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Identifying tumor promoting genomic alterations in tumor-associated fibroblasts via retrovirus-insertional mutagenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97231-97245. [PMID: 29228606 PMCID: PMC5722558 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are often essential for solid tumor growth. However, few genetic or epigenetic alterations have been found in TAFs during the progression of solid tumors. Employing a tumor-stromal cell co-injection model, we adapted here retroviral-insertional mutagenesis to stromal cells to identify novel tumor-associated genes in TAFs. We successfully identified 20 gene candidates that might modulate tumor growth if altered in TAFs at genomic level. To validate our finding, the function of one of the candidate genes, tubulin tyrosine ligase (Ttl), was further studied in TAFs from fibrosarcoma, colon, breast and hepatocarcinoma. We demonstrated that down-regulated TTL expression in TAFs indeed promoted tumor growth in mice. Interestingly, decreased expression of TTL in tumor stromal cells also correlated with poor outcome in human colon carcinoma. Thus, the co-injection model of tumor cells with retrovirus-modified fibroblasts proved a valid method to identify tumor-modulating genes in TAFs, allowing for a deeper insight into the role of the stroma for tumor development.
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Faller EM, Ghazawi FM, Cavar M, MacPherson PA. IL-7 induces clathrin-mediated endocytosis of CD127 and subsequent degradation by the proteasome in primary human CD8 T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:196-207. [PMID: 26272555 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a key immunoregulatory cytokine, plays an essential role in peripheral T-cell homeostasis and function. Signaling via the IL-7 receptor is tightly regulated and we and others have shown IL-7 provides negative feedback on its own signaling by downregulating expression of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) through both suppression of CD127 gene transcription and by internalization of existing CD127 proteins from the cell membrane. We show here for the first time in primary human CD8 T cells that upon stimulation with IL-7, CD127 is internalized through clathrin-coated pits, a process dependent on both lipid-raft formation and the activity of dynamin. As visualized by confocal microscopy, CD127 shows increased co-localization with clathrin within 5 min of IL-7 stimulation and within 15-30 min is seen in multiple intracellular punctae co-localizing with the early endosomal marker EEA1. By 2 h after addition of IL-7, CD127 staining associates with the late endosomal marker RAB7 and with the proteasomal 20S subunit. By inducing receptor internalization and translocation from early endosomes to the proteasome, IL-7 directly influences its receptor density on the cell surface and thus regulates the intensity of its own signaling cascades. Given the important role IL-7 plays in T-cell development, homeostasis and function, deciphering how expression of its receptor is controlled on the cell surface is essential in understanding how T-cell activity can be regulated in different microenvironments and in response to different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feras M Ghazawi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marko Cavar
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A MacPherson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Expression of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain is down regulated on the surface of CD4 T-cells by the HIV-1 Tat protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111193. [PMID: 25333710 PMCID: PMC4205093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection elicits defects in CD4 T-cell homeostasis in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is essential to T-cell homeostasis and several groups have shown reduced levels of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) on both CD4 and CD8 T-cells in viremic HIV+ patients. We have shown previously that soluble HIV Tat protein specifically down regulates cell surface expression of CD127 on human CD8 T-cells in a paracrine fashion. The effects of Tat on CD127 expression in CD4 T-cells has yet to be described. To explore this effect, CD4 T-cells were isolated from healthy individuals and expression levels of CD127 were examined on cells incubated in media alone or treated with Tat protein. We show here that, similar to CD8 T-cells, the HIV-1 Tat protein specifically down regulates CD127 on primary human CD4 T-cells and directs the receptor to the proteasome for degradation. Down regulation of CD127 in response to Tat was seen on both memory and naive CD4 T-cell subsets and was blocked using either heparin or anti-Tat antibodies. Tat did not induce apoptosis in cultured primary CD4 T-cells over 72 hours as determined by Annexin V and PI staining. Pre-incubation of CD4 T-cells with HIV-1 Tat protein did however reduce the ability of IL-7 to up regulate Bcl-2 expression. Similar to exogenous Tat, endogenously expressed HIV Tat protein also suppressed CD127 expression on primary CD4 T-cells. In view of the important role IL-7 plays in lymphocyte proliferation, homeostasis and survival, down regulation of CD127 by Tat likely plays a central role in immune dysregulation and CD4 T-cell decline. Understanding this effect could lead to new approaches to mitigate the CD4 T-cell loss evident in HIV infection.
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Faller EM, McVey MJ, MacPherson PA. IL-7 receptor recovery on CD8 T-cells isolated from HIV+ patients is inhibited by the HIV Tat protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102677. [PMID: 25033393 PMCID: PMC4102547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the IL-7 receptor α-chain (CD127) is decreased on CD8 T-cells in HIV infected patients and partially recovers in those receiving antiretroviral therapy with sustained viral suppression. We have shown that soluble HIV Tat protein down regulates CD127 expression on CD8 T-cells isolated from healthy HIV-negative individuals. Tat is taken up by CD8 T-cells via endocytosis, exits the endosome and then translocates to the inner leaflet of the cell membrane where it binds to the cytoplasmic tail of CD127 inducing receptor internalization and degradation by the proteasome. This down regulation of CD127 by Tat results in impaired CD8 T-cell function. Interestingly, suppression of CD127 by Tat is reversible and requires the continual presence of Tat in the culture media. We thus questioned whether the low IL-7 receptor expression evident on CD8 T-cells in HIV+ patients was similarly reversible and if suppression of the receptor could be maintained ex vivo by Tat protein alone. We show here that when CD8 T-cells isolated from HIV+ patients are incubated alone in fresh medium, low CD127 expression on the cell surface recovers to normal levels. This recovery of CD127, however, is completely inhibited by the addition of HIV Tat protein to the culture media. This study then provides evidence that soluble factor(s) are responsible for low CD127 expression on circulating CD8 T-cells in HIV+ individuals and further implicates Tat in suppressing this receptor essential to CD8 T-cell proliferation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott M. Faller
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Chronic Disease, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark J. McVey
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Chronic Disease, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A. MacPherson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Chronic Disease, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Faller EM, Sugden SM, McVey MJ, Kakal JA, MacPherson PA. Soluble HIV Tat Protein Removes the IL-7 Receptor α-Chain from the Surface of Resting CD8 T Cells and Targets It for Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2854-66. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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You CX, Liu Y, Shi M, Cao M, Luo RC, Hermonat PL. Comparison of AAV/IL-7 autocrine (T cell) versus paracrine (DC) gene delivery for enhancing CTL stimulation and function. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:779-87. [PMID: 20091029 PMCID: PMC11030548 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) into patients holds promise in treating cancer. Such anti-cancer CTL are stimulated by professional antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC). We hypothesize the gene delivery of various Th1-response cytokines, such as interleukin 7 (IL-7), should further enhance CTL stimulation and activity. However, the issue as to which cell type, DC (paracrine) or the T cell (autocrine), should express a particular Th1 cytokine gene for optimal CTL stimulation has never been addressed. We used adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV) to compare delivery of IL-7 and IL-2 genes into DC or T cells and to exogenous commercial cytokines for generating robust carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific CTL. AAV/IL-7 transduction of T cells (autocrine delivery) generated CTL with the highest killing capability. Consistent with this, AAV/IL-7 delivery generated T cell populations with the highest proliferation, highest interferon gamma expression, highest CD8(+):CD4(+) ratio, highest CD8(+), CD69(+) levels, and lowest CD4(+), CD25(+) (Treg) levels. These data are consistent with higher killing by the AAV/IL-7-altered CTL. These data strongly suggest that IL-7 autocrine gene delivery is optimal for CTL generation. These data also suggest Th1 cytokine autocrine versus paracrine delivery is an important issue for immuno-gene therapy and uncovers new questions into cytokine mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xuan You
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maohua Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Rong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul L. Hermonat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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Smits EL, Anguille S, Cools N, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VF. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:1106-18. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L.J.M. Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Viggo F.I. Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
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Schroten-Loef C, de Ridder CMA, Reneman S, Crezee M, Dalgleish A, Todryk SM, Bangma CH, Kraaij R. A prostate cancer vaccine comprising whole cells secreting IL-7, effective against subcutaneous challenge, requires local GM-CSF for intra-prostatic efficacy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:373-81. [PMID: 18641982 PMCID: PMC11031066 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A panel of cytokine-secreting RM-9 prostate cancer cells were tested as whole cell vaccines to determine their capacity to evoke an anti-prostate cancer immune response. In our model, vaccines secreting mGM-CSF or mIL-7 resulted in the highest increase in circulating T lymphocytes after vaccination, prolonged survival and, in a proportion of animals, tumor-free survival. Anti-tumor effects were more evident after a subcutaneous RM-9 challenge than after an intraprostatic challenge. However, when the RM-9/mGM-CSF cell line was used as intraprostatic tumor challenge, protection after RM-9/mIL-7 vaccination was restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schroten-Loef
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M. A. de Ridder
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Reneman
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Crezee
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angus Dalgleish
- Department of Oncology, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen M. Todryk
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Faller E, Kakal J, Kumar R, MacPherson P. IL-7 and the HIV Tat protein act synergistically to down-regulate CD127 expression on CD8 T cells. Int Immunol 2009; 21:203-16. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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10
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Mercier-Letondal P, Montcuquet N, Sauce D, Certoux JM, Jeanningros S, Ferrand C, Bonyhadi M, Tiberghien P, Robinet E. Alloreactivity of ex vivo-expanded T cells is correlated with expansion and CD4/CD8 ratio. Cytotherapy 2008; 10:275-88. [PMID: 18418773 DOI: 10.1080/14653240801927032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background We have demonstrated previously that retroviral-mediated transfer of a suicide gene into bone marrow (BM) donor T cells allows an efficient control of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic BM transplantation. However, the 12 days of ex vivo culture required for the production of gene-modified cells (GMC), including soluble CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb)-mediated activation and expansion with interleukin (IL)-2, induced a decrease of GMC alloreactivity and a reversal of their CD4/CD8 ratio. Improving the culture protocol in order to maintain the highest alloreactivity is of critical importance in obtaining an optimal graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated with soluble CD3 MAb or CD3 and CD28 MAb co-immobilized on beads and expanded for 12 days in the presence of IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15 before analysis of alloreactivity and phenotype. Results Replacing the CD3 MAb by CD3/CD28 beads led to similar in vitro alloreactivity but improved the expansion and in vivo alloreactivity of GMC. Replacing the IL-2 with IL-7, but not IL-15, or decreasing IL-2 or IL-7 concentrations, improved the in vitro alloreactivity of expanded cells but was associated with lower expansion. Indeed, the alloreactivity of expanded cells was negatively correlated with cell expansion and positively correlated with CD4/CD8 ratio and CD8 expression level. Discussion Quantitative (i.e. low CD4/CD8 ratio) and qualitative (e.g. low CD8 expression) defects may account for the decreased alloreactivity of GMC. Using CD3/CD28 beads and/or IL-7 is more beneficial than CD3 MAb and IL-2 for preventing perturbations of the alloreactivity and phenotype of GMC.
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Faller EM, McVey MJ, Kakal JA, MacPherson PA. Interleukin-7 Receptor Expression on CD8 T-Cells Is Downregulated by the HIV Tat Protein. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43:257-69. [PMID: 16967044 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000230319.78288.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown decreased expression of the interleukin (IL)-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) on CD8 T-cells in HIV-infected patients and an apparent recovery of this receptor in those receiving antiretroviral therapy with sustained viral suppression. Here, we demonstrate that the HIV Tat protein specifically downregulates cell surface expression of CD127 on human CD8 T-cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effects of Tat on CD127 expression could be blocked with anti-Tat monoclonal antibodies or by preincubating Tat with heparin. Tat had no effect on the expression of other cell surface proteins examined, including CD132, or on cell viability over 72 hours. Further, CD127 expression was not altered by other HIV proteins, including gp160 or Nef. Preincubation of purified CD8 T-cells with Tat protein inhibited CD8 T-cell proliferation and perforin synthesis after stimulation with IL-7. Because IL-7 signaling is essential for optimal CD8 T-cell proliferation and function, the downregulation of CD127 and apparent inhibition of cytotoxic activity by Tat may play an important role in HIV-induced immune dysregulation and impaired cell-mediated immunity.
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Curti A, Pandolfi S, Aluigi M, Isidori A, Alessandrini I, Chiodoni C, Testoni N, Colombo MP, Baccarani M, Lemoli RM. Interleukin-12 production by leukemia-derived dendritic cells counteracts the inhibitory effect of leukemic microenvironment on T cells. Exp Hematol 2006; 33:1521-30. [PMID: 16338495 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are poorly immunogenic and inhibit T-cell function. AML-derived dendritic cells (AML-DCs) have better antigen-presentation capacity than undifferentiated leukemic blasts, but may not be fully competent to stimulate T cells previously inhibited by leukemic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS AML-DCs were generated from AML cells and used to stimulate proliferation and cytokine production by T cells previously inhibited by AML cells. AML-DCs were also transfected with interleukin (IL)-12 gene by the nonviral method, nucleofection. RESULTS Mature AML-DCs stimulated naive and, to a lesser extent, leukemic cell (LC)-cultured T cells more efficiently than their immature counterparts and their activity was mediated by IL-12. AML-DCs generated from CD14(-) AML samples (which represent 80% of total AML patients) were defective in IL-12 production and T-cell activation. Addition of exogenous IL-12 to LC-cultured T cells stimulated by CD14(-)-derived AML-DCs restored optimal interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and Th1 skewing. IL-12 gene-nucleofected AML-DCs derived from CD14(-) cells produced significant amounts of IL-12, maintained leukemia-specific karyotype, DC-like phenotype, and function. When stimulated by IL-12-gene transduced CD14(-)-derived AML-DCs, LC-cultured T cells produced higher concentrations of IFN-gamma, thus maintaining a Th1 cytokine profile. CONCLUSION IL-12 produced by AML-DCs plays a critical role in counteracting the inhibitory activity of LCs on T-cell function. IL-12 gene can be successfully expressed into AML-DCs defective in endogenous IL-12 production by using a novel nonviral method that does not modify their phenotypical, cytogenetic, and functional features. Genetically modified AML-DCs restore a near normal T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Curti
- Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology L. & A. Seràgnoli, University of Bologna and Stem Cell Center, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Italy.
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Frankenberger B, Pohla H, Noessner E, Willimsky G, Papier B, Pezzutto A, Kopp J, Oberneder R, Blankenstein T, Schendel DJ. Influence of CD80, interleukin-2, and interleukin-7 expression in human renal cell carcinoma on the expansion, function, and survival of tumor-specific CTLs. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1733-42. [PMID: 15755994 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A renal cell carcinoma (RCC) line, RCC-26, has been identified as a suitable candidate for development of an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine based on its expression of a variety of tumor-associated antigens (TAA). To improve immunogenicity, RCC-26 cells were genetically engineered to express CD80 alone or in combination with interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-7. The effect of these modifications on proliferation, function, and survival of autologous and allogeneic tumor-specific CTLs was assessed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RCC-26 sublines expressing different transgenes were tested for their capacity to reactivate cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity in autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, to improve proliferation and survival of tumor-associated T cells present in autologous peripheral blood, and to induce tumor-associated responses in naive allogeneic lymphocytes. The expression of several common TAA was quantitated in the RCC-26 sublines using reverse transcription-PCR to identify surrogate markers for immune monitoring in clinical trials. RESULTS Gene-modified RCC-26 cells showed enhanced immunogenicity. CD80 expression was necessary to induce RCC-associated CTL in blood of healthy allogeneic donors. It also improved proliferation of autologous effector-memory T cells. Further enhancement was achieved with IL-2 through induction of the antiapoptosis protein Bcl-x(L). The candidate vaccine lines overexpressed several common TAA that are suitable markers for immune monitoring. CONCLUSIONS RCC-26 cells coexpressing CD80 and cytokine transgenes display improved immunogenic characteristics, supporting their use as allogeneic tumor cell vaccines for HLA-A2-matched patients with metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Frankenberger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Tan PH, Beutelspacher SC, Xue SA, Wang YH, Mitchell P, McAlister JC, Larkin DFP, McClure MO, Stauss HJ, Ritter MA, Lombardi G, George AJT. Modulation of human dendritic-cell function following transduction with viral vectors: implications for gene therapy. Blood 2005; 105:3824-32. [PMID: 15671441 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGenetic modification of dendritic-cell (DC) function is an attractive approach to treat disease, either using mature DCs (mDCs) to immunize patients, or immature DCs (iDCs) to induce tolerance. Viral vectors are efficient at transducing DCs, and we have investigated the effect of transduction with a variety of viral vectors on the phenotype and function of DCs. Adenovirus (Ad), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), equine anemia virus (EIAV), and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) all up-regulate costimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on DCs, as well as, in the case of Ad and lentiviral vectors, inducing production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Following transduction there is activation of double-stranded (ds) RNA-triggered pathways resulting in interferon (IFN) α/β production. In addition, the function of virally infected DCs is altered; iDCs have an increased, and mDCs a decreased, ability to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Viral transduction of mDCs results in up-regulation of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme, which down-regulates T-cell responsiveness. Inhibition of IDO restores the ability of mDCs to stimulate an MLR, indicating that IDO is responsible for the modulation of mDC function. These data have important implications for the use of viral vectors in the transduction of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng H Tan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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Tan PH, Beutelspacher SC, Wang YH, McClure MO, Ritter MA, Lombardi G, George AJT. Immunolipoplexes: An Efficient, Nonviral Alternative for Transfection of Human Dendritic Cells with Potential for Clinical Vaccination. Mol Ther 2005; 11:790-800. [PMID: 15851017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of dendritic cells (DCs) is important in the context of using either mature DCs to immunize patients or immature DCs to induce tolerance. Here, we describe a novel method of transfecting monocyte-derived human DCs using immunolipoplexes containing anti-CD71 or anti-CD205 monoclonal Abs. This results in up to 20% transfection, which can be increased to 20-30% if the immunolipoplexes are used to transfect CD14+ monocytes prior to differentiation into DCs. Transfected DCs can be substantially enriched using a drug-selection protocol during differentiation. Unlike adenoviral transduction, this nonviral transfection does not alter the expression of costimulatory molecules or the production of proinflammatory cytokines by DCs. In addition, DC function is unaltered, as assessed by mixed lymphocyte reactions. To test the feasibility of the immunolipoplexes and selection protocol for therapeutic intervention, we transfected DCs with the immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Allogeneic T cells exposed to IDO-expressing DCs did not proliferate, secreted more IL-10 and less Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and had a higher amount of apoptosis than T cells incubated with control DCs. Furthermore the remaining T cells were rendered anergic to further stimulation by allogeneic DC. These immunolipoplexes, which can be easily and rapidly assembled, have potential for clinical immunization, in particular for tolerance induction protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng H Tan
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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16
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Breckpot K, Heirman C, Neyns B, Thielemans K. Exploiting dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy: genetic modification of dendritic cells. J Gene Med 2004; 6:1175-88. [PMID: 15468193 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal regulators of immune reactivity and immune tolerance. The observation that DCs can recruit naive T cells has invigorated cancer immunology and led to the proposal of DCs as the basis for vaccines designed for the treatment of cancer. Designing effective strategies to load DCs with antigens is a challenging field of research. The successful realization of gene transfer to DCs will be highly dependent on the employed vector system. Here, we review various viral and non-viral gene transfer systems, and discuss their distinct characteristics and possible advantages and disadvantages in respect to their use in DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Abken H, Hombach A, Reinhard G, Märten A, Schlimper C, Glasmacher A, Bieber T, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Cellular immunotherapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: experimental strategies and clinical experiences. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:583-92. [PMID: 12769334 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000055318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence of disease after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is at least partly due to contamination of the reinfused transplant with tumor cells, thereby limiting the clinical outcome after transplantation. On the other hand, immunological effector cells are capable of purging bone marrow transplants in vitro and of destroying disseminated tumor cells in vivo. Cellular immunotherapy subsequent to autologous stem cell transplantation is therefore expected to have a major impact on recurrence rates of the disease. In this review, we present various strategies utilizing immunologic effector cells for elimination of disseminated tumor cells and discuss the advantages and limitations of cellular immunotherapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich Abken
- Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Labor Tumorgenetik, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
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18
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Bello-Fernández C, Stasakova J, Renner A, Carballido-Perrig N, Koening M, Waclavicek M, Madjic O, Oehler L, Haas O, Carballido JM, Buschle M, Knapp W. Retrovirus-mediated IL-7 expression in leukemic dendritic cells generated from primary acute myelogenous leukemias enhances their functional properties. Blood 2003; 101:2184-90. [PMID: 12424204 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid lineage-derived dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the professional antigen-presenting cell type responsible for eliciting T-cell-mediated immune responses. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a disease in which tumor antigens are expressed by the malignant clone that also has the potential to differentiate into DC-like cells (leukemic DCs) with antigen-presenting capacity. This study investigated whether the constitutive expression of the cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) in primary AML cells during their differentiation toward leukemic DCs results in superior antigen-presenting cells. A bicistronic retroviral vector encoding the IL-7 cytokine and the surface immunoselectable low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFr) gene was constructed and used for transduction experiments. A serum-free system was used to transduce and differentiate leukemic cells toward leukemic DCs. The study included 8 patients with AML. The transduction efficiency with the cytokine vector varied among patients, ranging from 5% to 30% as judged by LNGFr expression. The leukemic origin of the transduced cells was confirmed in a patient with a chromosomal translocation t(9:11) by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Cytokine modified-cells consistently secreted IL-7 (mean, 415 pg +/- 190/10(6) cells/48 hours; n = 5). We demonstrate that IL-7-transduced cells are included in the differentiated leukemic DC subset, and, as shown in a particular case, that about half of the mature CD80(+) and CD83(+) populations coexpress the LNGFr transgene. In addition, IL-7-modified leukemic cells induce stronger allo-T-cell stimulation and higher amounts of IL-2 production in T cells compared with control groups. Finally, cytokine-transduced leukemic DCs can effectively prime and generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes against autologous leukemic blasts.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- B7-1 Antigen/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Genes
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/analysis
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interleukin-2/analysis
- Interleukin-7/genetics
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Concha Bello-Fernández
- Institute of Immunology, Vienna International Research Cooperation Center (VIRCC), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Wysocki PJ, Grabarczyk P, Mackiewicz-Wysocka M, Kowalczyk DW, Mackiewicz A. Genetically modified dendritic cells--a new, promising cancer treatment strategy? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:835-45. [PMID: 12517263 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.8.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), were discovered almost 30 years ago. Due to the priming of antigen-specific immune responses mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, DCs are crucial for the induction of adaptive immunity against cancer. Therefore, vaccination of cancer patients with DCs presenting tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) have been believed to be a promising anticancer strategy. Multiple clinical trials have been carried out in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cancer vaccines based on antigen-pulsed DCs. However, pulsing of DCs with particular peptides has several disadvantages: i) short-time duration of antigen-major histocompatability complex (MHC) complexes, ii) a requirement for matching defined peptides with MHC complexes and iii) exclusive presentation of single antigen epitopes. Application of gene transfer technologies in the field of DC-based vaccines made possible the development of novel, anticancer immunisation strategies. In several animal models, DCs modified with genes encoding TAA or immunostimulatory proteins have been shown to be effective in the induction of antitumour immune responses. Based on these encouraging results, a first clinical trial of prostate cancer patients vaccinated with gene modified DCs has recently been initiated. In this article, methods used for genetic modification of DCs and anticancer vaccination strategies based on genetically modified DCs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wysocki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University School of Medical Sciences at GreatPoland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.
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20
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Scholz C, Stärck L, Willimsky G, Blankenstein T, Dörken B, Daniel PT. Adenoviral transduction of tumor cells induces apoptosis in co-cultured T lymphocytes. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1438-46. [PMID: 12378406 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2001] [Accepted: 04/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral gene transfer of immunmodulatory molecules has been employed successfully in tumor vaccination studies to induce rejection of transplanted syngeneic tumors. In contrast, the response observed when treating chemically induced murine tumors is rather limited. The same applies for human malignancies. A number of reasons including poor transduction efficiency or insufficient T cell infiltration have been held accountable for this lack of efficacy. However, little attention has been given to effects of the adenoviral transduction itself on the T cell system. Here, we show that T cells are sensitized for activation-induced cell death after co-culture with adenovirally infected tumor cells. The levels of CD95/Fas ligand or TNF-alpha, both known mediators of activation induced cell death, however were not affected by the presence of adenovirus-infected target cells. Furthermore, supernatant transfer from adenovirally transduced or non-infected tumor cell cultures did not result in increased T cell apoptosis. This suggests that cell contact rather than a soluble factor is responsible for the induction of T cell apoptosis upon co-culture with adenovirally transduced tumor cells. Interestingly, and in line with our previous observations, activation-induced cell death was partially inhibited if T cells were co-cultured with tumor cells adenovirally transduced to express IL-7 and CD80, both molecules having the capacity to prevent T cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scholz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle Klinik, Humboldt Universität, Germany
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21
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Lundqvist A, Choudhury A, Nagata T, Andersson T, Quinn G, Fong T, Maitland N, Pettersson S, Paulie S, Pisa P. Recombinant adenovirus vector activates and protects human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from apoptosis. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1541-9. [PMID: 12228009 DOI: 10.1089/10430340260201635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of two of the most commonly used viral vectors, that is, retrovirus and adenovirus, on the antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs were generated from CD34(+) hematopoietic precursors and CD14(+) monocytes of the same prostate cancer patients. Adenoviral transduction of monocyte-derived DCs (MO-DCs) resulted in upregulation of CD80, CD86, and CD83 expression. Adenovirus-transduced MO-DCs were also more potent stimulators of allogeneic lymphocytes, produced increased amounts of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 12 p70, and exhibited increased expression of NF-kappaB and antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2. Enhanced expression of the antiapoptotic molecules correlated with increased resistance of adenovirus-transduced MO-DCs to spontaneous as well as Fas-mediated cell death. In contrast to the adenoviral construct, no significant transduction of MO-DCs with the retrovirus could be obtained. Transduction of CD34(+) cell-derived DCs with the retrovirus or the adenovirus did not significantly alter expression of the costimulatory molecules or cytokines studied. At lower stimulation ratios, CD34(+) cell-derived DCs transduced with retrovirus were less potent in their ability to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes in comparison with nontransduced DCs. Our results indicate that adenoviral vectors may be more suitable for gene delivery to DCs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lundqvist
- Immune and Gene Therapy, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most effective or 'professional' of the antigen-presenting cells (APC) that initiate primary immune responses. They are located at surveillance sites where they capture and process antigens. They then initiate and regulate T- and B-cell responses by expressing lymphocyte costimulatory molecules, migrating to lymphoid organs and secreting biologically active molecules. Dendritic cells not only activate lymphocytes to induce the immune response, but they also minimize autoimmune reactions by tolerizing T cells to self-antigens. Recent Phase I and II clinical studies have shown promise in the use of antigen-pulsed autologous DC for vaccination of cancer patients. Dendritic cells also have applications in preventing rejection after transplantation, immunization against viral infections and immunosuppression in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Yao
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Fry
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1928, USA.
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24
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Reinhard G, Märten A, Kiske SM, Feil F, Bieber T, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Generation of dendritic cell-based vaccines for cancer therapy. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1529-33. [PMID: 12085199 PMCID: PMC2746586 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2001] [Revised: 03/15/2002] [Accepted: 03/27/2002] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a major role in the generation of immunity against tumour cells. They can be grown under various culture conditions, which influence the phenotypical and functional properties of dendritic cells and thereby the consecutive immune response mainly executed by T cells. Here we discuss various conditions, which are important during generation and administration of dendritic cells to elicit a tumouricidal T cell-based immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reinhard
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany
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25
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Rehm A, Engelsberg A, Tortorella D, Körner IJ, Lehmann I, Ploegh HL, Höpken UE. Human cytomegalovirus gene products US2 and US11 differ in their ability to attack major histocompatibility class I heavy chains in dendritic cells. J Virol 2002; 76:5043-50. [PMID: 11967320 PMCID: PMC136120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.10.5043-5050.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes several proteins that inhibit major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-dependent antigen presentation. The HCMV products US2 and US11 are each sufficient for causing the dislocation of human and murine MHC class I heavy chains from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, where the heavy chains are readily degraded. The apparent redundancy of US2 and US11 has been probed predominantly in cultured cell lines, where differences in their specificities were shown for murine and human MHC class I locus products. Here, we expressed US11 and US2 via adenovirus vectors and show that US11 exhibits a superior ability to degrade MHC class I molecules in primary human dendritic cells. MHC class II complexes are unaffected by US2- and US11-mediated attack. We suggest that multiple HCMV-encoded immunoevasions have evolved complementary functions in response to diverse host cell types and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rehm
- Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Universitätsklinikum Charite, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Kusuhara M, Matsue K, Edelbaum D, Loftus J, Takashima A, Matsue H. Killing of naive T cells by CD95L-transfected dendritic cells (DC): in vivo study using killer DC-DC hybrids and CD4(+) T cells from DO11.10 mice. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:1035-43. [PMID: 11920570 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<1035::aid-immu1035>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play the dual task of initiating cellular immunity against potentially harmful foreign antigens (Ag), while maintaining immunological tolerance to self-Ag and environmental Ag. As an approach to induce Ag-specific suppression, we and others introduced CD95 ligand (L) cDNA into DC. The resulting "killer" DC delivered apoptotic signals, instead of activation signals, to primed CD4(+) T cells in vitro and induced Ag-specific immunosuppression in vivo. To study the impact of killer DC on naive T cells, the fate of Ag-reactive T cells and the extent of their depletion after killer DC treatment, we performed in vitro and in vivo reconstitution experiments using: (a) killer DC-DC hybrids created between CD95L-transduced XS106 DC clone (A/J origin) and splenic DC from BALB/c mice, (b) CD4(+) T cells isolated from DO11.10 transgenic mice (BALB/c background), and (c) OVA(323-339) peptide as relevant Ag. Ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed killer DC-DC hybrids inhibited DO11.10 T cell activation triggered by conventional DC, instead of inducing their activation. Rapid apoptosis of T cells was observed after co-culture with OVA-pulsed killer DC-DC hybrids, but not with non-pulsed killer DC-DC hybrids or OVA-pulsed control DC-DC hybrids. For in vivo reconstitution, (BALB/cxA/J)F1 mice received subcutaneous administration of killer DC-DC hybrids, followed by intravenous inoculation of DO11.10 T cells. Killer DC-DC hybrids migrated preferentially to draining lymph nodes albeit with relatively low efficiency (0.5-1% recovery) and they induced significant, but incomplete (30-40%) killing of DO11.10 T cells in this location. These results document the abilities of CD95L-transduced DC to trigger apoptosis of naive T cells in an Ag-specific manner, to overrule T cell activation signals delivered by conventional DC, and to reduce local frequencies of Ag-reactive T cells in vivo. Our data also uncover two major limitations (relatively low homing efficiency and incomplete elimination of Ag-reactive T cells) that remain to be overcome for clinical application of CD95L-transduced DC strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kusuhara
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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27
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Abstract
The characterization of tumor-associated antigens recognized by human T lymphocytes in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted fashion has opened new possibilities for immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of human cancers. Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells that are well suited to activate T cells toward various antigens, such as tumor-associated antigens, due to their potent costimulatory activity. The availability of large numbers of DC, generated either from hematopoietic progenitor cells or monocytes in vitro or isolated from peripheral blood, has profoundly changed pre-clinical research as well as the clinical evaluation of these cells. Accordingly, appropriately pulsed or transfected DC may be used for vaccination in the field of infectious diseases or tumor immunotherapy to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. These observations led to pilot clinical trials of DC vaccination for patients with cancer in order to investigate the feasibility, safety, as well as the immunologic and clinical effects of this approach. Initial clinical studies of human DC vaccines are generating encouraging preliminary results demonstrating induction of tumor-specific immune responses and tumor regression. Nevertheless, much work is still needed to address several variables that are critical for optimizing this approach and to determine the role of DC-based vaccines in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Meidenbauer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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28
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Asada‐Mikami R, Heike Y, Kanai S, Azuma M, Shirakawa K, Takaue Y, Krasnykh V, Curiel DT, Terada M, Abe T, Wakasugi H. Efficient gene transduction by RGD-fiber modified recombinant adenovirus into dendritic cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:321-7. [PMID: 11267943 PMCID: PMC5926705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are important antigen-presenting cells in the development of an anti-tumor T cell response. To extend the range of current immuno / gene therapies, we tested luciferase-expressing RGD-adenovirus (Ad) (Ad5lucRGD)-mediated transduction into DC. Phenotypically characterized DC were generated from peripheral blood CD14(+) cells by incubation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. On the 7th day of culture, the cells became mature DC with a CD1a(+), CD11c(+), CD80(+), CD83(+), CD86(+), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR(+), CD14- phenotype. The expression of alpha( v)beta(3) integrin was enhanced on day 3 and returned to the basal level on day 7. We then compared the transduction efficiency of an Ad5lucRGD system to that using conventional Ad, in cells harvested on days 1, 3 and 7 of culture. Luciferase activity was negligible in AdCMVLuc, but remarkable in cells processed with Ad5lucRGD. Activity was maximal in cells that had been cultured for 3 days. Recombinant Ad5 fiber knob protein blocked AdCMVLuc- and Ad5lucRGD-mediated gene transduction by 90% and 20%, respectively. Surface markers and cytokine production were not affected by Ad5lucRGD-mediated transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Asada‐Mikami
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5‐1‐1 Tsukiji, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐0045
- Department of Hygiene, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii‐cho, Kawaramachi‐Hirokoji, Kamigyo‐ku, Kyoto 602‐8566
| | - Yuji Heike
- Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research National Shikoku Cancer Center, 13 Horino‐uchi, Matsuyama, 790‐0007
| | - Sachiyo Kanai
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5‐1‐1 Tsukiji, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐0045
| | - Masato Azuma
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5‐1‐1 Tsukiji, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐0045
| | - Kazuo Shirakawa
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5‐1‐1 Tsukiji, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐0045
| | - Yoichi Takaue
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant/Immuno Therapy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5‐1‐1 Tsukiji, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐0045
| | - Victor Krasnykh
- Gene Therapy Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David T. Curiel
- Gene Therapy Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Masaaki Terada
- Genetic Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5‐1‐1 Tsukiji, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐0045
| | - Tatsuo Abe
- Department of Hygiene, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii‐cho, Kawaramachi‐Hirokoji, Kamigyo‐ku, Kyoto 602‐8566
| | - Hiro Wakasugi
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5‐1‐1 Tsukiji, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐0045
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29
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Diebold SS, Cotten M, Koch N, Zenke M. MHC class II presentation of endogenously expressed antigens by transfected dendritic cells. Gene Ther 2001; 8:487-93. [PMID: 11313828 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2000] [Accepted: 01/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) present immunogenic epitopes of antigens in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules in association with costimulatory molecules, and efficiently activate both cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells. Gene modified DC expressing antigen encoding cDNA represent a particularly attractive approach for the immunotherapy of disease. We previously described a gene delivery system for DC based on receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand/polyethylenimine (PEI) DNA transfer complexes that target cell surface receptors which are abundantly expressed on DC. Employing this gene delivery system, DC were generated that express chicken ovalbumin (OVA) cDNA as a model antigen and introduce antigen into the MHC class I presentation pathway. We demonstrate here that modification of OVA cDNA as transferrin receptor (TfR) or invariant chain (Ii) fusions effectively generate MHC class II specific immune responses in addition to MHC class I responses. TfR-OVA contains the membrane anchoring region of transferrin receptor and represents a membrane-bound form of OVA for access to the MHC class II compartment. Ii-OVA fusions directly target the MHC class II processing pathway. Thus, modification of antigen encoding cDNA represents a convenient and effective means to direct antigens to MHC class II presentation and thus to generate T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Diebold
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Hayashi S, Johnston SA, Takashima A. Induction of Th2-directed immune responses by IL-4-transduced dendritic cells in mice. Vaccine 2000; 18:3097-105. [PMID: 10856789 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have been used to generate Th1-mediated, protective immunity against cancers and infectious microorganisms. As an attempt to develop a new vaccine protocol for the induction of Th2-directed responses, we introduced an IL-4 plasmid vector into the XS106 DC line (derived from A/J mice). Although relatively small fractions of XS106 cells exhibited apparent intracellular deposition of IL-4, they secreted biologically relevant amounts of the cytokine. IL-4-transduced XS106 DC and control XS106 DC transfected with vector alone were pulsed with KLH and injected s.c. into A/J mice. The overall magnitude of KLH-specific cellular and humoral responses was comparable between the two animal groups. However, they differed in the isotype profile albeit only transiently, with the IL-4-transduced DC group showing higher IgE and lower IgG2a responses, and in the cytokine profile, with spleen cells isolated from the IL-4-transduced DC group producing higher IL-13 and lower IL-12. Thus, delivery of IL-4 gene to relatively small numbers of DC is sufficient to modify the immunological outcome of DC-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75235-9069, Dallas, TX, USA
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31
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Märten A, Schöttker B, Ziske C, Weineck S, Buttgereit P, Huhn D, Sauerbruch T, Schmidt-Wolf IG. Increase of the immunostimulatory effect of dendritic cells by pulsing with CA 19-9 protein. J Immunother 2000; 23:464-72. [PMID: 10916756 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200007000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, a relative resistance of solid tumor cells to immunologic effector cells was shown in vitro. This resistance could be one reason for the clinical phenomenon of resistance of patients with colon carcinoma or other solid tumors to immunologic therapeutic approaches. In this study, dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with CA 19-9 protein were tested for their immunostimulatory capacity of immunologic effector cells against cells derived from colon and pancreatic carcinoma. Dendritic cell cultures coexpressed CMRF-44 and CD1a, markers typical of DCs, in 31.5% +/- 5.3% after 13 days of culture. Coculture of NK-like T lymphocytes with DCs led to a significant increase in cytotoxic activity, as measured using a lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Cytotoxic activity could be further increased using DCs pulsed with CA 19-9 protein. The effect of CA 19-9 on increasing the cytotoxic effect of NK-like T lymphocytes was dose dependent. Similarly, cocultivation of DCs with NK-like T cells derived from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and elevated CA 19-9 serum levels led to a significant increase in cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, DCs pulsed with CA 19-9 protein can increase the cytotoxic activity of immunologic effector cells against colon carcinoma and pancreatic cancer cells. Dendritic cells pulsed with CA 19-9 protein may have an important effect on immunotherapeutic protocols for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Märten
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
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Klein C, Bueler H, Mulligan RC. Comparative analysis of genetically modified dendritic cells and tumor cells as therapeutic cancer vaccines. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1699-708. [PMID: 10811863 PMCID: PMC2193145 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.10.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have directly compared the efficacy of two immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer: "vaccination" of tumor-bearing mice with genetically modified dendritic cells (DCs), and vaccination with genetically modified tumor cells. Using several different preexisting tumor models that make use of B16F10 melanoma cells expressing a target tumor antigen (human melanoma-associated gene [MAGE]-1), we found that vaccination with bone marrow-derived DCs engineered to express MAGE-1 via adenoviral-mediated gene transfer led to a dramatic decrease in the number of metastases in a lung metastasis model, and led to prolonged survival and some long-term cures in a subcutaneous preexisting tumor model. In contrast, vaccination with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-transduced tumor cells, previously shown to induce potent antitumor immunity in standard tumor challenge assays, led to a decreased therapeutic effect in the metastasis model and no effect in the subcutaneous tumor model. Further engineering of DCs to express either GM-CSF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or CD40 ligand via retroviral-mediated gene transfer, led to a significantly increased therapeutic effect in the subcutaneous tumor model. The immunological mechanism, as shown for GM-CSF-transduced DCs, involves MAGE-1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Expression of GM-CSF by DCs led to enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, potentially mediated by increased numbers of DCs in draining lymph nodes. Our results suggest that clinical studies involving the vaccination with genetically modified DCs may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Klein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hansruedi Bueler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Richard C. Mulligan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells capable of priming activation of naive T cells. Because of their immunostimulatory capacity, immunization with DCs presenting tumor antigens has been proposed as a treatment regimen for cancer. The results from translational research studies and early clinical trials point to the need for improvement of DC-based tumor vaccines before they become a more broadly applicable treatment modality. In this regard, studies suggest that genetic modification of DCs to express tumor antigens and/or immunomodulatory proteins may improve their capacity to promote an antitumor response. Because the DC phenotype is relatively unstable, nonperturbing methods of gene transfer must be employed that do not compromise viability or immunostimulatory capacity. DCs expressing transgenes encoding tumor antigens have been shown to be more potent primers of antitumor immunity both in vitro and in animal models of disease; in some measures of immune priming, gene-modified DCs exceeded their soluble antigen-pulsed counterparts. Cytokine gene modification of DCs has improved their capacity to prime tumor antigen-specific T cell responses and promote antitumor immunity in vivo. Here, we review the current status of gene-modified DCs in both human and murine studies. Although successful results have been obtained to date in experimental systems, we discuss potential problems that have already arisen and may yet be encountered before gene-modified DCs are more widely applicable for use in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Tumor Immunology Program of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0666, USA.
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Ardeshna KM, Pizzey AR, Thomas NS, Orr S, Linch DC, Devereux S. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells do not proliferate and are not susceptible to retroviral transduction. Br J Haematol 2000; 108:817-24. [PMID: 10792288 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells may be generated ex vivo from CD34+ progenitor cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Initial reports suggested that monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) arise from a proliferating precursor and several groups subsequently reported successful retroviral transduction of these cells, again implying that cell division occurs. As this is of importance in the development of immunotherapy protocols, we investigated whether monocytes proliferate as they differentiate into MoDCs and also their susceptibility to retroviral transduction. During MoDC differentiation, there was a 51 +/- 12% reduction in cell number, 98% of cells were in G0/G1, no DNA synthesis was detectable and the cell cycle regulatory proteins pRb and p130 were in the hypophosphorylated forms observed in non-cycling cells. As expected from these results, MoDCs were refractory to transduction with a GALV1 pseudotyped Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMLV)-based retroviral vector. In contrast, generation of DCs from purified CD34 progenitors was accompanied by rapid entry into the cell cycle and a 41.1-fold cell expansion at the end of 14 d culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ardeshna
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Schroers R, Sinha I, Segall H, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Rooney CM, Brenner MK, Sutton RE, Chen SY. Transduction of human PBMC-derived dendritic cells and macrophages by an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector system. Mol Ther 2000; 1:171-9. [PMID: 10933928 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are target cells for gene therapy of infectious disease and cancer. However, transduction of DCs and macrophages has proved difficult by most currently available gene transfer methods. Several recent studies have shown that lentiviral vector systems can efficiently transduce many nondividing and differentiated cell types. In this study, we examined the gene transfer to DCs and macrophages using a lentiviral vector system. Human DCs were propagated from the adherent fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by culture in medium containing GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNF-alpha. Human macrophages were propagated from adherent PBMCs in medium containing GM-CSF. High titers of a replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G pseudotyped HIV-1-based vector encoding the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein were produced. In immature DCs (culture days 3 and 5), transduction efficiencies of 25 to 35% were achieved at a multiplicity of infection of 100. However, the transduction efficiency was decreased in more mature DCs (culture day 8 or later). Furthermore, monocyte-derived macrophages were also transduced by the lentiviral vector system. In addition, Alu-LTR PCR demonstrated the integration of the HIV-1 provirus into the cellular genome of the transduced DCs and macrophages. Allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions revealed similar antigen-presenting functions of untransduced and lentivirally transduced DCs. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that both PBMC-derived DCs and macrophages can be transduced by lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schroers
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Diebold SS, Kursa M, Wagner E, Cotten M, Zenke M. Mannose polyethylenimine conjugates for targeted DNA delivery into dendritic cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19087-94. [PMID: 10383411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.27.19087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface-bound receptors represent suitable entry sites for gene delivery into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here we have taken advantage of the mannose receptor that is highly expressed on antigen-presenting dendritic cells for targeted gene transfer by employing mannosylpolyethylenimine (ManPEI) conjugates. Several ManPEI conjugates were synthesized and used for formation of ManPEI/DNA transfection complexes. Conjugates differed in the linker between mannose and polyethylenimine (PEI) and in the size of the PEI moiety. We demonstrate that ManPEI transfection is effective in delivering DNA into mannose receptor-expressing cells. Uptake of ManPEI/DNA complexes is receptor-specific, since DNA delivery can be competed with mannosylated albumin. Additionally, incorporation of adenovirus particles into transfection complexes effectively enhances transgene expression. This is particularly important for primary immunocompetent dendritic cells. It is demonstrated here that dendritic cells transfected with ManPEI/DNA complexes containing adenovirus particles are effective in activating T cells of T cell receptor transgenic mice in an antigen-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Diebold
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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Jiang C, Magee DM, Cox RA. Construction of a single-chain interleukin-12-expressing retroviral vector and its application in cytokine gene therapy against experimental coccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2996-3001. [PMID: 10338510 PMCID: PMC96611 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.6.2996-3001.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1999] [Accepted: 03/24/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-mediated immunity is an important determinant in protection against primary infection with Coccidioides immitis, a dimorphic fungal pathogen that causes the disease coccidioidomycosis. To determine if interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene therapy could potentiate host response against C. immitis, we constructed a single-chain cDNA encoding the p40 and p35 subunits linked by a polylinker and, using a retroviral vector, transfected J774 macrophages with the construct. The transduced J774 cells expressed IL-12 in vitro, with a mean concentration of 28,440 pg from 10(6) cells in 48 h as measured by an IL-12 (p75)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The secreted IL-12 was biologically active, as judged by its ability to induce the production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) by spleen cells from BALB/c mice. Treatment of the highly susceptible BALB/c mouse strain with the IL-12-transduced J774 cells inhibited C. immitis growth in tissues from mice challenged by a pulmonary route, as evidenced by 1.37-, 2.59-, and 1.22-log reductions in the number of CFU in the lungs, spleens, and livers, respectively, compared to the fungal load in mice given vector-transduced J774 cells. The protective effect of IL-12 gene therapy was accompanied by increased levels of IFN-gamma in the lungs and sera of mice treated with IL-12-transduced J774 cells and the constitutive production of IFN-gamma by their spleen cells cultured in vitro. These results suggest that IL-12 gene therapy could be used as adjunct therapy for coccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jiang
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Texas Center for Infectious Disease, San Antonio, Texas 78223, USA.
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Diebold SS, Lehrmann H, Kursa M, Wagner E, Cotten M, Zenke M. Efficient gene delivery into human dendritic cells by adenovirus polyethylenimine and mannose polyethylenimine transfection. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:775-86. [PMID: 10210145 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950018535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-modified human dendritic cells (DCs) were generated by transfection with adenovirus polyethylenimine DNA (Ad/PEI/DNA) and mannose polyethylenimine DNA (ManPEI/DNA) complexes. Ad/PEI/DNA complexes have plasmid DNA bound to adenovirus particles by PEI and deliver DNA into cells via the adenovirus infection route. Such transfection complexes yield high transduction levels and sustained expression of luciferase and green fluorescent protein reporter genes and were almost as effective as recombinant adenovirus vectors. ManPEI/DNA complexes rely on uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis via mannose receptor, which is highly expressed on DCs. While gene delivery by ManPEI/DNA complexes was less efficient than by Ad/PEI transfection, incorporation of adenovirus particles in ManPEI/DNA transfection complexes further enhanced transduction efficiencies and transgene expression. We also demonstrate that Ad/PEI-transfected DCs are competent in stimulating T cell proliferation in allogeneic and autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions, and in activating T cells from T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice in an antigen-specific manner. Thus, the present study establishes the following relative order of transduction efficiencies of viral and nonviral gene delivery systems for primary human DCs: recombinant adenovirus > Ad/PEI = Ad/ManPEI > ManPEI > PEI. Ad/PEI and ManPEI transfection modes represent particularly versatile transduction systems for DCs, with ManPEI being built up exclusively of synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Diebold
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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