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Elemam NM, Mekky RY, Rashid G, Braoudaki M, Youness RA. Pharmacogenomic and epigenomic approaches to untangle the enigma of IL-10 blockade in oncology. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e1. [PMID: 38186186 PMCID: PMC10941350 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The host immune system status remains an unresolved mystery among several malignancies. An immune-compromised state or smart immune-surveillance tactics orchestrated by cancer cells are the primary cause of cancer invasion and metastasis. Taking a closer look at the tumour-immune microenvironment, a complex network and crosstalk between infiltrating immune cells and cancer cells mediated by cytokines, chemokines, exosomal mediators and shed ligands are present. Cytokines such as interleukins can influence all components of the tumour microenvironment (TME), consequently promoting or suppressing tumour invasion based on their secreting source. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an interlocked cytokine that has been associated with several types of malignancies and proved to have paradoxical effects. IL-10 has multiple functions on cellular and non-cellular components within the TME. In this review, the authors shed the light on the regulatory role of IL-10 in the TME of several malignant contexts. Moreover, detailed epigenomic and pharmacogenomic approaches for the regulation of IL-10 were presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Elemam
- Research Instiute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Radwa Y. Mekky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA University), Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Gowhar Rashid
- Amity Medical School, Amity University, Gurugram (Manesar) 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, German International University, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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2
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Emami Fard N, Xiao M, Sehmi R. Regulatory ILC2-Role of IL-10 Producing ILC2 in Asthma. Cells 2023; 12:2556. [PMID: 37947634 PMCID: PMC10650705 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a growing body of evidence observations have shown group two innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) to be critical drivers of Type 2 (T2) inflammatory responses associated with allergic inflammatory conditions such as asthma. ILC2 releases copious amounts of pro-inflammatory T2 cytokines-interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the newly discovered regulatory subtype of ILC2 described in murine and human mucosal tissue and blood. These KLRG1+ILC2 have the capacity to produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Papers compiled in this review were based on queries of PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 2000 to 2023 using keywords "IL-10" and "ILC2". Studies with topical relevance to IL-10 production by ILC2 were included. ILC2 responds to microenvironmental cues, including retinoic acid (RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-33, as well as neuropeptide mediators such as neuromedin-U (NMU), prompting a shift towards IL-10 and away from T2 cytokine production. In contrast, TGF-β attenuates IL-10 production by ILC2. Immune regulation provided by IL-10+ILC2s holds potential significance for the management of T2 inflammatory conditions. The observation of context-specific cues that alter the phenotype of ILC warrants examining characteristics of ILC subsets to determine the extent of plasticity or whether the current classification of ILCs requires refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roma Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (N.E.F.)
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3
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Lagumdzic E, Pernold CPS, Ertl R, Palmieri N, Stadler M, Sawyer S, Stas MR, Kreutzmann H, Rümenapf T, Ladinig A, Saalmüller A. Gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD8 + T cells from gilts after PRRSV infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159970. [PMID: 37409113 PMCID: PMC10318438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus, which emerged in Europe and U.S.A. in the late 1980s and has since caused huge economic losses. Infection with PRRSV causes mild to severe respiratory and reproductive clinical symptoms in pigs. Alteration of the host immune response by PRRSV is associated with the increased susceptibility to secondary viral and bacterial infections resulting in more serious and chronic disease. However, the expression profiles underlying innate and adaptive immune responses to PRRSV infection are yet to be further elucidated. In this study, we investigated gene expression profiles of PBMCs and CD8+ T cells after PRRSV AUT15-33 infection. We identified the highest number of differentially expressed genes in PBMCs and CD8+ T cells at 7 dpi and 21 dpi, respectively. The gene expression profile of PBMCs from infected animals was dominated by a strong innate immune response at 7 dpi which persisted through 14 dpi and 21 dpi and was accompanied by involvement of adaptive immunity. The gene expression pattern of CD8+ T cells showed a strong adaptive immune response to PRRSV, leading to the formation of highly differentiated CD8+ T cells starting from 14 dpi. The hallmark of the CD8+ T-cell response was the increased expression of effector and cytolytic genes (PRF1, GZMA, GZMB, GZMK, KLRK1, KLRD1, FASL, NKG7), with the highest levels observed at 21 dpi. Temporal clustering analysis of DEGs of PBMCs and CD8+ T cells from PRRSV-infected animals revealed three and four clusters, respectively, suggesting tight transcriptional regulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune response to PRRSV. The main cluster of PBMCs was related to the innate immune response to PRRSV, while the main clusters of CD8+ T cells represented the initial transformation and differentiation of these cells in response to the PRRSV infection. Together, we provided extensive transcriptomics data explaining gene signatures of the immune response of PBMCs and CD8+ T cells after PRRSV infection. Additionally, our study provides potential biomarker targets useful for vaccine and therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lagumdzic
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clara P. S. Pernold
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Palmieri
- University Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Spencer Sawyer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melissa R. Stas
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Quercetin: A Functional Food-Flavonoid Incredibly Attenuates Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections through Immunomodulatory Actions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030938. [PMID: 36770606 PMCID: PMC9920550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the medicinally active molecules in the flavonoid class of phytochemicals are being researched for their potential antiviral activity against various DNA and RNA viruses. Quercetin is a flavonoid that can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits and vegetables. It has been reported to be effective against a variety of viruses. This review, therefore, deciphered the mechanistic of how Quercetin works against some of the deadliest viruses, such as influenza A, Hepatitis C, Dengue type 2 and Ebola virus, which cause frequent outbreaks worldwide and result in significant morbidity and mortality in humans through epidemics or pandemics. All those have an alarming impact on both human health and the global and national economies. The review extended computing the Quercetin-contained natural recourse and its modes of action in different experimental approaches leading to antiviral actions. The gap in effective treatment emphasizes the necessity of a search for new effective antiviral compounds. Quercetin shows potential antiviral activity and inhibits it by targeting viral infections at multiple stages. The suppression of viral neuraminidase, proteases and DNA/RNA polymerases and the alteration of many viral proteins as well as their immunomodulation are the main molecular mechanisms of Quercetin's antiviral activities. Nonetheless, the huge potential of Quercetin and its extensive use is inadequately approached as a therapeutic for emerging and re-emerging viral infections. Therefore, this review enumerated the food-functioned Quercetin source, the modes of action of Quercetin for antiviral effects and made insights on the mechanism-based antiviral action of Quercetin.
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5
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IL-10-Secreting CD8 + T Cells Specific for Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV): Generation, Maintenance and Phenotype. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121530. [PMID: 36558866 PMCID: PMC9781655 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HCMV-specific CD8+ T-cells are potent anti-viral effector cells in HCMV infected individuals, but evidence from other viral infections suggests that CD8+ T-cells can also produce the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10. In this work we show that there are HCMV-specific IL-10 CD8+ T-cell responses in a cohort of individuals aged 23-76 years of age, predominantly directed against the HCMV proteins known to be expressed during latent infections as well as towards the proteins US3 and pp71. The analysis of HCMV-specific responses established during primary infection has shown that the IL-10 responses to US3 and pp71 HCMV proteins are detectable in the first weeks post infection, but not the responses to latency-associated proteins, and this IL-10 response is produced by both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells. Phenotyping studies of HCMV-specific IL-10+ CD8+ T-cells show that these are CD45RA+ effector memory cells and co-express CD28 and CD57, however, the expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 varied from 90% to 30% between donors. In this study we have described for the first time the HCMV-specific IL-10 CD8+ T-cell responses and have demonstrated their broad specificity and the potential immune modulatory role of the immune response to HCMV latent carriage and periodic reactivation.
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6
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Elizondo CR, Bright JD, Bright RK. Vaccination with a shared oncogenic tumor-self antigen elicits a population of CD8+ T cells with a regulatory phenotype. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2108656. [PMID: 36069634 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a powerful tool for inducing antigen-specific antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Next-generation strategies may include vaccination against overexpressed oncogenic tumor-self antigens. Previously, we reported vaccination against the oncogenic tumor-self antigen D52 (D52) was effective in preventing tumor growth. We recently reported that D52-vaccinated IL-10-deficient mice generated a significant memory response against tumor recurrence compared to wild-type mice and that vaccine-induced CD8+ IL-10+ T cells may possess regulatory function. Herein, we extended these studies by testing the hypothesis that D52-vaccine-elicited CD8+ IL-10+ T cells represent a distinct T cell population with a regulatory phenotype. C57Black/6J mice deficient in IL-10 or IFN-γ were vaccinated with the murine orthologue of D52; vaccination of wild-type (wt) mice served as a control for comparison. T cells were isolated from all three groups of vaccinated mice, and RNA was extracted from purified CD8+ T cells for deep sequencing and expression analysis. Chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) and inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) were overexpressed in CD8+ T cells that produced IL-10 but not IFN-γ. These surface markers are associated with IL-10 producing CD4+ T regulatory cells thus supporting the possibility that CD8+ IL-10+ T cells elicited by D52 vaccination represent a unique regulatory T cell subset. The current phenotypic analyses of D52 vaccine elicited CD8+ T cells strengthen our premise that CD8+ IL-10+ T cells elicited by D52 tumor-self protein vaccination likely contribute to the suppression of memory CTL responses and inhibition of durable tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riccay Elizondo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer D Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert K Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Cancer Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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7
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Hou X, Shi Y, Kang X, Rousu Z, Li D, Wang M, Ainiwaer A, Zheng X, Wang M, Jiensihan B, Li L, Li J, Wang H, Zhang C. Echinococcus granulosus: The establishment of the metacestode in the liver is associated with control of the CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune response in patients with cystic echinococcosis and a mouse model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983119. [PMID: 36046744 PMCID: PMC9422084 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.) caused a chronic infection, known as cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a worldwide public health problem. The human secondary CE is caused by the dissemination of protoscoleces (PSCs) when fertile cysts are accidentally ruptured, followed by development of PSCs into new metacestodes. The local immune mechanisms responsible for the establishment and established phases after infection with E. granulosus s.l. are not clear. Here, we showed that T cells were involved in the formation of the immune environment in the liver in CE patients and Echinococcus granulosus sensu strict (E. granulosus s.s.)-infected mice, with CD4+ T cells being the dominant immune cells; this process was closely associated with cyst viability and establishment. Local T2-type responses in the liver were permissive for early infection establishment by E. granulosus s.s. between 4 and 6 weeks in the experimental model. CD4+ T-cell deficiency promoted PSC development into cysts in the liver in E. granulosus s.s.-infected mice. In addition, CD4+ T-cell-mediated cellular immune responses and IL-10-producing CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the establishment phase of secondary E. granulosus s.s. PSC infection. These data contribute to the understanding of local immune responses to CE and the design of new therapies by restoring effective immune responses and blocking evasion mechanisms during the establishment phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuejiao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zibigu· Rousu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abidan· Ainiwaer
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - MingKun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bahejiang· Jiensihan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Case Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
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Shokouhi Targhi H, Mehrbod P, Fotouhi F, Amininasab M. In vitro anti-influenza assessment of anionic compounds ascorbate, acetate and citrate. Virol J 2022; 19:88. [PMID: 35606770 PMCID: PMC9125540 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection remains a serious public health threat. Due to drug resistance and side effects of the conventional antiviral drugs, repurposing the available natural compounds with high tolerability and fewer side effects has attracted researchers’ attention. The aim of this study was to screen in vitro anti-influenza activity of three anionic compounds ascorbate, acetate, and citrate.
Methods
The non-cytotoxic concentration of the compounds was determined by MTT assay and examined for the activity against IAV in simultaneous, pre-, and post-penetration combination treatments over 1 h incubation on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line. The virus titer and viral load were determined using hemagglutination assay (HA) and qPCR, respectively. Few pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated at RNA and protein levels by qPCR and ELISA, respectively.
Results
The non-cytotoxic concentrations of the ascorbate (200 mg/ml), acetate and citrate (both 3 mg/ml) reduced the viral titer by 6.5, 4.5, and 1.5 logs in the simultaneous combination treatment. The M protein gene copy number decreased significantly in simultaneous treatment (P < 0.01). The expression of cytokines was also affected by the treatment of these compounds.
Conclusions
These anionic compounds could affect the influenza virus load, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines levels.
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Amsden H, Kourko O, Roth M, Gee K. Antiviral Activities of Interleukin-27: A Partner for Interferons? Front Immunol 2022; 13:902853. [PMID: 35634328 PMCID: PMC9134790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of new, pandemic-level viral threats has brought to the forefront the importance of viral immunology and continued improvement of antiviral therapies. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence has revealed potent antiviral activities of IL-27 against numerous viruses, including HIV, influenza, HBV and more. IL-27 contributes to the immune response against viruses indirectly by increasing production of interferons (IFNs) which have various antiviral effects. Additionally, IL-27 can directly interfere with viral infection both by acting similarly to an IFN itself and by modulating the differentiation and function of various immune cells. This review discusses the IFN-dependent and IFN-independent antiviral mechanisms of IL-27 and highlights the potential of IL-27 as a therapeutic cytokine for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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10
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Rahimi Z, Yaghobi R, Afshari A, Roozbeh J, Mokhtari MJ, Hosseini AM. The effect of BKV reactivation on cytokines behavior in kidney transplanted patients. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:20. [PMID: 34996392 PMCID: PMC8739991 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK virus associated nephropathy (BKVAN) is one of the common causes of graft loss among kidney transplanted recipients (KTRs). The current treatment for BKV nephropathy is decreasing the immunosuppressive regimen in KTRs. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a multifunctional cytokine that might be the front-runner of an important pathway in this regard. Therefore, in current study it is tried to evaluate the changes in the expression level of IL-27 and some related molecules, resulting from BKV reactivation in KTR patients. METHODS EDTA-treated blood samples were collected from all participants. Patients were divided into two groups, 31 kidney transplant recipients with active and 32 inactive BKV infection, after being monitored by Real time PCR (Taq-Man) in plasma. Total of 30 normal individuals were considered as healthy control group. Real time PCR (SYBR Green) technique is used to determine the expression level of studied genes. RESULTS The results of gene expression comparisons showed that the expression level of IL-27, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TNFR2 and IRF7 genes was significantly higher in inactive group in comparison to active group. The expression level of TLR4 was lower in both active and inactive groups in comparison to control group. ROC curve analysis showed that IL-27 and IRF7 are significantly different amongst other studied genes. Finally, the analyses revealed that the expression level of most of the studied genes (except for TNF-α and TLR4) have significant correlation with viral load. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that IL-27, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TNFR2 and IRF7 expression level is higher in inactive group and TLR4 expression level is lower in patients' groups in comparison to control group. Also, ROC curve analysis showed IL-27 and IRF7 can significantly differentiate studied groups (BKV active vs. inactive). Therefore, these results might help elucidating the pattern in charge of BKV reactivation in kidney transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahimi
- Department of Biology, Zarghan branch, Islamic Azad University, Zarghan, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Malek Hosseini
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Reijnders TDY, Schuurman AR, van der Poll T. The Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses: From Start to Memory. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:759-770. [PMID: 34918319 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research has long strived to improve our understanding of the immune response to respiratory viral infections, an effort that has become all the more important as we live through the consequences of a pandemic. The disease course of these infections is shaped in large part by the actions of various cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. While these cells are crucial in clearing viral pathogens and establishing long-term immunity, their effector mechanisms may also escalate into excessive, tissue-destructive inflammation detrimental to the host. In this review, we describe the breadth of the immune response to infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Throughout, we focus on the host rather than the pathogen and try to describe shared patterns in the host response to different viruses. We start with the local cells of the airways, onto the recruitment and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, followed by the establishment of local and systemic memory cells key in protection against reinfection. We end by exploring how respiratory viral infections can predispose to bacterial superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Y Reijnders
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex R Schuurman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Li X, He X, He D, Liu Y, Chen K, Yin P. A polymeric co-assembly of subunit vaccine with polyoxometalates induces enhanced immune responses. NANO RESEARCH 2021; 15:4175-4180. [PMID: 34925708 PMCID: PMC8670867 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-4004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Long-lasting protective immune responses are expected following vaccination. However, most vaccines alone are inability to evoke an efficient protection. The combinatory administration of adjuvants with vaccines is critical for generating the enhanced immune responses. Herein, with biocompatible poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) as template, 2.5 nm iron/molybdenum oxide cluster, {Mo72Fe30}, is applied as an adjuvant to co-assemble with antigens of Mycobacterium bovis via hydrogen bonding at molecular scale. Molecular scale integration of the antigens and {Mo72Fe30} and their full exposure to body fluid media contribute to the augmentation of both humoral and cellular immune responses of the vaccines after inoculation in mice. Anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 gradually increases after 2 weeks followed by a final back to normal level by the 5th week. The balance between proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory factors suggests that immune system can be activated in the early stage of infection by the antigens carried by the supra-particles and secrete acute inflammatory factors for host defense and antiinflammatory factors for immune protection. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (further structural analysis and biological analsyis) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-021-4004-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Dongrong He
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Kun Chen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 China
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13
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Solé P, Santamaria P. Re-Programming Autoreactive T Cells Into T-Regulatory Type 1 Cells for the Treatment of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684240. [PMID: 34335585 PMCID: PMC8320845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic delivery of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class II-based nanomedicines can re-program cognate autoantigen-experienced CD4+ T cells into disease-suppressing T-regulatory type 1 (TR1)-like cells. In turn, these TR1-like cells trigger the formation of complex regulatory cell networks that can effectively suppress organ-specific autoimmunity without impairing normal immunity. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the transcriptional, phenotypic and functional make up of TR1-like cells as described in the literature. The true identity and direct precursors of these cells remain unclear, in particular whether TR1-like cells comprise a single terminally-differentiated lymphocyte population with distinct transcriptional and epigenetic features, or a collection of phenotypically different subsets sharing key regulatory properties. We propose that detailed transcriptional and epigenetic characterization of homogeneous pools of TR1-like cells will unravel this conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Solé
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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O’Connor RA, Chauhan V, Mathieson L, Titmarsh H, Koppensteiner L, Young I, Tagliavini G, Dorward DA, Prost S, Dhaliwal K, Wallace WA, Akram AR. T cells drive negative feedback mechanisms in cancer associated fibroblasts, promoting expression of co-inhibitory ligands, CD73 and IL-27 in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1940675. [PMID: 34290905 PMCID: PMC8274440 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1940675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint therapy shows tumor-reactive T cells can eliminate cancer cells but are restrained by immunosuppression within the tumor micro-environment (TME). Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the dominant stromal cell in the TME and co-localize with T cells in non-small cell lung cancer. We demonstrate the bidirectional nature of CAF/T cell interactions; T cells promote expression of co-inhibitory ligands, MHC molecules and CD73 on CAFs, increasing their production of IL-6 and eliciting production of IL-27. In turn CAFs upregulate co-inhibitory receptors on T cells including the ectonucleotidase CD39 promoting development of an exhausted but highly cytotoxic phenotype. Our results highlight the bidirectional interaction between T cells and CAFs in promoting components of the immunosuppressive CD39, CD73 adenosine pathway and demonstrate IL-27 production can be induced in CAF by activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O’Connor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vishwani Chauhan
- Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor’s Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Layla Mathieson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Titmarsh
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lilian Koppensteiner
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Irene Young
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guilia Tagliavini
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sandrine Prost
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Pathology, The Chancellor’s Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William A Wallace
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Pathology, The Chancellor’s Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ahsan R Akram
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Pruner KB, Pepper M. Local memory CD4 T cell niches in respiratory viral infection. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212432. [PMID: 34160551 PMCID: PMC8225681 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections present a major threat to global health and prosperity. Over the past century, several have developed into crippling pandemics, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although the generation of neutralizing serum antibodies in response to natural immunity and vaccination are considered to be hallmarks of viral immune protection, antibodies from long-lived plasma cells are subject to immune escape from heterologous clades of zoonotic, recombined, or mutated viruses. Local immunity in the lung can be generated through resident memory immune subsets that rapidly respond to secondary infection and protect from heterologous infection. Although many immune cells are required to achieve the phenomenon of resident memory, herein we highlight the pleiotropic functions of CD4 tissue resident memory T cells in the lung and discuss the implications of resident memory for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt B Pruner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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16
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Sayitoglu EC, Freeborn RA, Roncarolo MG. The Yin and Yang of Type 1 Regulatory T Cells: From Discovery to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693105. [PMID: 34177953 PMCID: PMC8222711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are essential players of peripheral tolerance and suppression of inflammatory immune responses. Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells are FoxP3- regulatory T cells induced in the periphery under tolerogenic conditions. Tr1 cells are identified as LAG3+CD49b+ mature CD4+ T cells that promote peripheral tolerance through secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β in addition to exerting perforin- and granzyme B-mediated cytotoxicity against myeloid cells. After the initial challenges of isolation were overcome by surface marker identification, ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific Tr1 cells in the presence of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and IL-10 paved the way for their use in clinical trials. With one Tr1-enriched cell therapy product already in a Phase I clinical trial in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), Tr1 cell therapy demonstrates promising results so far in terms of efficacy and safety. In the current review, we identify developments in phenotypic and molecular characterization of Tr1 cells and discuss the potential of engineered Tr1-like cells for clinical applications of Tr1 cell therapies. More than 3 decades after their initial discovery, Tr1 cell therapy is now being used to prevent graft versus host disease (GvHD) in allo-HSCT and will be an alternative to immunosuppression to promote graft tolerance in solid organ transplantation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Canan Sayitoglu
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Robert Arthur Freeborn
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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17
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Zhu B, Wu Y, Huang S, Zhang R, Son YM, Li C, Cheon IS, Gao X, Wang M, Chen Y, Zhou X, Nguyen Q, Phan AT, Behl S, Taketo MM, Mack M, Shapiro VS, Zeng H, Ebihara H, Mullon JJ, Edell ES, Reisenauer JS, Demirel N, Kern RM, Chakraborty R, Cui W, Kaplan MH, Zhou X, Goldrath AW, Sun J. Uncoupling of macrophage inflammation from self-renewal modulates host recovery from respiratory viral infection. Immunity 2021; 54:1200-1218.e9. [PMID: 33951416 PMCID: PMC8192557 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue macrophages self-renew during homeostasis and produce inflammatory mediators upon microbial infection. We examined the relationship between proliferative and inflammatory properties of tissue macrophages by defining the impact of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a central regulator of self-renewal, in alveolar macrophages (AMs). Activation of β-catenin by Wnt ligand inhibited AM proliferation and stemness, but promoted inflammatory activity. In a murine influenza viral pneumonia model, β-catenin-mediated AM inflammatory activity promoted acute host morbidity; in contrast, AM proliferation enabled repopulation of reparative AMs and tissue recovery following viral clearance. Mechanistically, Wnt treatment promoted β-catenin-HIF-1α interaction and glycolysis-dependent inflammation while suppressing mitochondrial metabolism and thereby, AM proliferation. Differential HIF-1α activities distinguished proliferative and inflammatory AMs in vivo. This β-catenin-HIF-1α axis was conserved in human AMs and enhanced HIF-1α expression associated with macrophage inflammation in COVID-19 patients. Thus, inflammatory and reparative activities of lung macrophages are regulated by β-catenin-HIF-1α signaling, with implications for the treatment of severe respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Su Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chaofan Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xian Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Quynh Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anthony T Phan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Supriya Behl
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Virginia S Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John J Mullon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eric S Edell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Janani S Reisenauer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nadir Demirel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ryan M Kern
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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18
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Fisher E, Padula L, Podack K, O’Neill K, Seavey MM, Jayaraman P, Jasuja R, Strbo N. Induction of SARS-CoV-2 Protein S-Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Lungs of gp96-Ig-S Vaccinated Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 11:602254. [PMID: 33584668 PMCID: PMC7873992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.602254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the aggressive spread of COVID-19-related deaths, there is an urgent public health need to support the development of vaccine candidates to rapidly improve the available control measures against SARS-CoV-2. To meet this need, we are leveraging our existing vaccine platform to target SARS-CoV-2. Here, we generated cellular heat shock chaperone protein, glycoprotein 96 (gp96), to deliver SARS-CoV-2 protein S (spike) to the immune system and to induce cell-mediated immune responses. We showed that our vaccine platform effectively stimulates a robust cellular immune response against protein S. Moreover, we confirmed that gp96-Ig, secreted from allogeneic cells expressing full-length protein S, generates powerful, protein S polyepitope-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in both lung interstitium and airways. These findings were further strengthened by the observation that protein-S -specific CD8+ T cells were induced in human leukocyte antigen HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice thus providing encouraging translational data that the vaccine is likely to work in humans, in the context of SARS-CoV-2 antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Laura Padula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kristin Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Katelyn O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Rahul Jasuja
- Heat Biologics, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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19
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Forbester JL, Humphreys IR. Genetic influences on viral-induced cytokine responses in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:14-25. [PMID: 33184476 PMCID: PMC7658619 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus provides a difficult immunological challenge for the host, where a balance must be established between controlling viral replication and limiting damage to the delicate lung structure. Although the genetic architecture of host responses to respiratory viral infections is not yet understood, it is clear there is underlying heritability that influences pathogenesis. Immune control of virus replication is essential in respiratory infections, but overt activation can enhance inflammation and disease severity. Cytokines initiate antiviral immune responses but are implicated in viral pathogenesis. Here, we discuss how host genetic variation may influence cytokine responses to respiratory viral infections and, based on our current understanding of the role that cytokines play in viral pathogenesis, how this may influence disease severity. We also discuss how induced pluripotent stem cells may be utilised to probe the mechanistic implications of allelic variation in genes in virus-induced inflammatory responses. Ultimately, this could help to design better immune modulators, stratify high risk patients and tailor anti-inflammatory treatments, potentially expanding the ability to treat respiratory virus outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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20
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Asha K, Khanna M, Kumar B. Current Insights into the Host Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:59-83. [PMID: 34661891 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections often lead to severe illnesses varying from mild or asymptomatic upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia or/and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Common viral infections, including but not limited to influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and coronavirus, are often the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Since the lungs are continuously exposed to foreign particles, including respiratory pathogens, it is also well equipped for recognition and antiviral defense utilizing the complex network of innate and adaptive immune cells. Immediately upon infection, a range of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and an interferon response is generated, thereby making the immune response a two edged sword, on one hand it is required to eliminate viral pathogens while on other hand it's prolonged response can lead to chronic infection and significant pulmonary damage. Since vaccines to all respiratory viruses are not available, a better understanding of the virus-host interactions, leading to the development of immune response, is critically needed to design effective therapies to limit the severity of inflammatory damage, enhance viral clearance and to compliment the current strategies targeting the virus. In this chapter, we discuss the host responses to common respiratory viral infections, the key players of adaptive and innate immunity and the fine balance that exists between the viral clearance and immune-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Department of Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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21
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Montes de Oca M, de Labastida Rivera F, Winterford C, Frame TCM, Ng SS, Amante FH, Edwards CL, Bukali L, Wang Y, Uzonna JE, Kuns RD, Zhang P, Kabat A, Klein Geltink RI, Pearce EJ, Hill GR, Engwerda CR. IL-27 signalling regulates glycolysis in Th1 cells to limit immunopathology during infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008994. [PMID: 33049000 PMCID: PMC7584222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is critical for controlling pathogens, but also responsible for symptoms of infectious diseases. IL-27 is an important regulator of inflammation and can limit development of IFNγ-producing Tbet+ CD4+ T (Th1) cells. IL-27 is thought to do this by stimulating IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells, but the underlying mechanisms of these immunoregulatory pathways are not clear. Here we studied the role of IL-27 signalling in experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by infection of C57BL/6 mice with the human pathogen Leishmania donovani. We found IL-27 signalling was critical for the development of IL-10-producing Th1 (Tr1) cells during infection. Furthermore, in the absence of IL-27 signalling, there was improved control of parasite growth, but accelerated splenic pathology characterised by the loss of marginal zone macrophages. Critically, we discovered that IL-27 signalling limited glycolysis in Th1 cells during infection that in turn attenuated inflammation. Furthermore, the modulation of glycolysis in the absence of IL-27 signalling restricted tissue pathology without compromising anti-parasitic immunity. Together, these findings identify a novel mechanism by which IL-27 mediates immune regulation during disease by regulating cellular metabolism. Infectious diseases like visceral leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L. infantum are associated with an inflammatory response generated by the host. This is needed to control parasite growth, but also contributes to the symptoms of disease. Consequently, these inflammatory responses need to be tightly regulated. Although we now recognize many of the cells and molecules involved in controlling inflammation, the underlying mechanisms mediating immune regulation are unclear. CD4+ T cells are critical drivers of inflammatory responses during infections and as they progress from a naïve to activated state, the metabolic pathways they use have to change to meet the new energy demands required to proliferate and produce effector molecules. In this study, we discovered that the inflammatory CD4+ T cells needed to control L. donovani infection switch from relying on mitochondrial oxidative pathways to glycolysis. Critically, we found the cytokine IL-27 limited glycolysis in these inflammatory CD4+ T cells, and in the absence of IL-27 signaling pathways, these cells expanded more rapidly to better control parasite growth, but also caused increased tissue damage in the spleen. However, pharmacological dampening of glycolysis in inflammatory CD4+ T cells in L. donovani-infected mice lacking IL-27 signaling pathways limited tissue damage without affecting their improved anti-parasitic activity. Together, these results demonstrate that the pathogenic activity of inflammatory CD4+ T cells can be modulated by altering their cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Montes de Oca
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fabian de Labastida Rivera
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clay Winterford
- QIMR Berghofer Histology Facility, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Teija C. M. Frame
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susanna S. Ng
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fiona H. Amante
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chelsea L. Edwards
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luzia Bukali
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yulin Wang
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rachel D. Kuns
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Kabat
- Max Plank Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Edward J. Pearce
- Max Plank Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey R. Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christian R. Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Frank K, Paust S. Dynamic Natural Killer Cell and T Cell Responses to Influenza Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:425. [PMID: 32974217 PMCID: PMC7461885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have perplexed scientists for over a hundred years. Yearly vaccines limit their spread, but they do not prevent all infections. Therapeutic treatments for those experiencing severe infection are limited; further advances are held back by insufficient understanding of the fundamental immune mechanisms responsible for immunopathology. NK cells and T cells are essential in host responses to influenza infection. They produce immunomodulatory cytokines and mediate the cytotoxic response to infection. An imbalance in NK and T cell responses can lead to two outcomes: excessive inflammation and tissue damage or insufficient anti-viral functions and uncontrolled infection. The main cause of death in influenza patients is the former, mediated by hyperinflammatory responses termed “cytokine storm.” NK cells and T cells contribute to cytokine storm, but they are also required for viral clearance. Many studies have attempted to distinguish protective and pathogenic components of the NK cell and T cell influenza response, but it has become clear that they are dynamic and integrated processes. This review will analyze how NK cell and T cell effector functions during influenza infection affect the host response and correlate with morbidity and mortality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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23
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Saraiva M, Vieira P, O'Garra A. Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190418. [PMID: 31611251 PMCID: PMC7037253 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors review the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 production and response and describe classic and novel functions of IL-10 in immune and non-immune cells. They further discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-10 in different diseases and the outstanding questions underlying an effective application of IL-10 in clinical settings. The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in other settings as sterile wound healing, autoimmunity, cancer, and homeostasis. Here we discuss our current understanding of the regulation of IL-10 production and of the molecular pathways associated with IL-10 responses. In addition to IL-10’s classic inhibitory effects on myeloid cells, we also describe the nonclassic roles attributed to this pleiotropic cytokine, including how IL-10 regulates basic processes of neural and adipose cells and how it promotes CD8 T cell activation, as well as epithelial repair. We further discuss its therapeutic potential in the context of different diseases and the outstanding questions that may help develop an effective application of IL-10 in diverse clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Unité Lymphopoièse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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24
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Schulz-Kuhnt A, Wirtz S, Neurath MF, Atreya I. Regulation of Human Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Context of Mucosal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1062. [PMID: 32655549 PMCID: PMC7324478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their identification as a unique cell population, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have revolutionized our understanding of immune responses, leaving their impact on multiple inflammatory and fibrotic pathologies without doubt. Thus, a tightly controlled regulation of local ILC numbers and their activity is of crucial importance. Even though this has been extensively studied in murine ILCs in the last few years, our knowledge of human ILCs is still lagging behind. Our review article will therefore summarize recent insights into the function of human ILCs and will particularly focus on their regulation under inflammatory conditions. The quality and intensity of ILC involvement into local immune responses at mucosal sites of the human body can potentially be modulated via three different axes: (1) activation of tissue-resident mature ILCs, (2) plasticity and local transdifferentiation of specific ILC subsets, and (3) tissue migration and accumulation of peripheral ILCs. Despite a still ongoing scientific effort in this field, already existing data on the fate of human ILCs under different pathologic conditions clearly indicate that all three of these mechanisms are of relevance for the clinical course of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and might likewise provide new target structures for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Elizondo CR, Bright JD, Byrne JA, Bright RK. Analysis of the CD8+ IL-10+ T cell response elicited by vaccination with the oncogenic tumor-self protein D52. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1413-1423. [PMID: 31769704 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1689746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cancer vaccines targeting tumor self-antigens is complex and challenging due to the difficulty of overcoming immune tolerance to self-proteins. Vaccination against tumor self-protein D52 (D52) has been successful, although complete protection appears impaired by immune regulation. Our previous studies suggest that vaccine elicited CD8 + T cells producing interleukin 10 (IL-10) may have a negative impact on tumor protection. Understanding the role CD8+ IL-10 + T cells play in the immune response following vaccination with D52 could result in a more potent vaccine. To address this, we vaccinated IL-10 deficient mice with the murine orthologue of D52; vaccination of wild type (wt) C57BL/6J served as a control for comparison. In separate experiments, D52 vaccinated wt mice were administered IL-10R-specific mAb to neutralize IL-10 function. Interestingly, we observed similar protection against primary tumor challenge in the experimental groups compared to the controls. However, individual IL-10 deficient mice that rejected the primary tumor challenge were re-challenged 140 days post-primary challenge to access vaccine durability and immunologic memory against tumor recurrence. Mice deficient in IL-10 demonstrated a memory response in which 100% of the mice were protected from secondary tumor challenge, while wt mice had diminished recall response (25%) against tumor recurrence. These results with analysis of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells for tumor-specific killing and regulatory cell marker expression, add further support to our premise that CD8+ IL-10 + T cells elicited by D52 tumor-self protein vaccine contribute to the suppression of a memory CTL responses and durable tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riccay Elizondo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer D Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Byrne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Westmead, Australia
| | - Robert K Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA.,Cancer Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA
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26
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Wang Z, Wang S, Goplen NP, Li C, Cheon IS, Dai Q, Huang S, Shan J, Ma C, Ye Z, Xiang M, Limper AH, Porquera EC, Kohlmeier JE, Kaplan MH, Zhang N, Johnson AJ, Vassallo R, Sun J. PD-1 hi CD8 + resident memory T cells balance immunity and fibrotic sequelae. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/36/eaaw1217. [PMID: 31201259 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide frontline immunity in mucosal tissues. The mechanisms regulating CD8+ TRM maintenance, heterogeneity, and protective and pathological functions are largely elusive. Here, we identify a population of CD8+ TRM cells that is maintained by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) signaling, and CD80 and CD86 costimulation after acute influenza infection. These TRM cells have both exhausted-like phenotypes and memory features and provide heterologous immunity against secondary infection. PD-L1 blockade after the resolution of primary infection promotes the rejuvenation of these exhausted-like TRM cells, restoring protective immunity at the cost of promoting postinfection inflammatory and fibrotic sequelae. Thus, PD-1 serves to limit the pathogenic capacity of exhausted-like TRM cells at the memory phase. Our data indicate that TRM cell exhaustion is the result of a tissue-specific cellular adaptation that balances fibrotic sequelae with protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nick P Goplen
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chaofan Li
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qigang Dai
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Su Huang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min Xiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eva-Carmona Porquera
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- HB Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Interplay between Cytokine Circuitry and Transcriptional Regulation Shaping Helper T Cell Pathogenicity and Plasticity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093379. [PMID: 32403220 PMCID: PMC7247009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder manifested as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) characterized by intestinal inflammation and involves a dysregulated immune response against commensal microbiota through the activation of CD4 T helper cells. T helper cell differentiation to effector or regulatory phenotypes is controlled by cytokine networks and transcriptional regulators. Distinct polarized T helper cells are able to alter their phenotypes to adapt to diverse and fluctuating physiological environments. T helper cells exhibit intrinsic instability and flexibility to express cytokines of other lineages or transdifferentiate from one T helper cell type to another in response to various perturbations from physiological cytokine milieu as a means of promoting local immunity in response to injury or ensure tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, functional plasticity and diversity of T helper cells are associated with pathogenicity and are critical for immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. In this review, we provide deeper insights into the combinatorial extrinsic and intrinsic signals that control plasticity and transdifferentiation of T helper cells and also highlight the potential of exploiting the genetic reprogramming plasticity of T helper cells in the treatment of IBD.
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28
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Park J, DeLong JH, Knox JJ, Konradt C, Wojno EDT, Hunter CA. Impact of Interleukin-27p28 on T and B Cell Responses during Toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00455-19. [PMID: 31548322 PMCID: PMC6867838 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00455-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the subunits IL-27p28 and EBi3, and while the IL-27 heterodimer influences T cell activities, there is evidence that IL-27p28 can have EBi3-independent activities; however, their relevance to infection is unclear. Therefore, the studies presented here compared how IL-27p28 transgenics and IL-27p28-/- mice responded to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii While the loss of IL-27p28 and its overexpression both result in increased susceptibility to T. gondii, the basis for this phenotype reveals distinct roles for IL-27p28. As a component of IL-27, IL-27p28 is critical to limit infection-induced T cell-mediated pathology, whereas the ectopic expression of IL-27p28 reduced the effector T cell population and had a major inhibitory effect on parasite-specific antibody titers and a failure to control parasite replication in the central nervous system. Indeed, transfer of immune serum to infected IL-27p28 transgenics resulted in reduced parasite burden and pathology. Thus, IL-27p28, independent of its role as a component of IL-27, can act as a negative regulator of humoral and cellular responses during toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Park
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan H DeLong
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James J Knox
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christoph Konradt
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- University of Washington, Department of Immunology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine and functions as a negative regulator of immune responses to microbial antigens. IL-10 is particularly important in maintaining the intestinal microbe-immune homeostasis. Loss of IL-10 promotes the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a consequence of an excessive immune response to the gut microbiota. IL-10 also functions more generally to prevent excessive inflammation during the course of infection. Although IL-10 can be produced by virtually all cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, T cells constitute a non-redundant source for IL-10 in many cases. The various roles of T cell-derived IL-10 will be discussed in this review. Given that IL-10 is at the center of maintaining the delicate balance between effective immunity and tissue protection, it is not surprising that IL-10 expression is highly dynamic and tightly regulated. We summarize the environmental signals and molecular pathways that regulate IL-10 expression. While numerous studies have provided us with a deep understanding of IL-10 biology, the majority of findings have been made in murine models, prompting us to highlight gaps in our knowledge about T cell-derived IL-10 in the human system.
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30
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Zhang H, Kuchroo V. Epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms for the regulation of IL-10. Semin Immunol 2019; 44:101324. [PMID: 31676122 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 is a critical immunoregulatory cytokine expressed in virtually all immune cell types. Maintaining a delicate balance between effective immune response and tolerance requires meticulous and dynamic control of IL-10 expression both epigenetically and transcriptionally. In this Review, we describe the epigenetic mechanisms controlling IL-10 expression, including chromatin remodeling, 3D chromatin loops, histone modification and DNA methylation. We discuss the role of transcription factors in directing chromatin modifications, with a special highlight on the emerging concept of pioneer transcription factors in setting up the chromatin landscape in T helper cells for IL-10 induction. Besides summarizing the recent progress on transcriptional regulation in specialized IL-10 producers such as type 1 regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells and regulatory innate lymphoid cells, we also discuss common transcriptional mechanisms for IL-10 regulation that are shared with other IL-10 producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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31
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Singh B, Bhushan Chauhan S, Kumar R, Singh SS, Ng S, Amante F, de Labastida Rivera F, Singh OP, Rai M, Nylen S, Sundar S, Engwerda C. A molecular signature for CD8 + T cells from visceral leishmaniasis patients. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12669. [PMID: 31494954 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell function is compromised in chronic diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, little is known about the changes in gene expression that cause CD8+ T-cell dysfunction during VL. We used targeted transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from VL patients pre- and post-anti-parasitic drug treatment, and compared them with the same cell population from healthy endemic controls to assess their activation, differentiation and functional status during disease. We found a predominance of downregulated immune genes in CD8+ T cells from VL patients. However, genes encoding several notable immune checkpoint molecules, including LAG-3, TIM-3 and CTLA-4, cytolytic molecules, such as granzymes A, B and H and perforin, as well as SOCS3, STAT1, JAK2 and JAK3 cytokine signalling genes were found to be increasingly expressed by VL patient CD8+ T cells. Additional studies confirmed increased expression of the inhibitory receptors LAG3 and TIM3 on VL patient CD8+ T cells, thereby identifying these molecules as potential targets to improve antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Siddharth Sankar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Susanna Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Christian Engwerda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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32
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Li C, Zhu B, Son Y, Wang Z, Jiang L, Xiang M, Ye Z, Beckermann KE, Wu Y, Jenkins J, Siska PJ, Vincent BG, Prakash Y, Peikert T, Edelson BT, Taneja R, Kaplan MH, Rathmell JC, Dong H, Hitosugi T, Sun J. The Transcription Factor Bhlhe40 Programs Mitochondrial Regulation of Resident CD8 + T Cell Fitness and Functionality. Immunity 2019; 51:491-507.e7. [PMID: 31533057 PMCID: PMC6903704 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells share core residency gene programs with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). However, the transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic regulation of Trm cell and TIL development and function is largely undefined. Here, we found that the transcription factor Bhlhe40 was specifically required for Trm cell and TIL development and polyfunctionality. Local PD-1 signaling inhibited TIL Bhlhe40 expression, and Bhlhe40 was critical for TIL reinvigoration following anti-PD-L1 blockade. Mechanistically, Bhlhe40 sustained Trm cell and TIL mitochondrial fitness and a functional epigenetic state. Building on these findings, we identified an epigenetic and metabolic regimen that promoted Trm cell and TIL gene signatures associated with tissue residency and polyfunctionality. This regimen empowered the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells and possessed therapeutic potential even at an advanced tumor stage in mouse models. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the local regulation of Trm cell and TIL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Li
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bibo Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Youngmin Son
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Beckermann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - James Jenkins
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Peter J. Siska
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany,Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Y.S. Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tobias Peikert
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Taro Hitosugi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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33
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34
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McKinstry KK, Alam F, Flores-Malavet V, Nagy MZ, Sell S, Cooper AM, Swain SL, Strutt TM. Memory CD4 T cell-derived IL-2 synergizes with viral infection to exacerbate lung inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007989. [PMID: 31412088 PMCID: PMC6693742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the most penetrating correlates of protective memory T cells is key for designing improved vaccines and T cell therapies. Here, we evaluate how interleukin (IL-2) production by memory CD4 T cells, a widely held indicator of their protective potential, impacts immune responses against murine influenza A virus (IAV). Unexpectedly, we show that IL-2-deficient memory CD4 T cells are more effective on a per cell basis at combating IAV than wild-type memory cells that produce IL-2. Improved outcomes orchestrated by IL-2-deficient cells include reduced weight loss and improved respiratory function that correlate with reduced levels of a broad array of inflammatory factors in the infected lung. Blocking CD70-CD27 signals to reduce CD4 T cell IL-2 production tempers the inflammation induced by wild-type memory CD4 T cells and improves the outcome of IAV infection in vaccinated mice. Finally, we show that IL-2 administration drives rapid and extremely potent lung inflammation involving NK cells, which can synergize with sublethal IAV infection to promote acute death. These results suggest that IL-2 production is not necessarily an indicator of protective CD4 T cells, and that the lung environment is particularly sensitive to IL-2-induced inflammation during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kai McKinstry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fahmida Alam
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valeria Flores-Malavet
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mate Z. Nagy
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stewart Sell
- Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tara M. Strutt
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tait Wojno ED, Hunter CA, Stumhofer JS. The Immunobiology of the Interleukin-12 Family: Room for Discovery. Immunity 2019; 50:851-870. [PMID: 30995503 PMCID: PMC6472917 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of interleukin (IL)-6 and its receptor subunits provided a foundation to understand the biology of a group of related cytokines: IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. These family members utilize shared receptors and cytokine subunits and influence the outcome of cancer, infection, and inflammatory diseases. Consequently, many facets of their biology are being therapeutically targeted. Here, we review the landmark discoveries in this field, the combinatorial biology inherent to this family, and how patient datasets have underscored the critical role of these pathways in human disease. We present significant knowledge gaps, including how similar signals from these cytokines can mediate distinct outcomes, and discuss how a better understanding of the biology of the IL-12 family provides new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 235 Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA.
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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IL-27 promotes NK cell effector functions via Maf-Nrf2 pathway during influenza infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4984. [PMID: 30899058 PMCID: PMC6428861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus targets epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract. Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated early innate defense responses to influenza infection include the killing of infected epithelial cells and generation of anti-viral cytokines including interferon gamma (IFN-γ). To date, it is unclear how the underlying cytokine milieu during infection regulates NK cell effector functions. Our data show during influenza infection myeloid cell-derived IL-27 regulates the early-phase effector functions of NK cells in the bronchioalveolar and lung tissue. Lack of IL-27R (Il27ra−/−) or IL-27 (Ebi3−/−) resulted in impaired NK cell effector functions including the generation of anti-viral IFN-γ responses. We identify CD27+CD11b+ NK cells as the primary subset that expresses IL-27R, which predominantly produces IFN-γ within the upper respiratory tract of the infected mice. IL-27 alone was incapable of altering the effector functions of NK cells. However, IL-27 sensitizes NK cells to augment both in vitro and in vivo responses mediated via the NKG2D receptor. This ‘priming’ function of IL-27 is mediated partly via transcriptional pathways regulated by Mafs and Nrf2 transcriptionally regulating TFAM and CPT1. Our data for the first time establishes a novel role for IL-27 in regulating early-phase effector functions of NK cells during influenza infection.
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays important roles as a negative regulator of immune responses to microbial antigens. Loss of IL-10 results in the spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease as a consequence of an excessive immune response to the gut microbiota. IL-10 also functions to prevent excessive inflammation during the course of infection. IL-10 can be produced in response to pro-inflammatory signals by virtually all immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Given its function in maintaining the delicate balance between effective immunity and tissue protection, it is evident that IL-10 expression is highly dynamic and needs to be tightly regulated. The transcriptional regulation of IL-10 production in myeloid cells and T cells is the topic of this review. Drivers of IL-10 expression as well as their downstream signaling pathways and transcription factors will be discussed. We will examine in more detail how various signals in CD4+ T cells converge on common transcriptional circuits, which fine-tune IL-10 expression in a context-dependent manner.
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38
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Regulatory cytokine function in the respiratory tract. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:589-600. [PMID: 30874596 PMCID: PMC7051906 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is an important site of immune regulation; required to allow protective immunity against pathogens, while minimizing tissue damage and avoiding aberrant inflammatory responses to inhaled allergens. Several cell types work in concert to control pulmonary immune responses and maintain tolerance in the respiratory tract, including regulatory and effector T cells, airway and interstitial macrophages, dendritic cells and the airway epithelium. The cytokines transforming growth factor β, interleukin (IL-) 10, IL-27, and IL-35 are key coordinators of immune regulation in tissues such as the lung. Here, we discuss the role of these cytokines during respiratory infection and allergic airway disease, highlighting the critical importance of cellular source and immunological context for the effects of these cytokines in vivo.
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Eomesodermin driven IL-10 production in effector CD8 + T cells promotes a memory phenotype. Cell Immunol 2018; 335:93-102. [PMID: 30528350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell differentiation is controlled by the transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin, in concert with the cytokines IL-2, IL-10 and IL-12. Among these pathways, the mechanisms by which T-box proteins and IL-10 interact to promote a memory T cell fate remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Eomes and IL-10 drive a central memory phenotype in murine CD8+ T cells. Eomes expression led to increased IL-10 expression by the effector CD8+ T cells themselves as well as an increase in the level of the lymph node homing selectin CD62L. Furthermore, exposure of effector CD8+ T cells to IL-10 maintained CD62L expression levels in culture. Thus, Eomes promotes a step-wise transition of effector T cells towards a memory phenotype, synergizing with IL-10 to enhance the expression of CD62L. The early augmentation of lymph node homing markers by Eomes may facilitate the retention of effector T cells in the relatively low inflammatory milieu of the secondary lymphoid organs that promotes central memory development.
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Xin G, Zander R, Schauder DM, Chen Y, Weinstein JS, Drobyski WR, Tarakanova V, Craft J, Cui W. Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils an IL-10-producing helper subset that sustains humoral immunity during persistent infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5037. [PMID: 30487586 PMCID: PMC6261948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic viral infection, the inflammatory function of CD4 T-cells becomes gradually attenuated. Concurrently, Th1 cells progressively acquire the capacity to secrete the cytokine IL-10, a potent suppressor of antiviral T cell responses. To determine the transcriptional changes that underlie this adaption process, we applied a single-cell RNA-sequencing approach and assessed the heterogeneity of IL-10-expressing CD4 T-cells during chronic infection. Here we show an IL-10-producing population with a robust Tfh-signature. Using IL-10 and IL-21 double-reporter mice, we further demonstrate that IL-10+IL-21+co-producing Tfh cells arise predominantly during chronic but not acute LCMV infection. Importantly, depletion of IL-10+IL-21+co-producing CD4 T-cells or deletion of Il10 specifically in Tfh cells results in impaired humoral immunity and viral control. Mechanistically, B cell-intrinsic IL-10 signaling is required for sustaining germinal center reactions. Thus, our findings elucidate a critical role for Tfh-derived IL-10 in promoting humoral immunity during persistent viral infection. During chronic infection CD4+ T cells can progressively acquire IL-10 producing functionality. Here the authors use single cell RNA sequencing to interrogate the IL10 CD4+ T cell compartment in a murine model of chronic infection and identify Il10-producing Tfh involved in promotion of the antiviral humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA.
| | - David M Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jason S Weinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - William R Drobyski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Vera Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Sun M, He C, Chen L, Yang W, Wu W, Chen F, Cao AT, Yao S, Dann SM, Dhar TGM, Salter-Cid L, Zhao Q, Liu Z, Cong Y. RORγt Represses IL-10 Production in Th17 Cells To Maintain Their Pathogenicity in Inducing Intestinal Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:79-92. [PMID: 30478092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of retinoid-related orphan receptor γ t (RORγt) in Th17 cell differentiation has been well established; however, how it regulates other T cell lineages is still not clearly understood. In this study, we report that in mice, while promoting Th17 cell differentiation, RORγt inhibited IL-10 production by T cells, thereby preserving the pathogenicity of Th17 cells. Treatment with RORγt-specific inhibitor suppressed Th17 cell signature cytokines, but promoted IL-10 production. RORγt inhibitor-treated Th17 cells induce less severe colitis compared with control Th17 cells. Mechanistically, the RORγt inhibitor induced T cell expression of Blimp-1 (encoded by Prdm1). Prdm1-/- T cells produced significantly fewer IL-10 when treated with RORγt inhibitor compared with wild-type T cells. Furthermore, RORγt inhibitor-treated Prdm1-/- Th17 cells induce more severe colitis compared with RORγt inhibitor-treated wild-type Th17 cells. Collectively, our studies reveal a novel mechanism by which RORγt drives and maintains pathogenic Th17 cell development by inhibiting IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chong He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Feidi Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Anthony T Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Sara M Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | | | | | | | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Huang W, Solouki S, Carter C, Zheng SG, August A. Beyond Type 1 Regulatory T Cells: Co-expression of LAG3 and CD49b in IL-10-Producing T Cell Lineages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2625. [PMID: 30510554 PMCID: PMC6252342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory CD4+ T (Tr1) cells express high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 but not the master transcription factor Foxp3, and can suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. In order to identify and obtain viable Tr1 cells for research and clinical applications, co-expression of CD49b and LAG3 has been proposed as a unique surface signature for both human and mouse Tr1 cells. However, recent studies have revealed that this pattern of co-expression is dependent on the stimulating conditions and the differentiation stage of the CD4+ T cells. Here, using an IL-10GFP/Foxp3RFP dual reporter transgenic murine model, we demonstrate that co-expression of CD49b and LAG3 is not restricted to the Foxp3− Tr1 cells, but is also observed in Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells and CD8+ T cells that produce IL-10. Our data indicate that IL-10-producing Tr1 cells, Treg cells and CD8+ T cells are all capable of co-expressing LAG3 and CD49b in vitro following differentiation under IL-10-inducing conditions, and in vivo following pathogenic insult or infection in the pulmonary mucosa. Our findings urge caution in the use of LAG3/CD49b co-expression as sole markers to identify Tr1 cells, since it may mark IL-10-producing T cell lineages more broadly, including the Foxp3− Tr1 cells, Foxp3+ Treg cells, and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Chavez Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Wehrens EJ, Wong KA, Gupta A, Khan A, Benedict CA, Zuniga EI. IL-27 regulates the number, function and cytotoxic program of antiviral CD4 T cells and promotes cytomegalovirus persistence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201249. [PMID: 30044874 PMCID: PMC6059457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-27 in antiviral immunity is still incompletely understood, especially in the context of chronic viruses that induce a unique environment in their infected host. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes a persistent, tissue localized infection followed by lifelong latency. CMV infects the majority of people and although asymptomatic in healthy individuals, can cause serious disease or death in those with naïve or compromised immune systems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a protective CMV vaccine for people at-risk and identifying key regulators of the protective immune response towards CMV will be crucial. Here we studied mouse CMV (MCMV) in IL-27 receptor deficient animals (Il27ra-/-) to assess the role of IL-27 in regulating CMV immunity. We found that IL-27 enhanced the number of antiviral CD4 T cells upon infection. However, in contrast to a well-established role for CD4 T cells in controlling persistent replication and a positive effect of IL-27 on their numbers, IL-27 promoted MCMV persistence in the salivary gland. This coincided with IL-27 mediated induction of IL-10 production in CD4 T cells. Moreover, IL-27 reduced expression of the transcription factor T-bet and restricted a cytotoxic phenotype in antiviral CD4 T cells. This is a highly intriguing result given the profound cytotoxic phenotype of CMV-specific CD4 T cells seen in humans and we established that dendritic cell derived IL-27 was responsible for this effect. Together, these data show that IL-27 regulates the number and effector functions of MCMV-specific CD4 T cells and could be targeted to enhance control of persistent/latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J. Wehrens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt A. Wong
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Mehrbod P, Abdalla MA, Fotouhi F, Heidarzadeh M, Aro AO, Eloff JN, McGaw LJ, Fasina FO. Immunomodulatory properties of quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside from Rapanea melanophloeos against influenza a virus. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:184. [PMID: 29903008 PMCID: PMC6003079 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza infection is a major public health threat. The role of influenza A virus-induced inflammatory response in severe cases of this disease is widely recognized. Drug resistance and side effects of chemical treatments have been observed, resulting in increased interest in alternative use of herbal medications for prophylaxis against this infection. The South African medicinal plant, Rapanea melanophloeos (RM) (L.) Mez of the family Myrsinaceae was selected owing to its traditional use for the treatment of several diseases such as respiratory ailments and also previous preliminary studies of anti-influenza activity of its methanolic extract. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of a glycoside flavone isolated from RM against influenza A virus. METHODS The non-cytotoxic concentration of the quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Q3R) was determined by MTT assay and tested for activity against influenza A virus (IAV) in simultaneous, pre-penetration and post-penetration combination treatments over 1 h incubation on MDCK cells. The virus titer and viral load targeting NP and M2 viral genes were determined using HA and qPCR, respectively. TNF-α and IL-27 as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured at RNA and protein levels by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside at 150 μg/ml decreased the viral titer by 6 logs (p < 0.01) in the simultaneous procedure. The NP and M2 genes copy numbers as viral target genes, calculated based on the Ct values and standard formula, significantly decreased in simultaneous treatment (p < 0.01). The expression of cytokines was also considerably affected by the compound treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside from RM and its immunomodulatory properties against influenza A virus. Further research will focus on detecting the specific mechanism of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muna Ali Abdalla
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Heidarzadeh
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abimbola O. Aro
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), House H Sida, Ada Estate, P.O.Box 2, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Interleukin-27R Signaling Mediates Early Viral Containment and Impacts Innate and Adaptive Immunity after Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02196-17. [PMID: 29593047 PMCID: PMC5974502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02196-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a major challenge to the host immune response, and a unique network of immunological elements, including cytokines, are required for their containment. By using a model persistent infection with the natural murine pathogen lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV Cl13) we investigated the role of one such cytokine, interleukin-27 (IL-27), in the control of chronic infection. We found that IL-27 receptor (IL-27R) signaling promoted control of LCMV Cl13 as early as days 1 and 5 after infection and that il27p28 transcripts were rapidly elevated in multiple subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid cells. In particular, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), the most potent type 1 interferon (IFN-I)-producing cells, significantly increased il27p28 in a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-dependent fashion. Notably, mice deficient in an IL-27-specific receptor, WSX-1, exhibited a pleiotropy of innate and adaptive immune alterations after chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, including compromised NK cell cytotoxicity and antibody responses. While, the majority of these immune alterations appeared to be cell extrinsic, cell-intrinsic IL-27R was necessary to maintain early pDC numbers, which, alongside lower IFN-I transcription in CD11b+ DCs and myeloid cells, may explain the compromised IFN-I elevation that we observed early after LCMV Cl13 infection in IL-27R-deficient mice. Together, these data highlight the critical role of IL-27 in enabling optimal antiviral immunity early and late after infection with a systemic persistent virus and suggest that a previously unrecognized positive-feedback loop mediated by IL-27 in pDCs might be involved in this process. IMPORTANCE Persistently replicating pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, represent major health problems worldwide. These infections impose a long-term challenge on the host immune system, which must be heavily and continuously regulated to keep pathogen replication in check without causing fatal immunopathology. Using a persistently replicating rodent pathogen, LCMV, in its natural host, we identified the cellular sources and effects of one important regulatory pathway, interleukin-27 receptor WSX-1 signaling, that is required for both very early and late restriction of chronic (but not acute) infection. We found that WSX-1 was necessary to promote innate immunity and the development of aberrant adaptive immune responses. This not only highlights the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in regulating distinct host responses that are known to be necessary to control chronic infections, but also positions IL-27 as a potential therapeutic target for their modulation.
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Wang AYL, Loh CYY, Chen SJ, Kao HK, Lin CH, Chuang SH, Lee CM, Sytwu HK, Wei FC. Blimp-1 prolongs allograft survival without regimen via influencing T cell development in favor of regulatory T cells while suppressing Th1. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:53-65. [PMID: 29698799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) transcription factor is expressed in multiple cell lineages and in particular, T cells. However, the role of Blimp-1 in T cell-mediated allograft tolerance is still unknown. METHODS This study is the first to investigate transplanted skin allograft survival using transgenic (Tg) mice with T cell overexpression of Blimp-1. RESULTS Without any immunosuppression, fully MHC-mismatched skin allografts on Tg(+) mice had a significantly prolonged survival rate and partial tolerance at 90 days. Allograft lymphocytic infiltration was decreased in Tg(+) mice and a dampened donor-stimulated alloimmune response was seen. An absolute cell number ratio of inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells against anti-inflammatory regulatory T (Treg) and IL-10-producing T cells, as well as cytolytic proteins, were significantly decreased in lymphoid organs and allograft. Blimp-1 transgenic T cells displayed an increased Treg differentiation capability and enhanced suppression of T cell proliferation. Overexpression of Blimp-1 in T cells promoted the formation of an anti-inflammatory cell-cytokine composition, both systemically and locally via transcription factor modulation such as T-bet downregulation and FoxP3 upregulation. DISCUSSION As such, allograft survival was made possible due to Th1 suppression and Treg amplification with the creation of an 'allograft protective microenvironment'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Yen Ling Wang
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Charles Yuen Yung Loh
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; St Andrew's Center for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Shyi-Jou Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Kai Kao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hao Chuang
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ming Lee
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chan Wei
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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47
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Jones GW, Hill DG, Cardus A, Jones SA. IL-27: a double agent in the IL-6 family. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:37-46. [PMID: 29437229 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. While IL-6 receives considerable attention in studies of innate and adaptive immunity, the IL-6-related family member IL-27 is recognized increasingly for its effects on cellular proliferation, differentiation and leucocyte effector functions. Both cytokines activate responses in myeloid and stromal tissue cells, where they direct the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. However, they are identified frequently as lymphokines that control responses in T cells and B cells. In this regard, IL-27 often opposes the action of IL-6. Here, we will review the role of IL-6 and IL-27 in inflammation, with a particular focus on inflammatory arthritis, and discuss their importance in the diagnosis, stratification and treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - D G Hill
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - A Cardus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - S A Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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48
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Okamura T, Yamamoto K, Fujio K. Early Growth Response Gene 2-Expressing CD4 +LAG3 + Regulatory T Cells: The Therapeutic Potential for Treating Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535721 PMCID: PMC5834469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are necessary for the maintenance of immune tolerance. Tregs are divided into two major populations: one is thymus derived and the other develops in the periphery. Among these Tregs, CD4+CD25+ Tregs, which mainly originate in the thymus, have been extensively studied. Transcription factor Foxp3 is well known as a master regulatory gene for the development and function of CD4+CD25+ Tregs. On the other hand, peripheral Tregs consist of distinct cell subsets including Foxp3-dependent extrathymically developed Tregs and interleukin (IL)-10-producing type I regulatory T (Tr1) cells. Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) and CD49b are reliable cell surface markers for Tr1 cells. CD4+CD25−LAG3+ Tregs (LAG3+ Tregs) develop in the periphery and produce a large amount of IL-10. LAG3+ Tregs characteristically express the early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), a zinc-finger transcription factor, and exhibit its suppressive activity in a Foxp3-independent manner. Although Egr2 was known to be essential for hindbrain development and myelination of the peripheral nervous system, recent studies revealed that Egr2 plays vital roles in the induction of T cell anergy and also the suppressive activities of LAG3+ Tregs. Intriguingly, forced expression of Egr2 converts naive CD4+ T cells into IL-10-producing Tregs that highly express LAG3. Among the four Egr gene family members, Egr3 is thought to compensate for the function of Egr2. Recently, we reported that LAG3+ Tregs suppress humoral immune responses via transforming growth factor β3 production in an Egr2- and Egr3-dependent manner. In this review, we focus on the role of Egr2 in Tregs and also discuss its therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Okamura
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Xie MM, Koh BH, Hollister K, Wu H, Sun J, Kaplan MH, Dent AL. Bcl6 promotes follicular helper T-cell differentiation and PD-1 expression in a Blimp1-independent manner in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1136-1141. [PMID: 28586108 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors Bcl6 and Blimp1 have opposing roles in the development of the follicular helper T (TFH ) cells: Bcl6 promotes and Blimp1 inhibits TFH -cell differentiation. Similarly, Bcl6 activates, while Blimp1 represses, expression of the TFH -cell marker PD-1. However, Bcl6 and Blimp1 repress each other's expression, complicating the interpretation of the regulatory network. Here we sought to clarify the extent to which Bcl6 and Blimp1 independently control TFH -cell differentiation by generating mice with T-cell specific deletion of both Bcl6 and Blimp1 (double conditional KO [dcKO] mice). Our data indicate that Blimp1 does not control TFH -cell differentiation independently of Bcl6. However, a population of T follicular regulatory (TFR ) cells developed independently of Bcl6 in dcKO mice. We have also analyzed regulation of IL-10 and PD-1, two genes controlled by both Bcl6 and Blimp1, and observed that Bcl6 regulates both genes independently of Blimp1. We found that Bcl6 positively regulates PD-1 expression by inhibiting the ability of T-bet/Tbx21 to repress Pdcd1 transcription. Our data provide a novel mechanism for positive control of gene expression by Bcl6, and illuminate how Bcl6 and Blimp1 control TFH -cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Byung-Hee Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kristin Hollister
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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50
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Early IL-6 signalling promotes IL-27 dependent maturation of regulatory T cells in the lungs and resolution of viral immunopathology. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006640. [PMID: 28953978 PMCID: PMC5633202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 is a pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine that can promote both innate and adaptive immune responses. In humans with respiratory virus infections, such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), elevated concentrations of IL-6 are associated with more severe disease. In contrast the polymorphisms in the Il6 promoter which favour lower IL-6 production are associated with increased risk of both RSV and Rhinovirus infections. To determine the precise contribution of IL-6 to protection and pathology we used murine models of respiratory virus infection. RSV infection resulted in increased IL-6 production both in the airways and systemically which remained heightened for at least 2 weeks. IL-6 depletion early, but not late, during RSV or Influenza A virus infection resulted in significantly increased disease associated with an influx of virus specific TH1 and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, whilst not affecting viral clearance. IL-6 acted by driving production of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-27 by macrophages and monocytes, which in turn promoted the local maturation of regulatory T cells. Concordantly IL-27 was necessary to regulate TH1 responses in the lungs, and sufficient to limit RSV induced disease. Overall we found that during respiratory virus infection the prototypic inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is a critical anti-inflammatory regulator of viral induced immunopathology in the respiratory tract through its induction of IL-27. In clearing a respiratory virus, the host must strike a careful balance between the need to clear the infection and the potential of the immune response to damage the delicate structure of the lungs. Here we show that Interleukin-6, a soluble mediator commonly associated with inflammation and seen in humans with severe respiratory infection, is actually critical in promoting the resolution of the host response to respiratory virus infection and limiting disease. We have found that the early production of IL-6 after infection promotes the production of the regulatory mediator Interleukin-27 by lung resident immune cells, which in turn drives suppression of otherwise damaging inflammation. Removal of either IL-6 or IL-27 enhances disease during viral infection, while restoration of IL-27 is sufficient to allow faster recovery. Thus we have identified a novel immunological network within the respiratory tract which accelerates recovery after respiratory virus infection.
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