TOFX) with high DHA and ALA content using tuna oil (TO) high in DHA and the flaxseed oil (FX) high in ALA, and assessed its ability to achieve fish oil-like n-3 LC-PUFA tissue composition in Atlantic salmon smolts. We applied proteomics as an exploratory approach to understand the effects of nutritional changes on the fish liver. Comparisons were made between fish fed a fish oil-based diet (FO) and a commercial-like oil blend diet (fish oil + poultry oil, FOPO) over 89 days. Growth and feed efficiency ratio were lower on the TOFX diet. Fish muscle concentration of n-3 LC-PUFA was significantly higher for TOFX than for FOPO fish, but not higher than for FO fish, while retention efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA was promoted by TOFX relative to FO. Proteomics analysis revealed an oxidative stress response indicative of the main adaptive physiological mechanism in TOFX fish. While specific dietary fatty acid concentrations and balances and antioxidant supplementation may need further attention, the use of an oil with a high content of DHA and ALA can enhance tissue deposition of n-3 LC-PUFA in relation to a commercially used oil blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo G. Nuez-Ortín
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- CSIRO Food Nutrition and Bio-based Products, Oceans & Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris G. Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Bag 74, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Ira Cooke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- CSIRO Food Nutrition and Bio-based Products, Oceans & Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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15
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Chan J, Oshiro T, Thomas S, Higa A, Black S, Todorovic A, Elbarbry F, Harrelson JP. Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:534-43. [PMID: 26851241 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to trans-cinnamic aldehyde [t-CA; cinnamaldehyde; cinnamal; (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enal] is common through diet and through the use of cinnamon powder for diabetes and to provide flavor and scent in commercial products. We evaluated the likelihood of t-CA to influence metabolism by inhibition of P450 enzymes. IC50 values from recombinant enzymes indicated that an interaction is most probable for CYP2A6 (IC50 = 6.1 µM). t-CA was 10.5-fold more selective for human CYP2A6 than for CYP2E1; IC50 values for P450s 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 were 15.8-fold higher or more. t-CA is a type I ligand for CYP2A6 (KS = 14.9 µM). Inhibition of CYP2A6 by t-CA was metabolism-dependent; inhibition required NADPH and increased with time. Glutathione lessened the extent of inhibition modestly and statistically significantly. The carbon monoxide binding spectrum was dramatically diminished after exposure to NADPH and t-CA, suggesting degradation of the heme or CYP2A6 apoprotein. Using a static model and mechanism-based inhibition parameters (K(I) = 18.0 µM; k(inact) = 0.056 minute(-1)), changes in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for nicotine and letrozole were predicted in the presence of t-CA (0.1 and 1 µM). The AUC fold-change ranged from 1.1 to 3.6. In summary, t-CA is a potential source of pharmacokinetic variability for CYP2A6 substrates due to metabolism-dependent inhibition, especially in scenarios when exposure to t-CA is elevated due to high dietary exposure, or when cinnamon is used as a treatment of specific disease states (e.g., diabetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Chan
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Tyler Oshiro
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Allyson Higa
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Stephen Black
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Aleksandar Todorovic
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
| | - John P Harrelson
- Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.C., T.O., A.H., S.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (S.T., A.H., S.B., A.T., F.E., J.P.H.)
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16
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Schaur RJ, Siems W, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. 4-Hydroxy-nonenal-A Bioactive Lipid Peroxidation Product. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2247-337. [PMID: 26437435 PMCID: PMC4693237 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review on recent research advances of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) has four major topics: I. the formation of HNE in various organs and tissues, II. the diverse biochemical reactions with Michael adduct formation as the most prominent one, III. the endogenous targets of HNE, primarily peptides and proteins (here the mechanisms of covalent adduct formation are described and the (patho-) physiological consequences discussed), and IV. the metabolism of HNE leading to a great number of degradation products, some of which are excreted in urine and may serve as non-invasive biomarkers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Schaur
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 33a, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Werner Siems
- Institute for Medical Education, KortexMed GmbH, Hindenburgring 12a, 38667 Bad Harzburg, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter M Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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17
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Wahlang B, Falkner KC, Cave MC, Prough RA. Role of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase in Carcinogen and Chemotherapeutic Drug Metabolism. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2015; 74:1-33. [PMID: 26233902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide insight into which human cytochromes P450 (CYPs) may be involved in metabolism of chemical carcinogens and anticancer drugs. A historical overview of this field and the development of literature using relevant animal models and expressed human CYPs have provided information about which specific CYPs may be involved in carcinogen metabolism. Definition of the biochemical properties of CYP activity came from several groups who studied the reaction stoichiometry of butter yellow and benzo[α]pyrene, including their role in induction of these enzyme systems. This chapter will list as much as is known about the human CYPs involved in carcinogen and anticancer drug metabolism, as well as summarize studies with rodent CYPs. A review of three major classes of anticancer drugs and their metabolism in humans is covered for cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, and anthracycline antibiotics, cancer chemotherapeutic compounds extensively metabolized by CYPs. The emerging information about human CYP gene polymorphisms as well as other enzymes involved in foreign compound metabolism provides considerable information about how these genetic variants affect carcinogen and anticancer drug metabolism. With information available from individual's genomic sequences, consideration of populations who may be at risk due to environmental exposure to carcinogens or how to optimize their cancer therapy regimens to enhance efficacy of the anticancer drugs appears to be an important field of study to benefit individuals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wahlang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matt C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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18
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Csala M, Kardon T, Legeza B, Lizák B, Mandl J, Margittai É, Puskás F, Száraz P, Szelényi P, Bánhegyi G. On the role of 4-hydroxynonenal in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:826-38. [PMID: 25643868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to peroxidation and they yield various degradation products, including the main α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal, 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (HNE) in oxidative stress. Due to its high reactivity, HNE interacts with various macromolecules of the cell, and this general toxicity clearly contributes to a wide variety of pathological conditions. In addition, growing evidence suggests a more specific function of HNE in electrophilic signaling as a second messenger of oxidative/electrophilic stress. It can induce antioxidant defense mechanisms to restrain its own production and to enhance the cellular protection against oxidative stress. Moreover, HNE-mediated signaling can largely influence the fate of the cell through modulating major cellular processes, such as autophagy, proliferation and apoptosis. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the signaling and regulatory functions of HNE. The role of HNE in the pathophysiology of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Csala
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kardon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Legeza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beáta Lizák
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Mandl
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Margittai
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Puskás
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Péter Száraz
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Péter Szelényi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
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S-adenosyl-l-methionine protection of acetaminophen mediated oxidative stress and identification of hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts by mass spectrometry. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:174-84. [PMID: 25246065 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is protected by S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) treatment 1hour (h) after APAP in C57/Bl6 mice. This study examined protein carbonylation as well as mitochondrial and cytosolic protein adduction by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Additional studies investigated the leakage of mitochondrial proteins and 4-HNE adduction of these proteins. Male C57/Bl6 mice (n=5/group) were divided into the following groups and treated as indicated: Veh (15ml/kg water, ip), SAMe (1.25mmol/kg, ip), APAP (250mg/kg), and SAMe given 1h after APAP (S+A). APAP toxicity was confirmed by an increase (p<0.05) in plasma ALT (U/l) and liver weight/10g body weight relative to the Veh, SAMe and S+A groups 4h following APAP treatment. SAMe administered 1h post-APAP partially corrected APAP hepatotoxicity as ALT and liver weight/10g body weights were lower in the S+A group compared the APAP group. APAP induced leakage of the mitochondrial protein, carbamoyl phosphate synthase-1 (CPS-1) into the cytosol and which was reduced in the S+A group. SAMe further reduced the extent of APAP mediated 4-HNE adduction of CPS-1. MS analysis of hepatic and mitochondrial subcellular fractions identified proteins from APAP treated mice. Site specific 4-HNE adducts were identified on mitochondrial proteins sarcosine dehydrogenase and carbamoyl phosphate synthase-1 (CPS-1). In summary, APAP is associated with 4-HNE adduction of proteins as identified by MS analysis and that CPS-1 leakage was greater in APAP treated mice. SAMe reduced the extent of 4-HNE adduction of proteins as well as leakage of CPS-1.
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20
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Gates LA, Phillips MB, Matter BA, Peterson LA. Comparative metabolism of furan in rodent and human cryopreserved hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1132-6. [PMID: 24751574 PMCID: PMC4053996 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Furan is a liver toxicant and carcinogen in rodents. Although humans are most likely exposed to furan through a variety of sources, the effect of furan exposure on human health is still unknown. In rodents, furan requires metabolism to exert its toxic effects. The initial product of the cytochrome P450 2E1-catalyzed oxidation is a reactive α,β-unsaturated dialdehyde, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA). BDA is toxic and mutagenic and consequently is considered responsible for the toxic effects of furan. The urinary metabolites of furan in rats are derived from the reaction of BDA with cellular nucleophiles, and precursors to these metabolites are detected in furan-exposed hepatocytes. Many of these precursors are 2-(S-glutathionyl)butanedial-amine cross-links in which the amines are amino acids and polyamines. Because these metabolites are derived from the reaction of BDA with cellular nucleophiles, their levels are a measure of the internal dose of this reactive metabolite. To compare the ability of human hepatocytes to convert furan to the same metabolites as rodent hepatocytes, furan was incubated with cryopreserved human and rodent hepatocytes. A semiquantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for a number of the previously characterized furan metabolites. Qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of the metabolites demonstrated that furan is metabolized in a similar manner in all three species. These results indicate that humans may be susceptible to the toxic effects of furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Gates
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Martin B Phillips
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brock A Matter
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Zheng R, Dragomir AC, Mishin V, Richardson JR, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Differential metabolism of 4-hydroxynonenal in liver, lung and brain of mice and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:43-52. [PMID: 24832492 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lipid peroxidation end-product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is generated in tissues during oxidative stress. As a reactive aldehyde, it forms Michael adducts with nucleophiles, a process that disrupts cellular functioning. Liver, lung and brain are highly sensitive to xenobiotic-induced oxidative stress and readily generate 4-HNE. In the present studies, we compared 4-HNE metabolism in these tissues, a process that protects against tissue injury. 4-HNE was degraded slowly in total homogenates and S9 fractions of mouse liver, lung and brain. In liver, but not lung or brain, NAD(P)+ and NAD(P)H markedly stimulated 4-HNE metabolism. Similar results were observed in rat S9 fractions from these tissues. In liver, lung and brain S9 fractions, 4-HNE formed protein adducts. When NADH was used to stimulate 4-HNE metabolism, the formation of protein adducts was suppressed in liver, but not lung or brain. In both mouse and rat tissues, 4-HNE was also metabolized by glutathione S-transferases. The greatest activity was noted in livers of mice and in lungs of rats; relatively low glutathione S-transferase activity was detected in brain. In mouse hepatocytes, 4-HNE was rapidly taken up and metabolized. Simultaneously, 4-HNE-protein adducts were formed, suggesting that 4-HNE metabolism in intact cells does not prevent protein modifications. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to liver, lung and brain have a limited capacity to metabolize 4-HNE. The persistence of 4-HNE in these tissues may increase the likelihood of tissue injury during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Zheng
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ana-Cristina Dragomir
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Environmental Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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22
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Hersman EM, Bumpus NN. A targeted proteomics approach for profiling murine cytochrome P450 expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:221-8. [PMID: 24594750 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.212456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (P450) superfamily of enzymes plays a prominent role in drug metabolism. Although mice are a widely used preclinical model in pharmacology, the expression of murine P450 enzymes at the protein level has yet to be fully defined. Twenty-seven proteins belonging to P450 subfamilies 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2J, 2U, 3A, 4A, 4B, 4F, and 4V were readily detectable in Balb/c mouse tissue using a global mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach. Subsequently, a targeted mass spectrometry-based assay was developed to simultaneously quantify these enzymes in ranges of femtomoles of P450 per microgram of total protein concentration range. This screen was applied to mouse liver microsomes and tissue lysates of kidney, lung, intestine, heart, and brain isolated from mixed-sex fetuses; male and female mice that were 3-4 weeks, 9-10 weeks, and 8-10 months of age; and pregnant mice. CYP1A2 was consistently more abundant in male mouse liver microsomes compared with age-matched females. Hepatic expression of CYP2B9 was more abundant in 3- to 4-week-old male and female mice than in mice of other ages; in addition, CYP2B9 was the only enzyme that was detectable at higher levels in pregnant mouse liver microsomes compared with age-matched females. Interestingly, sexually dimorphic expression of CYP2B9, 2D26, 2E1, and 4B1 was observed in kidney only. The targeted proteomics assay described here can be broadly used as a tool for investigating the expression patterns of P450 enzymes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Hersman
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zheng R, Heck DE, Mishin V, Black AT, Shakarjian MP, Kong ANT, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Modulation of keratinocyte expression of antioxidants by 4-hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation end product. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 275:113-21. [PMID: 24423726 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a lipid peroxidation end product generated in response to oxidative stress in the skin. Keratinocytes contain an array of antioxidant enzymes which protect against oxidative stress. In these studies, we characterized 4-HNE-induced changes in antioxidant expression in mouse keratinocytes. Treatment of primary mouse keratinocytes and PAM 212 keratinocytes with 4-HNE increased mRNA expression for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), catalase, NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) A1-2, GSTA3 and GSTA4. In both cell types, HO-1 was the most sensitive, increasing 86-98 fold within 6h. Further characterization of the effects of 4-HNE on HO-1 demonstrated concentration- and time-dependent increases in mRNA and protein expression which were maximum after 6h with 30 μM. 4-HNE stimulated keratinocyte Erk1/2, JNK and p38 MAP kinases, as well as PI3 kinase. Inhibition of these enzymes suppressed 4-HNE-induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression. 4-HNE also activated Nrf2 by inducing its translocation to the nucleus. 4-HNE was markedly less effective in inducing HO-1 mRNA and protein in keratinocytes from Nrf2-/- mice, when compared to wild type mice, indicating that Nrf2 also regulates 4-HNE-induced signaling. Western blot analysis of caveolar membrane fractions isolated by sucrose density centrifugation demonstrated that 4-HNE-induced HO-1 is localized in keratinocyte caveolae. Treatment of the cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which disrupts caveolar structure, suppressed 4-HNE-induced HO-1. These findings indicate that 4-HNE modulates expression of antioxidant enzymes in keratinocytes, and that this can occur by different mechanisms. Changes in expression of keratinocyte antioxidants may be important in protecting the skin from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Zheng
- Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Adrienne T Black
- Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Water oxidation by a cytochrome p450: mechanism and function of the reaction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61897. [PMID: 23634216 PMCID: PMC3636257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P450(cam) (CYP101A1) is a bacterial monooxygenase that is known to catalyze the oxidation of camphor, the first committed step in camphor degradation, with simultaneous reduction of oxygen (O2). We report that P450(cam) catalysis is controlled by oxygen levels: at high O2 concentration, P450(cam) catalyzes the known oxidation reaction, whereas at low O2 concentration the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of camphor to borneol. We confirmed, using (17)O and (2)H NMR, that the hydrogen atom added to camphor comes from water, which is oxidized to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This is the first time a cytochrome P450 has been observed to catalyze oxidation of water to H2O2, a difficult reaction to catalyze due to its high barrier. The reduction of camphor and simultaneous oxidation of water are likely catalyzed by the iron-oxo intermediate of P450(cam) , and we present a plausible mechanism that accounts for the 1:1 borneol:H2O2 stoichiometry we observed. This reaction has an adaptive value to bacteria that express this camphor catabolism pathway, which requires O2, for two reasons: 1) the borneol and H2O2 mixture generated is toxic to other bacteria and 2) borneol down-regulates the expression of P450(cam) and its electron transfer partners. Since the reaction described here only occurs under low O2 conditions, the down-regulation only occurs when O2 is scarce.
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Abstract
Many xenobiotics containing a furan ring are toxic and/or carcinogenic. The harmful effects of these compounds require furan ring oxidation. This reaction generates an electrophilic intermediate. Depending on the furan ring substituents, the intermediate is either an epoxide or a cis-enedione with more ring substitution favoring epoxide formation. Either intermediate reacts with cellular nucleophiles such as protein or DNA to trigger toxicities. The reactivity of the metabolite determines which cellular nucleophiles are targeted. The toxicity of a particular furan is also influenced by the presence of competing metabolic pathways or efficient detoxification routes. GSH plays an important role in modulating the harmful effects of this class of compound by reacting with the reactive metabolite. However, this may not represent a detoxification step in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Ullery JC, Marnett LJ. Protein modification by oxidized phospholipids and hydrolytically released lipid electrophiles: Investigating cellular responses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2424-35. [PMID: 22562025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for the growth and function of mammalian cells. However, imbalances in oxygen or abnormalities in the ability of a cell to respond to oxygen levels can result in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in a number of diseases including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and asthma. When membrane lipids are exposed to high levels of oxygen or derived oxidants, they undergo lipid peroxidation to generate oxidized phospholipids (oxPL). Continual exposure to oxidants and decomposition of oxPL results in the formation of reactive electrophiles, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). Reactive lipid electrophiles have been shown to covalently modify DNA and proteins. Furthermore, exposure of cells to lipid electrophiles results in the activation of cytoprotective signaling pathways in order to promote cell survival and recovery from oxidant stress. However, if not properly managed by cellular detoxification mechanisms, the continual exposure of cells to electrophiles results in cytotoxicity. The following perspective will discuss the biological importance of lipid electrophile protein adducts including current strategies employed to identify and isolate protein adducts of lipid electrophiles as well as approaches to define cellular signaling mechanisms altered upon exposure to electrophiles. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidized phospholipids-their properties and interactions with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C Ullery
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kaspera R, Sahele T, Lakatos K, Totah RA. Cytochrome P450BM-3 reduces aldehydes to alcohols through a direct hydride transfer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:464-8. [PMID: 22281497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450BM-3 catalyzed the reduction of lipophilic aldehydes to alcohols efficiently. A k(cat) of ∼25 min(-1) was obtained for the reduction of methoxy benzaldehyde with wild type P450BM-3 protein which was higher than in the isolated reductase domain (BMR) alone and increased in specific P450-domain variants. The reduction was caused by a direct hydride transfer from preferentially R-NADP(2)H to the carbonyl moiety of the substrate. Weak substrate-P450-binding of the aldehyde, turnover with the reductase domain alone, a deuterium incorporation in the product from NADP(2)H but not D(2)O, and no inhibition by imidazole suggests the reductase domain of P450BM-3 as the potential catalytic site. However, increased aldehyde reduction by P450 domain variants (P450BM-3 F87A T268A) may involve allosteric or redox mechanistic interactions between heme and reductase domains. This is a novel reduction of aldehydes by P450BM-3 involving a direct hydride transfer and could have implications for the metabolism of endogenous substrates or xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Kaspera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
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