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Zhang Y, Wu Q, Wang Y, Chen Q, Han S, Li B, Zhao Q, Wang Q, Wang Y, Gao Y. Systemic Inflammation and Disruption of the Local Microenvironment Compromise Muscle Regeneration: Critical Pathogenesis of Autoimmune-Associated Sarcopenia. Interact J Med Res 2025; 14:e64456. [PMID: 40407708 PMCID: PMC12124038 DOI: 10.2196/64456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 06/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Unlabelled Sarcopenia is defined by age-related reductions in muscle mass, strength, and physiological function, and it is especially prevalent among individuals with autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune disorders, characterized by immune dysregulation, cause systemic inflammation and damage to multiple tissues through unregulated immune activity. Research indicates that autoimmune diseases negatively impact skeletal muscle functions and may worsen the progression of sarcopenia. This viewpoint comprehensively discusses the pathogenesis and potential mechanism of sarcopenia in 3 autoimmune diseases: inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mechanistically, chronic immune microenvironment alterations induce compartment-specific redistribution of leukocyte subsets and cytokine networks. These perturbations disrupt critical signaling pathways governing muscle protein synthesis, satellite cell activation, and mitochondrial bioenergetics, leading to impaired regeneration and accelerated sarcopenia progression. By delineating shared and distinct pathomechanisms across these models, this analysis reframes our understanding of immune-mediated muscle wasting. Beyond mechanistic insights, it establishes a translational framework for targeted therapies and highlights emerging research directions bridging immunology and age-related musculoskeletal decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
| | - Qingqian Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
| | - Yi Wang
- Yixing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingyan Chen
- Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
| | - Qingwen Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
| | - Qianzhuo Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
| | - Yule Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China, 86 13706511908
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Golden GJ, Wu VH, Hamilton JT, Amses KR, Shapiro MR, Sada Japp A, Liu C, Pampena MB, Kuri-Cervantes L, Knox JJ, Gardner JS, Atkinson MA, Brusko TM, Luning Prak ET, Kaestner KH, Naji A, Betts MR. Immune perturbations in human pancreas lymphatic tissues prior to and after type 1 diabetes onset. Nat Commun 2025; 16:4621. [PMID: 40383826 PMCID: PMC12086209 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells results in type 1 diabetes (T1D), with pancreatic immune infiltrate representing a key feature in this process. However, characterization of the immunological processes occurring in human pancreatic lymphatic tissues is lacking. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study of immune cells from pancreatic, mesenteric, and splenic lymphatic tissues of non-diabetic control (ND), β cell autoantibody-positive non-diabetic (AAb+), and T1D donors using flow cytometry and CITEseq. Compared to ND pancreas-draining lymph nodes (pLN), AAb+ and T1D donor pLNs display decreased CD4+ Treg and increased stem-like CD8+ T cell signatures, while only T1D donor pLNs exhibit naive T cell and NK cell differentiation. Mesenteric LNs have modulations only in CD4+ Tregs and naive cells, while splenocytes lack these perturbations. Further, T cell expression of activation markers and IL7 receptor correlate with T1D genetic risk. These results demonstrate tissue-restricted immune changes occur before and after T1D onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Golden
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vincent H Wu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacob T Hamilton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin R Amses
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melanie R Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Alberto Sada Japp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Betina Pampena
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James J Knox
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jay S Gardner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Zhang J, Cheng L, Jiang S, Zhu D. Machine learning based identification of anoikis related gene classification patterns and immunoinfiltration characteristics in diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2025; 15:15271. [PMID: 40312440 PMCID: PMC12046048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-99395-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Anoikis and immune cell infiltration are pivotal factors in the pathophysiological mechanism of diabetic nephropathy (DN), yet a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism is lacking. This work aimed to pinpoint distinctive anoikis-related genes (ARGs) in DN and delve into their impact on the immune landscape. Three datasets (GSE30528, GSE47184, and GSE96804) were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) dataset. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the "limma" package, while ARGs were obtained from GSEA, GeneCard, and Harmonizome datasets. The intersection of DEGs and ARGs was analyzed for Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. The CIBERSORT algorithm was employed to estimate the infiltration percentage of 22 immune cell types in DN renal tissue. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), and random forest (RF) algorithms were adopted to screen key ARGs related to DN. After that, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of each gene and the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was adopted to quantitatively detect the expression of biomarkers in DN cell models. Finally, correlations between key genes and immune cell infiltration were analyzed, and a competitive endogenous ribonucleic acid (RNA) (ceRNA) network based on key genes was constructed. A total of 59 DEARGs were identified. GO functional annotation enrichment analysis revealed their involvement in kidney development, extracellular matrix (ECM), cytoplasmic vesicle cavity, immunoinflammatory response, and cytokine effect. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that MAPK, PI3K -Akt, IL -17, TNF, and HIF- 1 signaling pathways are critical for DN. In addition, seven key genes, including PDK4, S100A8, HTRA1, CHI3L1, WT1, CDKN1B, and EGF, were screened by machine learning algorithm. Most of these genes exhibited low expression in renal tissue of DN patients and positive correlation with neutrophils, and their expressions were verified in an external dataset cell model. The ceRNA analysis suggested potential regulatory pathways (H19/miR-15b-5p/PDK4 and KCNQ1T1/miR-1207-3p/WT1) influencing early DN progression. This work provided a comprehensive analysis of the role of DEARGs in DN for the first time, offering valuable insights for further understanding the disease mechanism and guiding clinical diagnosis, treatment, and research of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Third Department of Jiaozhou City Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiaozhou, 266300, Shandong, China
| | - Lulu Cheng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Duosheng Zhu
- The Third Department of Jiaozhou City Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiaozhou, 266300, Shandong, China.
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Gong Y, Xu R, Gao G, Li S, Liu Y. The role of fatty acid metabolism on B cells and B cell-related autoimmune diseases. Inflamm Res 2025; 74:75. [PMID: 40299047 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-025-02042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2025] [Revised: 04/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism plays a critical role in regulating immune cell function, including B cells, which are central to humoral immunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that fatty acid metabolism influences B cell development, activation, differentiation, and antibody production, thereby impacting B cell-related autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which fatty acid metabolism modulates B cell biology, including energy provision, membrane composition, and signaling pathways. We highlight how alterations in fatty acid synthesis, oxidation, and uptake affect B cell function and contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting fatty acid metabolism in B cells to treat autoimmune diseases. Understanding the interplay between fatty acid metabolism and B cell immunity may provide novel insights into the development of precision therapies for B cell-mediated autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Gong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guohui Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Simiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China, China.
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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5
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Knox JJ, Karolyi K, Monslow J, Cromley D, Rader DJ, Puré E, Cancro MP. T-bet-expressing B cells promote atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2025; 214:vkae027. [PMID: 40073097 PMCID: PMC11952879 DOI: 10.1093/jimmun/vkae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
The humoral immune system influences the development of atherosclerosis, but the contributions of specific memory B cell subsets and IgG isotypes are poorly understood. We assessed the relationship between atherosclerosis and age-associated B cells (ABCs), a T-bet-expressing memory B cell subset that is enriched for IgG2c production and implicated in humoral autoimmunity. We found increased numbers of splenic CD11c+ ABCs in 6-mo-old, chow-fed Apoe-/- mice versus C57BL/6 control mice, which were exacerbated by high-fat diet. Deletion of T-bet in the B lineage in high-fat diet-fed Apoe-/- mice reduced aortic lesion area, and this correlated with decreased splenic CD11c+ B cells and reduced serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein-specific IgG2c. Our findings suggest that T-bet-expressing B cells are atherogenic agents in the Apoe-/- model and indicate that interventions to inhibit a T-bet-driven humoral response may improve atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Knox
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Katalin Karolyi
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James Monslow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Debra Cromley
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Zhang LS, Yu P, Yao F, Lu ZQ, Li XM, Chen H. Insulin autoantibodies, D-dimer and microalbuminuria: A cross-sectional, case-control study of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16:101501. [PMID: 39959270 PMCID: PMC11718470 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 11/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often leads to vascular complications, such as albuminuria. The role of insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and their interaction with D-dimer in this context remains unclear. AIM To investigate the characteristics of IAA and its effect on albuminuria in T2DM patients. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 115 T2DM patients with positive IAA induced by exogenous insulin, and 115 age- and sex-matched IAA-negative T2DM patients as controls. Propensity scores were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Key variables were selected using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. We constructed a prediction model and analyzed the association between IAA and albuminuria based on demographic and laboratory parameters. RESULTS The IAA-positive group had significantly higher D-dimer levels [0.30 (0.19-0.55) mg/L vs 0.21 (0.19-0.33) mg/L, P = 0.008] and plasma insulin levels [39.1 (12.0-102.7) μU/mL vs 9.8 (5.5-17.6) μU/mL, P < 0.001] compared to the IAA-negative group. Increases in the insulin dose per weight ratio, diabetes duration, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were observed but did not reach statistical significance. The LASSO model identified plasma insulin and D-dimer as key factors with larger coefficients. D-dimer was significantly associated with UACR in the total and IAA-positive groups but not in the IAA-negative group. The odds ratio for D-dimer elevation (> 0.5 g/L) was 2.88 (95% confidence interval: 1.17-7.07) in the IAA-positive group (P interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSION D-dimer elevation is an independent risk factor for abnormal albuminuria and interacts with IAA in the development of abnormal albuminuria in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai 201104, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Shibuta T, Takada Y, Nishinosono S, Yasuda S, Ono Y, Hirooka Y, Irikura D, Saito K, Umemura T. Disease-specific signatures of circulating extracellular vesicles detected by the surface plasmon resonance imaging: a pilot study. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2025; 6:36-53. [PMID: 40206804 PMCID: PMC11977349 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2024.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Aim: Cells in the human body release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into fluids, such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. EVs express tetraspanin family proteins (e.g., CD63, CD9, and CD81) and cell-specific antigens on their surface as common and specific markers, respectively. In this study, we hypothesized that the profile of blood cell-derived circulating EVs could reveal both common and specific pathophysiology in atherogenic diseases. Methods: Using surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi), we analyzed EVs surface molecules and identified circulating EVs in healthy controls (n = 18), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; n = 71), and those with hypertension (HT; n = 47). Results: Patients with T2DM and HT exhibited distinct EV profiles: (i) CD9, CD110, CD20, activin receptor type-2A (AcvRIIA), Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine, and CD44 positive EVs were upregulated in T2DM; (ii) CD9, Maackia amurensis agglutinin lectin binding molecules (MBM), CD20, AcvRIIA, and CD44 positive EVs were upregulated in HT. By analyzing an appropriate set of three antigens or using dimensional reduction clustering, we were able to clearly differentiate between T2DM, HT, and control groups. In some patients, disease severity correlated with CD44 and CD20 in T2DM and MBM and AcvRIIA in HT. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that profiling of circulating EVs via the SPRi method offers a novel approach for diagnosing and monitoring human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Shibuta
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
| | - Yukichi Takada
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
| | - Shiori Nishinosono
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
| | - Seiko Yasuda
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ono
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Kouhoukai Takagi Hospital, Fukuoka 831-0016, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
- Hypertension and Heart Failure Center, Kouhoukai Takagi Hospital, Fukuoka 831-0016, Japan
- Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
| | | | | | - Tsukuru Umemura
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
- Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
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8
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Zhang G, Luo H, Lu X, Liu Y, Wang M, Li B, Lu H, Zheng Y. Machine learning-based identification and validation of amino acid metabolism related genes as novel biomarkers in chronic kidney disease. Heliyon 2025; 11:e41872. [PMID: 39897884 PMCID: PMC11786826 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 01/03/2025] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 02/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive illness with a high rate of morbidity and mortality with no proven therapy. Alterations of amino acid(AA) metabolism are associated with the incidence and progression of CKD. To characterize the potential value of AA metabolism related genes in the diagnosis and progression of CKD. Methods We filtered the key genes associated with AA metabolism based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and SVM algorithm. Then, we constructed logistic regression models and evaluated the accuracy and specificity by nomogram analysis and DCA. Also, we mapped the ROC curves.Meanwhile, in order to determine the underlying mechanism and relevant biological features of CKD, we conducted differential analysis between high and low risk subgroups in CKD. Moreover,we employed ssGSEA algorithm to evaluate the infiltration abundance of immune cells and calculated the correlation among the immune cells with the key genes. Finally,we validated the expression and clinical relevance of amino acid metabolism key genes via cultured cells and clinical data. A total of six key genes related to amino acid metabolism were identified, including ALDH18A1, CENPF, CSAD, CTH, CYP27B1, HBB. Results All six genes exhibited promising diagnostic capabilities (AUC:0.7 to 0.9). Immune cells such as Activated CD4+ T cells, Regulatory T cells, Immature B cells and MDSC,etc.infiltrated differentially in the high and low risk groups of CKD. There were correlations between immune cells abundance and the expression of key genes. All key genes correlated significantly with markers of kidney injury, such as eGFR and serum creatinine. The expression of ALDH18A1, CENPF were increased while CSAD, CTH and CYP27B1 were decreased in HK-2 cells cultured with indole sulfate. Conclusions Our study identified key genes involved in amino acid metabolism associated with immune cells infiltration and renal function in CKD, which may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hongyan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Nephrology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People's Hospital of Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Li X, Cao S, Zi X, Yu H, Mao C. POU2F2 activates the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway and enhances B lymphocyte function during diabetic kidney disease by promoting PIK3CD transcription. Nephrology (Carlton) 2024; 29:825-837. [PMID: 39401868 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD) is the predominant isoform of the catalytic subunit of PI3K in lymphocytes. Based on comprehensive bioinformatics, this study explores the functions of PIK3CD in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression in mice and B lymphocyte activity. METHODS Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously develop DKD were applied as animal models. Lentiviral vector-mediated PIK3CD silencing was introduced in mice, followed by histological staining and biomarker assessments to evaluate DKD-associated symptoms. The activity of the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was determined by western blot analysis. Following bioinformatics analyses, the interaction between POU class 2 homeobox 2 (POU2F2) and PIK3CD in B lymphocytes was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. Their functions in B cell function were identified by MTT, flow cytometry and IgG deposition assessment. RESULTS PIK3CD was found to be highly expressed in the kidney of DKD mice. Knockdown of PIK3CD inactivated the Akt/mTOR signalling, thus ameliorating tissue injury and fibrosis, enhancing the expression of AQP1 and decreasing urinary NGAL contents, UACR, BUN and β-NAG/creatinine ratio. These effects were negated by the Akt-specific activator SC79. POU2F2 was found to promote PIK3CD transcription by binding to its promoter, thus activating the Akt/mTOR pathway. Knockdown of POU2F2 suppressed B cell proliferation in vitro and decreased B cell population and IgG deposition in the mouse kidney. However, these trends were reversed upon additional PIK3CD overexpression. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that POU2F2 mediates PIK3CD-dependent Akt/mTOR signalling activation, thus enhancing B lymphocyte function and promoting DKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shukun Cao
- School of Medical Laboratory and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqiao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhao B, Zhao Y, Sun X. Mechanism and therapeutic targets of circulating immune cells in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 210:107505. [PMID: 39547465 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) continues to be the leading cause of preventable vision loss among working-aged adults, marked by immune dysregulation within the retinal microenvironment. Typically, the retina is considered as an immune-privileged organ, where circulating immune cells are restricted from entry under normal conditions. However, during the progression of DR, this immune privilege is compromised as circulating immune cells breach the barrier and infiltrate the retina. Increasing evidence suggests that vascular and neuronal degeneration in DR is largely driven by the infiltration of immune cells, particularly neutrophils, monocyte-derived macrophages, and lymphocytes. This review delves into the mechanisms and therapeutic targets associated with these immune cell populations in DR, offering a promising and innovative approach to managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xufang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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11
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Wang B. Integrated approach of machine learning, Mendelian randomization and experimental validation for biomarker discovery in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:5646-5660. [PMID: 39370621 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
AIM To identify potential biomarkers and explore the mechanisms underlying diabetic nephropathy (DN) by integrating machine learning, Mendelian randomization (MR) and experimental validation. METHODS Microarray and RNA-sequencing datasets (GSE47184, GSE96804, GSE104948, GSE104954, GSE142025 and GSE175759) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differential expression analysis identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between patients with DN and controls. Diverse machine learning algorithms, including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, support vector machine-recursive feature elimination, and random forest, were used to enhance gene selection accuracy and predictive power. We integrated summary-level data from genome-wide association studies on DN with expression quantitative trait loci data to identify genes with potential causal relationships to DN. The predictive performance of the biomarker gene was validated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Gene set enrichment and correlation analyses were conducted to investigate potential mechanisms. Finally, the biomarker gene was validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in clinical samples from patients with DN and controls. RESULTS Based on identified 314 DEGs, seven characteristic genes with high predictive performance were identified using three integrated machine learning algorithms. MR analysis revealed 219 genes with significant causal effects on DN, ultimately identifying one co-expressed gene, carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), as a key biomarker for DN. The ROC curves demonstrated the excellent predictive performance of CA2, with area under the curve values consistently above 0.878 across all datasets. Additionally, our analysis indicated a significant association between CA2 and infiltrating immune cells in DN, providing potential mechanistic insights. This biomarker was validated using clinical samples, confirming the reliability of our findings in clinical practice. CONCLUSION By integrating machine learning, MR and experimental validation, we successfully identified and validated CA2 as a promising biomarker for DN with excellent predictive performance. The biomarker may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of DN via immune-related pathways. These findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DN and may inform the development of personalized treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Song S, Sun Y, Yu J. Causal relationship between 731 immune cells and the risk of diabetic nephropathy: a two‑sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2387208. [PMID: 39091101 PMCID: PMC11299454 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2387208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous observational studies have indicated associations between various immune cells and diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the causality remains unclear. We aimed to further evaluate the causal association between immune cells and DN using bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHOD The DN data were retrieved from the IEU OpenGWAS Project database, while the data for 731 immune cells were sourced from GWAS summary statistics by Orru ̀ et al. The investigation into the causal relationship between immune cells and DN employed the inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WME), and MR-Egger methods. The stability and reliability of the findings underwent evaluation through Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept's P-value, MR-PRESSO, and Leave-One-Out (LOO) method. RESULT The IVW estimates suggested a positive causal effect of CD25 on IgD-CD38dim B cell, CD25 on naive-mature B cell, CD127 on granulocyte, SSC-A on HLA DR + Natural Killer, HLA DR on plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell, and HLA DR on Dendritic Cell on DN. Conversely, the abundance of Myeloid Dendritic Cell, CD62L- Dendritic Cell %Dendritic Cell, CD86+ myeloid Dendritic Cell %Dendritic Cell, CD14- CD16-, CX3CR1 on CD14- CD16-, and SSC-A on CD4+ T cell had negative causal effects on DN. However, after correcting the P value for significant causality results using the FDR method, it was concluded that only Myeloid Dendritic Cells had a causal relationship with DN (FDR-p = 0.041), while the other immune cells showed no significant association with DN, so their relationship was suggestive. The results were stable with no observed horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Reverse MR analysis indicated no causal relationship between DN and the increased risk of positively identified immune cells. CONCLUSION This study provides an initial insight into the genetic perspective of the causal relationship between immune cells and DN. It establishes a crucial theoretical foundation for future endeavors in precision medicine and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiangyi Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
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13
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Wang M, Yao F, Chen N, Wu T, Yan J, Du L, Zeng S, Du C. The advance of single cell transcriptome to study kidney immune cells in diabetic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:412. [PMID: 39550562 PMCID: PMC11568691 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Increasing studies suggest that immune cells are involved in regulating renal inflammation, which contributes to the progression of DKD. Compared with conventional methods, single-cell sequencing technology is more developed technique that has advantages in resolving cellular heterogeneity, parallel multi-omics studies, and discovering new cell types. ScRNA-seq helps researchers to analyze specifically gene expressions, signaling pathways, intercellular communication as well as their regulations in various immune cells of kidney biopsy and urine samples. It is still challenging to investigate the function of each cell type in the pathophysiology of kidney due to its complex and heterogeneous structure and function. Here, we discuss the application of single-cell transcriptomics in the field of DKD and highlight several recent studies that explore the important role of immune cells including macrophage, T cells, B cells etc. in DKD through scRNA-seq analyses. Through combing the researches of scRNA-seq on immune cells in DKD, this review provides novel perspectives on the pathogenesis and immune therapeutic strategy for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiaxin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Linshan Du
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Shijie Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Chunyang Du
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
- Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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14
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Deng J, Wu P. Integrated bioinformatics analysis and in vivo validation of potential immune-related genes linked to diabetic nephropathy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e40151. [PMID: 39583850 PMCID: PMC11582746 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and the main cause of chronic renal failure. This study explored the potential immunomodulation-related genes (IRGs) in DN using bioinformatics. Methods IRGs were identified using GeneCards, and differentially expressed genes were identified using the GSE99339, GSE96804, and GSE30122 datasets. We conducted enrichment analyses using Gene Ontology, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes to identify the associated signaling pathways. Prognostic models were constructed using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression. The predictive power of IRGs was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Furthermore, we utilized ssGSEA to determine the relative abundance of immune cell infiltration. The expression of five significant IRGs was further validated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in individuals with DN and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) in animal experiments. Results In total, 17 immunomodulation-related differentially expressed genes were identified, which were enriched in immune-associated pathways and inflammation. GSEA unveiled substantial enrichments in metabolic irregularities and the structural composition of the extracellular matrix. ROC analysis results revealed that the diagnostic efficacy of IFNAR2 and CASP3 was comparatively high. Notably, we identified potential IRGs for DN, including CASP3, LGALS9, and SST, using IHC and RT-PCR. Conclusions CASP3, LGALS9, and SST are potential IRGs in patients with DN. Our findings may offer a theoretical basis for developing more focused and innovative immunotherapy approaches for patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
- Department of Nephrology, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, 364000, China
| | - Peiwen Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350212, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
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15
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Wang T, Zhang Y, Wu C, Huang Z, Liang X, Luo Z. Exploring the mechanism of comorbidity in patients with T1DM and COVID-19: Integrating bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization methods. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e40128. [PMID: 39432633 PMCID: PMC11495797 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024] Open
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased. Additionally, evidence suggests that individuals with diabetes mellitus may have increased susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. However, the specific causal relationships and interaction mechanisms between T1DM and COVID-19 remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between T1DM and COVID-19, utilizing differential gene expression and Mendelian randomization analyses. Differentially expressed gene sets from datasets GSE156035 and GSE171110 were intersected to identify shared genes, analyzed for functional enrichment. Mendelian randomization models were employed to assess causal effects, revealing no direct causal link between T1DM and COVID-19 in the European population (P > .05). Notably, DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion 1 (DSCC1) showed negative causal associations with both diseases (T1DM: OR = 0.943, 95% CI: 0.898-0.991, P = .020; COVID-19: OR = 0.919, 95% CI: 0.882-0.958, P < .001), suggesting a protective effect against their comorbidity. This genetic evidence highlights DSCC1 as a potential target for monitoring and managing the co-occurrence of T1DM and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingliang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunjiao Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinghuan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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16
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Ren J, Ma K, Lu X, Peng H, Wang J, Nasser MI, Liu C. Occurrence and role of Tph cells in various renal diseases. Mol Med 2024; 30:174. [PMID: 39390361 PMCID: PMC11468416 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A new population of peripheral helper T (Tph) cells has been identified and contributed to various autoimmune diseases. Tph cells can secrete interleukin-21 (IL-21), interferon (IFN) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) to moderate renal disease. Moreover, Tph cells can congregate in huge numbers and immerse within inflamed tissue. Compared to Tfh cells, Tph cells express high programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) but often lack expression of the chemokine receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5). They display features distinct from other T cells, which are uniquely poised to promote responses and antibody production of B cells within pathologically inflamed non-lymphoid tissues and a key feature of Tph cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of Tph cells in chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, kidney transplantation and various renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Ren
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuai Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xiangheng Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoyu Peng
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Wang
- General Practice Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Moussa Ide Nasser
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Centre for Kidney Diseases, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Ling EM, Lemos JRN, Hirani K, von Herrath M. Type 1 diabetes: immune pathology and novel therapeutic approaches. Diabetol Int 2024; 15:761-776. [PMID: 39469552 PMCID: PMC11512973 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-024-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the progressive destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Despite improvements in insulin monitoring techniques, there remains no cure for T1D. Individuals with T1D require lifelong insulin therapy and some develop life-threatening complications. T1D is a complex, multifactorial, autoimmune condition. Understanding why people get T1D and how it progresses has advanced our knowledge of the disease and led to the discovery of specific targets that can be therapeutically manipulated to halt or reverse the course of T1D. Scientists investigating the potential of immunotherapy treatment for the treatment have recently had some encouraging results. Teplizumab, an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that has been approved by the FDA, delays the onset of clinical T1D in patients ≥ 8 years of age with preclinical T1D and improves beta cell function. Therapies targeting beta cell health, vitality, and function are now thought to be an essential component of successful combination therapy for T1D. The idea that the beta cells themselves may influence their own destruction during the development of T1D is a notion that has recently been gaining acceptance in the field. Researchers have recently made remarkable strides in beta cell replacement therapy and beta cell regeneration techniques. This review offers a detailed exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms of T1D. It discusses the intricate interplay of factors leading to T1D development and the innovative approaches being explored to discover new treatments and a cure for the millions of people living with T1D worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Ling
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Joana R. N. Lemos
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
- Division of Endocrine, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Khemraj Hirani
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
- Division of Endocrine, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
- Division of Endocrine, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
- Global Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
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18
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Ma Y, Ji J, Liu X, Zheng X, Xu L, Zhou Q, Li Z, Yang L. Integrative Analysis by Mendelian Randomization and Large-Scale Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Causal Links between B Cell Subtypes and Diabetic Kidney Disease. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 10:327-345. [PMID: 39430286 PMCID: PMC11488840 DOI: 10.1159/000539689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The increasing incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and the challenges in its management highlight the necessity for a deeper understanding of its pathogenesis. While recent studies have underscored the substantial impact of circulating immunity on the development of diabetic microvascular complications such as retinopathy and neuropathy, research on circulating immunity in DKD remains limited. Methods This study utilized Mendelian randomization analysis to explore the potential independent causal relationships between circulating immune cells and DKD pathogenesis. Additionally, a combination of single-cell disease relevance score (scDRS) and immune cell infiltration analysis was employed to map the circulating immunity landscape in DKD patients. Results Ten immune traits, including 5 of B cells, 2 of T cells, 2 of granulocytes, and one of monocytes, were defined to be associated with the pathogenesis of DKD. Notably, IgD - CD27 - B cell Absolute Count (IVW: OR, 1.102 [1.023-1.189], p = 0.011) and IgD - CD24 - B cell Absolute Count (IVW: OR, 1.106 [1.030-1.188], p = 0.005) were associated with promoting DKD pathogenesis, while CD24 + CD27 + B cell %B cell (IVW: OR, 0.943 [0.898-0.989], p = 0.016) demonstrated a protective effect against DKD onset. The presence of B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) on CD20 - CD38 - B cell (IVW: OR, 0.946 [0.904-0.989], p = 0.015) and BAFF-R on IgD - CD38 + B cell (IVW: OR, 0.902 [0.834-0.975], p = 0.009) also indicated a potential role in preventing DKD. scDRS analysis revealed that two main subsets of B cells, naïve B and memory B cells, had a higher proportion of DKD-related cells or a higher scDRS score of DKD phenotype, indicating their strong association with DKD. Furthermore, immune infiltrate deconvolution analysis showed a notable decrease in the circulating memory B cells and class-switched memory B cells in DKD patients compared to those of DM patients without DKD. Conclusion Our study revealed the causal relations between circulating immunity and DKD susceptibility, particularly highlighted the potential roles of B cell subtypes in DKD development. Further studies addressing the related mechanisms would broaden the current understanding of DKD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xintong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xizi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease-Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment (Peking University)-Ministry of Education of China, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Li X, Zhang L, Yan C, Zeng H, Chen G, Qiu J. Relationship between immune cells and diabetic nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:1251-1258. [PMID: 38762618 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although previous studies have suggested potential correlations between immunocytes and diabetic nephropathy (DN), the causal correlations between them remain unclarified. In this study, we employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to analyze the potential causative correlations between immune 731 cells and DN. METHODS We used the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) database to aggregate signatures of immune cells and DN from European and East Asian populations. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as instrumental variables. MR analysis was conducted using Mendelian randomization-Egger (MR-Egger) regression and the random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. RESULTS A total of 3,571 SNPs were included as instrumental variables. The MR-Egger regression model indicated no genetic pleiotropy (P = 0.6284). The results of the IVW method indicated a statistically significant causal relationship between immune cell HLA-DR on CD14-CD16- (P = 0.029), CD45RA-CD28-CD8 + T cell% T cells (P = 0.0278), CD11c on myeloid dendritic cells (P = 0.0352), HLA-DR on CD14+ monocytes (P < 0.001), CD27 on CD24 + CD27 + B cells (P = 0.0334), CD27 on IgD + CD24 + B cells (P = 0.0137), CD4 on CD39 + CD4 + T cells (P = 0.0347), CD28 on CD39 + CD4 + T cells (P = 0.0414), CD39 on CD39 + CD4 + T cells (P = 0.0426), and DN. Additionally, there was no heterogeneity in SNPs related HLA-DR on CD14-CD16-cells and DN(I2 = 32%, Cochran's Q = 2.9476, P = 0.2291). Moreover, leave-one-out analysis showed a causal correlation between HLA-DR on CD14-CD16- cells and DN. CONCLUSION Higher expression of immune cell HLA-DR on CD14-CD16- cells may indicate a lower risk of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangyou Zhang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chuang Yan
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Huo Zeng
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Gangyi Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Jianwen Qiu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Fagundes RR, Zaldumbide A, Taylor CT. Role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in type 1 diabetes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:798-810. [PMID: 39127527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common autoimmune disease in which dysregulated glucose metabolism is a key feature. T1D is both poorly understood and in need of improved therapeutics. Hypoxia is frequently encountered in multiple tissues in T1D patients including the pancreas and sites of diabetic complications. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a ubiquitous master regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia, promotes glucose metabolism through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms and alters disease progression in multiple preclinical T1D models. However, how HIF-1 activation in β-cells of the pancreas and immune cells (two key cell types in T1D) ultimately affects disease progression remains controversial. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of hypoxia/HIF-1-induced glycolysis in T1D and explore the possible use of drugs targeting this pathway as potential new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael R Fagundes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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21
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Vivas AJ, Boumediene S, Tobón GJ. Predicting autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review of classic biomarkers and advances in artificial intelligence. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103611. [PMID: 39209014 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases comprise a spectrum of disorders characterized by the dysregulation of immune tolerance, resulting in tissue or organ damage and inflammation. Their prevalence has been on the rise, significantly impacting patients' quality of life and escalating healthcare costs. Consequently, the prediction of autoimmune diseases has recently garnered substantial interest among researchers. Despite their wide heterogeneity, many autoimmune diseases exhibit a consistent pattern of paraclinical findings that hold predictive value. From serum biomarkers to various machine learning approaches, the array of available methods has been continuously expanding. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) presents an exciting new range of possibilities, with notable advancements already underway. The ultimate objective should revolve around disease prevention across all levels. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent data pertaining to the prediction of diverse autoimmune diseases and encompasses both traditional biomarkers and the latest innovations in AI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Synda Boumediene
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University-School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Gabriel J Tobón
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University-School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Southern Illinois University-School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America.
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22
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Ma XL, Ge D, Hu XJ. Evaluation of teplizumab's efficacy and safety in treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1615-1626. [PMID: 39099823 PMCID: PMC11292331 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i7.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islets of Langerhans beta cells diminish in autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Teplizumab, a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, may help T1DM. Its long-term implications on clinical T1DM development, safety, and efficacy are unknown. AIM To assess the effectiveness and safety of teplizumab as a therapeutic intervention for individuals with T1DM. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) to select publications published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. The odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) were calculated, along with their 95%CI. We assessed heterogeneity using Cochrane Q and I 2 statistics and the appropriate P value. RESULTS There were 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the current meta-analysis with a total of 1908 T1DM patients from diverse age cohorts, with 1361 patients receiving Teplizumab and 547 patients receiving a placebo. Teplizumab was found to have a substantial link with a decrease in insulin consumption, with an OR of 4.13 (95%CI: 1.72 to 9.90). Teplizumab is associated with an improved C-peptide response (OR 2.49; 95%CI: 1.62 to 3.81) and a significant change in Glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in people with type 1 diabetes [OR 1.75 (95%CI: 1.03 to 2.98)], and it has a RR of 0.71 (95%CI: 0.53 to 0.95). CONCLUSION In type 1 diabetics, teplizumab decreased insulin consumption, improved C-peptide response, and significantly changed HbA1c levels with negligible side effects. Teplizumab appears to improve glycaemic control and diabetes management with good safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| | - Dan Ge
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Jian Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
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23
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Wu J, Hu N, Guo B, Ma H, Xie L, Huang Y, Xia S, Jiang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Liang Z. Single-cell transcriptomics systematically discloses the immune-inflammatory responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for diabetic nephropathy. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101033. [PMID: 38510479 PMCID: PMC10951445 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangpeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Baochun Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Hualin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Lulin Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Yisha Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Siyu Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Yuke Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
- Department of Geriatrics, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Geriatrics, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
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24
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Zhou T, Fang YL, Tian TT, Wang GX. Pathological mechanism of immune disorders in diabetic kidney disease and intervention strategies. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1111-1121. [PMID: 38983817 PMCID: PMC11229953 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is one of the most severe chronic microvascular complications of diabetes and a primary cause of end-stage renal disease. Clinical studies have shown that renal inflammation is a key factor determining kidney damage during diabetes. With the development of immunological technology, many studies have shown that diabetic nephropathy is an immune complex disease, and that most patients have immune dysfunction. However, the immune response associated with diabetic nephropathy and autoimmune kidney disease, or caused by ischemia or infection with acute renal injury, is different, and has a com-plicated pathological mechanism. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy in immune disorders and the intervention mechanism, to provide guidance and advice for early intervention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yi-Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tian
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Gui-Xia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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25
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Peng QY, An Y, Jiang ZZ, Xu Y. The Role of Immune Cells in DKD: Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2103-2118. [PMID: 38601771 PMCID: PMC11005934 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s457526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is a common microvascular complication and a major cause of death in patients with diabetes. Disorders of immune cells and immune cytokines can accelerate DKD development of in a number of ways. As the kidney is composed of complex and highly differentiated cells, the interactions among different cell types and immune cells play important regulatory roles in disease development. Here, we summarize the latest research into the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions among various immune and renal cells in DKD. In addition, we discuss the most recent studies related to single cell technology and bioinformatics analysis in the field of DKD. The aims of our review were to explore immune cells as potential therapeutic targets in DKD and provide some guidance for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yue Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zong-Zhe Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Prabha B, Lekshmy Krishnan S, Abraham B, Jayamurthy P, Radhakrishnan KV. An insight into the mechanistic role of (-)-Ampelopsin F from Vatica chinensis L. in inducing insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 103:117695. [PMID: 38522346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Resveratrol oligomers, ranging from dimers to octamers, are formed through regioselective synthesis involving the phenoxy radical coupling of resveratrol building blocks, exhibiting remarkable therapeutic potential, including antidiabetic properties. In this study, we elucidate the mechanistic insights into the insulin secretion potential of a resveratrol dimer, (-)-Ampelopsin F (AmF), isolated from the acetone extract of Vatica chinensis L. stem bark in Pancreatic Beta-TC-6 cell lines. The AmF (50 µM) treated cells exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in insulin secretion potential as compared to unstimulated cells, which was achieved through the enhancement of mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration, and upregulation of GLUT2 and glucokinase expression in pancreatic Beta-TC-6 cell lines. Furthermore, AmF effectively inhibited the activity of DPP4, showcasing a 2.5-fold decrease compared to the control and a significant 6.5-fold reduction compared to the positive control. These findings emphasize AmF as a potential lead for the management of diabetes mellitus and point to its possible application in the next therapeutic initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Prabha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - S Lekshmy Krishnan
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Billu Abraham
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - P Jayamurthy
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - K V Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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27
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Alleva DG, Delpero AR, Sathiyaseelan T, Murikipudi S, Lancaster TM, Atkinson MA, Wasserfall CH, Yu L, Ragupathy R, Bonami RH, Zion TC. An antigen-specific immunotherapeutic, AKS-107, deletes insulin-specific B cells and prevents murine autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367514. [PMID: 38515750 PMCID: PMC10954819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antigen-presenting cell function of insulin-reactive B cells promotes type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by stimulating pathogenic T cells leading to destruction of insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islets. Methods/Results To target insulin-reactive B cells, AKS-107, a human IgG1 Fc molecule fused with human insulin A and B chains, was engineered to retain conformational insulin epitopes that bound mouse and human B cell receptors but prevented binding to the insulin metabolic receptor. AKS-107 Fc-mediated deletion of insulin-reactive B cells was demonstrated via ex vivo and in vivo experiments with insulin-reactive B cell receptor transgenic mouse strains, VH125Tg/NOD and Tg125(H+L)/NOD. As an additional immune tolerance feature, the Y16A mutation of the insulin B(9-23) dominant T cell epitope was engineered into AKS-107 to suppress activation of insulin-specific T cells. In mice and non-human primates, AKS-107 was well-tolerated, non-immunogenic, did not cause hypoglycemia even at high doses, and showed an expectedly protracted pharmacokinetic profile. AKS-107 reproducibly prevented spontaneous diabetes from developing in NOD and VH125Tg/NOD mice that persisted for months after cessation of treatment, demonstrating durable immune tolerance. Discussion These preclinical outcomes position AKS-107 for clinical development in T1D prevention settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Alleva
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Andrea R. Delpero
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | | | - Sylaja Murikipudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clive H. Wasserfall
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ramya Ragupathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Rachel H. Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Todd C. Zion
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
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28
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Hu X, Chen S, Ye S, Chen W, Zhou Y. New insights into the role of immunity and inflammation in diabetic kidney disease in the omics era. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342837. [PMID: 38487541 PMCID: PMC10937589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is becoming the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, especially in the industrialized world. Despite mounting evidence has demonstrated that immunity and inflammation are highly involved in the pathogenesis and progression of DKD, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Substantial molecules, signaling pathways, and cell types participate in DKD inflammation, by integrating into a complex regulatory network. Most of the studies have focused on individual components, without presenting their importance in the global or system-based processes, which largely hinders clinical translation. Besides, conventional technologies failed to monitor the different behaviors of resident renal cells and immune cells, making it difficult to understand their contributions to inflammation in DKD. Recently, the advancement of omics technologies including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has revolutionized biomedical research, which allows an unbiased global analysis of changes in DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites in disease settings, even at single-cell and spatial resolutions. They help us to identify critical regulators of inflammation processes and provide an overview of cell heterogeneity in DKD. This review aims to summarize the application of multiple omics in the field of DKD and emphasize the latest evidence on the interplay of inflammation and DKD revealed by these technologies, which will provide new insights into the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of DKD and lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sixiu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyang Ye
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Hu W, Song X, Yu H, Fan S, Shi A, Sun J, Wang H, Zhao L, Zhao Y. Suppression of B-Cell Activation by Human Cord Blood-Derived Stem Cells (CB-SCs) through the Galectin-9-Dependent Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1830. [PMID: 38339108 PMCID: PMC10855911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We developed the Stem Cell Educator therapy among multiple clinical trials based on the immune modulations of multipotent cord blood-derived stem cells (CB-SCs) on different compartments of immune cells, such as T cells and monocytes/macrophages, in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. However, the effects of CB-SCs on the B cells remained unclear. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune education of CB-SCs, we explored the modulations of CB-SCs on human B cells. CB-SCs were isolated from human cord blood units and confirmed by flow cytometry with different markers for their purity. B cells were purified by using anti-CD19 immunomagnetic beads from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Next, the activated B cells were treated in the presence or absence of coculture with CB-SCs for 7 days before undergoing flow cytometry analysis of phenotypic changes with different markers. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to evaluate the levels of galectin expressions on CB-SCs with or without treatment of activated B cells in order to find the key galectin that was contributing to the B-cell modulation. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the proliferation of activated B cells was markedly suppressed in the presence of CB-SCs, leading to the downregulation of immunoglobulin production from the activated B cells. Phenotypic analysis revealed that treatment with CB-SCs increased the percentage of IgD+CD27- naïve B cells, but decreased the percentage of IgD-CD27+ switched B cells. The transwell assay showed that the immune suppression of CB-SCs on B cells was dependent on the galectin-9 molecule, as confirmed by the blocking experiment with the anti-galectin-9 monoclonal antibody. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that both calcium levels of cytoplasm and mitochondria were downregulated after the treatment with CB-SCs, causing the decline in mitochondrial membrane potential in the activated B cells. Western blot exhibited that the levels of phosphorylated Akt and Erk1/2 signaling proteins in the activated B cells were also markedly reduced in the presence of CB-SCs. CB-SCs displayed multiple immune modulations on B cells through the galectin-9-mediated mechanism and calcium flux/Akt/Erk1/2 signaling pathways. The data advance our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the Stem Cell Educator therapy to treat autoimmune diseases in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (W.H.)
| | - Xiang Song
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (W.H.)
| | - Haibo Yu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (W.H.)
| | - Sophia Fan
- Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Andrew Shi
- Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Laura Zhao
- Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Yong Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (W.H.)
- Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
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30
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Wemlinger SM, Cambier JC. Therapeutic tactics for targeting B lymphocytes in autoimmunity and cancer. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2249947. [PMID: 37816494 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes have become a very popular therapeutic target in a number of autoimmune indications due to their newly appreciated roles, and approachability, in these diseases. Many of the therapies now applied in autoimmunity were initially developed to deplete malignant B cells. These strategies have also been found to benefit patients suffering from such autoimmune diseases as multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis, to name a few. These observations have supported the expansion of research addressing the mechanistic contributions of B cells in these diseases, as well as blossoming of therapeutics that target them. This review seeks to summarize cutting-edge modalities for targeting B cells, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor-T cells, and small molecule inhibitors. Efforts to refine B-cell targeted therapy to eliminate only pathogenic autoreactive cells will be addressed as well as the potential for future B-cell-based cellular therapeutics. Finally, we also address approaches that seek to silence B-cell function without depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Wemlinger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Zhang J, Qi J, Li Y, Wang J, Jiang H, Sun Q, Gu Q, Ying Z. Association between type 1 diabetes mellitus and ankylosing spondylitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289104. [PMID: 38173714 PMCID: PMC10762686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is closely related to autoimmune system dysfunction. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that is a risk factor for many diseases. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between T1DM mellitus and AS genetically. Methods A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of causal relationships between exposure (T1DM) and outcome (AS) was performed using summary data from the GWAS database. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study of these two diseases. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the primary analysis method, with MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode used as supplementary methods. Sensitivity analyses were performed using Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept, MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and outlier methods, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots. Results A total of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)were identified for instrumental variables(IVs) for MR analysis.IVW found that T1DM was causally associated with AS ((IVW: OR = 1.0006 (95% CI 1.0001, 1.0011), p = 0.0057; MR-Egger: OR = 1.0003 (95% CI 0.9995, 1.0012), p = 0.4147; weighted median: OR = 1.0006 (95% CI 1.0003, 1.0008), p = 0.0001; weighted mode: OR = 1.0007 (95% CI 1.0005, 1.0009), p = 0.0001). No horizontal pleiotropy was found for the MR-Egger intercept, and leave -one-out analysis found that the results remained stable after the removal of individual SNPs. Conclusion The results of the two-sample MR analysis supported a causal relationship between T1DM and AS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaping Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiong Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinchen Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenhua Ying
- Jinzhou Medical University Graduate Training Base Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation for Arthritis Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hang zhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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32
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Yang L, Zhang X, Liu Q, Wen Y, Wang Q. Update on the ZNT8 epitope and its role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023; 48:447-458. [PMID: 38099391 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific chronic autoimmune disease mediated by autoreactive T cells. ZnT8 is a pancreatic islet-specific zinc transporter that is mainly located in β cells. It not only participates in the synthesis, storage and secretion of insulin but also maintains the structural integrity of insulin. ZnT8 is the main autoantigen recognized by autoreactive CD8+ T cells in children and adults with T1D. This article summarizes the latest research results on the T lymphocyte epitope and B lymphocyte epitope of ZnT8 in the current literature. The structure and expression of ZnT8, the role of ZnT8 in insulin synthesis and its role in autoimmunity are reviewed. ZnT8 is the primary autoantigen of T1D and is specifically expressed in pancreatic islets. Thus, it is one of biomarkers for the diagnosis of T1D. It has broad prospects for further research on immunomodulators for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China -
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Xue C, Chen K, Gao Z, Bao T, Dong L, Zhao L, Tong X, Li X. Common mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular complications: focus on the interaction of metabolic disorders, immuno-inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:298. [PMID: 37904236 PMCID: PMC10614351 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications (DVCs), including macro- and micro- angiopathy, account for a high percentage of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Endothelial dysfunction is the initial and role step for the pathogenesis of DVCs. Hyperglycemia and lipid metabolism disorders contribute to endothelial dysfunction via direct injury of metabolism products, crosstalk between immunity and inflammation, as well as related interaction network. Although physiological and phenotypic differences support their specified changes in different targeted organs, there are still several common mechanisms underlying DVCs. Also, inhibitors of these common mechanisms may decrease the incidence of DVCs effectively. Thus, this review may provide new insights into the possible measures for the secondary prevention of DM. And we discussed the current limitations of those present preventive measures in DVCs research. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Xue
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Keyu Chen
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zezheng Gao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - LiShuo Dong
- Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Li Z, Zhao M, Li J, Luo W, Huang J, Huang G, Xie Z, Xiao Y, Huang J, Li X, Zhao B, Zhou Z. Elevated glucose metabolism driving pro-inflammatory response in B cells contributes to the progression of type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109729. [PMID: 37562723 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system's failure to maintain self-tolerance, resulting in the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Although T1D has conventionally been viewed as a T-cell-dominant disease, recent research has emphasized the contribution of B cells in the onset of the disease. However, the mechanism underlying aberrant B cell responses remains unknown. B cell metabolism is a crucial prerequisite for B cell function and the development of adaptive immune responses. Here, we investigated the metabolic features of B cells, first in a cross-sectional cohort and subsequently in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, and revealed that there is an increased frequency of high-glucose-avidity (2-NBDGhigh) B cell population that may contribute to T1D progression. Further characterization of the metabolic, transcriptional and functional phenotype of B cells in NOD mice found that elevated glucose avidity is associated with a greater capacity for co-stimulation, proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, elevated Myc signaling orchestrated the glucose metabolism and the pro-inflammatory response of B cells in T1D. In vitro experiments demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of glucose metabolism using metformin and 2-DG reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and B cell proliferation. Moreover, the combination of these inhibitors successfully delayed insulitis development, onset of diabetes, and improved high blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice model. Taken together, our work has uncovered these high-glucose-avidity B cells as novel adjuvant diagnostic and therapeutic targets for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingjiu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyue Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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35
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Kinney SM, Ortaleza K, Won SY, Licht BJM, Sefton MV. Immunomodulation by subcutaneously injected methacrylic acid-based hydrogels and tolerogenic dendritic cells in a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122265. [PMID: 37586232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease associated with the destruction of insulin-producing β cells. Immunotherapies are being developed to mitigate autoimmune diabetes. One promising option is the delivery of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) primed with specific β-cell-associated autoantigens. These DCs can combat autoreactive cells and promote expansion of β-cell-specific regulatory immune cells, including Tregs. Tolerogenic DCs are typically injected systemically (or near target lymph nodes) in suspension, precluding control over the microenvironment surrounding tolerogenic DC interactions with the host. In this study we show that degradable, synthetic methacrylic acid (MAA)-based hydrogels are an inherently immunomodulating delivery vehicle that enhances tolerogenic DC therapy in the context of autoimmune diabetes. MAA hydrogels were found to affect the local recruitment and activation state of macrophages, DCs, T cells and other cells. Delivering tolerogenic DCs in the MAA hydrogel improved the local host response (e.g., fewer cytotoxic T cells) and enhanced peripheral Treg expansion. Non obese diabetic (NOD) mice treated with tolerogenic DCs subcutaneously injected in MAA hydrogels showed a delay in onset of autoimmune diabetes compared to control vehicles. Our findings further demonstrate the usefulness of MAA-based hydrogels as platforms for regenerative medicine in the context of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Kinney
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Krystal Ortaleza
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Michael V Sefton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Baek J, Lee YH, Jeong HY, Lee SY. Mitochondrial quality control and its emerging role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:546-560. [PMID: 37448292 PMCID: PMC10565453 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondrial networks that can change in shape, distribution, and size depending on cellular metabolic demands and environments. Mitochondrial quality control is critical for various mitochondrial functions including energy production, redox homeostasis, intracellular calcium handling, cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. Quality control mechanisms within mitochondria consist of antioxidant defenses, protein quality control, DNA damage repair systems, mitochondrial fusion and fission, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Defects in mitochondrial quality control and disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis are common characteristics of various kidney cell types under hyperglycemic conditions. Such defects contribute to diabetes-induced pathologies in renal tubular cells, podocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells. In this review, we focus on the roles of mitochondrial quality control in diabetic kidney disease pathogenesis and discuss current research evidence and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Baek
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yun Jeong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Zhao M, Luo W, Huang J, Zhao B, Zhou Z. B cell metabolism in autoimmune diseases: signaling pathways and interventions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232820. [PMID: 37680644 PMCID: PMC10481957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous disorders believed to stem from the immune system's inability to distinguish between auto- and foreign- antigens. B lymphocytes serve a crucial role in humoral immunity as they generate antibodies and present antigens. Dysregulation of B cell function induce the onset of autoimmune disorders by generating autoantibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in an imbalance in immune regulation. New research in immunometabolism shows that cellular metabolism plays an essential role in controlling B lymphocytes immune reactions by providing the energy and substrates for B lymphocytes activation, differentiation, and function. However, dysregulated immunometabolism lead to autoimmune diseases by disrupting self-tolerance mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest research on metabolic reprogramming of B lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases, identifying crucial pathways and regulatory factors. Moreover, we consider the potential of metabolic interventions as a promising therapeutic strategy. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms of B cells brings us closer to developing novel therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjiu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Stensland ZC, Magera CA, Broncucia H, Gomez BD, Rios-Guzman NM, Wells KL, Nicholas CA, Rihanek M, Hunter MJ, Toole KP, Gottlieb PA, Smith MJ. Identification of an anergic BND cell-derived activated B cell population (BND2) in young-onset type 1 diabetes patients. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221604. [PMID: 37184563 PMCID: PMC10192302 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of young-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), wherein rapid progression occurs. However, little is known regarding the specificity, phenotype, and function of B cells in young-onset T1D. We performed a cross-sectional analysis comparing insulin-reactive to tetanus-reactive B cells in the blood of T1D and controls using mass cytometry. Unsupervised clustering revealed the existence of a highly activated B cell subset we term BND2 that falls within the previously defined anergic BND subset. We found a specific increase in the frequency of insulin-reactive BND2 cells in the blood of young-onset T1D donors, which was further enriched in the pancreatic lymph nodes of T1D donors. The frequency of insulin-binding BND2 cells correlated with anti-insulin autoantibody levels. We demonstrate BND2 cells are pre-plasma cells and can likely act as APCs to T cells. These findings identify an antigen-specific B cell subset that may play a role in the rapid progression of young-onset T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Stensland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A. Magera
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hali Broncucia
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brittany D. Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nasha M. Rios-Guzman
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen L. Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Catherine A. Nicholas
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maya J. Hunter
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin P. Toole
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Sharma S, Tan X, Boyer J, Clarke D, Costanzo A, Abe B, Kain L, Holt M, Armstrong A, Rihanek M, Su A, Speake C, Gottlieb P, Gottschalk M, Pettus J, Teyton L. Measuring anti-islet autoimmunity in mouse and human by profiling peripheral blood antigen-specific CD4 T cells. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade3614. [PMID: 37406136 PMCID: PMC10495123 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine pancreas is one of the most inaccessible organs of the human body. Its autoimmune attack leads to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a genetically susceptible population and a lifelong need for exogenous insulin replacement. Monitoring disease progression by sampling peripheral blood would provide key insights into T1D immune-mediated mechanisms and potentially change preclinical diagnosis and the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. This effort has been limited to the measurement of circulating anti-islet antibodies, which despite a recognized diagnostic value, remain poorly predictive at the individual level for a fundamentally CD4 T cell-dependent disease. Here, peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetramers were used to profile blood anti-insulin CD4 T cells in mice and humans. While percentages of these were not directly informative, the state of activation of anti-insulin T cells measured by RNA and protein profiling was able to distinguish the absence of autoimmunity versus disease progression. Activated anti-insulin CD4 T cell were detected not only at time of diagnosis but also in patients with established disease and in some at-risk individuals. These results support the concept that antigen-specific CD4 T cells might be used to monitor autoimmunity in real time. This advance can inform our approach to T1D diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in the preclinical phase of anti-islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xuqian Tan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- School of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Josh Boyer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Don Clarke
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne Costanzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian Abe
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Kain
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marie Holt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adrienne Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA,98101, USA
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Peter Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Gottschalk
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Jeremy Pettus
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Liu W, Deng W, Chen M, Dong Z, Zhu B, Yu Z, Tang D, Sauler M, Lin C, Wain LV, Cho MH, Kaminski N, Zhao H. A statistical framework to identify cell types whose genetically regulated proportions are associated with complex diseases. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010825. [PMID: 37523391 PMCID: PMC10414598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding disease-relevant tissues and cell types can facilitate the identification and investigation of functional genes and variants. In particular, cell type proportions can serve as potential disease predictive biomarkers. In this manuscript, we introduce a novel statistical framework, cell-type Wide Association Study (cWAS), that integrates genetic data with transcriptomics data to identify cell types whose genetically regulated proportions (GRPs) are disease/trait-associated. On simulated and real GWAS data, cWAS showed good statistical power with newly identified significant GRP associations in disease-associated tissues. More specifically, GRPs of endothelial and myofibroblasts in lung tissue were associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, respectively. For breast cancer, the GRP of blood CD8+ T cells was negatively associated with breast cancer (BC) risk as well as survival. Overall, cWAS is a powerful tool to reveal cell types associated with complex diseases mediated by GRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wenxuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Zihan Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Biqing Zhu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Zhaolong Yu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daiwei Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maor Sauler
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Louise V. Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Liu Z, Liu J, Wang W, An X, Luo L, Yu D, Sun W. Epigenetic modification in diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1133970. [PMID: 37455912 PMCID: PMC10348754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common microangiopathy in diabetic patients and the main cause of death in diabetic patients. The main manifestations of DKD are proteinuria and decreased renal filtration capacity. The glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin level are two of the most important hallmarks of the progression of DKD. The classical treatment of DKD is controlling blood glucose and blood pressure. However, the commonly used clinical therapeutic strategies and the existing biomarkers only partially slow the progression of DKD and roughly predict disease progression. Therefore, novel therapeutic methods, targets and biomarkers are urgently needed to meet clinical requirements. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the role of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of DKD. Epigenetic variation mainly includes DNA methylation, histone modification and changes in the noncoding RNA expression profile, which are deeply involved in DKD-related inflammation, oxidative stress, hemodynamics, and the activation of abnormal signaling pathways. Since DKD is reversible at certain disease stages, it is valuable to identify abnormal epigenetic modifications as early diagnosis and treatment targets to prevent the progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Because the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanism of DKD is not comprehensive, the purpose of this review is to summarize the role of epigenetic modification in the occurrence and development of DKD and evaluate the value of epigenetic therapies in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingna An
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weixia Sun
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Liang Y, Liang Z, Huang J, Jia M, Liu D, Zhang P, Fang Z, Hu X, Li H. Identification and validation of aging-related gene signatures and their immune landscape in diabetic nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1158166. [PMID: 37404805 PMCID: PMC10316791 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1158166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging and immune infiltration have essential role in the physiopathological mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but their relationship has not been systematically elucidated. We identified aging-related characteristic genes in DN and explored their immune landscape. Methods Four datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were screened for exploration and validation. Functional and pathway analysis was performed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Characteristic genes were obtained using a combination of Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm. We evaluated and validated the diagnostic performance of the characteristic genes using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the expression pattern of the characteristic genes was evaluated and validated. Single-Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) was adopted to assess immune cell infiltration in samples. Based on the TarBase database and the JASPAR repository, potential microRNAs and transcription factors were predicted to further elucidate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the characteristic genes. Results A total of 14 differentially expressed genes related to aging were obtained, of which 10 were up-regulated and 4 were down-regulated. Models were constructed by the RF and SVM-RFE algorithms, contracted to three signature genes: EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix (EFEMP1), Growth hormone receptor (GHR), and Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). The three genes showed good efficacy in three tested cohorts and consistent expression patterns in the glomerular test cohorts. Most immune cells were more infiltrated in the DN samples compared to the controls, and there was a negative correlation between the characteristic genes and most immune cell infiltration. 24 microRNAs were involved in the transcriptional regulation of multiple genes simultaneously, and Endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 (GATA2) had a potential regulatory effect on both GHR and VEGFA. Conclusion We identified a novel aging-related signature allowing assessment of diagnosis for DN patients, and further can be used to predict immune infiltration sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Liang
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyi Liang
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Jinxian Huang
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjie Jia
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhang
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zebin Fang
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Qu L, Jiao B. The Interplay between Immune and Metabolic Pathways in Kidney Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1584. [PMID: 37371054 PMCID: PMC10296595 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a significant health problem worldwide, affecting an estimated 10% of the global population. Kidney disease encompasses a diverse group of disorders that vary in their underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes. These disorders include acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease, and many others. Despite their distinct etiologies, these disorders share a common feature of immune system dysregulation and metabolic disturbances. The immune system and metabolic pathways are intimately connected and interact to modulate the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. The dysregulation of immune responses in kidney diseases includes a complex interplay between various immune cell types, including resident and infiltrating immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and complement factors. These immune factors can trigger and perpetuate kidney inflammation, causing renal tissue injury and progressive fibrosis. In addition, metabolic pathways play critical roles in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, including glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered nutrient sensing. Dysregulation of these metabolic pathways contributes to the progression of kidney disease by inducing renal tubular injury, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Recent studies have provided insights into the intricate interplay between immune and metabolic pathways in kidney diseases, revealing novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases. Potential therapeutic strategies include modulating immune responses through targeting key immune factors or inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, improving mitochondrial function, and targeting nutrient-sensing pathways, such as mTOR, AMPK, and SIRT1. This review highlights the importance of the interplay between immune and metabolic pathways in kidney diseases and the potential therapeutic implications of targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1405, USA
| | - Baihai Jiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1405, USA
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44
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Peng YL, Zhang Y, Pang L, Dong YF, Li MY, Liao H, Li RS. Integrated Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Seq and Bulk RNA-Seq Combined with Multiple Machine Learning Identified a Novel Immune Signature in Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1669-1684. [PMID: 37312900 PMCID: PMC10258044 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s413569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests that immune modulation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the role of immune modulation in DN has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to search for potential immune-related therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms of DN. Methods Gene expression datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A total of 1793 immune-related genes were acquired from the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed for GSE142025, and the red and turquoise co-expression modules were found to be key for DN progression. We utilized four machine learning algorithms, namely, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN), to evaluate the diagnostic value of hub genes. Immune infiltration patterns were analyzed using the CIBERSORT algorithm, and the correlation between immune cell type abundance and hub gene expression was also investigated. Results A total of 77 immune-related genes of advanced DN were selected for subsequent analyzes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the regulation of cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and immune cell function play a corresponding role in the progression of DN. The final 10 hub genes were identified through multiple datasets. In addition, the expression levels of the identified hub genes were corroborated through a rat model. The RF model exhibited the highest AUC. CIBERSORT analysis and single-cell sequencing analysis revealed changes in immune infiltration patterns between control subjects and DN patients. Several potential drugs to reverse the altered hub genes were identified through the Drug-Gene Interaction database (DGIdb). Conclusion This pioneering work provided a novel immunological perspective on the progression of DN, identifying key immune-related genes and potential drug targets, thus stimulating future mechanistic research and therapeutic target identification for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ling Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University), Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University), Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Pang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Fang Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mu-Ye Li
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Liao
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University), Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Shan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University), Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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Wang F, Liang J, Zhu D, Xiang P, Zhou L, Yang C. Characteristic gene prognostic model of type 1 diabetes mellitus via machine learning strategy. Endocr J 2023; 70:281-294. [PMID: 36477008 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to detect possible biomarkers associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) incidence in an effort to develop novel treatments for this condition. Three mRNA expression datasets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between T1DM patients and healthy controls were identified by Limma package in R, and using the DEGs to conduct GO and DO pathway enrichment. The LASSO-SVM were used to screen the hub genes. We performed immune correlation analysis of hub genes and established a T1DM prognosis model. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to identify the different immune cells in distribution between T1DM and normal samples. The correlation of the hub genes and immune cells was analyzed by Spearman. ROC curves were used to assess the diagnostic value of genes in T1DM. A total of 60 immune related DEGs were obtained from the T1DM and normal samples. Then, DEGs were further screened to obtain 3 hub genes, ANP32A-IT1, ESCO2 and NBPF1. CIBERSORT analysis revealed the percentage of immune cells in each sample, indicating that there was significant difference in monocytes, T cells CD8+, gamma delta T cells, naive CD4+ T cells and activated memory CD4+ T cells between T1DM and normal samples. The area under curve (AUC) of ESCO2, ANP32A-IT1 and NBPF1 were all greater than 0.8, indicating that these three genes have high diagnostic value for T1DM. Together, the findings of these bioinformatics analyses thus identified key hub genes associated with T1DM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology of the Air Force Medical Center, People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Jiemei Liang
- Department of Endocrinology of the Air Force Medical Center, People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology of the Air Force Medical Center, People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Pengan Xiang
- Hospital of 94498 Troops, People's Liberation Army, Nanyang 474300, China
| | - Luyao Zhou
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Caizhe Yang
- Department of Endocrinology of the Air Force Medical Center, People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, China
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Strachan E, Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S. Maternal provisions in type 1 diabetes: Evidence for both protective & pathogenic potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146082. [PMID: 37033940 PMCID: PMC10073710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal influences on the immune health and development of an infant begin in utero and continue well into the postnatal period, shaping and educating the child's maturing immune system. Two maternal provisions include early microbial colonizers to initiate microbiota establishment and the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby. Maternal antibodies are a result of a lifetime of antigenic experience, reflecting the infection history, health and environmental exposure of the mother. These same factors are strong influencers of the microbiota, inexorably linking the two. Together, these provisions help to educate the developing neonatal immune system and shape lymphocyte repertoires, establishing a role for external environmental influences even before birth. In the context of autoimmunity, the transfer of maternal autoantibodies has the potential to be harmful for the child, sometimes targeting tissues and cells with devastating consequences. Curiously, this does not seem to apply to maternal autoantibody transfer in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Moreover, despite the rising prevalence of the disease, little research has been conducted on the effects of maternal dysbiosis or antibody transfer from an affected mother to her offspring and thus their relevance to disease development in the offspring remains unclear. This review seeks to provide a thorough evaluation of the role of maternal microorganisms and antibodies within the context of T1D, exploring both their pathogenic and protective potential. Although a definitive understanding of their significance in infant T1D development remains elusive at present, we endeavor to present what has been learned with the goal of spurring further interest in this important and intriguing question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Ramos-Martínez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Valencia J, Ramos-Martínez JC, Hernández-Zimbrón L, Rico-Luna A, Pérez-Campos E, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Cerbón M. Modulatory role of prolactin in type 1 diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2023; 44:79-88. [PMID: 35852366 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported to have elevated prolactin levels and a possible relationship between prolactin levels and the development of the disease has been proposed. However, some studies show that prolactin mediates beneficial functions in beta cells. Therefore, we review information on the roles of prolactin in type 1 diabetes mellitus. CONTENT Here we summarize the functions of prolactin in the immune system and in pancreatic beta cells, in addition, we describe studies related to PRL levels, its regulation and alterations of secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SUMMARY Studies in murine models have shown that prolactin protects beta cells from apoptosis, stimulates their proliferation and promotes pancreatic islet revascularization. In addition, some studies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have shown that elevated prolactin levels correlate with better disease control. OUTLOOK Prolactin treatment appears to be a promising strategy to improve beta-cell vascularization and proliferation in transplantation and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Valencia
- Endocrine Research Unit, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos-Martínez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital General Regional Lic Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Hernández-Zimbrón
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Licenciatura en Optometría, Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Anaiza Rico-Luna
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana. Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Li J, Liu D, Ren J, Li G, Zhao Z, Zhao H, Yan Q, Duan J, Liu Z. Integrated analysis of RNA methylation regulators crosstalk and immune infiltration for predictive and personalized therapy of diabetic nephropathy. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:6. [PMID: 36765416 PMCID: PMC9912588 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA methylation is a widely known post-transcriptional regulation which exists in many cancer and immune system diseases. However, the potential role and crosstalk of five types RNA methylation regulators in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and immune microenvironment remain unclear. METHODS The mRNA expression of 37 RNA modification regulators and RNA modification regulators related genes were identified in 112 samples from 5 Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Nonnegative Matrix Factorization clustering method was performed to determine RNA modification patterns. The ssGSEA algorithms and the expression of human leukocyte antigen were employed to assess the immune microenvironment characteristics. Risk model based on differentially expression genes responsible for the modification regulators was constructed to evaluate its predictive capability in DN patients. Furthermore, the results were validated by using immunofluorescence co-localizations and protein experiments in vitro. RESULTS We found 24 RNA methylation regulators were significant differently expressed in glomeruli in DN group compared with control group. Four methylation-related genes and six RNA regulators were introduced into riskScore model using univariate Logistic regression and integrated LASSO regression, which could precisely distinguish the DN and healthy individuals. Group with high-risk score was associated with high immune infiltration. Three distinct RNA modification patterns were identified, which has significant differences in immune microenvironment, biological pathway and eGFR. Validation analyses showed the METTL3, ADAR1, DNMT1 were upregulated whereas YTHDC1 was downregulated in DN podocyte cell lines comparing with cells cultured by the normal glucose. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that RNA methylation regulators and immune infiltration regulation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of DN. The bioinformatic analyses combine with verification in vitro could provide robust evidence for identification of predictive RNA methylation regulators in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangpu Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Yan
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Duan
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Guo Z, Kasinathan D, Merriman C, Nakayama M, Li H, Li H, Xu C, Wong GW, Yu L, Golson ML, Fu D. Cell-Surface Autoantibody Targets Zinc Transporter-8 (ZnT8) for In Vivo β-Cell Imaging and Islet-Specific Therapies. Diabetes 2023; 72:184-195. [PMID: 36448936 PMCID: PMC9876881 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease in which autoimmune attacks are directed at the insulin-producing β-cell in the pancreatic islet. Autoantigens on the β-cell surface membrane are specific markers for molecular recognition and targets for engagement by autoreactive B lymphocytes, which produce islet cell surface autoantibody (ICSA) upon activation. We report the cloning of an ICSA (mAb43) that recognizes a major T1D autoantigen, ZnT8, with a subnanomolar binding affinity and conformation specificity. We demonstrate that cell-surface binding of mAb43 protects the extracellular epitope of ZnT8 against immunolabeling by serum ICSA from a patient with T1D. Furthermore, mAb43 exhibits in vitro and ex vivo specificity for islet cells, mirroring the exquisite specificity of islet autoimmunity in T1D. Systemic administration of mAb43 yields a pancreas-specific biodistribution in mice and islet homing of an mAb43-linked imaging payload through the pancreatic vasculature, thereby validating the in vivo specificity of mAb43. Identifying ZnT8 as a major antigenic target of ICSA allows for research into the molecular recognition and engagement of autoreactive B cells in the chronic phase of T1D progression. The in vivo islet specificity of mAb43 could be further exploited to develop in vivo imaging and islet-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Devi Kasinathan
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chengfeng Merriman
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Maria L. Golson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dax Fu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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50
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Prasad R, Floyd JL, Dupont M, Harbour A, Adu-Agyeiwaah Y, Asare-Bediako B, Chakraborty D, Kichler K, Rohella A, Calzi SL, Lammendella R, Wright J, Boulton ME, Oudit GY, Raizada MK, Stevens BR, Li Q, Grant MB. Maintenance of Enteral ACE2 Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes. Circ Res 2023; 132:e1-e21. [PMID: 36448480 PMCID: PMC9822874 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.322003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined components of systemic and intestinal renin-angiotensin system on gut barrier permeability, glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in human subjects and mice with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS T1D individual with (n=18) and without (n=20) DR and controls (n=34) were examined for changes in gut-regulated components of the immune system, gut leakage markers (FABP2 [fatty acid binding protein 2] and peptidoglycan), and Ang II (angiotensin II); Akita mice were orally administered a Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) probiotic expressing humanized ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) protein (LP-ACE2) as either a prevention or an intervention. Akita mice with genetic overexpression of humanAce2 by small intestine epithelial cells (Vil-Cre.hAce2KI-Akita) were similarly examined. After 9 months of T1D, circulatory, enteral, and ocular end points were assessed. RESULTS T1D subjects exhibit elevations in gut-derived circulating immune cells (ILC1 cells) and higher gut leakage markers, which were positively correlated with plasma Ang II and DR severity. The LP-ACE2 prevention cohort and genetic overexpression of intestinal ACE2 preserved barrier integrity, reduced inflammatory response, improved hyperglycemia, and delayed development of DR. Improvements in glucose homeostasis were due to intestinal MasR activation, resulting in a GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta)/c-Myc (cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene)-mediated decrease in intestinal glucose transporter expression. In the LP-ACE2 intervention cohort, gut barrier integrity was improved and DR reversed, but no improvement in hyperglycemia was observed. These data support that the beneficial effects of LP-ACE2 on DR are due to the action of ACE2, not improved glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated systemic and intestinal renin-angiotensin system was associated with worsening gut barrier permeability, gut-derived immune cell activation, systemic inflammation, and progression of DR in human subjects. In Akita mice, maintaining intestinal ACE2 expression prevented and reversed DR, emphasizing the multifaceted role of the intestinal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes and DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jason L. Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mariana Dupont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Angela Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yvonne Adu-Agyeiwaah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Bright Asare-Bediako
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kara Kichler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Aayush Rohella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bruce R. Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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