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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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Charest-Morin X, Raghavan A, Charles ML, Kolodka T, Bouthillier J, Jean M, Robbins MS, Marceau F. Pharmacological effects of recombinant human tissue kallikrein on bradykinin B2 receptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00119. [PMID: 26038695 PMCID: PMC4448978 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (KLK-1), a serine protease, initiates the release of bradykinin (BK)-related peptides from low-molecular weight kininogen. KLK-1 and the BK B2 receptor (B2R) mediate beneficial effects on the progression of type 2 diabetes and renal disease, but the precise role of KLK-1 independent of its kinin-forming activity remains unclear. We used DM199, a recombinant form of human KLK-1, along with the isolated human umbilical vein, a robust bioassay of the B2R, to address the previous claims that KLK-1 directly binds to and activates the human B2R, with possible receptor cleavage. DM199 (1–10 nmol/L) contracted the isolated vein via the B2R, but in a tachyphylactic, kinin-dependent manner, without desensitization of the tissue to exogenously added BK. In binding experiments with recombinant N-terminally tagged myc-B2Rs expressed in HEK 293a cells, DM199 displaced [3H]BK binding from the rabbit myc-B2R, but not from the human or rat myc-B2Rs. No evidence of myc-B2R degradation by immunoblot analysis was apparent following treatment of these 3 myc-B2R constructs with DM199 (30 min, ≤10 nmol/L). In HEK 293 cells stably expressing rabbit B2R-GFP, DM199 (11–108 pmol/L) elicited signaling-dependent endocytosis and reexpression, while a higher concentration (1.1 nmol/L) induced a partially irreversible endocytosis of the construct (microscopy), paralleled by the appearance of free GFP in cells (immunoblotting, indicative of incomplete receptor down-regulation). The pharmacology of DM199 at relevant concentrations (<10 nmol/L) is essentially based on the activity of locally generated kinins. Binding to and mild down-regulation of the B2R is possibly a species-dependent idiosyncratic response to DM199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Charest-Morin
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Arvind Raghavan
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Matthew L Charles
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Tadeusz Kolodka
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Johanne Bouthillier
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Mélissa Jean
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Mark S Robbins
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - François Marceau
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
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3
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Gu Y, Groome LJ, Alexander JS, Wang Y. PAR-2 triggers placenta-derived protease-induced altered VE-cadherin reorganization at endothelial junctions in preeclampsia. Placenta 2012; 33:803-9. [PMID: 22840244 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PAR-2 is a G-protein coupled protease receptor whose activation in endothelial cells (ECs) is associated with increased solute permeability. VE-cadherin is an endothelial-specific junction protein, which exhibits a disorganized distribution at cell junction during inflammation and is a useful indicator of endothelial barrier dysfunction. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that PAR-2 activation mediates placenta-derived chymotrypsin-like protease (CLP)-induced endothelial junction disturbance and permeability in preeclampsia (PE). PAR-2 and VE-cadherin were examined by immunofluorescent staining. Specific CLP induced PAR-2 activation and altered VE-cadherin distribution was assessed following depletion of protease chymotrypsin in the placental conditioned medium and after PAR-2 siRNA. VE-cadherin assembly was determined by treating cells with protease chymotrypsin and/or the specific PAR-2 agonist SLIGKV-NH2. Our results showed: 1) placental conditioned medium not only disturbed VE-cadherin distribution at cell junctions but also activated PAR-2 in ECs; 2) PAR-2 siRNA blocked the placental conditioned medium induced PAR-2 upregulation and disorganization of VE-cadherin at cell junctions; 3) PAR-2 agonist induced PAR-2 activation and VE-cadherin reorganization were dose-dependent; and 4) PAR-2 agonist could stimulate ERK1/2 activation. These results strongly suggest that proteases produced by the placenta elicit endothelial barrier dysfunction via a PAR-2 signaling regulatory mechanism in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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4
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Georgy SR, Pagel CN, Wong DM, Sivagurunathan S, Loh LH, Myers DE, Hollenberg MD, Pike RN, Mackie EJ. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and mouse osteoblasts: Regulation of cell function and lack of specificity of PAR2-activating peptides. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:328-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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5
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Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations (dilatations) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO). The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDHF-mediated responses). Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) (e.g. responses to serotonin and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive G(q) (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. The release of NO by the endothelial cell can be up-regulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and down-regulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking and oxidized low-density lipoproteins). It is reduced in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively loose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and causing endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction (constriction) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). Most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells. EDCF-mediated responses are exacerbated when the production of NO is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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6
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Abstract
Endothelial cells can induce contractions of the underlying vascular smooth muscle by generating vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endothelium-dependent contracting factor; EDCF). The endothelial COX-1 isoform of cyclooxygenase appears to play the dominant role in the phenomenon. Its activation requires an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The production of EDCF is inhibited acutely and chronically by nitric oxide (NO), and possibly by endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). The main prostanoids involved in endothelium-dependent contractions appear to be endoperoxides (PGH(2)) and prostacyclin, which activate thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells. Oxygen-derived free radicals can facilitate the production and/or the action of EDCF. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated by ageing, obesity, hypertension and diabetes, and thus are likely to contribute to the endothelial dysfunction observed in older people and in essential hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Saifeddine M, Seymour ML, Xiao YP, Compton SJ, Houle S, Ramachandran R, MacNaughton WK, Simonet S, Vayssettes-Courchay C, Verbeuren TJ, Hollenberg MD. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 activating peptides: distinct canine coronary artery receptor systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3279-89. [PMID: 17766477 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00519.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In canine coronary artery preparations, the proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activating peptides (PAR2-APs) SLIGRL-NH2and 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2caused both an endothelium-dependent relaxation and an endothelium-independent contraction. Relaxation was caused at peptide concentrations 10-fold lower than those causing a contractile response. Although trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH2, like other PAR2-APs, caused relaxation, it was inactive as a contractile agonist and instead antagonized the contractile response to SLIGRL-NH2. RT-PCR-based sequencing of canine PAR2revealed a cleavage/activation (indicated by underlines) sequence (SKGR/SLIGKTDSSLQITGKG) that is very similar to the human PAR2sequence (R/SLIGKV). As a synthetic peptide, the canine PAR-AP (SLIGKT-NH2) was a much less potent agonist than either SLIGRL-NH2or 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2, either in the coronary contractile assay or in a Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell PAR2calcium signaling assay. In the MDCK signaling assay, the order of potencies was as follows: 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2≫ SLIGRL-NH2= trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH2≫ SLIGKT-NH2, as expected for PAR2responses. In the coronary contractile assay, however, the order of potencies was very different: SLIGRL-NH2≫ 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2≫ SLIGKT-NH2, trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH2= antagonist. Because of 1) the distinct agonist (relaxant) and antagonist (contractile) activity of trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH2in the canine coronary contractile assays, 2) the different concentration ranges over which the peptides caused either relaxation or contraction in the same coronary preparation, and 3) the markedly distinct structure-activity profiles for the PAR-APs in the coronary contractile assay, compared with those for PAR2-mediated MDCK cell calcium signaling, we suggest that the canine coronary tissue possesses a receptor system for the PAR-APs that is distinct from PAR2itself.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Dogs
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptor, PAR-1/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/chemistry
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/chemistry
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Triggle CR, Howarth A, Cheng ZJ, Ding H. Twenty-five years since the discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF): does a dysfunctional endothelium contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 83:681-700. [PMID: 16333371 DOI: 10.1139/y05-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, the discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor opened a door that revealed a new and exciting role for the endothelium in the regulation of blood flow and led to the discovery that nitric oxide (NO) multi-tasked as a novel cell-signalling molecule. During the next 25 years, our understanding of both the importance of the endothelium as well as NO has greatly expanded. No longer simply a barrier between the blood and vascular smooth muscle, the endothelium is now recognized as a complex tissue with heterogeneous properties. The endothelium is the source of not only NO but also numerous vasoactive molecules and signalling pathways, some of which are still not fully characterized such as the putative endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Dysfunction of the endothelium is a key risk factor for the development of macro- and microvascular disease and, by coincidence, the discovery that NO was generated in the endothelium corresponds approximately in time with the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. Primarily linked to dietary and lifestyle changes, we are now facing a global pandemic of type 2 diabetes. Characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in adolescents as well as children. Is there a link between dietary-related hyperglycaemic insults to the endothelium, blood flow changes, and the development of insulin resistance? This review explores the evidence for and against this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- School of Medical Sciences, Bundoora West Campus, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Abey HT, Fairlie DP, Moffatt JD, Balzary RW, Cocks TM. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Peptides Activate Neurokinin-1 Receptors in the Mouse Isolated Trachea. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:598-605. [PMID: 16434565 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.097121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective roles for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) in the airways including activation of epithelial chloride (Cl(-)) secretion are based on the use of presumably PAR(2)-selective peptide agonists. To determine whether PAR(2) peptide-activated Cl(-) secretion from mouse tracheal epithelium is dependent on PAR(2), changes in ion conductance across the epithelium [short-circuit current (I(SC))] to PAR(2) peptides were measured in Ussing chambers under voltage clamp. In addition, epithelium- and endothelium-dependent relaxations to these peptides were measured in two established PAR(2) bioassays, isolated ring segments of mouse trachea and rat thoracic aorta, respectively. Apical application of the PAR(2) peptide SLIGRL caused increases in I(SC), which were inhibited by three structurally different neurokinin receptor-1 (NK(1)R) antagonists and inhibitors of Cl(-) channels but not by capsaicin, the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37), or the nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Only high concentrations of trypsin caused an increase in I(SC) but did not affect the responses to SLIGRL. Relaxations to SLIGRL in the trachea and aorta were unaffected by the NK(1)R antagonist nolpitantium (SR 140333) but were abolished by trypsin desensitization. The rank order of potency for a range of peptides in the trachea I(SC) assay was 2-furoyl-LIGRL > SLCGRL > SLIGRL = SLIGRT > LSIGRL compared with 2-furoyl-LIGRL > SLIGRL > SLIGRT > SLCGRL (LSIGRL inactive) in the aorta relaxation assay. In the mouse trachea, PAR(2) peptides activate both epithelial NK(1)R coupled to Cl(-) secretion and PAR(2) coupled to prostaglandin E(2)-mediated smooth muscle relaxation. Such a potential lack of specificity of these commonly used peptides needs to be considered when roles for PAR(2) in airway function in health and disease are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh T Abey
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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10
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Gao YJ, Lee RMKW. Hydrogen peroxide is an endothelium-dependent contracting factor in rat renal artery. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 146:1061-8. [PMID: 16231001 PMCID: PMC1751245 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to endothelium-derived relaxing factor and hyperpolarizing factor, vascular endothelium also modulates smooth muscle tone by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factor(s) (EDCF), but the identity of EDCF remains obscure. We studied here the involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in endothelium-dependent contraction (EDC) of rat renal artery to acetylcholine (ACh). ACh (10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) M) induced a transient contraction of rat renal artery with intact endothelium in a concentration-related manner, but not in the artery with endothelium removed. In phenylephrine-precontracted renal arteries, ACh induced an endothelium-dependent relaxation response at lower concentrations (10(-8)-10(-6) M), and a relaxation followed by a contraction at higher concentrations (10(-5) M). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) M) enhanced the EDC to ACh. Catalase (1000 U ml(-1)) reduced the EDC to ACh. H2O2 (10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) M) induced a similar transient contraction of the renal arteries as ACh, but in an endothelium-independent manner. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase and cyclooxygenase by diphenylliodonium chloride and diclofenac greatly attenuated ACh-induced EDC, while inhibition of xanthine oxidase (allopurinol) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (17-octadecynoic acid) did not affect the contraction. Antagonist of thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin H2 receptors (SQ 29548) and thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor (furegrelate) attenuated the contraction to ACh and to H2O2. In isolated endothelial cells, ACh (10(-5) M) induced a transient H2O2 production detected with a fluorescence dye sensitive to H2O2 (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate). The peak concentration of H2O2 was 5.1 x 10(-4) M at 3 min and was prevented by catalase. Taken together, these results show that ACh triggers H2O2 production through NAD(P)H oxidase activation in the endothelial cells, and that ACh and H2O2 share the same signaling pathway in causing smooth muscle contraction. Therefore, H2O2 is most likely the EDCF in rat renal artery in response to ACh stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
- Catalase/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Diclofenac/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- NADPH Oxidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitroarginine/pharmacology
- Onium Compounds/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Renal Artery/drug effects
- Renal Artery/enzymology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Gao
- Smooth Muscle Research Program and Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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11
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Bucci M, Roviezzo F, Cirino G. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in cardiovascular system. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 43:247-53. [PMID: 16183333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular system is constituted by a complex and articulate network, e.g. arteries, arterioles, venules and veins, that requires a high degree of coordination between different elemental cell types. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) constitute a recent described family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolysis. In recent years several evidence have been accumulated for an involvement of this receptor in the response to endothelial injury in vitro and in vivo experimental settings suggesting a role for PAR2 in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular system. This review will deal with the role of PAR2 receptor in the cardiovascular system analyzing both in vivo and in vitro published data. In particular this review will deal with the role of this receptor in vascular reactivity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, coronary atherosclerotic lesions and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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12
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Vanhoutte PM, Feletou M, Taddei S. Endothelium-dependent contractions in hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:449-58. [PMID: 15655530 PMCID: PMC1576026 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Endothelial cells, under given circumstances, can initiate contraction (constriction) of the vascular smooth muscle cells that surround them. Such endothelium-dependent, acute increases in contractile tone can be due to the withdrawal of the production of nitric oxide, to the production of vasoconstrictor peptides (angiotensin II, endothelin-1), to the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals (superoxide anions) and/or the release of vasoconstrictor metabolites of arachidonic acid. The latter have been termed endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF) as they can contribute to moment-to-moment changes in contractile activity of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells. 2. To judge from animal experiments, EDCF-mediated responses are exacerbated by aging, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes. 3. To judge from human studies, they contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive patients. 4. Since EDCF causes vasoconstriction by activation of the TP-receptors on the vascular smooth muscle cells, selective antagonists at these receptors prevent endothelium-dependent contractions, and curtail the endothelial dysfunction in hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors for serine and other proteinases. Peptide agonists of these receptors are frequently used to characterise the presence and role of PARs in cells and organ systems. However, the specificity of these peptides is questionable in some assay systems. In this issue, Hollenberg et al. report very different effects of PAR(4) receptors in various assays. Their results suggest the existence of unknown receptors and further highlight the need to use peptide PAR agonists with due caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Moffatt
- The Sackler Institute for Pulmonary Pharmacology, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL.
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14
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Shpacovitch VM, Varga G, Strey A, Gunzer M, Mooren F, Buddenkotte J, Vergnolle N, Sommerhoff CP, Grabbe S, Gerke V, Homey B, Hollenberg M, Luger TA, Steinhoff M. Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulate human neutrophil cytokine secretion, expression of cell adhesion molecules, and migration within 3-D collagen lattices. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:388-98. [PMID: 15155775 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0503221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) belongs to a novel subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors with seven-transmembrane domains. PAR2 can be activated by serine proteases such as trypsin, mast cell tryptase, and allergic or bacterial proteases. This receptor is expressed by various cells and seems to be crucially involved during inflammation and the immune response. As previously reported, human neutrophils express functional PAR2. However, the precise physiological role of PAR2 on human neutrophils and its implication in human diseases remain unclear. We demonstrate that PAR2 agonist-stimulated human neutrophils show significantly enhanced migration in 3-D collagen lattices. PAR2 agonist stimulation also induced down-regulation of L-selectin display and up-regulation of membrane-activated complex-1 very late antigen-4 integrin expression on the neutrophil cell surface. Moreover, PAR2 stimulation results in an increased secretion of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and IL-6 by human neutrophils. These data indicate that PAR2 plays an important role in human neutrophil activation and may affect key neutrophil functions by regulating cell motility in the extracellular matrix, selectin shedding, and up-regulation of integrin expression and by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Thus, PAR2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases involving activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Shpacovitch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Proteases acting at the surface of cells generate and destroy receptor agonists and activate and inactivate receptors, thereby making a vitally important contribution to signal transduction. Certain serine proteases that derive from the circulation (e.g., coagulation factors), inflammatory cells (e.g., mast cell and neutrophil proteases), and from multiple other sources (e.g., epithelial cells, neurons, bacteria, fungi) can cleave protease-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four G protein-coupled receptors. Cleavage within the extracellular amino terminus exposes a tethered ligand domain, which binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signaling cascades. Despite this irreversible mechanism of activation, signaling by PARs is efficiently terminated by receptor desensitization (receptor phosphorylation and uncoupling from G proteins) and downregulation (receptor degradation by cell-surface and lysosomal proteases). Protease signaling in tissues depends on the generation and release of proteases, availability of cofactors, presence of protease inhibitors, and activation and inactivation of PARs. Many proteases that activate PARs are produced during tissue damage, and PARs make important contributions to tissue responses to injury, including hemostasis, repair, cell survival, inflammation, and pain. Drugs that mimic or interfere with these processes are attractive therapies: selective agonists of PARs may facilitate healing, repair, and protection, whereas protease inhibitors and PAR antagonists can impede exacerbated inflammation and pain. Major future challenges will be to understand the role of proteases and PARs in physiological control mechanisms and human diseases and to develop selective agonists and antagonists that can be used to probe function and treat disease.
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16
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Hirano K, Kanaide H. Role of protease-activated receptors in the vascular system. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004; 10:211-25. [PMID: 14566084 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is one of the key molecules involved in the development of vascular diseases. Thrombin does not only serve as a coagulation factor, but it also exerts cellular effects by activating protease (proteinase)-activated receptors (PARs), a family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. This study focused on the role of PARs in the vascular system. Among the four members so far identified, PAR-1 and PAR-2 were found to play an important role in the vascular system, while the functional roles of PAR-3 and PAR-4 appear to be mostly limited to platelets. The endothelial cells play a primary role in mediating the vascular effects of PARs under physiological conditions, while PARs of the smooth muscle cells can be induced under pathological conditions, and therefore play a more pathophysiological role. PAR-1 and PAR-2 mediate various vascular effects including regulation of vascular tone, proliferation and hypertrophy of smooth muscle and angiogenesis. Since proteases are activated under pathological conditions such as hemorrhage, tissue damage, and inflammation, PARs are suggested to play a critical role in the development of functional and structural abnormality in the vascular lesion. Understanding the functional role of PARs in the vascular system can thus help in the development of new strategies for the prevention and therapy of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Hirano
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Quite apart from their ability to generate active polypeptides from hormone precursors and to function as digestive enzymes, proteinases are now known to play a hormone-like role by triggering signal transduction pathways in target cells. The best understood example of proteinase-mediated signaling can be seen in the action of thrombin, which in addition to triggering the coagulation cascade, regulates platelet and endothelial cell function via its serine proteinase activity. The discovery of the G-protein-coupled 'receptor' responsible for these cellular actions of thrombin (Proteinase-activated Receptor-1, or PAR(1)) represents one of the more intriguing signal transduction stories elucidated over past decade or so. It is the objective of this brief review to provide an overview of the discovery and molecular pharmacology of the PAR family and to indicate the widespread roles these receptor systems can play in a variety of tissues. Further, the article (1) illustrates the utility of employing receptor-selective PAR-activating peptides to determine the potential physiological roles these receptors play in vivo and (2) describes how these agonists have identified receptors other than the PARs. Finally, the mechanisms other than via the PARs by which proteinases can generate cellular signals are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive North West, T2N 4N1, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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18
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Seeliger S, Derian CK, Vergnolle N, Bunnett NW, Nawroth R, Schmelz M, Von Der Weid PY, Buddenkotte J, Sunderkötter C, Metze D, Andrade-Gordon P, Harms E, Vestweber D, Luger TA, Steinhoff M. Proinflammatory role of proteinase-activated receptor-2 in humans and mice during cutaneous inflammation in vivo. FASEB J 2003; 17:1871-85. [PMID: 14519665 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1112com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 belongs to a new subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. Its precise role during inflammation and the underlying mechanisms is still unclear. Our study establishes that PAR-2 plays a direct proinflammatory role during cutaneous inflammation in mice and humans in vivo. In a model of experimentally induced allergic (ACD) and toxic (ICD) contact dermatitis (CD) we show that ear swelling responses, plasma extravasation, and leucocyte adherence were significantly attenuated in PAR-2 null mutant (PAR-2-/-) mice compared with wild-type (PAR-2+/+) mice, especially at early stages. The proinflammatory effects by PAR-2 activation were significantly diminished using nitric oxide-synthase inhibitors, while NF-kappaB and neuropeptides appear to play a minor role in these mechanisms. PAR-2-mediated up-regulation of E-selectin and cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1; enhanced plasma extravasation was observed in humans and mice and of interleukin-6 in mice in vivo. Thus, PAR-2 may be a beneficial therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Seeliger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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19
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Corteling R, Bonneau O, Ferretti S, Ferretti M, Trifilieff A. Differential DNA synthesis in response to activation of protease-activated receptors on cultured guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 368:10-6. [PMID: 12819855 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2003] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Both thrombin and tryptase have been shown to induce smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. We have used cultured primary guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle in order to define pharmacologically the receptors involved in this effect. Tryptase, a protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 agonist, induced DNA synthesis up to the second passage of the cells, thereafter the response waned. In contrast, thrombin, a PAR-1 agonist, and the PAR-1 activating peptide (SFLLRN) induced DNA synthesis starting from the third passage only. Thrombin and tryptase responses were dose-dependently inhibited by leupeptin. The selective PAR-2 activating peptide (SLIGRL-NH(2)) was unable to induce DNA synthesis in cells from passages 1 to 6. In agreement with the functional data, mRNA expression for PAR-1 was increased in cells in later passages. In contradiction with the functional data, however, equal mRNA expression for PAR-2 was found in all passages. These results suggest that thrombin induces guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle DNA synthesis through activation of PAR-1. However, the differential effect of tryptase and SLIGRL-NH(2) suggests that tryptase might exert some of its effect via a non-PAR-2 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Leupeptins/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-1/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serine Endopeptidases/pharmacology
- Thrombin/pharmacology
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Trachea/cytology
- Trachea/drug effects
- Trachea/metabolism
- Tryptases
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph Corteling
- Novartis Respiratory Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, RH12 5AB, UK
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20
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Tae J, Han SW, Yoo JY, Kim JA, Kang OH, Baek OS, Lim JP, Kim DK, Kim YH, Bae KH, Lee YM. Anti-inflammatory effect of Lonicera japonica in proteinase-activated receptor 2-mediated paw edema. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 330:165-71. [PMID: 12636936 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae) has long been used for treatment of infectious diseases. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of L. japonica water extract (AELJ) were investigated in proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-mediated mouse paw edema. METHODS Paw edema was induced by injection of trypsin or trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) (tc-NH(2)) into hindpaw of mice. AELJ (10, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was orally administered 1 h before induction of inflammation. RESULTS At doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, the AELJ showed significant inhibition of both change in paw thickness and vascular permeability. The AELJ (100 mg/kg) also significantly inhibited PAR2 agonists-induced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expression in paw tissue. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that AELJ has an anti-inflammatory action for PAR2-mediated paw edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tae
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea
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21
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Han SW, Tae J, Kim JA, Kim DK, Seo GS, Yun KJ, Choi SC, Kim TH, Nah YH, Lee YM. The aqueous extract of Solanum melongena inhibits PAR2 agonist-induced inflammation. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 328:39-44. [PMID: 12559597 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) has antioxidant, analgesic, hypolipidemic and antiallergic activity. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effects of the water extract of the S. melongena (SMWE) were investigated in PAR2-mediated mouse paw edema. Paw edema was induced by injection of trypsin or trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) (tc-NH(2)) into the hindpaw of mice. The SMWE (1, 5, 10, and 100 mg/kg) was orally administered 1 h before induction of inflammation. RESULTS At doses of 5, 10, and 100 mg/kg, the SMWE showed significant inhibition of both paw edema and vascular permeability. The SMWE (10 mg/kg) significantly also inhibited PAR2 agonist-induced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expression in paw tissue. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the SMWE inhibits PAR2 agonist-induced mouse paw edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Han
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
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22
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McGuire JJ, Dai J, Andrade-Gordon P, Triggle CR, Hollenberg MD. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2): vascular effects of a PAR2-derived activating peptide via a receptor different than PAR2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:985-92. [PMID: 12438518 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the actions of the proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP) trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-amide (tc-LI) in femoral (FA), renal, and small mesenteric (MA) arterial vessels from C57BL/6 [PAR2 (+/+)] and PAR2 (-/-) mice. The actions of tc-LI were compared with those of the parent PAR2-AP Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-amide (SLIGRL-amide; SLI-NH2). Either SLI-NH2 or tc-LI (0.1-10 microM) induced relaxation of either 9,11-dideoxy-9alpha,11alpha-methanoepoxy-prosta-5Z,13E-dien-1-oic acid (U46619)- or cirazoline-precontracted FA from PAR2 (+/+) in endothelium-intact preparations but did not relax vessels from PAR2 (-/-) mice. This FA relaxation by SLI-NH2 and by tc-LI was inhibited by 1) pretreatment with a combination of L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), 2) precontraction with 30 mM KCl, or 3) removal of the endothelium. In contrast, tc-LI caused an L-NAME/ODQ/indomethacin-resistant relaxation of MA from PAR2 (+/+) mice. In contrast with SLI-NH2, tc-LI (>30 microM) contracted arteries from both PAR2 (-/-) and PAR2 (+/+) mice. Pretreatment of tissues with a combination of cyclopiazonic acid plus caffeine reduced significantly tc-LI-induced contractions, whereas nifedipine, CdCl2, and Ca2+-free conditions did not. Inhibitors of vascular muscarinic, alpha1-adrenergic, neurokinin, thromboxane A2, histamine, angiotensin II, or endothelin-1 receptors failed to inhibit contractions by 50 microM tc-LI. At resting tension, SLI-NH2 (>10 microM) contracted all arteries in an endothelium-independent manner but only from PAR2 (+/+) mice. We conclude that the endothelium-dependent vasodilation initiated by SLI-NH2 and tc-LI, but not the endothelium-independent contraction initiated by tc-LI, are due to the activation of PAR2. Indeed, the data from PAR2 (-/-) mice indicate that tc-LI, in addition to activating PAR2, is an agonist of vascular smooth muscle contraction via a receptor different than PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McGuire
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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23
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Trottier G, Hollenberg M, Wang X, Gui Y, Loutzenhiser K, Loutzenhiser R. PAR-2 elicits afferent arteriolar vasodilation by NO-dependent and NO-independent actions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 282:F891-7. [PMID: 11934700 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00233.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a novel class of G protein-coupled receptors that respond to signals through endogenous proteinases. PAR activation involves enzymatic cleavage of the extracellular NH(2)-terminal domain and unmasking of a new NH(2) terminus, which serves as an anchored ligand to activate the receptor. At least four PAR subtypes have been identified. In the present study, we used the in vitro perfused hydronephrotic rat kidney to examine the effects of activating PAR-2 on the afferent arteriole. The synthetic peptide SLIGRL-NH(2), which corresponds to the exposed ligand sequence and selectively activates PAR-2, did not alter basal afferent arteriolar diameter but caused a concentration-dependent vasodilation (3-30 microM) of arterioles preconstricted by angiotensin II (0.1 nM). A modified peptide sequence (LSIGRL-NH(2), inactive at PAR-2) had no effect. This vasodilation was characterized by an initial transient component followed by a smaller sustained response. A similar pattern of vasodilation was seen when SLIGRL-NH(2) was administered to isolated perfused normal rat kidney. The sustained component of the PAR-2-induced afferent arteriolar vasodilation was eliminated by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition (100 microM nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). In contrast, the transient vasodilation persisted under these conditions. This transient response was not observed when afferent arterioles were preconstricted with elevated KCl, suggesting involvement of an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Finally, RT-PCR revealed the presence of PAR-2 mRNA in isolated afferent arterioles. These findings indicate that PAR-2 is expressed in the afferent arteriole and that its activation elicits afferent arteriolar vasodilation by NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Trottier
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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24
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Bonderman D, Teml A, Jakowitsch J, Adlbrecht C, Gyöngyösi M, Sperker W, Lass H, Mosgoeller W, Glogar DH, Probst P, Maurer G, Nemerson Y, Lang IM. Coronary no-reflow is caused by shedding of active tissue factor from dissected atherosclerotic plaque. Blood 2002; 99:2794-800. [PMID: 11929768 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.8.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defined angiographically, no-reflow (NR) manifests as an acute reduction in coronary flow in the absence of epicardial vessel obstruction. One candidate protein to cause coronary NR is tissue factor (TF), which is abundant in atherosclerotic plaque and a cofactor for activated plasma coagulation factor VII. Scrapings from atherosclerotic carotid arteries contained TF activity (corresponding to 33.03 +/- 13.00 pg/cm(2) luminal plaque surface). Active TF was sedimented, indicating that TF was associated with membranes. Coronary blood was drawn from 6 patients undergoing coronary interventions with the distal protection device PercuSurge GuardWire (Traatek, Miami, FL). Fine particulate material that was recovered from coronary blood showed TF activity (corresponding to 91.1 +/- 62.16 pg/mL authentic TF). To examine the role of TF in acute coronary NR, blood was drawn via a catheter from coronary vessels in 13 patients during NR and after restoration of flow. Mean TF antigen levels were elevated during NR (194.3 +/- 142.8 pg/mL) as compared with levels after flow restoration (73.27 +/- 31.90 pg/mL; P =.02). To dissect the effects of particulate material and purified TF on flow, selective intracoronary injection of atherosclerotic material or purified relipidated TF was performed in a porcine model. TF induced NR in the model, thus strengthening the concept that TF is causal, not just a bystander to atherosclerotic plaque material. The data suggest that active TF is released from dissected coronary atherosclerotic plaque and is one of the factors causing the NR phenomenon. Thus, blood-borne TF in the coronary circulation is a major determinant of flow.
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25
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Cuffe JE, Bertog M, Velázquez-Rocha S, Dery O, Bunnett N, Korbmacher C. Basolateral PAR-2 receptors mediate KCl secretion and inhibition of Na+ absorption in the mouse distal colon. J Physiol 2002; 539:209-22. [PMID: 11850514 PMCID: PMC2290120 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) may participate in epithelial ion transport regulation. Here we examined the effect of mouse activating peptide (mAP), a specific activator of PAR-2, on electrogenic transport of mouse distal colon using short-circuit current (I(SC)) measurements. Under steady-state conditions, apical application of amiloride (100 microM) revealed a positive I(SC) component of 74.3 +/- 6.8 microA x cm(-2) indicating the presence of Na+ absorption, while apical Ba2+ (10 mM) identified a negative I(SC) component of 26.2 +/- 1.8 microA x cm(-2) consistent with K+ secretion. Baseline Cl- secretion was minimal. Basolateral addition of 20 microM mAP produced a biphasic I(SC) response with an initial transient peak increase of 11.2 +/- 0.9 microA x cm(-2), followed by a sustained fall to a level 31.2 +/- 2.6 microA x cm(-2) (n = 43) below resting I(SC). The peak response was due to Cl- secretion as it was preserved in the presence of amiloride but was largely reduced in the presence of basolateral bumetanide (20 microM) or in the absence of extracellular Cl-. The secondary decline of I(SC) was also attenuated by bumetanide and by Ba2+, indicating that it is partly due to a stimulation of K+ secretion. In addition, the amiloride-sensitive I(SC) was slightly reduced by mAP, suggesting that inhibition of Na+ absorption also contributes to the I(SC) decline. Expression of PAR-2 in mouse distal colon was confirmed using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. We conclude that functional basolateral PAR-2 is present in mouse distal colon and that its activation stimulates Cl- and K+ secretion while inhibiting baseline Na+ absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Cuffe
- University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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26
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Al-Ani B, Saifeddine M, Wijesuriya SJ, Hollenberg MD. Modified proteinase-activated receptor-1 and -2 derived peptides inhibit proteinase-activated receptor-2 activation by trypsin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:702-8. [PMID: 11805236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin activates proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) by a mechanism that involves the release of a tethered receptor-activating sequence. We have identified two peptides, FSLLRY-NH(2) (FSY-NH(2)) and LSIGRL-NH(2) (LS-NH(2)) that block the ability of trypsin to activate PAR(2) either in PAR(2)-expressing Kirsten virus-transformed kidney (KNRK) cell lines or in a rat aorta ring preparation. The reverse PAR(2) peptide, LRGILS-NH(2) (LRG-NH(2)) did not do so and FSY-NH(2) failed to block thrombin activation of PAR(1) in the aorta ring or in PAR(1)-expressing human embryonic kidney cells. Half-maximal inhibition (IC(50)) by FSY-NH(2) and LS-NH(2) of the activation of PAR(2) by trypsin in a PAR(2) KNRK calcium-signaling assay was observed at about 50 and 200 microM, respectively. In contrast, the activation of PAR(2) by the PAR(2)-activating peptide, SLIGRL-NH(2) (SL-NH(2)) was not inhibited by FSY-NH(2), LS-NH(2), or LRG-NH(2). In a casein proteolysis assay, neither FSY-NH(2) nor LS-NH(2) inhibited the proteolytic action of trypsin on its substrate. In addition, FSY-NH(2) and LS-NH(2) were unable to prevent trypsin from hydrolyzing a 20-amino acid peptide, GPNSKGR/SLIGRLDTPYGGC representing the trypsin cleavage/activation site of rat PAR(2). Similarly, FSY-NH(2) and LS-NH(2) failed to block the ability of trypsin to release the PAR(2) N-terminal epitope that is cleaved from the receptor upon proteolytic activation of receptor-expressing KNRK cells. We conclude that the peptides FSY-NH(2) and LS-NH(2) block the ability of trypsin to activate PAR(2) by a mechanism that does not involve a simple inhibition of trypsin proteolytic activity, but possibly by interacting with a tethered ligand receptor-docking site.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Epitopes/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indicators and Reagents
- Ligands
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptor, PAR-1
- Receptor, PAR-2
- Receptors, Thrombin/agonists
- Receptors, Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thrombin/chemistry
- Transfection
- Trypsin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahjat Al-Ani
- Diabetes and Endocrine Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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27
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McGuire JJ, Hollenberg MD, Andrade-Gordon P, Triggle CR. Multiple mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by the activation of proteinase-activated receptor 2 in mouse mesenteric arterioles. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:155-69. [PMID: 11786491 PMCID: PMC1573127 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Activation of PAR2 in second-order mesenteric arteriole (MA) rings from C57BL/6J, NOS3 (-/-) and PAR2 (-/-) mice was assessed for the contributions of NO, cyclo-oxygenases, guanylyl cyclase, adenylyl cyclase, and of K(+) channel activation to vascular smooth muscle relaxation. 2. PAR2 agonist, SLIGRL-NH(2) (0.1 to 30 microM), induced relaxation of cirazoline-precontracted MA from C57BL/6J and NOS3 (-/-), but not PAR2 (-/-) mice. Maximal relaxation (E(max)) was partially reduced by a combination of L-(G)N-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and indomethacin. An ODQ/L-NAME/indomethacin resistant relaxation was also caused by trypsin (30 nM) in PAR2 (+/+), but not in PAR2 (-/-) mice. Relaxation was endothelium-dependent and inhibited by either 30 mM KCl-precontraction, or pretreatment with apamin, charybdotoxin, and their combination; iberiotoxin did not substitute for charybdotoxin nor did scyllatoxin substitute fully for apamin. 3. Tetraethylammonium (TEA), glibenclamide, tetrodotoxin, 17-octadecynoic acid, carboxy-2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, SQ22536, carbenoxolone, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, 7-nitroindazole, N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W), N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)-methanesulfonamide (NS-398) and propanolol did not inhibit relaxation. 4-aminopyridine significantly increased the potency of SLIGRL-NH(2). A combination of 30 microM BaCl(2) and 10 microM ouabain significantly reduced the potency for relaxation, and in the presence of L-NAME, ODQ and indomethacin, E(max) was reduced. 4. We conclude PAR2-mediated relaxation of mouse MA utilizes multiple mechanisms that are both NO-cGMP-dependent, and -independent. The data are also consistent with a role for endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle that involves the activation of an apamin/charybdotoxin-sensitive K(+) channel(s) and, in part, may be mediated by K(+).
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biological Factors/pharmacology
- Cyclic GMP/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Guanylate Cyclase
- Male
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle Relaxation/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Potassium/pharmacology
- Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Receptor, PAR-2
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McGuire
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cicala
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Nakayama T, Hirano K, Nishimura J, Takahashi S, Kanaide H. Mechanism of trypsin-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the porcine coronary artery. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:815-26. [PMID: 11606322 PMCID: PMC1573010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. To investigate the mechanism underlying the trypsin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and tension development of smooth muscle were simultaneously monitored in the porcine coronary artery, and [Ca(2+)](i) of in situ endothelial cells were monitored in the porcine aortic valvular strips, using fura-2 fluorometry. 2. During the contraction induced by 30 nM U46619, a thromboxane A(2) analogue, 100 nM trypsin induced a rapid transient significant decrease in both [Ca(2+)](i) (from 67.9+/-5.1 to 15.7+/-4.4%) and tension (from 97.5+/-9.2 to 16.8+/-3.5%) of smooth muscle only in the presence of endothelium (100% level was assigned to the level obtained with the 118 mM K(+)-induced contraction). [Ca(2+)](i) and the tension thus returned to the levels prior to the application of trypsin by 5 and 10 min, respectively. 3. The initial phase of this relaxation was partly inhibited by 100 microM N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), and was completely inhibited by L-NOARG plus 40 mM K(+) or L-NOARG plus 100 nM charybdotoxin and 100 nM apamin, while the late phase of the relaxation was inhibited by L-NOARG alone. 4. Trypsin induced a transient [Ca(2+)](i) elevation in the endothelial cells mainly due to the Ca(2+) release from the intracellular stores, at the concentrations (1 - 100 nM) similar to those required to induce relaxation. 5. In conclusion, trypsin induced an elevation in [Ca(2+)](i) mainly due to Ca(2+) release in endothelial cells, and thereby caused endothelium-dependent relaxation. The early phase of relaxation was due to nitric oxide and hyperpolarizing factors, while the late phase was mainly due to nitric oxide in the porcine coronary artery.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aortic Valve/drug effects
- Aortic Valve/metabolism
- Apamin/pharmacology
- Biological Factors/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Charybdotoxin/pharmacology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nickel/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitroarginine/pharmacology
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Potassium Channel Blockers
- Receptor, PAR-2
- Receptors, Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Substance P/pharmacology
- Swine
- Time Factors
- Trypsin/pharmacology
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuzo Nakayama
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Nishimura
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shosuke Takahashi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Kanaide
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Buresi MC, Schleihauf E, Vergnolle N, Buret A, Wallace JL, Hollenberg MD, MacNaughton WK. Protease-activated receptor-1 stimulates Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion in human intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G323-32. [PMID: 11447011 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), has wide tissue distribution and is involved in many physiological functions. Because thrombin is in the intestinal lumen and mucosa during inflammation, we sought to determine PAR-1 expression and function in human intestinal epithelial cells. RT-PCR showed PAR-1 mRNA expression in SCBN cells, a nontransformed duodenal epithelial cell line. Confluent SCBN monolayers mounted in Ussing chambers responded to PAR-1 activation with a Cl(-)-dependent increase in short-circuit current. The secretory effect was blocked by BaCl2 and the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, but not by the L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker verapamil or DIDS, the nonselective inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) transport. Responses to thrombin and PAR-1-activating peptides exhibited auto- and crossdesensitization. Fura 2-loaded SCBN cells had increased fluorescence after PAR-1 activation, indicating increased intracellular Ca(2+). RT-PCR showed that SCBN cells expressed mRNA for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and hypotonicity-activated Cl(-) channel-2 but not for the Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) channel-1. PAR-1 activation failed to increase intracellular cAMP, suggesting that the CFTR channel is not involved in the Cl(-) secretory response. Our data demonstrate that PAR-1 is expressed on human intestinal epithelial cells and regulates a novel Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretory pathway. This may be of clinical significance in inflammatory intestinal diseases with elevated thrombin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Buresi
- Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Lafleur MA, Hollenberg MD, Atkinson SJ, Knäuper V, Murphy G, Edwards DR. Activation of pro-(matrix metalloproteinase-2) (pro-MMP-2) by thrombin is membrane-type-MMP-dependent in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and generates a distinct 63 kDa active species. Biochem J 2001; 357:107-15. [PMID: 11415441 PMCID: PMC1221933 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin, a critical enzyme in the coagulation cascade, has also been associated with angiogenesis and activation of the zymogen form of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2 or gelatinase-A). We show that thrombin activated pro-MMP-2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in cultured human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to generate a catalytically active 63 kDa protein that accumulated as the predominant form in the conditioned medium. This 63 kDa thrombin-activated MMP-2 is distinct from the 62 kDa species found following concanavalin A or PMA stimulated pro-MMP-2 activation. Hirudin and leupeptin blocked thrombin-induced pro-MMP-2 activation, demonstrating that the proteolytic activity of thrombin is essential. However, activation was also dependent upon membrane-type-MMP (MT-MMP) action, since it was blocked by EDTA, o-phenanthroline, hydroxamate metalloproteinase inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and TIMP-4, but not TIMP-1. Thrombin inefficiently cleaved recombinant 72 kDa pro-MMP-2, but efficiently cleaved the 64 kDa MT-MMP-processed intermediate form in the presence of cells. Thrombin also rapidly (within 1 h) increased cellular MT-MMP activity, and at longer time points (>6 h) it increased expression of MT1-MMP mRNA and protein. Thus signalling via proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) may play a role in thrombin-induced MMP-2 activation, though this does not appear to involve PAR1, PAR2, or PAR4 in HUVECs. These results indicate that in HUVECs the activation of pro-MMP-2 by thrombin involves increased MT-MMP activity and preferential cleavage of the MT-MMP-processed 64 kDa MMP-2 form in the presence of cells. The integration of these proteinase systems in the vascular endothelium may be important during thrombogenesis and tissue remodelling associated with neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lafleur
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Cicala C, Morello S, Santagada V, Caliendo G, Sorrentino L, Cirino G. Pharmacological dissection of vascular effects caused by activation of protease-activated receptors 1 and 2 in anesthetized rats. FASEB J 2001; 15:1433-5. [PMID: 11387248 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0633fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Cicala
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale and. Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Derkach DN, Ihara E, Hirano K, Nishimura J, Takahashi S, Kanaide H. Thrombin causes endothelium-dependent biphasic regulation of vascular tone in the porcine renal interlobar artery. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1635-42. [PMID: 11139441 PMCID: PMC1572496 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a method employing front-surface fura-2 fluorometry to measure the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), the mechanism of endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular tone by thrombin was studied in porcine renal interlobar arterial strips. At concentrations lower than 3 u ml(-1), thrombin evoked only early transient relaxation, while at 3 u ml(-1) and higher concentrations, thrombin caused an early relaxation and a subsequent transient contraction. Both thrombin-induced relaxation and contraction were abolished by removing the endothelium. Similar biphasic responses were observed with a protease-activated receptor-1-activating peptide. Early relaxation was associated with a decrease in [Ca(2+)](i), while the transient contraction was not associated with a change in [Ca(2+)](i) of smooth muscle cells. A thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2))/prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)) receptor antagonist (10(-5) M ONO-3708) completely inhibited the thrombin-induced contraction, whereas a thromboxane A(2) synthase inhibitor (10(-5) M OKY-046) only partly inhibited it. When the thrombin-induced contraction was inhibited by ONO-3708, either pretreatment with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) or an increase in the amount of external K(+) to 40 mM did not abolish thrombin-induced relaxation during phenylephrine-induced sustained contraction. However, the combination of pretreatment with L-NAME and an elevation of external K(+) to 40 mM completely abolished the relaxation. There was no significant difference in the concentration-dependent effects of thrombin on the initial early relaxation between conditions in which the contractile components either were or were not inhibited. Thrombin is thus considered to mainly activate protease-activated receptor-1 and cause a biphasic response, early relaxation and a transient contraction, in the porcine renal interlobar artery in an endothelium-dependent manner. The thrombin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was mediated by nitric oxide and hyperpolarizing factors, while the contraction was mediated by TXA(2) and PGH(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Derkach
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Kawabata A, Nishikawa H, Kuroda R, Kawai K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2): regulation of salivary and pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo in rats and mice. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:1808-14. [PMID: 10780990 PMCID: PMC1572025 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract including the pancreas, and may be involved in digestive functions. The aim of our study was to evaluate a potential role for PAR-2 in regulating salivary and pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo. PAR-2-activating peptides (PAR-2-APs), but not selective PAR-1-APs, administered intravenously, increased salivary secretion in the mouse or rat; this effect of the PAR-2-APs was unaffected by atropine, phentolamine, propranolol or indomethacin. Secretion (amylase) by rat parotid gland slices in vitro was also stimulated by PAR-2-APs and trypsin, but not by activation of other PARs. PAR-2-APs, administered to rats in vivo, caused a prompt effect on pancreatic exocrine secretion. PAR-2 mRNA, known to be present in pancreatic tissue, was also detected in parotid tissue. Our results indicate that in addition to a potential role in regulating cardiovascular and respiratory functions, PAR-2 may also play a general role in vivo for the direct regulation of glandular exocrine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawabata
- Department of Pathophysiology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Abstract
Cell-surface protease-activated receptors (PARs) appear to have evolved to detect extracellular enzymatically active serine proteases such as trypsin and thrombin. The predominant location of PARs on endothelia and epithelia and the discovery of enzymes such as trypsin within these tissues, together with the linkage of PARs to cytoprotective pathways, provide new information on autocrine and paracrine signalling within these critical barriers. In this article, the ways in which the distribution and function of PARs could be harnessed by pharmacologists as novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Cocks
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Vergnolle N. Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2-Activating Peptides Induce Leukocyte Rolling, Adhesion, and Extravasation In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been suggested to play a role in inflammatory reactions. Because leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions are critical events during inflammatory reactions, and because PAR2 is expressed both on endothelium and leukocytes, we have examined the effects of PAR2-activating peptides (PAR2-APs) on leukocyte rolling and adhesion in mesenteric venules and on leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. Using intravital microscopy, leukocyte rolling, flux, and adhesion in rat mesenteric postcapillary venules were quantified. Topical addition of PAR2-APs (10 μM) for 1 min to the superfused venule induced a significant increase in leukocyte rolling and adherence. The increase in leukocyte adherence was not affected by pretreatment with a mast cell stabilizer (sodium cromoglycate) nor by prior degranulation of mast cells with compound 48/80. Nonetheless, both leukocyte rolling and adhesion were completely inhibited by pretreatment with a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist (WEB 2086). Intraperitoneal injections of a selective PAR2-AP (SLIGRL-NH2) caused a significant increase in leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity. The effect of SLIGRL-NH2 on peritoneal leukocyte infiltration was completely inhibited by WEB 2086. These data suggest that PAR2 activation could contribute to several early events in the inflammatory reaction, including leukocyte rolling, adherence, and recruitment, by a mechanism dependent on platelet-activating factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Moffatt JD, Cocks TM. The role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in the modulation of beating of the mouse isolated ureter: lack of involvement of mast cells or sensory nerves. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128:860-4. [PMID: 10556919 PMCID: PMC1571711 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The localization of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and the effects of PAR2 activators were investigated in the mouse isolated ureter in order to test the hypothesis that PAR2 activation may initiate neuropeptide release from sensory nerve fibres and hence contribute to inflammation. 2 PAR2 was localized by fluorescence immunohistochemistry to both the smooth muscle and epithelium of the ureter. Macrophage-like cells in the adventitia of the ureter were also PAR2-immunoreactive. PAR2-immunoreactivity was not observed in mast cells or nerve fibres. 3 In circular muscle preparations of the ureter in which continuous rhythmic beating was induced by KCl (20 mM) and the thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619 (0.3 microM), trypsin (0.3 U ml-1) reduced beat frequency to 84.6+/-2.0% of control rates. The PAR2-selective peptide agonist SLIGRL-NH2 concentration-dependently (0.1-3.0 microM) slowed beat frequency to a maximum of 72.7+/-2.0%. 4 Histamine (1-300 microM) was more efficacious than SLIGRL-NH2 in inhibiting ureter beat frequency in a concentration-dependent manner to a maximum (at 300 microM) of 7.9+/-2.5% of the control rate. 5 Pretreatment of preparations with capsaicin (10 microM for 30 min) markedly attenuated the inhibitory effect of histamine, but not that of SLIGRL-NH2, indicating a role for sensory nerves in the inhibitory effect of histamine only. 6 The inhibitory effect of SLIGRL-NH2 on ureter beat frequency was unaffected by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, L-NOARG (100 microM) or the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (3 microM). 7 In conclusion, PAR2 activation causes inhibition of beating in the mouse ureter that is not mediated by axon reflex release of inhibitory neuropeptides. This inhibitory effect of PAR2 appears to be mediated directly on smooth muscle cells, although the contribution of non-NO, non-prostanoid epithelium-derived factors cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Moffatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Triradiate Building, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Hollenberg MD, Saifeddine M, Al-Ani B, Gui Y. Proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4): action of PAR4-activating peptides in vascular and gastric tissue and lack of cross-reactivity with PAR1 and PAR2. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/y99-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We studied the actions of the human and murine proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) derived receptor-activating peptides (APs), GYPGQV-NH2 (GQV-NH2) and GYPGKF-NH2 (GKF-NH2), (i) to activate-desensitize either PAR1 or PAR2 in cultured cell systems (calcium signalling in PAR1/PAR2-bearing human HEK cells and in rat KNRK cells expressing either rat or human PAR2) and (ii) to affect contractility in rat aorta (RA) and rat gastric longitudinal muscle (LM) preparations in vitro. We found that neither PAR1 nor PAR2 was affected by concentrations of the PAR4-APs (800 µM) that caused both an endothelium-dependent nitric oxide mediated relaxation of preconstricted RA tissue and a contractile response in the LM preparation. The potencies (EC50 values 300 to 400 µM) of GQV-NH2 and GKF-NH2 for causing a relaxant effect were identical and comparable with the potency of GQV-NH2 for causing a contractile effect in the LM. However, the potencies of the PAR4-APs in the RA and LM preparations were 20- to 150-fold lower than the potency of the receptor-selective PAR1-AP, TFLLR-NH2. We conclude that the PAR4-APs do not activate either PAR1 or PAR2, and we suggest that along with PAR1 and PAR2, PAR4 may also be present in rat vascular and gastric smooth muscle.Key words: proteinase-activated receptors, PAR4, calcium, vascular smooth muscle, gastric smooth muscle, thrombin.
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Vergnolle N, Hollenberg MD, Sharkey KA, Wallace JL. Characterization of the inflammatory response to proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2)-activating peptides in the rat paw. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1083-90. [PMID: 10455252 PMCID: PMC1566112 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have observed the development of an inflammatory reaction in the rat hindpaw, following the injection of specific agonists of PAR2 (two PAR2 activating peptides). This inflammation was characterized by oedema and granulocyte infiltration. Two selective PAR2 activating peptides, SLGRL-NH2 and trans-cinnamoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 induced significant oedema in the rat hindpaw from 1-6 h following subplantar injection. Six hours after the PAR2-activating peptide injection, the paw tissues showed a complete disruption of tissue architecture along with an inflammatory cell infiltrate. In the inflamed paw, PAR2-immunoreactivity was expressed on endothelial cells as well as on the infiltrating inflammatory cells. The oedema induced by the injection of the two PAR2 activating peptides was slightly reduced in rats pre-treated with compound 48/80, but was not modified by pre-treatment of rats with cromolyn, a mast cell stabilizer. Pre-treatment of rats with a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) or a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) had no effect on the oedema induced by the PAR2-activating peptides. These results demonstrate that the administration of PAR2-activating peptides into the rat paw induced an acute inflammatory response characterized by a persistent oedema (at least 6 h) and granulocyte infiltration. The PAR2-induced inflammatory response occurred through a mechanism largely independent of mast cell activation, and of the production of prostanoids and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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