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Kettunen P, Koistinaho J, Rolova T. Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:152. [PMID: 38845026 PMCID: PMC11157808 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infections have been suggested as a possible cause for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly sporadic cases. They trigger neuroinflammation which is considered integrally involved in neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we will look at data linking a variety of viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and unspecified dementia. This narrative review aims to bring together a broad range of data currently supporting the involvement of central nervous system infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The idea that no single pathogen or pathogen group is responsible for neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Instead, we suggest that a wide range of susceptibility factors may make individuals differentially vulnerable to different infectious pathogens and subsequent pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Kettunen
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Bravo-San Pedro JM, Aranda F, Buqué A, Galluzzi L. Preface. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 185:xvii-xxiv. [PMID: 38556455 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(24)00112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Miranda BA, Freitas GJC, Leocádio VAT, Costa MC, Emídio ECP, Ribeiro NQ, Carmo PHF, Gouveia-Eufrásio L, Hubner J, Tavares LP, Arifa RDN, Brito CB, Silva MF, Teixeira MM, Paixão TA, Peres NTA, Fagundes CT, Santos DA. Secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection increases morbidity and mortality during murine cryptococcosis. Immunology 2024; 171:92-103. [PMID: 37814467 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that cause pneumonia and translocate to the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for high mortality worldwide. The fungus Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) and the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) target the same infection organs. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of secondary Sp infection during murine cryptococcosis. Mice infected with Sp after Cg showed significantly increased lethality and a drop in scores of motor behaviour, neuropsychiatric status and autonomous function. Previous Cg infection favoured Sp multiplication in the lungs, causing intense inflammation and necrosis, with further increased bacterial translocation to the spleen, liver and brain. This phenotype was associated with increased platelet-activating factor receptor (Pafr) gene expression, reduced M1 macrophage recruitment, and high levels of proinflammatory mediators. Strategies to overcome early mortality (i.e., infection of Pafr-/- mice, treatment with IL-1 inhibitor or corticoid) were insufficient to revert this phenotype. These results suggest that Cg infection makes the lung microenvironment favourable for Sp colonization and dissemination. Altogether, it leads to an exacerbated and ineffective inflammatory response, decisive for the increased morbidity and mortality during coinfection. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of more studies addressing coinfections and their consequences in the host, aiming to establish more effective therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara A Miranda
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J C Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor A T Leocádio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marliete C Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elúzia C P Emídio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q Ribeiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo H F Carmo
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gouveia-Eufrásio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Josy Hubner
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raquel D N Arifa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila B Brito
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monique F Silva
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caio T Fagundes
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Abou-Okada M, Rashad MM, Ali GE, Abdel-Radi S, Hassan A. Oxidative stress, gene expression and histopathology of cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) naturally co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:277. [PMID: 38104092 PMCID: PMC10724927 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic and bacterial co-infections have been associated with increasing fish mortalities and severe economic losses in aquaculture through the past three decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress, histopathology, and immune gene expression profile of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus. RESULTS Vibrio alginolyticus and Ergasilus sieboldi were identified using 16 S rRNA and 28 S rRNA sequencing, respectively. The collagenase virulence gene was found in all Vibrio alginolyticus isolates, and the multiple antimicrobial resistance index ranged from 0.286 to 0.857. Oxidant-antioxidant parameters in the gills, skin, and muscles of naturally infected fish revealed increased lipid peroxidation levels and a decrease in catalase and glutathione antioxidant activities. Moreover, naturally co-infected gilthead sea bream exhibited substantial up-regulation of il-1β, tnf-α, and cyp1a1. Ergasilus sieboldi encircled gill lamellae with its second antennae, exhibited severe gill architectural deformation with extensive eosinophilic granular cell infiltration. Vibrio alginolyticus infection caused skin and muscle necrosis in gilthead sea bream. CONCLUSION This study described some details about the gill, skin and muscle tissue defense mechanisms of gilthead sea bream against Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus co-infections. The prevalence of co-infections was 100%, and no resistant fish were detected. These co-infections imbalance the health status of the fish by hampering the oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms and proinflammatory/inflammatory immune genes to a more detrimental side. Our results suggest that simultaneous screening for bacterial and parasitic pathogens should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abou-Okada
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ghada E Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abdel-Radi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Okon EM, Okocha RC, Taiwo AB, Michael FB, Bolanle AM. Dynamics of co-infection in fish: A review of pathogen-host interaction and clinical outcome. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100096. [PMID: 37250211 PMCID: PMC10213192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infections can affect the transmission of a pathogen within a population and the pathogen's virulence, ultimately affecting the disease's dynamics. In addition, co-infections can potentially affect the host's immunological responses, clinical outcomes, survival, and disease control efficacy. Co-infections significantly impact fish production and can change several fish diseases' progression and severity. However, the effect of co-infection has only recently garnered limited attention in aquatic animals such as fish, and there is currently a dearth of studies on this topic. This study, therefore, presents an in-depth summary of the dynamics of co-infection in fish. This study reviewed the co-infection of fish pathogens, the interaction of pathogens and fish, clinical outcomes and impacts on fish immune responses, and fish survival. Most studies described the prevalence of co-infections in fish, with various parameters influencing their outcomes. Bacterial co-infection increased fish mortality, ulcerative dermatitis, and intestinal haemorrhage. Viral co-infection resulted in osmoregulatory effects, increased mortality and cytopathic effect (CPE). More severe histological alterations and clinical symptoms were related to the co-infection of fish than in single-infected fish. In parasitic co-infection, there was increased mortality, high kidney swelling index, and severe necrotic alterations in the kidney, liver, and spleen. In other cases, there were more severe kidney lesions, cartilage destruction and displacement. There was a dearth of information on mitigating co-infections in fish. Therefore, further studies on the mitigation strategies of co-infections in fish will provide valuable insights into this research area. Also, more research on the immunology of co-infection specific to each fish pathogen class (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) is imperative. The findings from such studies would provide valuable information on the relationship between fish immune systems and targeted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reuben Chukwuka Okocha
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Climate Action Research Group, Landmark University SDG 13, Nigeria
| | | | - Falana Babatunde Michael
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Life Below Water Research Group, Landmark University SDG 14, Nigeria
| | - Adeniran Moji Bolanle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Duman M, Altun S, Saticioglu IB, Romalde JL. A review of bacterial disease outbreaks in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reported from 2010 to 2022. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023. [PMID: 37965781 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of bacterial infections in aquaculture have emerged as significant threats to the sustainable production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of these outbreaks and the bacteria involved is crucial for implementing effective management strategies. This comprehensive review presents an update on outbreaks of bacteria isolated from rainbow trout reported between 2010 and 2022. A systematic literature survey was conducted to identify relevant studies reporting bacterial outbreaks in rainbow trout during the specified time frame. More than 150 published studies in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and relevant databases met the inclusion criteria, encompassing diverse geographical regions and aquaculture systems. The main bacterial pathogens implicated in the outbreaks belong to both gram-negative, namely Chryseobacterium, Citrobacter, Deefgea Flavobacterium, Janthinobacterium, Plesiomonas, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, and gram-positive genera, including Lactococcus and Weissella, and comprise 36 new emerging species that are presented by means of pathogenicity and disturbance worldwide. We highlight the main characteristics of species to shed light on potential challenges in treatment strategies. Moreover, we investigate the role of various risk factors in the outbreaks, such as environmental conditions, fish density, water quality, and stressors that potentially cause outbreaks of these species. Insights into the temporal and spatial patterns of bacterial outbreaks in rainbow trout aquaculture are provided. Furthermore, the implications of these findings for developing sustainable and targeted disease prevention and control measures are discussed. The presented study serves as a comprehensive update on the state of bacterial outbreaks in rainbow trout aquaculture, emphasizing the importance of continued surveillance and research to sustain the health and productivity of this economically valuable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Duman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Soner Altun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Izzet Burcin Saticioglu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Cross-disciplinary Research Center in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CIBUS-Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Tian S, Jiang BG, Liu WS, Chen HR, Gao ZH, Pu EN, Li YQ, Chen JJ, Fang LQ, Wang GL, Du CH, Wei YH. Zoonotic pathogens identified in rodents and shrews from four provinces, China, 2015-2022. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e174. [PMID: 37675640 PMCID: PMC10600915 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents and shrews are major reservoirs of various pathogens that are related to zoonotic infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate co-infections of zoonotic pathogens in rodents and shrews trapped in four provinces of China. We sampled different rodent and shrew communities within and around human settlements in four provinces of China and characterised several important zoonotic viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens by PCR methods and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 864 rodents and shrews belonging to 24 and 13 species from RODENTIA and EULIPOTYPHLA orders were captured, respectively. For viral pathogens, two species of hantavirus (Hantaan orthohantavirus and Caobang orthohantavirus) were identified in 3.47% of rodents and shrews. The overall prevalence of Bartonella spp., Anaplasmataceae, Babesia spp., Leptospira spp., Spotted fever group Rickettsiae, Borrelia spp., and Coxiella burnetii were 31.25%, 8.91%, 4.17%, 3.94%, 3.59%, 3.47%, and 0.58%, respectively. Furthermore, the highest co-infection status of three pathogens was observed among Bartonella spp., Leptospira spp., and Anaplasmataceae with a co-infection rate of 0.46%. Our results suggested that species distribution and co-infections of zoonotic pathogens were prevalent in rodents and shrews, highlighting the necessity of active surveillance for zoonotic pathogens in wild mammals in wider regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tian
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Hou Gao
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - En-Nian Pu
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qiong Li
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hong Du
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Wei
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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8
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Ha YE, Ju So Y, Im J, Yun CH, Park JC, Hyun Han S. TLR3 recognition of viral double-stranded RNA in human dental pulp cells is important for the innate immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110161. [PMID: 37060811 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries or trauma can expose human dental pulp cells (DPCs) to various oral microorganisms, which play an important role in the development of an innate immune response. In the present study, we examined the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns in human DPCs. Interestingly, real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that TLR3 is the most highly expressed among 10 different TLRs in human DPCs. Poly(I:C), a representative TLR3 ligand mimicking viral double-stranded RNA, potently induced IL-8 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Concordantly, poly(I:C) treatment substantially increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL10. Human DPCs transfected with TLR3 siRNA exhibited decreased IL-8 production compared with non-targeting siRNA-transfected cells, suggesting that the expression of poly(I:C)-induced inflammatory cytokines is dependent on TLR3. IL-8 secretion induced by poly(I:C) was down-regulated by MAP kinase inhibitors, indicating that the MAP kinase pathway contributes to IL-8 production. Furthermore, C/EBPβ and NF-κB were essential transcriptional factors for poly(I:C)-induced IL-8 expression, as demonstrated by the transient transfection and reporter gene assay. Since lipoproteins are known as major immunostimulatory components of bacteria, human DPCs were treated with poly(I:C) together with Pam2CSK4, a synthetic lipopeptide mimicking bacterial lipoproteins. Pam2CSK4 and poly(I:C) co-treatment synergistically increased IL-8 production in comparison to Pam2CSK4 or poly(I:C) alone, implying that co-infection of viruses and bacteria can synergistically induce inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. Taken together, these results suggest that human DPCs potentially sense and respond to viral double-stranded RNAs, leading to effective induction of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Ha
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ju So
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kuraji R, Shiba T, Dong TS, Numabe Y, Kapila YL. Periodontal treatment and microbiome-targeted therapy in management of periodontitis-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with oral and gut dysbiosis. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:967-996. [PMID: 36844143 PMCID: PMC9950865 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from multiple areas proposes that periodontal disease, accompanied by oral inflammation and pathological changes in the microbiome, induces gut dysbiosis and is involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A subgroup of NAFLD patients have a severely progressive form, namely nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by histological findings that include inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. NASH has a high risk of further progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The oral microbiota may serve as an endogenous reservoir for gut microbiota, and transport of oral bacteria through the gastro-intestinal tract can set up a gut microbiome dysbiosis. Gut dysbiosis increases the production of potential hepatotoxins, including lipopolysaccharide, ethanol, and other volatile organic compounds such as acetone, phenol and cyclopentane. Moreover, gut dysbiosis increases intestinal permeability by disrupting tight junctions in the intestinal wall, leading to enhanced translocation of these hepatotoxins and enteric bacteria into the liver through the portal circulation. In particular, many animal studies support that oral administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a typical periodontopathic bacterium, induces disturbances in glycolipid metabolism and inflammation in the liver with gut dysbiosis. NAFLD, also known as the hepatic phenotype of metabolic syndrome, is strongly associated with metabolic complications, such as obesity and diabetes. Periodontal disease also has a bidirectional relationship with metabolic syndrome, and both diseases may induce oral and gut microbiome dysbiosis with insulin resistance and systemic chronic inflammation cooperatively. In this review, we will describe the link between periodontal disease and NAFLD with a focus on basic, epidemiological, and clinical studies, and discuss potential mechanisms linking the two diseases and possible therapeutic approaches focused on the microbiome. In conclusion, it is presumed that the pathogenesis of NAFLD involves a complex crosstalk between periodontal disease, gut microbiota, and metabolic syndrome. Thus, the conventional periodontal treatment and novel microbiome-targeted therapies that include probiotics, prebiotics and bacteriocins would hold great promise for preventing the onset and progression of NAFLD and subsequent complications in patients with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Kuraji
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Takahiko Shiba
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Tien S Dong
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Medicine, University of California David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yukihiro Numabe
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Sections of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, Professor and Associate Dean of Research, Felix and Mildred Yip Endowed Chair in Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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10
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Adapen C, Réot L, Menu E. Role of the human vaginal microbiota in the regulation of inflammation and sexually transmitted infection acquisition: Contribution of the non-human primate model to a better understanding? FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:992176. [PMID: 36560972 PMCID: PMC9763629 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.992176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human vaginal microbiota has a central role in the regulation of the female reproductive tract (FRT) inflammation. Indeed, on one hand an optimal environment leading to a protection against sexually transmitted infections (STI) is associated with a high proportion of Lactobacillus spp. (eubiosis). On the other hand, a more diverse microbiota with a high amount of non-Lactobacillus spp. (dysbiosis) is linked to a higher local inflammation and an increased STI susceptibility. The composition of the vaginal microbiota is influenced by numerous factors that may lead to a dysbiotic environment. In this review, we first discuss how the vaginal microbiota composition affects the local inflammation with a focus on the cytokine profiles, the immune cell recruitment/phenotype and a large part devoted on the interactions between the vaginal microbiota and the neutrophils. Secondly, we analyze the interplay between STI and the vaginal microbiota and describe several mechanisms of action of the vaginal microbiota. Finally, the input of the NHP model in research focusing on the FRT health including vaginal microbiota or STI acquisition/control and treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Adapen
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Louis Réot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB)/Department of Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB)/Department of Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France,Mucosal Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infection Control (MISTIC) Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Correspondence: Elisabeth Menu
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11
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Anju VT, Busi S, Imchen M, Kumavath R, Mohan MS, Salim SA, Subhaswaraj P, Dyavaiah M. Polymicrobial Infections and Biofilms: Clinical Significance and Eradication Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121731. [PMID: 36551388 PMCID: PMC9774821 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are population of cells growing in a coordinated manner and exhibiting resistance towards hostile environments. The infections associated with biofilms are difficult to control owing to the chronicity of infections and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Most microbial infections are contributed by polymicrobial or mixed species interactions, such as those observed in chronic wound infections, otitis media, dental caries, and cystic fibrosis. This review focuses on the polymicrobial interactions among bacterial-bacterial, bacterial-fungal, and fungal-fungal aggregations based on in vitro and in vivo models and different therapeutic interventions available for polymicrobial biofilms. Deciphering the mechanisms of polymicrobial interactions and microbial diversity in chronic infections is very helpful in anti-microbial research. Together, we have discussed the role of metagenomic approaches in studying polymicrobial biofilms. The outstanding progress made in polymicrobial research, especially the model systems and application of metagenomics for detecting, preventing, and controlling infections, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Anju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Siddhardha Busi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kerala 671316, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Mahima S. Mohan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Simi Asma Salim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Pattnaik Subhaswaraj
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Burla, Sambalpur 768019, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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12
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Early or Simultaneous Infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus Inhibits Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Replication and Induces a Stronger Antiviral Response during Co-infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Viruses 2022; 14:v14081732. [PMID: 36016354 PMCID: PMC9414607 DOI: 10.3390/v14081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) are the most common viral diseases of salmon in aquaculture worldwide. The co-infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with IHN virus (IHNV) and IPN virus (IPNV) is known to occur. To determine the influence of IPNV on IHNV in co-infection, rainbow trout were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with IPNV at different time intervals prior to, simultaneously to, or after IHNV infection. The replication of IHNV in the brain, gill, heart, liver, spleen, and head kidney was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that when rainbow trout were i.p. injected with IPNV prior to, simultaneously to, or after IHNV on 2 day (d), IHNV replication was inhibited (p < 0.05) in all collected tissues. Nevertheless, when rainbow trout were i.p. injected with IPNV after IHNV on 7 d (H7P), IHNV replication was only inhibited (p < 0.05) in the liver 14 d post-IHNV infection. Moreover, stronger antiviral responses occurred in all challenge groups. Our results suggest that IPNV can inhibit IHNV replication before or simultaneously with IHNV infection, and induce a stronger antiviral response, and that this inhibition is most sensitive in the liver. Early i.p. injection of IPNV can significantly reduce the mortality of rainbow trout, compared with the group only injected with IHNV.
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13
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Enterococcus faecalis Antagonizes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Growth in Mixed-Species Interactions. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0061521. [PMID: 35758750 PMCID: PMC9295543 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00615-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is often coisolated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in polymicrobial biofilm-associated infections of wounds and the urinary tract. As a defense strategy, the host innately restricts iron availability at infection sites. Despite their coprevalence, the polymicrobial interactions of these two species in biofilms and under iron-restricted conditions remain unexplored. Here, we show that E. faecalis inhibits P. aeruginosa growth within biofilms when iron is restricted. E. faecalis lactate dehydrogenase (ldh1) gives rise to l-lactate production during fermentative growth. We find that an E. faecalis ldh1 mutant fails to inhibit P. aeruginosa growth. Additionally, we demonstrate that ldh1 expression is induced under iron-restricted conditions, resulting in increased lactic acid exported and, consequently, a reduction in local environmental pH. Together, our results suggest that E. faecalis synergistically inhibits P. aeruginosa growth by decreasing environmental pH and l-lactate-mediated iron chelation. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of the microenvironment in polymicrobial interactions and how manipulating the microenvironment can impact the growth trajectory of bacterial communities. IMPORTANCE Many infections are polymicrobial and biofilm-associated in nature. Iron is essential for many metabolic processes and plays an important role in controlling infections, where the host restricts iron as a defense mechanism against invading pathogens. However, polymicrobial interactions between pathogens are underexplored under iron-restricted conditions. Here, we explore the polymicrobial interactions between commonly coisolated E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa within biofilms. We find that E. faecalis modulates the microenvironment by exporting lactic acid which further chelates already limited iron and also lowers the environmental pH to antagonize P. aeruginosa growth under iron-restricted conditions. Our findings provide insights into polymicrobial interactions between bacteria and how manipulating the microenvironment can be taken advantage of to better control infections.
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14
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Lin H, Yang C, Luo Y, Ge M, Shen H, Zhang X, Shi J. Biomimetic Nanomedicine-Triggered in Situ Vaccination for Innate and Adaptive Immunity Activations for Bacterial Osteomyelitis Treatment. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5943-5960. [PMID: 35316599 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of bacterial vaccines for inducing an immunoresponse against infectious diseases such as osteomyelitis is of great significance and importance. However, the responsiveness of bacterial immunotherapy remains far from being satisfactory, largely due to the erratic antigen epitopes of bacteria. Herein, we report an in situ vaccination strategy for the immunotherapy of bacterial infection based on an osteomyelitis model using a biomimetic nanomedicine named as HMMP, which was constructed by engineering PpIX-encapsulated hollow MnOx with a hybrid membrane exfoliated from both macrophage and tumor cell lines. The as-established HMMP features a burst bacterial antigen release as the in situ vaccine by the augmented sonodynamic treatment and the resultant priming of antigen-presenting cells for the following activations of both cellular and humoral adaptive immunities against bacterial infections. This treatment regimen not only triggers initial bacterial regression in the established osteomyelitis model but also simultaneously generates robust systemic antibacterial immunity against poorly immunogenic secondary osteomyelitis in the contralateral knee and additionally confers long-lasting bacteria-specific immune memory responses to prevent infection relapse. Thus, our study provides a proof of concept of in situ vaccination for the activation of both innate and adaptive antibacterial immune responses, providing an individual-independent bacterial immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yao Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Min Ge
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, P.R. China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, P.R. China
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15
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Devi P, Khan A, Chattopadhyay P, Mehta P, Sahni S, Sharma S, Pandey R. Co-infections as Modulators of Disease Outcome: Minor Players or Major Players? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664386. [PMID: 34295314 PMCID: PMC8290219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human host and pathogen interaction is dynamic in nature and often modulated by co-pathogens with a functional role in delineating the physiological outcome of infection. Co-infection may present either as a pre-existing pathogen which is accentuated by the introduction of a new pathogen or may appear in the form of new infection acquired secondarily due to a compromised immune system. Using diverse examples of co-infecting pathogens such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Hepatitis C Virus, we have highlighted the role of co-infections in modulating disease severity and clinical outcome. This interaction happens at multiple hierarchies, which are inclusive of stress and immunological responses and together modulate the disease severity. Already published literature provides much evidence in favor of the occurrence of co-infections during SARS-CoV-2 infection, which eventually impacts the Coronavirus disease-19 outcome. The availability of biological models like 3D organoids, mice, cell lines and mathematical models provide us with an opportunity to understand the role and mechanism of specific co-infections. Exploration of multi-omics-based interactions across co-infecting pathogens may provide deeper insights into their role in disease modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Devi
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Azka Khan
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Partha Chattopadhyay
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Priyanka Mehta
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Sahni
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Sharma
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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16
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Nara PL, Sindelar D, Penn MS, Potempa J, Griffin WST. Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles as the Major Driver of and Explanation for Neuropathogenesis, the Cholinergic Hypothesis, Iron Dyshomeostasis, and Salivary Lactoferrin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1417-1450. [PMID: 34275903 PMCID: PMC8461682 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a primary oral pathogen in the widespread biofilm-induced "chronic" multi-systems inflammatory disease(s) including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is possibly the only second identified unique example of a biological extremophile in the human body. Having a better understanding of the key microbiological and genetic mechanisms of its pathogenesis and disease induction are central to its future diagnosis, treatment, and possible prevention. The published literature around the role of Pg in AD highlights the bacteria's direct role within the brain to cause disease. The available evidence, although somewhat adopted, does not fully support this as the major process. There are alternative pathogenic/virulence features associated with Pg that have been overlooked and may better explain the pathogenic processes found in the "infection hypothesis" of AD. A better explanation is offered here for the discrepancy in the relatively low amounts of "Pg bacteria" residing in the brain compared to the rather florid amounts and broad distribution of one or more of its major bacterial protein toxins. Related to this, the "Gingipains Hypothesis", AD-related iron dyshomeostasis, and the early reduced salivary lactoferrin, along with the resurrection of the Cholinergic Hypothesis may now be integrated into one working model. The current paper suggests the highly evolved and developed Type IX secretory cargo system of Pg producing outer membrane vesicles may better explain the observed diseases. Thus it is hoped this paper can provide a unifying model for the sporadic form of AD and guide the direction of research, treatment, and possible prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc S. Penn
- Summa Heart Health and Vascular Institute, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases in the School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - W. Sue T. Griffin
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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17
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Xu LM, Liu M, Zhao JZ, Ren GM, Dong Y, Shao YZ, Lu TY, Zhang QY. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus inhibits infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus at the early stage of infection in a time dependent manner during Co-infection in Chinook salmon embryo cell lines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:361-367. [PMID: 32387559 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids can be co-infected by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) under natural or experimental conditions. To reveal the influence of IPNV on IHNV in co-infections, CHSE-214 cells were inoculated with IPNV at different time intervals prior to or after IHNV infection. Propagation of IHNV was determined by an immunofluorescence antibody test, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and virus titration. The results showed that when cells were inoculated with IPNV prior to IHNV, IHNV multiplication was inhibited. This inhibitory effect became stronger with increasing time intervals (P < 0.05). When cells were inoculated with IPNV after IHNV, the inhibitory effect became weaker with increasing time intervals (P < 0.05), and no significant inhibition was observed at 12 h (P > 0.05) compared with the single IHNV infection group. The findings suggest that IHNV is inhibited at the early stage of infection by IPNV and in a time dependent manner during co-infection. Furthermore, the effect of IPNV on IHNV entry and expression of IHNV entry-related genes clathrin, dynamin-2, adaptor protein 2, and vacuolar protein sorting 35 were also determined. The results showed that IPNV did not affect the amount of IHNV entering the cells. However, the expression levels of clathrin and dynamin-2 were significantly lower in co-infection than those in single IHNV infection, which suggests that IPNV likely inhibits IHNV by affecting IHNV invasion via downregulating IHNV entry-related genes clathrin and dynamin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Jing-Zhuang Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Guang-Ming Ren
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Shao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Tong-Yan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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18
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Ibberson CB, Whiteley M. The social life of microbes in chronic infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:44-50. [PMID: 32145635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infections place a significant burden on healthcare systems, requiring over $25 billion in treatment annually in the United States alone [1,2]. Notably, the majority of chronic infections, which include cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic wounds, otitis media, periodontitis, urinary tract infections, and osteomyelitis, are considered polymicrobial and are often recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment [1-9]. Although we know that diverse communities of microbes comprise these infections, how microbes interact and the impacts of these interactions on human disease are less understood. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how bacteria communicate in chronic infection, with a focus on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and we highlight outstanding questions and controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn B Ibberson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Emory-Children's Cystic Fibrosis Center, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Emory-Children's Cystic Fibrosis Center, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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19
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The characterization of bacterial communities of oropharynx microbiota in healthy children by combining culture techniques and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104115. [PMID: 32135220 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of bacterial respiratory infections has led to a focus on evaluating the human respiratory microbiome. Studies based on culture-based and molecular methods have shown an increase in the bacterial community that includes the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria in the oropharynx of healthy individuals. Therefore, recognizing this microbial compound and subsequently identifying those carriers of specific pathogens can be of great help in predicting future infections and their control. In this prospective study, we sought to characterize the bacterial communities of the respiratory microbiome in healthy children aged between 3 and 6 years old by combining both cultural techniques and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Seventy-seven oropharynx samples using Dacron swabs were collected from 77 healthy children in the kindergartens of Ilam, Iran. Bacterial identification was performed by phenotypic methods and in house developed PCR-based sequencing (the V1-V9 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene). In total, 346 bacterial isolates were characterized based on phenotypic and sequencing-based molecular methods. The 3 most predominant phyla were Firmicutes (74%), Proteobacteria (22%), and Actinobacteria (4%). At the level of the genus, Staphylococci (coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative) and Streptococci were dominant. Also, the most commonly identified potentially pathogenic colonisers were S. aureus (75%), Enterobacteriaceae spp. (40.1%), and A. baumannii (15.6%). The present study identified 3 phyla and 9 family of bacteria in the oropharyngeal microbiome. Remarkably, the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx of healthy children can predispose them to infectious diseases, and also frequent exposure to human respiratory bacterial pathogens are further risk factors.
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20
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Kramskaya T, Leontieva G, Desheva Y, Grabovskaya K, Gupalova T, Rudenko L, Suvorov A. Combined immunization with attenuated live influenza vaccine and chimeric pneumococcal recombinant protein improves the outcome of virus-bacterial infection in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222148. [PMID: 31513620 PMCID: PMC6742370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza and its bacterial complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The effect of combined immunization with live influenza vaccine and recombinant chimeric pneumococcal protein in dual infection caused by influenza H1N1 and S. pneumoniae (serotype 3) has been studied. The combined vaccine consisted of the strain A/California/2009/38 (H1N1) pdm and chimeric recombinant protein PSPF composed of immunodominant fragments of the surface virulence factors of S. pneumoniae—PsaA, PspA, and Shr1875—associated with modified salmonella flagellin. Vaccinated mice were infected with the influenza virus 24 hours before or 24 hours after the onset of pneumococcal infection. The protective effect of combined vaccination was shown on both models of viral-bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kramskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - G. Leontieva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu. Desheva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Department of Fundamental Medicine and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - K. Grabovskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - T. Gupalova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - L. Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A. Suvorov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Department of Fundamental Medicine and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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21
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Genomic, morphological and functional characterisation of novel bacteriophage FNU1 capable of disrupting Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9107. [PMID: 31235721 PMCID: PMC6591296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an important oral bacterium that has been linked to the development of chronic diseases such as periodontitis and colorectal cancer. In periodontal disease, F. nucleatum forms the backbone of the polymicrobial biofilm and in colorectal cancer is implicated in aetiology, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. The control of this bacteria may be important in assisting treatment of these diseases. With increased rates of antibiotic resistance globally, there is need for development of alternatives such as bacteriophages, which may complement existing therapies. Here we describe the morphology, genomics and functional characteristics of FNU1, a novel bacteriophage lytic against F. nucleatum. Transmission electron microscopy revealed FNU1 to be a large Siphoviridae virus with capsid diameter of 88 nm and tail of approximately 310 nm in length. Its genome was 130914 bp, with six tRNAs, and 8% of its ORFs encoding putative defence genes. FNU1 was able to kill cells within and significantly reduce F. nucleatum biofilm mass. The identification and characterisation of this bacteriophage will enable new possibilities for the treatment and prevention of F. nucleatum associated diseases to be explored.
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22
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Marques SG, Bomfim MRQ, Azevedo CDMPS, Martins CVB, Marques ACG, Gonçalves AG, Vicente VA, Dos Santos AM, Costa MC, Freitas GJC, Santos DA, de Resende-Stoianoff MA. Mixed secondary bacterial infection is associated with severe lesions of chromoblastomycosis in a neglected population from Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:201-207. [PMID: 31262546 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic subcutaneous infection caused by melanotic fungi, affecting mainly rural workers in tropical and subtropical regions. Secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) in CBM lesions bring complications to the disease, but little is known about the agents involved. Fungal and bacterial identification and epidemiological profile of 50 patients with CBM were analyzed in this study. Bacteria were tested for susceptibility to antibacterial drugs. Fonseacea pedrosoi and Rhinocladiella aquaspersa were the fungal agents isolated. 88% of the patients presented SBI. Gram-positive bacteria coinfected mainly upper limbs, and Gram-negative bacteria were more isolated from lower limbs. Streptococcus pyogenes and mixed bacterial microbiota were associated with severe lesions. Staphylococcus aureus was associated with mixed infections and consequently with the severity of the infection. Resistance to β-lactams and methicillin was detected. Our results emphasize the necessity of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing as part of routine monitoring CBM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlei G Marques
- Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luiz, MA, Brazil; Laboratório Cedro, São Luiz, MA, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Conceição de Maria P S Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marliete C Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J C Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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23
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Puth S, Hong SH, Na HS, Lee HH, Lee YS, Kim SY, Tan W, Hwang HS, Sivasamy S, Jeong K, Kook JK, Ahn SJ, Kang IC, Ryu JH, Koh JT, Rhee JH, Lee SE. A built-in adjuvant-engineered mucosal vaccine against dysbiotic periodontal diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:565-579. [PMID: 30487648 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is associated with a dysbiotic shift in the oral microbiome. Vaccine approaches to prevent microbial shifts from healthy to diseased state in oral biofilms would provide a fundamental therapeutic strategy against periodontitis. Since dental plaque formation is a polymicrobial and multilayered process, vaccines targeting single bacterial species would have limited efficacy in clinical applications. In this study, we developed a divalent mucosal vaccine consisting of a mixture of FlaB-tFomA and Hgp44-FlaB fusion proteins targeting virulence factors of inflammophilic bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. Introduction of peptide linkers between FlaB and antigen improved the stability and immunogenicity of engineered vaccine antigens. The intranasal immunization of divalent vaccine induced protective immune responses inhibiting alveolar bone loss elicited by F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis infection. The built-in flagellin adjuvant fused to protective antigens enhanced antigen-specific antibody responses and class switch recombination. The divalent vaccine antisera recognized natural forms of surface antigens and reacted with diverse clinical isolates of Fusobacterium subspecies and P. gingivalis. The antisera inhibited F. nucleatum-mediated biofilm formation, co-aggregation of P. gingivalis and Treponema denticola, and P. gingivalis-host cell interactions. Taken together, the built-in adjuvant-engineered mucosal vaccine provides a technological platform for multivalent periodontitis vaccines targeting dysbiotic microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sao Puth
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Hee Hong
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hwa Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Suhk Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenzhi Tan
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sethupathy Sivasamy
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjoon Jeong
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Ki Kook
- Korean Collection for Oral Microbiology and Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sug-Joon Ahn
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chol Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hwang Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Lakhani V, Tan L, Mukherjee S, Stewart WCL, Swords WE, Das J. Mutations in bacterial genes induce unanticipated changes in the relationship between bacterial pathogens in experimental otitis media. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180810. [PMID: 30564392 PMCID: PMC6281918 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a common polymicrobial infection of the middle ear in children under the age of 15 years. A widely used experimental strategy to analyse roles of specific phenotypes of bacterial pathogens of OM is to study changes in co-infection kinetics of bacterial populations in animal models when a wild-type bacterial strain is replaced by a specific isogenic mutant strain in the co-inoculating mixtures. As relationships between the OM bacterial pathogens within the host are regulated by many interlinked processes, connecting the changes in the co-infection kinetics to a bacterial phenotype can be challenging. We investigated middle ear co-infections in adult chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) by two major OM pathogens: non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat), as well as isogenic mutant strains in each bacterial species. We analysed the infection kinetic data using Lotka-Volterra population dynamics, maximum entropy inference and Akaike information criteria-(AIC)-based model selection. We found that changes in relationships between the bacterial pathogens that were not anticipated in the design of the co-infection experiments involving mutant strains are common and were strong regulators of the co-infecting bacterial populations. The framework developed here allows for a systematic analysis of host-host variations of bacterial populations and small sizes of animal cohorts in co-infection experiments to quantify the role of specific mutant strains in changing the infection kinetics. Our combined approach can be used to analyse the functional footprint of mutant strains in regulating co-infection kinetics in models of experimental OM and other polymicrobial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinal Lakhani
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Sayak Mukherjee
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - William C. L. Stewart
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - W. Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jayajit Das
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Novotny LA, Brockman KL, Mokrzan EM, Jurcisek JA, Bakaletz LO. Biofilm biology and vaccine strategies for otitis media due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2018; 14:69-77. [PMID: 30853830 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common diseases of childhood, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the predominant causative agent of chronic and recurrent OM, as well as OM for which treatment has failed. Moreover, NTHI is now as important a causative agent of acute OM as the pneumococcus. NTHI colonizes the human nasopharynx asymptomatically. However, upon perturbation of the innate and physical defenses of the airway by upper respiratory tract viral infection, NTHI can replicate, ascend the Eustachian tube, gain access to the normally sterile middle ear space, and cause disease. Bacterial biofilms within the middle ear, including those formed by NTHI, contribute to the chronic and recurrent nature of this disease. These multicomponent structures are highly resistant to clearance by host defenses and elimination by traditional antimicrobial therapies. Herein, we review several strategies utilized by NTHI in order to persist within the human host and interventions currently under investigation to prevent and/or resolve NTHI-induced diseases of the middle ear and uppermost airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Novotny
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth L Brockman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elaine M Mokrzan
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph A Jurcisek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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26
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Nakhaee P. A survey to examine Candida albicans transmission through yolk sac and amniotic sac in chicken embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Wang Z, Chi H, Wang X, Li W, Li Z, Li J, Fu Y, Lu B, Xia Z, Qian J, Liu L. Bacteria meets influenza A virus: A bioluminescence mouse model of Escherichia coli O157:H7 following influenza A virus/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain infection. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2875-2882. [PMID: 29877099 PMCID: PMC6124272 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518778415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop a bioluminescence-labelled bacterial infection model to monitor the colonization and clearance process of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the lungs of mice following influenza A virus/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain (IAV/PR8) infection. Methods BALB/c mice were administered IAV/PR8 or 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) intranasally 4 days prior to intranasal administration of 1 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli O157:H7-lux. Whole-body bioluminescent signals were monitored at 10 min, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h and 24 h post-bacterial infection. Lung bioluminescent signals and bacterial load (CFU/g) were monitored at 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h and 24 h post-bacterial infection. Results Prior IAV/PR8 infection of mice resulted in a higher level of bacterial colonization and a lower rate of bacterial clearance from the lungs compared with mice treated with PBS. There were also consistent findings between the bioluminescence imaging and the CFU measurements in terms of identifying bacterial colonization and monitoring the clearance dynamics of E. coli O157:H7-lux in mouse lungs. Conclusion This novel bioluminescence-labelled bacterial infection model rapidly detected bacterial colonization of the lungs and monitored the clearance dynamics of E. coli O157:H7-lux following IAV/PR8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Chi
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiwen Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmentally Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Xia
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Trivedi NH, Yu JJ, Hung CY, Doelger RP, Navara CS, Armitige LY, Seshu J, Sinai AP, Chambers JP, Guentzel MN, Arulanandam BP. Microbial co-infection alters macrophage polarization, phagosomal escape, and microbial killing. Innate Immun 2018; 24:152-162. [PMID: 29482417 PMCID: PMC6852389 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918760180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important innate immune cells that respond to microbial insults.
In response to multi-bacterial infection, the macrophage activation state may
change upon exposure to nascent mediators, which results in different bacterial
killing mechanism(s). In this study, we utilized two respiratory bacterial
pathogens, Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette
Guẻrin, BCG) and Francisella tularensis live
vaccine strain (LVS) with different phagocyte evasion mechanisms, as model
microbes to assess the influence of initial bacterial infection on the
macrophage response to secondary infection. Non-activated (M0) macrophages or
activated M2-polarized cells (J774 cells transfected with the mouse IL-4 gene)
were first infected with BCG for 24–48 h, subsequently challenged with LVS, and
the results of inhibition of LVS replication in the macrophages was assessed.
BCG infection in M0 macrophages activated TLR2-MyD88 and Mincle-CARD9 signaling
pathways, stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production and enhanced killing of LVS.
BCG infection had little effect on LVS escape from phagosomes into the cytosol
in M0 macrophages. In contrast, M2-polarized macrophages exhibited enhanced
endosomal acidification, as well as inhibiting LVS replication. Pre-infection
with BCG did not induce NO production and thus did not further reduce LVS
replication. This study provides a model for studies of the complexity of
macrophage activation in response to multi-bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita H Trivedi
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Richard P Doelger
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Christopher S Navara
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | | | - Janakiram Seshu
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Anthony P Sinai
- 3 The Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - James P Chambers
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - M Neal Guentzel
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
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29
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Talreja J, Samavati L. K63-Linked Polyubiquitination on TRAF6 Regulates LPS-Mediated MAPK Activation, Cytokine Production, and Bacterial Clearance in Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Primed Murine Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515583 PMCID: PMC5826352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Post viral infection bacterial pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with both seasonal and pandemic influenza virus illness. Despite much efforts put into the discovery of mechanisms of post viral-bacterial infections and their complications in recent years, the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to bacterial infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the pathways regulating immune responses in murine macrophages and modeled post viral-bacterial infections through pretreatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 ligand (R848) and subsequent challenge with TLR2/4 agonists to mimic bacterial infection. We found R848-primed BMDMs upon subsequent exposure to TLR2/4 ligands respond with enhanced inflammatory cytokine production, especially IL-6 and TNF-α. The enhanced cytokine production in R848-primed BMDMs in response to TLR2/4 was due to increased TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK) 1 phosphorylation with subsequent activation of ERK and p38 MAPKs. Furthermore, we identified that R848 priming leads to increased K63-linked polyubiquitination on TRAF6. K63-linked polyubiquitination on TRAF6 is a signal leading to enhanced activation of downstream pathways including TAK1. Importantly, R848-primed BMDMs infected with live bacteria exhibited decreased bacterial clearance. Small-molecule enhancer of rapamycin 3, an ubiquitin ligase inhibitor reversed the K63-linked polyubiquitination on TRAF6 in R848-primed BMDMs and subsequently decreased TAK1 and MAPK phosphorylation, and cytokine production as well as reversed the decreased bacterial clearance capacity of BMDMs. Our study may provide a novel molecular target to alleviate post viral-bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Talreja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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30
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Cross SN, Potter JA, Aldo P, Kwon JY, Pitruzzello M, Tong M, Guller S, Rothlin CV, Mor G, Abrahams VM. Viral Infection Sensitizes Human Fetal Membranes to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide by MERTK Inhibition and Inflammasome Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2885-2895. [PMID: 28916522 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis, premature rupture of fetal membranes (FMs), and subsequent preterm birth are associated with local infection and inflammation, particularly IL-1β production. Although bacterial infections are commonly identified, other microorganisms may play a role in the pathogenesis. Because viral pandemics, such as influenza, Ebola, and Zika, are becoming more common, and pregnant women are at increased risk for associated complications, this study evaluated the impact that viral infection had on human FM innate immune responses. This study shows that a herpes viral infection of FMs sensitizes the tissue to low levels of bacterial LPS, giving rise to an exaggerated IL-1β response. Using an ex vivo human FM explant system and an in vivo mouse model of pregnancy, we report that the mechanism by which this aggravated inflammation arises is through the inhibition of the TAM receptor, MERTK, and activation of the inflammasome. The TAM receptor ligand, growth arrest specific 6, re-establishes the normal FM response to LPS by restoring and augmenting TAM receptor and ligand expression, as well as by preventing the exacerbated IL-1β processing and secretion. These findings indicate a novel mechanism by which viruses alter normal FM immune responses to bacteria, potentially giving rise to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Cross
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Julie A Potter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Paulomi Aldo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Ja Young Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Mary Pitruzzello
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
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31
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Lin Q, Fu X, Li N, Wan Q, Chen W, Huang Y, Huang Z, Li J, Zhao L, Lin L. Co-infections of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). Microb Pathog 2017; 111:422-430. [PMID: 28890148 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the quite common co-infections of viruses in the cultured fish, most of the previous studies have just simply focused on the infection of a single pathogen. In this report, we observed that about 13% of cultured Chinese perch have been co-infected by infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV). Furthermore, Chinese perch could co-infected by ISKNV and SCRV by intraperitoneally injection with the two viruses. Interestingly, we revealed that the two viruses could even co-infect a single cell of Chinese perch in vivo and a single Chinese perch brain cells (CPB) cell in vitro. The dynamic co-infected viruses loads in the different tissues of Chinese perch showed dependent. When CPB cells were infected with the same 10 MOI of SCRV and ISKNV, the replication of SCRV overwhelmed the replication of ISKNV. When the MOI of ISKNV (10 MOI) was 10,000 times of MOI of SCRV (0.001 MOI), the dynamic virus loads of the two viruses in CPB cells indicated that co-infections could synergistically stimulate both viruses replication at the late time points but not at early time points. The co-infections of ISKNV and SCRV in the cultured Chinese perch will shed a new light on the prevention of the viral diseases of Chinese perch. The development of multivalent vaccine which could be effective for preventing against the co-infections of the viruses is highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
| | - Li Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
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A new model for biofilm formation and inflammatory tissue reaction: intraoperative infection of a cranial implant with Staphylococcus aureus in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017. [PMID: 28647798 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implant failure is a severe and frequent adverse event in all areas of neurosurgery. It often involves infection with biofilm formation, accompanied by inflammation of surrounding tissue, including the brain, and bone loss. The most common bacteria involved are Staphylococcus aureus. We here test whether intraoperative infection of intracranial screws with Staphylococcus aureus would lead to biofilm formation and inflammatory tissue reaction in rats. METHODS Two titanium screws were implanted in the cranium of Sprague-Dawley rats, anesthetized with xylazine (4 mg/kg) and ketamine (75 mg/kg). Prior to the implantation of the screws, Staphylococcus aureus was given in the drill holes; controls received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Rats were euthanized 2, 10 and 21 days after surgery to remove the screws for analysis of biofilm formation with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The surrounding tissue composed of soft tissue and bone, as well as the underlying brain tissue, was evaluated for inflammation, bone remodeling, foreign body reaction and fibrosis after H&E staining. RESULTS Intraoperative application of Staphylococcus aureus leads to robust and stable biofilm formation on the titanium implants on days 10 and 21 after surgery, while no bacteria were found in controls. This was accompanied by a substantial inflammatory response of peri-implant tissue after infection, also affecting the underlying brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative infection of implants with Staphylococcus aureus in rats may be useful as a tool to model new implant materials and surfaces on biofilm formation and inflammatory tissue reaction in vivo.
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Jia L, Xie J, Zhao J, Cao D, Liang Y, Hou X, Wang L, Li Z. Mechanisms of Severe Mortality-Associated Bacterial Co-infections Following Influenza Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:338. [PMID: 28824877 PMCID: PMC5540941 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection remains one of the largest disease burdens on humans. Influenza-associated bacterial co-infections contribute to severe disease and mortality during pandemic and seasonal influenza episodes. The mechanisms of severe morbidity following influenza-bacteria co-infections mainly include failure of an antibacterial immune response and pathogen synergy. Moreover, failure to resume function and tolerance might be one of the main reasons for excessive mortality. In this review, recent advances in the study of mechanisms of severe disease, caused by bacterial co-infections following influenza virus pathogenesis, are summarized. Therefore, understanding the synergy between viruses and bacteria will facilitate the design of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent mortality associated with bacterial co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Jiangyun Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Dekang Cao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Armed Police ForcesBeijing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Xuexin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
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Chung CY, Wang JC, Chuang HS. Simultaneous and quantitative monitoring of co-cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotics on a diffusometric platform. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46336. [PMID: 28402317 PMCID: PMC5389350 DOI: 10.1038/srep46336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful treatments against bacterial infections depend on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). However, conventional AST requires more than 24 h to obtain an outcome, thereby contributing to high patient mortality. An antibiotic therapy based on experiences is therefore necessary for saving lives and escalating the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Accordingly, a fast and effective drug screen is necessary for the appropriate administration of antibiotics. The mixed pathogenic nature of infectious diseases emphasizes the need to develop an assay system for polymicrobial infections. On this basis, we present a novel technique for simultaneous and quantitative monitoring of co-cultured microorganisms by coupling optical diffusometry with bead-based immunoassays. This simple integration simultaneously achieves a rapid AST analysis for two pathogens. Triple color particles were simultaneously recorded and subsequently analyzed by functionalizing different fluorescent color particles with dissimilar pathogen-specific antibodies. Results suggested that the effect of the antibiotic, gentamicin, on co-cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was effectively distinguished by the proposed technique. This study revealed a multiplexed and time-saving (within 2 h) platform with a small sample volume (~0.5 μL) and a low initial bacterial count (50 CFU per droplet, ~105 CFU/mL) for continuously monitoring the growth of co-cultured microorganisms. This technique provides insights into timely therapies against polymicrobial diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yao Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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35
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Paola SCC, Shirley BDA, Natan MB, Thais DOF, Tamiris ASB, Carlos EDI, Fernando F, Maria JBF, Aline ODC. In vitro cytotoxicity and biological activities of Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) ethanolic extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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36
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Zhang X, Guo F, Shao H, Zheng X. Clinical translation of polymyxin-based combination therapy: Facts, challenges and future opportunities. J Infect 2016; 74:118-130. [PMID: 27998750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria has led to a resurgence in the clinical use of polymyxin antibiotics. However, the prevalence of polymyxin resistance is on the rise at an alarming rate, motivating the idea of combination therapy to sustain the revival of these "old" antibiotics. Although ample evidence in favor of combination therapy has emerged, it seems impracticable and confusing to find a promising combination from the diverse reports or gain adequate information on the efficacy and safety profile. With a stagnating discovery pipeline of novel antimicrobials, there is a clear need to fill the knowledge gaps in translating these basic research data to beneficial clinical practice. In this review, we examined the factors and ambiguities that stand as major hurdles in bringing polymyxin combination therapy to bedside care, highlighting the importance and urgency of incorporating translational research insights into areas of difficulty. We also discussed future research priorities that are essential to gather the necessary evidence and insights for promoting the best possible use of polymyxins in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fengmei Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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37
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Viral-bacterial co-infections in the respiratory tract. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 35:30-35. [PMID: 27940028 PMCID: PMC7108227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses predispose to secondary bacterial infection throughout the respiratory tract. Viral damage to airway epithelium and aberrant inflammatory responses play key roles. Dysregulation of both innate and acquired immune effectors contribute to co-infection. Viral co-infection promotes bacterial invasion of sterile sites within the airway. Optimal treatment likely requires control of both bacterial growth and host responses.
Preceding or concurrent viral respiratory tract infection can predispose to secondary bacterial co-infection throughout the airway. The mechanisms by which viruses promote these superinfections are diverse and replete. Whereas we understand much as to how viruses damage the airway and dysregulate both innate and acquired immune responses which, in turn, supports bacterial growth, adherence and invasion into normally sterile sites within the respiratory tract, new information regarding these co-infections is being gained from recent advances in microbiome research and our enhanced appreciation of the contribution of bacterial biofilms, among others. The advanced understanding obtained by continued research efforts in all aspects of viral–bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract will allow us to devise novel approaches for disease prevention as well as to develop more effective therapeutics.
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38
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Marcatili P, Nielsen MW, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Jensen TK, Schafer-Nielsen C, Boye M, Nielsen M, Klitgaard K. A novel approach to probe host-pathogen interactions of bovine digital dermatitis, a model of a complex polymicrobial infection. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:987. [PMID: 27908274 PMCID: PMC5142292 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymicrobial infections represent a great challenge for the clarification of disease etiology and the development of comprehensive diagnostic or therapeutic tools, particularly for fastidious and difficult-to-cultivate bacteria. Using bovine digital dermatitis (DD) as a disease model, we introduce a novel strategy to study the pathogenesis of complex infections. Results The strategy combines meta-transcriptomics with high-density peptide-microarray technology to screen for in vivo-expressed microbial genes and the host antibody response at the site of infection. Bacterial expression patterns supported the assumption that treponemes were the major DD pathogens but also indicated the active involvement of other phyla (primarily Bacteroidetes). Bacterial genes involved in chemotaxis, flagellar synthesis and protection against oxidative and acidic stress were among the major factors defining the disease. Conclusions The extraordinary diversity observed in bacterial expression, antigens and host antibody responses between individual cows pointed toward microbial variability as a hallmark of DD. Persistence of infection and DD reinfection in the same individual is common; thus, high microbial diversity may undermine the host’s capacity to mount an efficient immune response and maintain immunological memory towards DD. The common antigenic markers identified here using a high-density peptide microarray address this issue and may be useful for future preventive measures against DD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3341-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Marcatili
- Center for Biological Sequence analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Martin W Nielsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- Center for Biological Sequence analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim K Jensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Boye
- Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research Unit, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Center for Biological Sequence analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kirstine Klitgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kotob MH, Menanteau-Ledouble S, Kumar G, Abdelzaher M, El-Matbouli M. The impact of co-infections on fish: a review. Vet Res 2016; 47:98. [PMID: 27716438 PMCID: PMC5050641 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infections are very common in nature and occur when hosts are infected by two or more different pathogens either by simultaneous or secondary infections so that two or more infectious agents are active together in the same host. Co-infections have a fundamental effect and can alter the course and the severity of different fish diseases. However, co-infection effect has still received limited scrutiny in aquatic animals like fish and available data on this subject is still scarce. The susceptibility of fish to different pathogens could be changed during mixed infections causing the appearance of sudden fish outbreaks. In this review, we focus on the synergistic and antagonistic interactions occurring during co-infections by homologous or heterologous pathogens. We present a concise summary about the present knowledge regarding co-infections in fish. More research is needed to better understand the immune response of fish during mixed infections as these could have an important impact on the development of new strategies for disease control programs and vaccination in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Kotob
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahmoud Abdelzaher
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Ando T, Ito H, Ohtaki H, Kanbe A, Hirata A, Hara A, Seishima M. Role of invariant NKT cells in lipopolysaccharide-induced lethal shock during encephalomyocarditis virus infection. Immunobiology 2016; 222:350-357. [PMID: 27665995 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections can give rise to secondary bacterial infections. In the present study, we examined the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethal shock during encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection. Wild-type (WT) mice and Jα18 gene knockout (Jα18 KO) mice were inoculated with EMCV, 5days prior to challenging with LPS. The survival rate of Jα18 KO mice subjected to EMCV and LPS was significantly higher than that of WT mice. TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) production were increased in WT mice, than that in Jα18 KO mice, after the administration of EMCV and LPS. EMCV infection increased the number of iNKT cells and IFN-γ production by iNKT cells in WT mice. Moreover, EMCV infection enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the lung and spleen. IFN-γ also increased the expression of TLR4 in splenocytes. These findings indicated that EMCV infection activated iNKT cells, and IFN-γ secreted from the iNKT cells up-regulated the expression of TLR4 in various tissues. As a result, EMCV-infected mice were susceptible to LPS and easily developed the lethal shock. In conclusion, iNKT cells were involved in the development of LPS-induced lethal shock during EMCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Ohtaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kansai University of Health Sciences, 2-11-1 Wakaba, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0482, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kanbe
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Seishima
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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41
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Aldo P, You Y, Szigeti K, Horvath TL, Lindenbach B, Mor G. HSV-2 enhances ZIKV infection of the placenta and induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblast cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:348-357. [PMID: 27613665 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained public concern for its association with microcephaly in infants born to ZIKV-infected mothers. To reach the fetus the virus must overcome the defense mechanisms provided by trophoblast cells. Additionally, in the first trimester, the integrity of the placenta is critical for fetal protection as damage to differentiating trophoblast can affect placental formation and function. We sought to investigate the effect of ZIKV infection on trophoblast cells and the factors that might increase the risk for ZIKV infection during pregnancy. METHODS First-trimester human trophoblast cells, Swan 7.1, were infected with ZIKV, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), and yellow fiver (YFV). C57BL/6 pregnant mice were infected with HSV-2, ZIKV, or coinfection. Placental viral titers were determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS ZIKV infection induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblasts and prevents differentiation of these cells. Furthermore, HSV-2 infection enhances placental sensitivity to ZIKV by enhancing the expression of TAM receptors, which facilitate ZIKV cell entry. CONCLUSION These findings may explain the mechanism by which ZIKV breaches the placental barrier to access the fetus. Furthermore, our results suggest that patients with HSV-2 infection are at a higher risk for the teratogenic effects induced by ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Aldo
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuan You
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Klara Szigeti
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brett Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Rall G, Knoll LJ. Development of Complex Models to Study Co- and Polymicrobial Infections and Diseases. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005858. [PMID: 27607188 PMCID: PMC5015861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (GR); (LJK)
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (GR); (LJK)
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43
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Polymicrobial–Host Interactions during Infection. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3355-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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44
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Sato Y, Civiello M, Bell SC, Willis BL, Bourne DG. Integrated approach to understanding the onset and pathogenesis of black band disease in corals. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:752-65. [PMID: 26549807 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are contributing to global declines in coral reef ecosystems, highlighting a growing need for aetiological knowledge to develop effective management strategies. In this review, we focus on black band disease (BBD), one of the most virulent diseases and the only polymicrobial disease so far known to affect corals. A multipartite microbial consortium dominated by Cyanobacteria, but also including sulfur-cycling bacteria, other bacterial groups and members of the Archaea and Eukarya, forms a sulfide-rich anaerobic mat that migrates across the surface of coral colonies, killing the underlying tissues. The polymicrobial nature of the disease challenges classic aetiological approaches to unravelling disease causation. Here, we synthesize current knowledge on the range of pathogens forming the microbial consortium with recent studies on the transmission, biogeochemistry and environmental drivers of BBD to develop a conceptual model of BBD pathogenesis. The model illustrates how the development of BBD virulence factors is linked to a cascade of microbial community shifts and associated functional roles that progressively develop the microbial consortium from comparatively benign cyanobacterial patches to virulent BBD lesions. This review showcases how an approach that integrates multiple key aspects of the disease provides insights essential to elucidating the aetiology of BBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Sato
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, 4810, Australia
| | - Michael Civiello
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Sara C Bell
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, 4810, Australia
| | - Bette L Willis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, 4810, Australia
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Abstract
Interactions between microbes are complex and play an important role in the pathogenesis of infections. These interactions can range from fierce competition for nutrients and niches to highly evolved cooperative mechanisms between different species that support their mutual growth. An increasing appreciation for these interactions, and desire to uncover the mechanisms that govern them, has resulted in a shift from monomicrobial to polymicrobial biofilm studies in different disease models. Here we provide an overview of biofilm models used to study select polymicrobial infections and highlight the impact that the interactions between microbes within these biofilms have on disease progression. Notable recent advances in the development of polymicrobial biofilm-associated infection models and challenges facing the study of polymicrobial biofilms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gabrilska
- Departments of Surgery & Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Kendra P Rumbaugh
- Departments of Surgery & Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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46
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Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:S131-7. [PMID: 26428492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The immunologic paradigm of pregnancy led to the conceptualization of pregnancy as an organ transplant that requires, for its success, suppression of the maternal immune system. Growing scientific evidence suggests that in many ways the placenta functions as a tumor rather than a transplant and the immune regulation of the maternal-fetal interface is the result of the coordinated interaction between all its cellular components, including bacteria. Examining the role of microbiota in reproduction is in its infancy, but there is growing literature that supports its relevance. We discuss a potential normal function of bacteria in the establishment of immune tolerance and compelling evidence that a viral infection might be the underlying cause of perturbation of homeostasis. There is compelling evidence that many infectious diseases of human beings are caused by >1 microorganism and are defined as polymicrobial infections. We propose that pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth, are the result of polymicrobial infections. We examine the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a viral infection of the placenta might disrupt the normal interaction between the cellular component of the implantation site and bacteria. As we better understand the normal homeostasis among the maternal immune system, placenta, and commensal, we will be able to elucidate pathogenic conditions and design better approaches to treat pregnancy complications associated with infection.
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Stearns JC, Davidson CJ, McKeon S, Whelan FJ, Fontes ME, Schryvers AB, Bowdish DME, Kellner JD, Surette MG. Culture and molecular-based profiles show shifts in bacterial communities of the upper respiratory tract that occur with age. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:1246-59. [PMID: 25575312 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract (URT) is a crucial site for host defense, as it is home to bacterial communities that both modulate host immune defense and serve as a reservoir of potential pathogens. Young children are at high risk of respiratory illness, yet the composition of their URT microbiota is not well understood. Microbial profiling of the respiratory tract has traditionally focused on culturing common respiratory pathogens, whereas recent culture-independent microbiome profiling can only report the relative abundance of bacterial populations. In the current study, we used both molecular profiling of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and laboratory culture to examine the bacterial diversity from the oropharynx and nasopharynx of 51 healthy children with a median age of 1.1 years (range 1-4.5 years) along with 19 accompanying parents. The resulting profiles suggest that in young children the nasopharyngeal microbiota, much like the gastrointestinal tract microbiome, changes from an immature state, where it is colonized by a few dominant taxa, to a more diverse state as it matures to resemble the adult microbiota. Importantly, this difference in bacterial diversity between adults and children accompanies a change in bacterial load of three orders of magnitude. This indicates that the bacterial communities in the nasopharynx of young children have a fundamentally different structure from those in adults and suggests that maturation of this community occurs sometime during the first few years of life, a period that includes ages at which children are at the highest risk for respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla J Davidson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suzanne McKeon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fiona J Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle E Fontes
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony B Schryvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- 1] Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada [3] Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Vandecandelaere I, Coenye T. Microbial composition and antibiotic resistance of biofilms recovered from endotracheal tubes of mechanically ventilated patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 830:137-55. [PMID: 25366226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In critically ill patients, breathing is impaired and mechanical ventilation, using an endotracheal tube (ET) connected to a ventilator, is necessary. Although mechanical ventilation is a life-saving procedure, it is not without risk. Because of several reasons, a biofilm often forms at the distal end of the ET and this biofilm is a persistent source of bacteria which can infect the lungs, causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There is a link between the microbial flora of ET biofilms and the microorganisms involved in the onset of VAP. Culture dependent and independent techniques were already used to identify the microbial flora of ET biofilms and also, the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms obtained from ET biofilms was determined. The ESKAPE pathogens play a dominant role in the onset of VAP and these organisms were frequently identified in ET biofilms. Also, antibiotic resistant microorganisms were frequently present in ET biofilms. Members of the normal oral flora were also identified in ET biofilms but it is thought that these organisms initiate ET biofilm formation and are not directly involved in the development of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vandecandelaere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Mukherjee S, Weimer KE, Seok SC, Ray WC, Jayaprakash C, Vieland VJ, Swords WE, Das J. Host-to-host variation of ecological interactions in polymicrobial infections. Phys Biol 2014; 12:016003. [PMID: 25473880 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/1/016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Host-to-host variability with respect to interactions between microorganisms and multicellular hosts are commonly observed in infection and in homeostasis. However, the majority of mechanistic models used to analyze host-microorganism relationships, as well as most of the ecological theories proposed to explain coevolution of hosts and microbes, are based on averages across a host population. By assuming that observed variations are random and independent, these models overlook the role of differences between hosts. Here, we analyze mechanisms underlying host-to-host variations of bacterial infection kinetics, using the well characterized experimental infection model of polymicrobial otitis media (OM) in chinchillas, in combination with population dynamic models and a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) based inference scheme. We find that the nature of the interactions between bacterial species critically regulates host-to-host variations in these interactions. Surprisingly, seemingly unrelated phenomena, such as the efficiency of individual bacterial species in utilizing nutrients for growth, and the microbe-specific host immune response, can become interdependent in a host population. The latter finding suggests a potential mechanism that could lead to selection of specific strains of bacterial species during the coevolution of the host immune response and the bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Mukherjee
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital and, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. Departments of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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50
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Racicot K, Kwon JY, Aldo P, Silasi M, Mor G. Understanding the complexity of the immune system during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:107-16. [PMID: 24995526 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in our understanding of the role of the maternal immune system during healthy pregnancy will help us better understand the role of the immune system in adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we discuss our present understanding of the 'immunity of pregnancy' in the context of the response to cervical and placental infections and how these responses affect both the mother and the fetus. We discuss novel and challenging concepts that help explain the immunological aspects of pregnancy and how the mother and fetus respond to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Racicot
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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