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Yoshida A, Takata Y, Tabara Y, Maruyama K, Inoue S, Osawa H, Sugiyama T. Interaction effect between low birthweight and resistin gene rs1862513 variant on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adulthood: Toon Genome Study. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:725-735. [PMID: 38421160 PMCID: PMC11143422 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Gene-environment interactions are considered to critically influence type 2 diabetes mellitus development; however, the underlying mechanisms and specific interactions remain unclear. Given the increasing prevalence of low birthweight (LBW) influenced by the intrauterine environment, we sought to investigate genetic factors related to type 2 diabetes development in individuals with LBW. MATERIALS AND METHODS The interaction between 20 reported type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes and the development of type 2 diabetes in LBW (<2,500 g) individuals in a population-based Japanese cohort (n = 1,021) was examined by logistic regression and stratified analyses. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses showed that only the G/G genotype at the rs1862513 locus of the resistin gene (RETN), an established initiator of insulin resistance, was closely related to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in individuals with LBW. Age, sex and current body mass index-adjusted stratified analyses showed a significant interaction effect of LBW and the RETN G/G genotype on fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment 2-insulin resistance, Matsuda index and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (all P-values for interaction <0.05). The adjusted odds ratio for type 2 diabetes in the LBW + G/G genotype group was 7.33 (95% confidence interval 2.43-22.11; P = 0.002) compared with the non-LBW + non-G/G genotype group. Similar results were obtained after excluding the influence of malnutrition due to World War II. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous assessment of LBW and the RETN G/G genotype can more accurately predict the risk of future type 2 diabetes than assessing each of these factors alone, and provide management strategies, including early lifestyle intervention in LBW population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Yasunori Takata
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular GeneticsEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic MedicineKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Graduate School of Public HealthShizuoka Graduate University of Public HealthShizuokaJapan
| | - Koutatsu Maruyama
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of AgricultureEhime UniversityToonEhimeJapan
| | - Shota Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular GeneticsEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
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Ngema M, Xulu ND, Ngubane PS, Khathi A. Pregestational Prediabetes Induces Maternal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation and Results in Adverse Foetal Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5431. [PMID: 38791468 PMCID: PMC11122116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been shown to result in foetal programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to adverse foetal outcomes. T2DM is preceded by prediabetes and shares similar pathophysiological complications. However, no studies have investigated the effects of maternal prediabetes on foetal HPA axis function and postnatal offspring development. Hence, this study investigated the effects of pregestational prediabetes on maternal HPA axis function and postnatal offspring development. Pre-diabetic (PD) and non-pre-diabetic (NPD) female Sprague Dawley rats were mated with non-prediabetic males. After gestation, male pups born from the PD and NPD groups were collected. Markers of HPA axis function, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone, were measured in all dams and pups. Glucose tolerance, insulin and gene expressions of mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors were further measured in all pups at birth and their developmental milestones. The results demonstrated increased basal concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone in the dams from the PD group by comparison to NPD. Furthermore, the results show an increase basal ACTH and corticosterone concentrations, disturbed MR and GR gene expression, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance assessed via the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) indices in the pups born from the PD group compared to NPD group at all developmental milestones. These observations reveal that pregestational prediabetes is associated with maternal dysregulation of the HPA axis, impacting offspring HPA axis development along with impaired glucose handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andile Khathi
- School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4041, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; (M.N.); (N.D.X.); (P.S.N.)
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3
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Vasconcelos I, von Hafe M, Adão R, Leite-Moreira A, Brás-Silva C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and obesity: From fetal life to adulthood. Obes Rev 2024:e13763. [PMID: 38699883 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most common chronic disorders, worldwide. It is a complex disease that reflects the interactions between environmental influences, multiple genetic allelic variants, and behavioral factors. Recent developments have also shown that biological conditions in utero play an important role in the programming of energy homeostasis systems and might have an impact on obesity and metabolic disease risk. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family of neuropeptides, as a central element of energy homeostasis, has been evaluated for its role in the pathophysiology of obesity. This review aims to summarize the relevance and effects of the CRH family of peptides in the pathophysiology of obesity spanning from fetal life to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Vasconcelos
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena von Hafe
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Magodoro IM, Castle AC, Tshuma N, Goedecke JH, Sewpaul R, Manasa J, Manne-Goehler J, Ntusi N, Nyirenda MJ, Siedner MJ. Associations of HIV and prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus in the context of obesity in South Africa. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.10.24304033. [PMID: 38559082 PMCID: PMC10980116 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.10.24304033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
It is unclear how rising obesity among people with HIV (PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) impacts their risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes). Using a South African national cross-sectional sample of adult PWH and their peers without HIV (PWOH), we examined the associations between HIV and prevalent diabetes across the spectrum of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR). Analyses were sex stratified, and adjusted for age, sociodemographic and behavioral factors. The prevalence of diabetes among males was similar between PWH and PWOH, overall and at all levels of adiposity. In contrast, overall diabetes prevalence was higher among female PWOH than female PWH. However, there were differences according to adiposity such that, compared to female PWOH, relative diabetes prevalence in female PWH was reduced with obesity but accentuated with leanness. These differences in the relationship between adiposity and diabetes by HIV serostatus call for better mechanistic understanding of sex-specific adipose tissue biology in HIV in South Africa, and possibly in other HIV endemic settings in SSA.
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Cerasani J, Consales A, Gangi S, Macchi M, Morniroli D, Vizzari G, Tiraferri V, Petrelli A, Mosca F, Giannì ML. Exclusive human milk feeding and prevalence of early adiposity rebound in ELBW infants: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:1295-1303. [PMID: 38112801 PMCID: PMC10950974 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of early adiposity rebound (EAR) and factors associated with its occurrence in a cohort of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW). We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study including ELBW infants followed-up for up to 10 years after discharge. EAR was defined as occurring before 5 years of age. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate maternal and perinatal variables independently associated with EAR. Out of 212 ELBW infants included in the analysis, 40.6% developed EAR and 21.5% showed it before 4 years of age. Only formula milk feeding at discharge was independently associated with a higher risk of EAR. The mean BMI of children with EAR was higher than that of children without EAR. Furthermore, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in the EAR group than in the timely AR group. Conclusions: ELBW infants in our cohort developed EAR in a relatively high percentage of cases. In this already at-risk population, EAR may represent a further risk factor for an adverse metabolic outcome. Monitoring preterm infants' growth within a long-term follow-up program and promoting and supporting human milk feeding is advisable. What is Known: • Preterm-born infants are at high risk for long-term adverse health outcomes, especially cardiovascular and metabolic. • The occurrence of early adiposity rebound (EAR) is associated with the risk of later obesity and metabolic syndrome. What is New: • The occurrence of EAR in ELBW infants may represent an additional risk factor for later adverse metabolic outcomes in an already vulnerable population. • Future preventive strategies should include a long-term follow-up and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cerasani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Consales
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gangi
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Macchi
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Vizzari
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Tiraferri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Petrelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Zheng W, Zhang KX, Yuan XX, Luo JY, Wang J, Song W, Liang SN, Wang XX, Guo CM, Li GH. Maternal weight, blood lipids, and the offspring weight trajectories during infancy and early childhood in twin pregnancies. World J Pediatr 2023; 19:961-971. [PMID: 36877432 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrauterine environment has a profound and long-lasting influence on the health of the offspring. However, its impact on the postnatal catch-up growth of twin children remains unclarified. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the maternal factors in pregnancy associated with twin offspring growth. METHODS This study included 3142 live twin children born to 1571 mothers from the Beijing Birth Cohort Study conducted from 2016 to 2021 in Beijing, China. Original and corrected weight-for-age standard deviation scores of the twin offspring from birth to 36 months of age were calculated according to the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. The corresponding weight trajectories were identified by the latent trajectory model. Maternal factors in pregnancy associated with the weight trajectories of the twin offspring were examined after adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Five weight trajectories of the twin children were identified, with 4.9% (154/3142) exhibiting insufficient catch-up growth, 30.6% (961/3142), and 46.8% (1469/3142) showing adequate catch-up growth from different birth weights, and 15.0% (472/3142) and 2.7% (86/3142) showing various degrees of excessive catch-up growth. Maternal short stature [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.691, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.563-0.848, P = 0.0004] and lower total gestational weight gain (GWG) (adjusted OR = 0.774, 95% CI = 0.616-0.972, P = 0.03) were associated with insufficient catch-up growth of the offspring. Maternal stature (adjusted OR = 1.331, 95% CI = 1.168-1.518, P < 0.001), higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (adjusted OR = 1.230, 95% CI = 1.090-1.387, P < 0.001), total GWG (adjusted OR = 1.207, 95% CI = 1.068-1.364, P = 0.002), GWG rate (adjusted OR = 1.165, 95% CI = 1.027-1.321, P = 0.02), total cholesterol (TC) (adjusted OR = 1.150, 95% CI = 1.018-1.300, P = 0.03) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (adjusted OR = 1.177, 95% CI = 1.041-1.330) in early pregnancy were associated with excessive growth of the offspring. The pattern of weight trajectories was similar between monochorionic and dichorionic twins. Maternal height, pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, TC and LDL-C in early pregnancy were positively associated with excess growth in dichorionic twins, yet a similar association was observed only between maternal height and postnatal growth in monochorionic twins. CONCLUSION This study identified the effect of maternal stature, weight status, and blood lipid profiles during pregnancy on postnatal weight trajectories of the twin offspring, thereby providing a basis for twin pregnancy management to improve the long-term health of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ke-Xin Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xian-Xian Yuan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Jin-Ying Luo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Wei Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Liang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Cui-Mei Guo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Guang-Hui Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China.
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Yonke JA, Seymour KA, El-Kadi SW. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation does not enhance lean tissue accretion in low birth weight neonatal pigs, despite lower Sestrin2 expression in skeletal muscle. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1389-1404. [PMID: 37743429 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal muscle growth is impaired in low birth weight (L) neonatal pigs. Leucine supplementation has been established as a dietary intervention to enhance muscle growth in growing animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of supplementing L neonatal pig formulas with branched-chain amino acids (B) to enhance the rate of protein accretion. Twenty-four 3-day old pigs were divided into two groups low (L) and normal birth weight (N) based on weight at birth. Pigs were assigned to a control (C) or 1% branched-chain amino acids (B) formulas, and fed at 250 mL·kg body weight -1·d-1 for 28 d. Body weight of pigs in the L group was less than those in the N group (P < 0.01). However, fractional body weight was greater for L pigs compared with their N siblings from day 24 to 28 of feeding regardless of formula (P < 0.01). In addition, feed efficiency (P < 0.0001) and efficiently of protein accretion (P < 0.0001) were greater for L than N pigs regardless of supplementation. Pigs fed the B formula had greater plasma leucine, isoleucine, and valine concentrations compared with those fed the C formula (P < 0.05). Longissimus dorsi Sestrin2 protein expression was less for pigs in the L group compared with those in the N group (P < 0.01), but did not result in a corresponding increase in translation initiation signaling. Longissimus dorsi mRNA expression of BCAT2 was less for LB pigs compared with those in the LC group, and was intermediate for NC and NB pigs (P < 0.05). Hepatic mRNA expression of BCKDHA was greater for pigs in the L compared with those in the N groups (P < 0.05). However, plasma branched-chain keto-acid concentration was reduced for C compared with those in the B group (P < 0.05). These data suggest that branched-chain amino acid supplementation does not improve lean tissue accretion of low and normal birth weight pigs, despite a reduction in Sestrin2 expression in skeletal muscle of low birth weight pigs. The modest improvement in fractional growth rate of low birth weight pigs compared with their normal birth weight siblings was likely due to a more efficient dietary protein utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Yonke
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Kacie A Seymour
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Samer W El-Kadi
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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White MR, Yates DT. Dousing the flame: reviewing the mechanisms of inflammatory programming during stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction and the potential for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250134. [PMID: 37727657 PMCID: PMC10505810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) arises when maternal stressors coincide with peak placental development, leading to placental insufficiency. When the expanding nutrient demands of the growing fetus subsequently exceed the capacity of the stunted placenta, fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia result. Poor fetal nutrient status stimulates greater release of inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines, which in turn lead to thrifty growth and metabolic programming that benefits fetal survival but is maladaptive after birth. Specifically, some IUGR fetal tissues develop enriched expression of inflammatory cytokine receptors and other signaling cascade components, which increases inflammatory sensitivity even when circulating inflammatory cytokines are no longer elevated after birth. Recent evidence indicates that greater inflammatory tone contributes to deficits in skeletal muscle growth and metabolism that are characteristic of IUGR offspring. These deficits underlie the metabolic dysfunction that markedly increases risk for metabolic diseases in IUGR-born individuals. The same programming mechanisms yield reduced metabolic efficiency, poor body composition, and inferior carcass quality in IUGR-born livestock. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are diet-derived nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory effects that have been used to improve conditions of chronic systemic inflammation, including intrauterine stress. In this review, we highlight the role of sustained systemic inflammation in the development of IUGR pathologies. We then discuss the potential for ω-3 PUFA supplementation to improve inflammation-mediated growth and metabolic deficits in IUGR offspring, along with potential barriers that must be considered when developing a supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Tamarelle J, Creze MM, Savathdy V, Phonekeo S, Wallenborn J, Siengsounthone L, Fink G, Odermatt P, Kounnavong S, Sayasone S, Vonaesch P. Dynamics and consequences of nutrition-related microbial dysbiosis in early life: study protocol of the VITERBI GUT project. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1111478. [PMID: 37275646 PMCID: PMC10232750 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early life under- and overnutrition (jointly termed malnutrition) is increasingly recognized as an important risk factor for adult obesity and metabolic syndrome, a diet-related cluster of conditions including high blood sugar, fat and cholesterol. Nevertheless, the exact factors linking early life malnutrition with metabolic syndrome remain poorly characterized. We hypothesize that the microbiota plays a crucial role in this trajectory and that the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying under- and overnutrition are, to some extent, shared. We further hypothesize that a "dysbiotic seed microbiota" is transmitted to children during the birth process, altering the children's microbiota composition and metabolic health. The overall objective of this project is to understand the precise causes and biological mechanisms linking prenatal or early life under- or overnutrition with the predisposition to develop overnutrition and/or metabolic disease in later life, as well as to investigate the possibility of a dysbiotic seed microbiota inheritance in the context of maternal malnutrition. Methods/design VITERBI GUT is a prospective birth cohort allowing to study the link between early life malnutrition, the microbiota and metabolic health. VITERBI GUT will include 100 undernourished, 100 normally nourished and 100 overnourished pregnant women living in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). Women will be recruited during their third trimester of pregnancy and followed with their child until its second birthday. Anthropometric, clinical, metabolic and nutritional data are collected from both the mother and the child. The microbiota composition of maternal and child's fecal and oral samples as well as maternal vaginal and breast milk samples will be determined using amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Epigenetic modifications and lipid profiles will be assessed in the child's blood at 2 years of age. We will investigate for possible associations between metabolic health, epigenetics, and microbial changes. Discussion We expect the VITERBI GUT project to contribute to the emerging literature linking the early life microbiota, epigenetic changes and growth/metabolic health. We also expect this project to give new (molecular) insights into the mechanisms linking malnutrition-induced early life dysbiosis and metabolic health in later life, opening new avenues for microbiota-engineering using microbiota-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Tamarelle
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margaux M. Creze
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanthanom Savathdy
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR)
| | - Sengrloun Phonekeo
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR)
| | - Jordyn Wallenborn
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Latsamy Siengsounthone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR)
| | - Günther Fink
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR)
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR)
| | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Reidy PT, Smith AD, Jevnikar BE, Doctor AK, Williams RW, Kachulkin AA, Monnig JM, Fix DK, Petrocelli JJ, Mahmassani ZS, McKenzie AI, de Hart NMMP, Drummond MJ. Muscle disuse as hindlimb unloading in early postnatal mice negatively impacts grip strength in adult mice: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:787-798. [PMID: 36759163 PMCID: PMC10042595 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00681.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity has many detrimental effects on health, yet the impact of physical inactivity in early life on muscle health in adulthood remains unknown. Early postnatal malnutrition has prolonged effects into adulthood and we propose that early postnatal (P) physical inactivity would have similar negative effects. To test this hypothesis, we exposed postnatal mice (∼P28, C57BL/6J) to 14 days of physical inactivity (shortly after weaning, from ∼P28 to P42 days of age) in the form of muscle disuse with hindlimb unloading (HU). After this early-life physical inactivity, they were allowed to normally ambulate until 5 mo of age (P140, adulthood) when they underwent 14 days of HU with and without 7-day recovery. They were then tested for physical function (grip strength) and muscles were extracted and weighed. Immunofluorescence was carried out on these muscle cross sections for analysis of myofiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), macrophage density (CD68+ cells), and extracellular matrix (ECM) area. Muscle weights and fCSA and myofiber diameter were used to quantify changes in muscle and fiber size. Compared with age-matched controls, no notable effects of early-life physical inactivity (HU) on skeletal muscle and myofiber size were observed. However, a significant reduction in adult grip strength was observed in those exposed to HU early in life. This was associated with reduced muscle macrophages and increased ECM area. Exposure to a short period of early life disuse has negative enduring effects into adulthood impacting grip strength, muscle macrophages, and muscle composition as low muscle quality.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that early life disuse resulted in less grip strength in adulthood. Analysis of muscle composition demonstrated no loss of whole muscle or myofiber size indicating lower muscle quality akin to premature aging. This poor muscle quality was characterized by altered muscle macrophages and extracellular matrix area. We demonstrate intriguing correlations between this loss of grip strength and muscle macrophages and also area of noncontractile tissue in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Austin D Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Benjamin E Jevnikar
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Abbas K Doctor
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Ryan W Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Anthony A Kachulkin
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Jackie M Monnig
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Naomi M M P de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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11
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Alfano R, Zugna D, Barros H, Bustamante M, Chatzi L, Ghantous A, Herceg Z, Keski-Rahkonen P, de Kok TM, Nawrot TS, Relton CL, Robinson O, Roumeliotaki T, Scalbert A, Vrijheid M, Vineis P, Richiardi L, Plusquin M. Cord blood epigenome-wide meta-analysis in six European-based child cohorts identifies signatures linked to rapid weight growth. BMC Med 2023; 21:17. [PMID: 36627699 PMCID: PMC9831885 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid postnatal growth may result from exposure in utero or early life to adverse conditions and has been associated with diseases later in life and, in particular, with childhood obesity. DNA methylation, interfacing early-life exposures and subsequent diseases, is a possible mechanism underlying early-life programming. METHODS Here, a meta-analysis of Illumina HumanMethylation 450K/EPIC-array associations of cord blood DNA methylation at single CpG sites and CpG genomic regions with rapid weight growth at 1 year of age (defined with reference to WHO growth charts) was conducted in six European-based child cohorts (ALSPAC, ENVIRONAGE, Generation XXI, INMA, Piccolipiù, and RHEA, N = 2003). The association of gestational age acceleration (calculated using the Bohlin epigenetic clock) with rapid weight growth was also explored via meta-analysis. Follow-up analyses of identified DNA methylation signals included prediction of rapid weight growth, mediation of the effect of conventional risk factors on rapid weight growth, integration with transcriptomics and metabolomics, association with overweight in childhood (between 4 and 8 years), and comparison with previous findings. RESULTS Forty-seven CpGs were associated with rapid weight growth at suggestive p-value <1e-05 and, among them, three CpGs (cg14459032, cg25953130 annotated to ARID5B, and cg00049440 annotated to KLF9) passed the genome-wide significance level (p-value <1.25e-07). Sixteen differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified as associated with rapid weight growth at false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted/Siddak p-values < 0.01. Gestational age acceleration was associated with decreasing risk of rapid weight growth (p-value = 9.75e-04). Identified DNA methylation signals slightly increased the prediction of rapid weight growth in addition to conventional risk factors. Among the identified signals, three CpGs partially mediated the effect of gestational age on rapid weight growth. Both CpGs (N=3) and DMRs (N=3) were associated with differential expression of transcripts (N=10 and 7, respectively), including long non-coding RNAs. An AURKC DMR was associated with childhood overweight. We observed enrichment of CpGs previously reported associated with birthweight. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of the association between cord blood DNA methylation and rapid weight growth and suggest links with prenatal exposures and association with childhood obesity providing opportunities for early prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Alfano
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Daniela Zugna
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Henrique Barros
- Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Institute of Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Akram Ghantous
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Μedical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Mohn Centre for Children's Health and Well-being, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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12
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Robertson OC, Marceau K, Moding KJ, Knopik VS. Developmental pathways linking obesity risk and early puberty: The thrifty phenotype and fetal overnutrition hypotheses. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Baldassarre ME, Panza R, Cresi F, Salvatori G, Corvaglia L, Aceti A, Giannì ML, Liotto N, Ilardi L, Laforgia N, Maggio L, Lionetti P, Agostoni C, Orfeo L, Di Mauro A, Staiano A, Mosca F. Complementary feeding in preterm infants: a position paper by Italian neonatal, paediatric and paediatric gastroenterology joint societies. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:143. [PMID: 35932061 PMCID: PMC9354266 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition in the first 1000 days of life is essential to ensure appropriate growth rates, prevent adverse short- and long-term outcomes, and allow physiologic neurocognitive development. Appropriate management of early nutritional needs is particularly crucial for preterm infants. Although the impact of early nutrition on health outcomes in preterm infants is well established, evidence-based recommendations on complementary feeding for preterm neonates and especially extremely low birth weight and extremely low gestational age neonates are still lacking. In the present position paper we performed a narrative review to summarize current evidence regarding complementary feeding in preterm neonates and draw recommendation shared by joint societies (SIP, SIN and SIGENP) for paediatricians, healthcare providers and families with the final aim to reduce the variability of attitude and timing among professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Policlinico Hospital - Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Panza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Policlinico Hospital - Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124, Bari, Italy. .,Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "A. Perrino" Hospital, Brindisi, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cresi
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Human Milk Bank, Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - University of Bologna, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - University of Bologna, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Liotto
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ilardi
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine - Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Maggio
- UOC Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AO San Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Gastroenterology Unit, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Orfeo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli" Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Mauro
- Paediatric Primary Care, National Paediatric Health Care System, Via Conversa 12, Margherita di Savoia, BT, Italy
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
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14
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Alfano R, Plusquin M, Robinson O, Brescianini S, Chatzi L, Keski-Rahkonen P, Handakas E, Maitre L, Nawrot T, Robinot N, Roumeliotaki T, Sassi F, Scalbert A, Vrijheid M, Vineis P, Richiardi L, Zugna D. Cord blood metabolites and rapid postnatal growth as multiple mediators in the prenatal propensity to childhood overweight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1384-1393. [PMID: 35508813 PMCID: PMC9239910 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying childhood overweight and obesity are poorly known. Here, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of different prenatal exposures on offspring rapid postnatal growth and overweight in childhood, mediated through cord blood metabolites. Additionally, rapid postnatal growth was considered a potential mediator on childhood overweight, alone and sequentially to each metabolite. METHODS Within four European birth-cohorts (N = 375 mother-child dyads), information on seven prenatal exposures (maternal education, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain and tobacco smoke during pregnancy, age at delivery, parity, and child gestational age), selected as obesogenic according to a-priori knowledge, was collected. Cord blood levels of 31 metabolites, associated with rapid postnatal growth and/or childhood overweight in a previous study, were measured via liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry. Rapid growth at 12 months and childhood overweight (including obesity) between four and eight years were defined with reference to WHO growth charts. Single mediation analysis was performed using the imputation approach and multiple mediation analysis using the extended-imputation approach. RESULTS Single mediation suggested that the effect of maternal education, pregnancy weight gain, parity, and gestational age on rapid postnatal growth but not on childhood overweight was partly mediated by seven metabolites, including cholestenone, decenoylcarnitine(C10:1), phosphatidylcholine(C34:3), progesterone and three unidentified metabolites; and the effect of gestational age on childhood overweight was mainly mediated by rapid postnatal growth. Multiple mediation suggested that the effect of gestational age on childhood overweight was mainly mediated by rapid postnatal growth and that the mediating role of the metabolites was marginal. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence of the involvement of in utero metabolism in the propensity to rapid postnatal growth and of rapid postnatal growth in the propensity to childhood overweight. We did not find evidence supporting a mediating role of the studied metabolites alone between the studied prenatal exposures and the propensity to childhood overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Alfano
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Μedical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Μedical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Brescianini
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lida Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Evangelos Handakas
- Μedical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lea Maitre
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nivonirina Robinot
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Franco Sassi
- Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation, Department of Economics & Public Policy, Imperial College Business School, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Μedical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Zugna
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
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15
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Tan KML, Tint MT, Kothandaraman N, Michael N, Sadananthan SA, Velan SS, Fortier MV, Yap F, Tan KH, Gluckman PD, Chong YS, Chong MFF, Lee YS, Godfrey KM, Eriksson JG, Cameron-Smith D. The Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Cord Blood Positively Correlate With Early Childhood Adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2464-e2473. [PMID: 35150259 PMCID: PMC9113811 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The kynurenine pathway generates metabolites integral to energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and immune function. Circulating kynurenine metabolites positively correlate with adiposity in children and adults, yet it is not known whether this relationship is present already at birth. OBJECTIVE In this prospective longitudinal study, we investigate the relationship between cord blood kynurenine metabolites and measures of adiposity from birth to 4.5 years. METHODS Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify cord blood kynurenine metabolites in 812 neonates from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study. Fat percentage was measured by air displacement plethysmography and abdominal adipose tissue compartment volumes; superficial (sSAT) and deep subcutaneous (dSAT) and internal adipose tissue were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging at early infancy in a smaller subset of neonates, and again at 4 to 4.5 years of age. RESULTS Cord blood kynurenine metabolites appeared to be higher in female newborns, higher in Indian newborns compared with Chinese newborns, and higher in infants born by cesarean section compared with vaginal delivery. Kynurenine, xanthurenic acid, and quinolinic acid were positively associated with birthweight, but not with subsequent weight during infancy and childhood. Quinolinic acid was positively associated with sSAT at birth. Kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid were positively associated with fat percentage at 4 years. CONCLUSION Several cord blood kynurenine metabolite concentrations were positively associated with birthweight, with higher kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid correlating to higher percentage body fat in childhood, suggesting these cord blood metabolites as biomarkers of early childhood adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mei-Ling Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
| | - Mya-Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Narasimhan Kothandaraman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), Agency for Science Technology and Research, 138669, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 229899, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, 169857, Singapore
- Perinatal Audit and Epidemiology, Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 119228, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Mary F F Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 117549, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat – National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, 119074, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Correspondence: Professor David Cameron Smith, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 30 Medical Drive 117609, Singapore.
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16
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Xiao P, Goodarzi P, Pezeshki A, Hagen DE. RNA-seq reveals insights into molecular mechanisms of metabolic restoration via tryptophan supplementation in low birthweight piglet model. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6584466. [PMID: 35552417 PMCID: PMC9155244 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with metabolic disorders in early life. While dietary l-tryptophan (Trp) can ameliorate postprandial plasma triglycerides (TG) disposal in LBW piglets, the genetic and biological basis underlying Trp-caused alterations in lipid metabolism is poorly understood. In this study, we collected 24 liver samples from 1-mo-old LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets supplemented with different concentrations of dietary Trp (NBW with 0% Trp, N0; LBW with 0% Trp, L0; LBW with 0.4% Trp, L4; LBW with 0.8% Trp, L8; N = 6 in each group.) and conducted systematic, transcriptome-wide analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We identified 39 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between N0 and L0, and genes within “increased dose effect” clusters based on dose-series expression profile analysis, enriched in fatty acid response of gene ontology (GO) biological process (BP). We then identified RNA-binding proteins including SRSF1, DAZAP1, PUM2, PCBP3, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3 significantly (P < 0.05) enriched in alternative splicing events (ASE) in comparison with L0 as control. There were significant positive and negative relationships between candidate genes from co-expression networks (including PID1, ANKRD44, RUSC1, and CYP2J34) and postprandial plasma TG concentration. Further, we determined whether these candidate hub genes were also significantly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular traits in humans via human phenome-wide association study (Phe-WAS), and analysis of mammalian orthologs suggests a functional conservation between human and pig. Our work demonstrates that transcriptomic changes during dietary Trp supplementation in LBW piglets. We detected candidate genes and related BP that may play roles on lipid metabolism restoration. These findings will help to better understand the amino acid support in LBW metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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17
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Córdoba-Rodríguez DP, Iglesia I, Gómez-Bruton A, Álvarez Sauras ML, Miguel-Berges ML, Flores-Barrantes P, Casajús JA, Moreno LA, Rodríguez G. Early Life Factors Associated with Lean Body Mass in Spanish Children: CALINA Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050585. [PMID: 35626762 PMCID: PMC9139173 DOI: 10.3390/children9050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early life is critical for the programming of body composition. The literature links perinatal factors with fat mass development and its future effects (e.g., obesity); however, little evidence exists between early life factors and lean body mass (LBM). This study follows up on a cohort of 416 Spanish children at ages six to eight, previously evaluated at birth in the CALINA study. Here, we studied the association between early life factors, LBM, and limb strength. Parental origin/nutritional status, maternal smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes/weight gain/age, birth weight (BW), early feeding, and rapid weight gain (RWG) were collected from primary care records. Bioimpedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and a handgrip/standing long jump test were used to assess fat-free mass index (FFMI), total lean soft tissue mass index (TLSTMI), muscle cross-sectional area index (MCSAI), and limb strength, respectively. In girls, maternal smoking, gestational age, and BW were positively associated with FFM/LSTM. In boys, the parents’ BMI, BW, and RWG were positively associated with FFM/LSTM. BW was associated with handgrip strength in both. Maternal BMI in girls and RWG in boys were negatively associated with the standing long jump. Early life programming plays a key role in determining LBM in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Paola Córdoba-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Iris Iglesia
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (P.F.-B.); (J.A.C.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin Network (RICORS), RD21/0012/0012, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-876843756
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Bruton
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (P.F.-B.); (J.A.C.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María L. Miguel-Berges
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (P.F.-B.); (J.A.C.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Paloma Flores-Barrantes
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (P.F.-B.); (J.A.C.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (P.F.-B.); (J.A.C.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (P.F.-B.); (J.A.C.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (P.F.-B.); (J.A.C.); (L.A.M.); (G.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Área de Pediatría, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Infant feeding practices associated with adiposity peak and rebound in the EDEN mother-child cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:809-816. [PMID: 34980907 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE High magnitude of adiposity peak and early adiposity rebound are early risk markers of later obesity. Infant diet represents one of the main modifiable determinants of early growth. This study aimed to investigate the association between infant feeding practices and age and magnitude of adiposity peak and rebound. SUBJECTS/METHODS Analyses were based on data from the French EDEN mother-child cohort. Data on breastfeeding and complementary feeding were collected at birth and 4, 8, and 12 months. From clinical examinations and measurements collected in the child's health booklet up to 12 years, individual growth curves were modeled, and ages and magnitudes of adiposity peak and rebound were estimated. Associations between infant feeding practices and growth were investigated by multivariable linear regression in children after testing a child-sex interaction. RESULTS In the studied population (n = 1225), adiposity peak occurred at a mean of 9.9 ± 2 months and adiposity rebound at 5.5 ± 1.4 years. Associations between infant feeding practices and adiposity peak or rebound were moderated by child sex. For girls, each additional month of breastfeeding was related to a 2-day increase in the age at adiposity peak (p < 0.001), and an 18-day increase in the age at adiposity peak (p = 0.004). Whereas for boys, each additional month for the age at complementary food introduction was associated with a 29-day increase in the age at adiposity rebound (p = 0.02). For boys, long breastfeeding duration was only related to reduced body mass index at adiposity peak. CONCLUSIONS Child sex has a moderating effect on the association between infant feeding practices and adiposity peak or rebound. The well-known association between breastfeeding duration and early growth seems stronger in girls than boys. The association found for complementary feeding in boys may give new insights into preventing obesity.
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Effects of paternal overnutrition and interventions on future generations. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:901-917. [PMID: 35022547 PMCID: PMC9050512 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, evidence from human and animal studies suggests that paternal obesity around the time of conception can have adverse effects on offspring health through developmental programming. This may make significant contributions to the current epidemic of obesity and related metabolic and reproductive complications like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and subfertility/infertility. To date, changes in seminal fluid composition, sperm DNA methylation, histone composition, small non-coding RNAs, and sperm DNA damage have been proposed as potential underpinning mechanism to program offspring health. In this review, we discuss current human and rodent evidence on the impact of paternal obesity/overnutrition on offspring health, followed by the proposed mechanisms, with a focus on sperm DNA damage underpinning paternal programming. We also summarize the different intervention strategies implemented to minimize effects of paternal obesity. Upon critical review of literature, we find that obesity-induced altered sperm quality in father is linked with compromised offspring health. Paternal exercise intervention before conception has been shown to improve metabolic health. Further work to explore the mechanisms underlying benefits of paternal exercise on offspring are warranted. Conversion to healthy diets and micronutrient supplementation during pre-conception have shown some positive impacts towards minimizing the impact of paternal obesity on offspring. Pharmacological approaches e.g., metformin are also being applied. Thus, interventions in the obese father may ameliorate the potential detrimental impacts of paternal obesity on offspring.
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Chen M, Ma Y, Ma T, Li Y, Gao D, Chen L, Liu J, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Wang X, Dong Y, Ma J. The association between growth patterns and blood pressure in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study of seven provinces in China. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021; 23:2053-2064. [PMID: 34847290 PMCID: PMC8696227 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aimed to investigate the associations between different growth patterns with high blood pressure, and further examine the mediation effect of BMI between growth patterns and high blood pressure among children and adolescents. A total of 31581 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years were selected based on the stratified cluster sampling method. Logistics regression models were used to calculate the odds rations (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the association between different growth patterns and high blood pressure. Mediation effect analyses were applied to estimate the effect of BMI on the increase of blood pressure levels in different growth patterns. In different sex and ages, compared to reference group of normal growth, blood pressure levels and prevalence of high blood pressure of the catch‐up growth were higher, but that of the catch‐down growth were lower. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 11.69%, 16.06%, and 9.68% in normal growth, catch‐up growth, and catch‐down growth, respectively. In total, compared with the normal growth pattern, the ORs (95%CI) of high blood pressure, high systolic blood pressure and high diastolic blood pressure in the catch‐up growth were 1.171(1.073,1.280), 1.110(1.001,1.230) and 1.141(1.025,1.270) (p < .05), respectively. Additionally, the mediation effect of current BMI existed in the association between blood pressure levels and different growth patterns, particularly in boys. Our findings suggested that different growth patterns after birth could modify blood pressure, and the potential risks of high blood pressure could be increased by catch‐up growth at childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Chen
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Gao
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinxin Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanhui Dong
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Gibbs RL, Yates DT. The Price of Surviving on Adrenaline: Developmental Programming Responses to Chronic Fetal Hypercatecholaminemia Contribute to Poor Muscle Growth Capacity and Metabolic Dysfunction in IUGR-Born Offspring. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 2:769334. [PMID: 34966907 PMCID: PMC8713512 DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.769334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternofetal stress induces fetal programming that restricts skeletal muscle growth capacity and metabolic function, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus. This thrifty phenotype aids fetal survival but also yields reduced muscle mass and metabolic dysfunction after birth. Consequently, IUGR-born individuals are at greater lifelong risk for metabolic disorders that reduce quality of life. In livestock, IUGR-born animals exhibit poor growth efficiency and body composition, making these animals more costly and less valuable. Specifically, IUGR-associated programming causes a greater propensity for fat deposition and a reduced capacity for muscle accretion. This, combined with metabolic inefficiency, means that these animals produce less lean meat from greater feed input, require more time on feed to reach market weight, and produce carcasses that are of less quality. Despite the health and economic implications of IUGR pathologies in humans and food animals, knowledge regarding their specific underlying mechanisms is lacking. However, recent data indicate that adaptive programing of adrenergic sensitivity in multiple tissues is a contributing factor in a number of IUGR pathologies including reduced muscle mass, peripheral insulin resistance, and impaired glucose metabolism. This review highlights the findings that support the role for adrenergic programming and how it relates to the lifelong consequences of IUGR, as well as how dysfunctional adrenergic signaling pathways might be effective targets for improving outcomes in IUGR-born offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Gibbs
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Abstract
The observation that 64% of English adults are overweight or obese despite a rising prevalence in weight-loss attempts suggests our understanding of energy balance is fundamentally flawed. Weight-loss is induced through a negative energy balance; however, we typically view weight change as a static function, in that energy intake and energy expenditure are independent variables, resulting in a fixed rate of weight-loss assuming a constant energy deficit. Such static modelling provides the basis for the clinical assumption that a 14644 kJ (3500 kcal) deficit translates to a 1 lb weight-loss. However, this '3500 kcal (14644 kJ) rule' is consistently shown to significantly overestimate weight-loss. Static modelling disregards obligatory changes in energy expenditure associated with the loss of metabolically active tissue, i.e. skeletal muscle. Additionally, it disregards the presence of adaptive thermogenesis, the underfeeding-associated fall in resting energy expenditure beyond that caused by loss of fat-free mass. This metabolic manipulation of energy expenditure is observed from the onset of energy restriction to maintain weight at a genetically pre-determined set point. As a result, the observed magnitude of weight-loss is disproportionally less, followed by earlier weight plateau, despite strict compliance to a dietary intervention. By simulating dynamic changes in energy expenditure associated with underfeeding, mathematical modelling may provide a more accurate method of weight-loss prediction. However, accuracy at an individual level is limited due to difficulty estimating energy requirements, physical activity and dietary intake in free-living individuals. In the present paper, we aim to outline the contribution of dynamic changes in energy expenditure to weight-loss resistance and weight plateau.
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Singer D, Thiede LP, Perez A. Adults Born Preterm: Long-Term Health Risks of Former Very Low Birth Weight Infants. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:521-527. [PMID: 33734986 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in neonatology now enable increasing numbers of very low birth weight neonates (<1500 g) to survive into early adulthood and beyond. What are the implications for their long-term care? METHODS Selective literature search on the outcome of very low birth weight neonates in adulthood ("adults born preterm"). RESULTS Robust data are available on the pulmonary, metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, neurocognitive, sensory-visual, social-emotional, mental, reproductive, and musculoskeletal long-term risks. On the somatic level, elevated rates have been documented for asthma (odds Ratio [OR] 2.37), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.54), and chronic renal disease (hazard ratio [HR] 3.01), along with the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sequelae of a tendency toward arterial hypertension. On the psychosocial level, the main findings are deficits in romantic partnerships (OR 0.72) and a lower reproduction rate (relative risk [RR] male/female 0.24/0.33). The affected women also have an elevated risk of preterm delivery. CONCLUSION A risk profile with both somatic and psychosocial aspects can be discerned for adults who were born prematurely, even if some of these risks are present in low absolute numbers. As the ability to compensate for latent deficits declines with age, such adults may suffer from "premature aging as the late price of premature birth." A holistic approach to care with personalized prevention strategies-which for most of them was discontinued at discharge from pediatric follow-up-therefore seems appropriate in adulthood as well.
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Zhou S, Lin L, Bao Z, Meng T, Wang S, Chen G, Li Q, Liu Z, Bao H, Han N, Wang H, Guo Y. The association of prenatal exposure to particulate matter with infant growth: A birth cohort study in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116792. [PMID: 33721799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies examined the associations of prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM) and children's growth with inconsistent results, and no study focused on PM1. We matched a birth cohort (10,547 children) with daily PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations by maternal home addresses. Air pollution concentrations were predicted by satellite remote sensing data, meteorological factors, and land use information. The weight and length of children in the birth cohort were measured at approximately one year old. We calculated the Z-score of weight for length (WFL) and body mass index (BMI) and then defined overweight and obesity (OWOB) based on WHO Standards. Generalized linear regression and modified Poisson regression were used to identify the association of prenatal exposure to PM1 or PM2.5 with anthropometric measurements and risk of OWOB. We also determined the mediation effect of preterm birth on the associations. Results showed that a 10 μg/m3 increase in prenatal exposure to PM1 and PM2.5 was significantly associated with a 0.105 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.067, 0.144] and 0.063 (95% CI: 0.029, 0.097) increase in WFL Z-score for one-year-old children. Similar associations were found for BMI Z-score. A 10 μg/m3 increase in prenatal PM1 and PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with 1.012 (95%CI: 1.003, 1.021) and 1.010 (95%CI: 1.002, 1.018) times higher risk of OWOB. . Preterm birth mediated 7.5% [direct effect (DE) = 0.106, P < 0.001; indirect effect (IE) = 0.009, P < 0.001)] and 9.9% (DE = 0.064, P < 0.001; IE = 0.007, P < 0.001) of the association between prenatal PM1 and PM2.5 exposure and WFL Z-score of the children. The association of prenatal PM1 and PM2.5 exposure with BMI Z-score of children was also mediated by preterm birth by 6.6% (DE = 0.111, P < 0.001; IE = 0.008, P < 0.001) and 9.1% (DE = 0.064, P < 0.001; IE = 0.006, P < 0.001). These results remained robust in the sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to PM1 and PM2.5 increased WFL, BMI Z-scores and higher risk of OWOB for one-year-old children. The associations were partially mediated by preterm birth. These findings call for the urgent action on air pollution regulation to protect early-life health among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lizi Lin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zheng Bao
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 101101, China
| | - Tong Meng
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 101101, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 101101, China
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China; Reproductive Medical Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Heling Bao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Na Han
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 101101, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Impact of slow versus rapid digesting carbohydrates on substrate oxidation in pre-pubertal children: A randomized crossover trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:3718-3728. [PMID: 34130017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Consumption of rapid digesting sugars by children are under increased scrutiny because of their contribution to unhealthy weight gain. Previous studies in adults and children have suggested that altering the blend of carbohydrates (CHOs) consumed may cause shifts in substrate utilization. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of consuming a slow digesting carbohydrate (SDC) and rapid digesting carbohydrate (RDC) on CHO and fat oxidation, glucose, and insulin responses at rest, during exercise, and post-exercise rest in pre-pubescent children. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, crossover design was used. Nineteen pre-pubescent children (n = 10 boys, n = 9 girls, mean ± standard error, age = 9.84 ± 0.37-yrs) participated. Visits to the laboratory began with a 30-min measurement of resting metabolism followed by consumption of either an RDC or SDC drink. Postprandial resting metabolism was recorded for 60-min, immediately followed by 60-min of submaximal cycling exercise while metabolism was recorded, which was immediately followed by another 60-min recording of post-exercise metabolism. Total CHO and fat oxidation, endogenous and exogenous CHO oxidation, blood glucose, and insulin were assessed. RESULTS Total CHO oxidation rate (g∙min-1) was greater after the RDC drink at 60 min (p = 0.032). Endogenous CHO oxidation rate (g∙min-1) was greater after the SDC drink at 15 min (p ≤ 0.010). Cumulative endogenous CHO oxidation (g) was greater after the SDC drink at 45 min (p = 0.009). Endogenous CHO oxidation accounted for a greater proportion of substrate oxidation after the first 60-min rest period (p = 0.028), while exogenous CHO oxidation accounted for a greater proportion of substrate oxidation for the RDC at all time points (p ≤ 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides novel data suggesting that an SDC promotes greater endogenous substrate utilization in pre-pubertal children, which may have beneficial health impacts on energy intake and carbohydrate regulation/metabolism during growth and development. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY NUMBER NCT03185884, clinicaltrials.gov.
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Mazzoli A, Gatto C, Crescenzo R, Cigliano L, Iossa S. Prolonged Changes in Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity and Insulin Sensitivity by High Fructose Intake in Adolescent Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041370. [PMID: 33921866 PMCID: PMC8073121 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of damage induced by unhealthy diets during youth has been little addressed. Therefore, we investigated the impact of a short-term fructose-rich diet on liver metabolic activity in adolescent rats and the putative persistence of alterations after removing fructose from the diet. Adolescent rats were fed a fructose-rich diet for three weeks and then switched to a control diet for further three weeks. Body composition and energy balance were not affected by fructose-rich diet, while increased body lipids and lipid gain were found after the rescue period. Switching to a control diet reversed the upregulation of plasma fructose, uric acid, lipocalin, and haptoglobin, while plasma triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha remained higher. Hepatic steatosis and ceramide were increased by fructose-rich diet, but reversed by returning to a control diet, while altered hepatic response to insulin persisted. Liver fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activities were upregulated by fructose-rich diet, and SCD activity remained higher after returning to the control diet. Fructose-induced upregulation of complex II-driven mitochondrial respiration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α also persisted after switching to control diet. In conclusion, our results show prolonged fructose-induced dysregulation of liver metabolic activity.
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Resende CB, Luft VC, Duncan B, Griep RH, Molina MDCB, Barreto SM, Schmidt MI. Birth weight and body fat mass in adults assessed by bioimpedance in the ELSA-Brasil study. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00061619. [PMID: 33729303 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00061619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine life is a critical period for the development of body fat and metabolic risk. This study investigated associations between birth weight and total and truncal body fat in adults. To do so, we analyzed data on 10,011 adults participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) who self-reported birth weight as < 2.5kg, 2.5-4.0kg, or > 4.0kg at baseline (2008-2010) and underwent bioimpedance in the next follow-up visit (2012-2014). Greater mean total and truncal fat mass were seen in those with high birth weight compared with adequate birth weight (p < 0.001) in both sexes (total fat: 25.2 vs. 23.1kg in men and 31.4 vs. 27.7kg in women, and truncal fat: 13.5 vs. 12.4kg in men and 15.9 vs. 14.2kg in women). U-shaped patterns were observed in restricted cubic-spline analyses in the subset of 5,212 individuals reporting exact birth weights, although statistically significant only for those with high birth weight. In the whole sample, in comparing high to adequate birth weight, the latter predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) total and truncal fat mass, respectively: OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.37-2.25 (men) and OR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.42-2.44 (women); OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.31-2.16 (men) and OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.31-2.28 (women). However, low birth weight predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) % truncal fat only in women (OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.03-1.91). In conclusion, in these men and women born in a period in which fetal malnutrition was prevalent, birth weight showed complex, frequently non-linear associations with adult body fat, highlighting the need for interventions to prevent low and high birth weight during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Cristine Luft
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Bruce Duncan
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | | | | | - Sandhi Maria Barreto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Maria Ines Schmidt
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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28
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Dulloo AG. Physiology of weight regain: Lessons from the classic Minnesota Starvation Experiment on human body composition regulation. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13189. [PMID: 33543573 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since its publication in 1950, the Biology of Human Starvation, which describes the classic longitudinal Minnesota Experiment of semistarvation and refeeding in healthy young men, has been the undisputed source of scientific reference about the impact of long-term food deprivation on human physiology and behavior. It has been a guide in developing famine and refugee relief programs for international agencies, in exploring the effects of food deprivation on the cognitive and social functioning of those with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and in gaining insights into metabolic adaptations that undermine obesity therapy and cachexia rehabilitation. In more recent decades, the application of a systems approach to the analysis of its data on longitudinal changes in body composition, basal metabolic rate, and food intake during the 24 weeks of semistarvation and 20 weeks of refeeding has provided rare insights into the multitude of control systems that govern the regulation of body composition during weight regain. These have underscored an internal (autoregulatory) control of lean-fat partitioning (highly sensitive to initial adiposity), which operates during weight loss and weight regain and revealed the existence of feedback loops between changes in body composition and the control of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis for the purpose of accelerating the recovery of fat mass and fat-free mass. This paper highlights the general features and design of this grueling experiment of simulated famine that has allowed the unmasking of fundamental control systems in human body composition autoregulation. The integration of its outcomes constitutes the "famine reactions" that drive the normal physiology of weight regain and obesity relapse and provides a mechanistic "autoregulation-based" explanation of how dieting and weight cycling, transition to sedentarity, or developmental programming may predispose to obesity. It also provides a system physiology framework for research toward elucidating proteinstatic and adipostatic mechanisms that control hunger-appetite and adaptive thermogenesis, with major implications for a better understanding (and management) of cachexia, obesity, and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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29
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Monnard CR, Dulloo AG. Polyunsaturated fatty acids as modulators of fat mass and lean mass in human body composition regulation and cardiometabolic health. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13197. [PMID: 33471425 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the amount and type of dietary fat consumed play an important role in metabolic health. In humans, high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, improvements in glucose homeostasis, and changes in body composition that involve reductions in central adiposity and, more recently, increases in lean body mass. There is also emerging evidence, which suggests that high intakes of the plant-based essential fatty acids (ePUFAs)-n-6 linoleic acid (LA) and n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA)-have a greater impact on body composition (fat mass and lean mass) and on glucose homeostasis than the marine-derived long-chain n-3 PUFA-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, high intake of both ePUFAs (LA and ALA) may also have anti-inflammatory effects in humans. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence, from both epidemiological prospective studies and clinical intervention trials, of a role for PUFA, in particular ePUFA, in the long-term regulation of body weight and body composition, and their impact on cardiometabolic health. It also discusses current notions about the mechanisms by which PUFAs modulate fat mass and lean mass through altered control of energy intake, thermogenesis, or lean-fat partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona R Monnard
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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30
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Countering impaired glucose homeostasis during catch-up growth with essential polyunsaturated fatty acids: is there a major role for improved insulin sensitivity? Nutr Diabetes 2021; 11:4. [PMID: 33414371 PMCID: PMC7791023 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Catch-up growth, an important risk factor for later obesity and type 2 diabetes, is often characterized by a high rate of fat deposition associated with hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance. We tested here the hypothesis that refeeding on a high-fat diet rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (ePUFA) improves glucose homeostasis primarily by enhancing insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues. Methods Rats were caloric restricted for 2 weeks followed by 1–2 weeks of isocaloric refeeding on either a low-fat (LF) diet, a high-fat (HF) diet based on animal fat and high in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (HF SMFA diet), or a HF diet based on vegetable oils (1:1 mixture of safflower and linseed oils) and rich in the essential fatty acids linoleic and α-linolenic acids (HF ePUFA diet). In addition to measuring body composition and a test of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity was assessed during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps at the whole-body level and in individual skeletal muscles and adipose tissue depots. Results Compared to animals refed the LF diet, those refed the HF-SMFA diet showed a higher rate of fat deposition, higher plasma insulin and glucose responses during the test of glucose tolerance, and markedly lower insulin-stimulated glucose utilization at the whole body level (by a-third to a-half) and in adipose tissue depots (by 2–5 folds) during insulin clamps. While refeeding on the ePUFA diet prevented the increases in fat mass and in plasma insulin and glucose, the results of insulin clamps revealed that insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was not increased in skeletal muscles and only marginally higher in adipose tissues and at the whole-body level. Conclusions These results suggest only a minor role for enhanced insulin sensitivity in the mechanisms by which diets high in ePUFA improves glucose homeostasis during catch-up growth.
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Lin D, Chen D, Huang J, Li Y, Wen X, Wang L, Shi H. Pre-Birth and Early-Life Factors Associated With the Timing of Adiposity Peak and Rebound: A Large Population-Based Longitudinal Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:742551. [PMID: 35004537 PMCID: PMC8727998 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.742551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The late occurrence of adiposity peak (AP) and the early occurrence of adiposity rebound (AR) are considered the earliest indicators for obesity and its related health conditions later in life. However, there is still limited information for their upstream factors. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify the parental and child factors associated with the timing of AP and AR in the early stage of life. Methods: This is a population-based longitudinal study conducted in Shanghai, China. The BMI data of children born between September 2010 and October 2013 were followed from birth to 80 months. Subject-specific body mass index trajectories were fitted by non-linear mixed-effect models with natural cubic spline functions, and the individual's age at AP and AR was estimated. The generalized linear regression models were applied to identify the upstream factors of late occurrence of AP and early occurrence AR. Results: For 7,292 children with estimated AP, boys were less likely to have a late AP [adjusted risk ratio (RR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77-0.90, p < 0.001], but preterm born children had a higher risk of a late AP (adjusted RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.07-1.47, p < 0.01). For 10,985 children with estimated AR, children with breastfeeding longer than 4 months were less likely to have an early AR (adjusted RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.87, p < 0.001), but children who were born to advanced-age mothers and who were born small for gestational age had a higher risk of having an early AR (adjusted RR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07-1.36, p < 0.01; adjusted RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Modifiable pre-birth or early-life factors associated with the timing of AP or AR were found. Our findings may help develop prevention and intervention strategies at the earliest stage of life to control later obesity and the health conditions and diseases linked to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lin
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of School Health, Minhang District Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Child Care, Minhang Maternal and Child Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Child Care, Minhang Maternal and Child Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosa Wen
- Department of School Health, Minhang District Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Di Munno C, Busiello RA, Calonne J, Salzano AM, Miles-Chan J, Scaloni A, Ceccarelli M, de Lange P, Lombardi A, Senese R, Cioffi F, Visser TJ, Peeters RP, Dulloo AG, Silvestri E. Adaptive Thermogenesis Driving Catch-Up Fat Is Associated With Increased Muscle Type 3 and Decreased Hepatic Type 1 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activities: A Functional and Proteomic Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:631176. [PMID: 33746903 PMCID: PMC7971177 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.631176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Refeeding after caloric restriction induces weight regain and a disproportionate recovering of fat mass rather than lean mass (catch-up fat) that, in humans, associates with higher risks to develop chronic dysmetabolism. Studies in a well-established rat model of semistarvation-refeeding have reported that catch-up fat associates with hyperinsulinemia, glucose redistribution from skeletal muscle to white adipose tissue and suppressed adaptive thermogenesis sustaining a high efficiency for fat deposition. The skeletal muscle of catch-up fat animals exhibits reduced insulin-stimulated glucose utilization, mitochondrial dysfunction, delayed in vivo contraction-relaxation kinetics, increased proportion of slow fibers and altered local thyroid hormone metabolism, with suggestions of a role for iodothyronine deiodinases. To obtain novel insights into the skeletal muscle response during catch-up fat in this rat model, the functional proteomes of tibialis anterior and soleus muscles, harvested after 2 weeks of caloric restriction and 1 week of refeeding, were studied. Furthermore, to assess the implication of thyroid hormone metabolism in catch-up fat, circulatory thyroid hormones as well as liver type 1 (D1) and liver and skeletal muscle type 3 (D3) iodothyronine deiodinase activities were evaluated. The proteomic profiling of both skeletal muscles indicated catch-up fat-induced alterations, reflecting metabolic and contractile adjustments in soleus muscle and changes in glucose utilization and oxidative stress in tibialis anterior muscle. In response to caloric restriction, D3 activity increased in both liver and skeletal muscle, and persisted only in skeletal muscle upon refeeding. In parallel, liver D1 activity decreased during caloric restriction, and persisted during catch-up fat at a time-point when circulating levels of T4, T3 and rT3 were all restored to those of controls. Thus, during catch-up fat, a local hypothyroidism may occur in liver and skeletal muscle despite systemic euthyroidism. The resulting reduced tissue thyroid hormone bioavailability, likely D1- and D3-dependent in liver and skeletal muscle, respectively, may be part of the adaptive thermogenesis sustaining catch-up fat. These results open new perspectives in understanding the metabolic processes associated with the high efficiency of body fat recovery after caloric restriction, revealing new implications for iodothyronine deiodinases as putative biological brakes contributing in suppressed thermogenesis driving catch-up fat during weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Di Munno
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Julie Calonne
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Jennifer Miles-Chan
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Rosalba Senese
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Theo J. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abdul G. Dulloo
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Silvestri,
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Moreno-Fernandez J, Ochoa JJ, Lopez-Frias M, Diaz-Castro J. Impact of Early Nutrition, Physical Activity and Sleep on the Fetal Programming of Disease in the Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123900. [PMID: 33419354 PMCID: PMC7766505 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the effects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the offspring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental effects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the offspring and the health costs of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio J. Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-241-000 (ext. 20317)
| | - Magdalena Lopez-Frias
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain; (J.M.-F.); (M.L.-F.); (J.D.-C.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Lu X, Hu S, Liao Y, Zheng J, Zeng T, Zhong X, Liu G, Gou L, Chen L. Vascular endothelial growth factor B promotes transendothelial fatty acid transport into skeletal muscle via histone modifications during catch-up growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E1031-E1043. [PMID: 32954823 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00090.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) followed by refeeding, a phenomenon known as catch-up growth (CUG), results in excessive lipid deposition and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recent reports have suggested that vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) controls muscle lipid accumulation by regulating endothelial fatty acid transport. Here, we found continuous activation of VEGF-B signaling and increased lipid uptake in skeletal muscle from CR to refeeding, as well as increased lipid deposition and impaired insulin sensitivity after refeeding in the skeletal muscle of CUG rodents. Inhibiting VEGF-B signaling reduced fatty acid uptake in and transport across endothelial cells. Knockdown of Vegfb in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of CUG mice significantly attenuated muscle lipid accumulation and ameliorated muscle insulin sensitivity by decreasing lipid uptake. Furthermore, we showed that aberrant histone methylation (H3K9me1) and acetylation (H3K14ac and H3K18ac) at the Vegfb promoter might be the main cause of persistent VEGF-B upregulation in skeletal muscle during CUG. Modifying these aberrant loci using their related enzymes [PHD finger protein 2 (PHF2) or E1A binding protein p300 (p300)] could regulate VEGF-B expression in vitro. Collectively, our findings indicate that VEGF-B can promote transendothelial lipid transport and lead to lipid overaccumulation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle during CUG, which might be mediated by histone methylation and acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengqing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyu Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Luoning Gou
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
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35
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Wu Y, Yin G, Wang P, Huang Z, Lin S. Effects of different diet-induced postnatal catch-up growth on glycolipid metabolism in intrauterine growth retardation male rats. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:134. [PMID: 33082866 PMCID: PMC7560533 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have reported the occurrence of long-term metabolic disorders in mammals following intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). However, the effects of dietary patterns during IUGR have not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dietary patterns during critical growth windows on metabolic outcomes in the offspring of rats with IUGR. Male offspring rats from mothers fed either a normal or low-protein diet were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Normal diet throughout pregnancy, lactation and after weaning (CON); normal diet throughout pregnancy and high-fat diet throughout lactation and after weaning (N + H + H); low-protein diet throughout pregnancy and high-fat diet throughout lactation and after weaning (IUGR + H + H); low-protein diet throughout pregnancy and lactation and high-fat diet after weaning (IUGR + L + H); and low-protein diet throughout pregnancy and normal diet throughout lactation and after weaning. During lactation, the male offspring in the N + H + H group exhibited the fastest growth rate, whereas the slowest rate was in the IUGR + L + H group. Following weaning, all IUGR groups demonstrated significant catch-up growth. Abnormal insulin tolerance were observed in the N + H + H, IUGR + H + H and IUGR + L + H groups and insulin sensitivity was decreased in IUGR + L + H group. The triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein ratio in the IUGR + L + H group was significantly higher compared with in the other groups. The abdominal circumference, Lee's index and adipocyte diameter of IUGR groups were significantly increased compared with the CON group. High levels of leptin and interleukin-6 in adipose tissues, and low adiponectin were observed in the IUGR + L + H group. Different dietary patterns during specific growth windows showed numerous impacts on glycolipid metabolism in IUGR offspring. The present study elucidated the mechanisms and potential options for IUGR treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
| | - Guoshu Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
| | - Shaoda Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Shaoda Lin, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
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36
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Baldassarre ME, Di Mauro A, Caroli M, Schettini F, Rizzo V, Panza R, De Giorgi A, Capozza M, Fanelli M, Laforgia N. Premature Birth is an Independent Risk Factor for Early Adiposity Rebound: Longitudinal Analysis of BMI Data from Birth to 7 Years. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123654. [PMID: 33261215 PMCID: PMC7760942 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiposity rebound (AR) refers to the second rise of the body mass index (BMI) curve that usually occurs physiologically between five and seven years of age. AR timing has a great impact on patients’ health, since early adiposity rebound (EAR) is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome later in life. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of EAR in a cohort of inborn preterm infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Section of the Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy. Secondarily, we assessed whether some determinants such as (1) gender; (2) delivery mode; (3) birth weight and classification into small, normal, or large for gestational age; (4) type of feeding; (5) breastfeeding duration; (6) timing of introduction of solid food; (7) parental education; and (8) parental pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) influenced EAR in this cohort. The tertiary aim was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity or being overweight at seven years of age in children according to early versus timely AR. This is a prospective, population-based longitudinal study conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Section of the Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy. Inborn preterm infants admitted to the neonatal ward between 2009 and 2011 were eligible. Enrolled preterm infants were evaluated at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months and 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years of age. Weight and height data were analyzed, and BMI was calculated. AR was assessed in the growth trajectory in a body mass index (BMI) plot. Of the 250 preterm newborns included, 100 completed the seven-year follow-up and entered the final analysis, 138 were lost during the seven-year follow-up, and in 12 cases parents withdrew over the course of the study. The prevalence of EAR in our cohort of preterm newborns was 54% at seven years of age. Early adiposity rebound was associated with being large for gestational age (LGA) at birth. No other factors were associated with EAR. Early adiposity rebounders had a significantly higher BMI at seven years compared to children with timely AR (17.2 ± 2.7 vs. 15.6 ± 2.05, p = 0.021). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of obesity or being overweight at seven years of age in children with early or timely AR (29% vs. 14%, p = 0.202). Ex-preterm infants have an increased risk of EAR. Since EAR may lead to long-term detrimental health effects with the onset of various chronic diseases (e.g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, etc.), healthcare providers should be prepared to counteract its occurrence, especially in delicate sub-populations of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | | | - Federico Schettini
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Valentina Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Raffaella Panza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Alessia De Giorgi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Manuela Capozza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Margherita Fanelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (F.S.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (A.D.G.); (M.C.); (N.L.)
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Crossin R, Arunogiri S. Harms associated with inhalant misuse in adolescent females - a review of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108232. [PMID: 32862119 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalant misuse, or the misuse of products containing toluene is common in adolescents, and is associated with diverse physiological and psychological harms. Females comprise over half those who misuse inhalants in adolescence, however, the majority of the evidence has been derived from male-only or mixed-sex studies without exploration of sex differences. Female adolescence is a critical maturational period with potential for growth, reproductive, cognitive and psychological harms that may lead to long-term health consequences. We therefore summarise evidence of female-specific harms arising from inhalant misuse. METHODS We synthesised pre-clinical and clinical studies of inhalant misuse which were conducted in females, or where sex-differences were reported, into a narrative literature review. RESULTS Females experience growth impairments and metabolic dysfunction arising from inhalant misuse, but data on sex-differences are inconclusive. Inhalant misuse in early adolescence may impact menarche and subsequent reproductive capacity, but studies have predominantly focused on the effects of inhalants on offspring rather than on the exposed female. There is limited evidence of sex-differences in relation to cognitive outcomes following exposure to inhalants in pre-clinical models. Females are at an increased risk of psychological harms associated with inhalant misuse, particularly depression and suicidal behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The type and magnitude of harms associated with inhalant misuse are sex-specific, but data are limited. We recommend that both pre-clinical and clinical studies of inhalant misuse include both males and females, and should specifically test for and report sex-differences. This can be used to build an evidence base for screening and interventions tailored to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Crossin
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago Christchurch campus, 34 Gloucester Street, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Shalini Arunogiri
- Central Clinical School, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Level 4, 607 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, 110 Church Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria, 3121, Australia
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Influence of prenatal stress on metabolic abnormalities induced by postnatal intake of a high-fat diet in BALB/c mice. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:721-730. [PMID: 33118903 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal insults during fetal development result in increased likelihood of developing chronic disease. Obesity, the biggest risk factor for the development of metabolic disease, is affected by several genetic and environmental factors. High-fat diet (HFD) consumption is usually linked with the development of obesity. The main goal of this study was to analyze the impact of the exposure to a HFD in prenatally stressed animals. For this purpose, we subjected pregnant BALB/c mice to restraint stress for 2 h a day between gestational day (GD) 14 and GD 21. Prenatally stressed and control offspring of both sexes were postnatally exposed to a HFD for 24 weeks. We found that prenatal stress (PS) per se produced disturbances in males such as increased total blood cholesterol and triglycerides, with a decrease in mRNA expression of sirtuin-1. When these animals were fed a HFD, we observed a rise in glucose and insulin levels and an increase in visceral adipose tissue gene expression of leptin, resistin, and interleukin-1 beta. Although females proved to be more resilient to PS consequences, when they were fed a HFD, they showed significant metabolic impairment. In addition to the changes observed in males, females also presented an increase in body weight and adiposity and a rise in cholesterol levels.
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Arisaka O, Ichikawa G, Koyama S, Sairenchi T. Childhood obesity: rapid weight gain in early childhood and subsequent cardiometabolic risk. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 29:135-142. [PMID: 33088012 PMCID: PMC7534524 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.29.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in body weight have long been recognized as important indicators of risk
for human health. Many population-based observational studies have shown that rapid weight
gain during infancy, including a catch-up growth phenomenon or adiposity rebound in early
childhood, predisposes a person to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and
cardiovascular diseases later in life. However, a consensus has not been established
regarding which period of weight gain contributes to future risks. This review evaluates
recent evidence on the relationship between early rapid growth and future obesity and
cardiometabolic risk, with a focus on the differential significance of rapid weight gain
in infancy and early childhood. Although there is a need for attention to childhood growth
during early infancy before 1 yr of age as it may be related to future obesity, emerging
evidence strongly suggests that toddlers showing an increase in body mass index (BMI)
before 3 yr of age, a period normally characterized by decreased BMI, are prone to
developing later cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Arisaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Nasu Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Go Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Nasu Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satomi Koyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshimi Sairenchi
- Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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Ong YY, Sadananthan SA, Aris IM, Tint MT, Yuan WL, Huang JY, Chan YH, Ng S, Loy SL, Velan SS, Fortier MV, Godfrey KM, Shek L, Tan KH, Gluckman PD, Yap F, Choo JTL, Ling LH, Tan K, Chen L, Karnani N, Chong YS, Eriksson JG, Wlodek ME, Chan SY, Lee YS, Michael N. Mismatch between poor fetal growth and rapid postnatal weight gain in the first 2 years of life is associated with higher blood pressure and insulin resistance without increased adiposity in childhood: the GUSTO cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 49:1591-1603. [PMID: 32851407 PMCID: PMC7116531 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using longitudinal ultrasounds as an improved fetal growth marker, we aimed to investigate if fetal growth deceleration followed by rapid postnatal weight gain is associated with childhood cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in a contemporary well-nourished population. METHODS We defined fetal growth deceleration (FGD) as ultrasound-measured 2nd-3rd-trimester abdominal circumference decrease by ≥0.67 standard deviation score (SDS) and rapid postnatal weight gain (RPWG) as 0-2-year-old weight increase by ≥0.67 SDS. In the GUSTO mother-offspring cohort, we grouped 797 children into four groups of FGD-only (14.2%), RPWG-only (23.3%), both (mismatch, 10.7%) or neither (reference, 51.8%). Adjusting for confounders and comparing with the reference group, we tested associations of these growth groups with childhood cardiometabolic biomarkers: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured abdominal fat (n = 262), liver fat (n = 216), intramyocellular lipids (n = 227), quantitative magnetic resonance-measured overall body fat % (BF%) (n = 310), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (n = 323), arterial wall thickness (n = 422) and stiffness (n = 443), and blood pressure trajectories (ages 3-6 years). RESULTS Mean±SD birthweights were: FGD-only (3.11 ± 0.38 kg), RPWG-only (3.03 ± 0.37 kg), mismatch (2.87 ± 0.31 kg), reference (3.30 ± 0.36 kg). FGD-only children had elevated blood pressure trajectories without correspondingly increased BF%. RPWG-only children had altered body fat partitioning, higher BF% [BF = 4.26%, 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.34, 6.19)], HOMA-IR 0.28 units (0.11, 0.45)] and elevated blood pressure trajectories. Mismatch children did not have increased adiposity, but had elevated ectopic fat, elevated HOMA-IR [0.29 units (0.04,0.55)] and the highest blood pressure trajectories. Associations remained even after excluding small-for-gestational-age infants from analyses. CONCLUSIONS Fetal growth deceleration coupled with rapid postnatal weight gain was associated with elevated childhood cardiometabolic risk biomarkers without correspondingly increased BF%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Ong
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Lun Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Y Huang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Ling Loy
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sendhil S Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lynette Shek
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lieng Hsi Ling
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Dietary Complex and Slow Digestive Carbohydrates Prevent Fat Deposits During Catch-Up Growth in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092568. [PMID: 32854204 PMCID: PMC7551611 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A nutritional growth retardation study, which closely resembles the nutritional observations in children who consumed insufficient total energy to maintain normal growth, was conducted. In this study, a nutritional stress in weanling rats placed on restricted balanced diet for 4 weeks is produced, followed by a food recovery period of 4 weeks using two enriched diets that differ mainly in the slow (SDC) or fast (RDC) digestibility and complexity of their carbohydrates. After re-feeding with the RDC diet, animals showed the negative effects of an early caloric restriction: an increase in adiposity combined with poorer muscle performance, insulin resistance and, metabolic inflexibility. These effects were avoided by the SDC diet, as was evidenced by a lower adiposity associated with a decrease in fatty acid synthase expression in adipose tissue. The improved muscle performance of the SDC group was based on an increase in myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) and creatine kinase as markers of muscle differentiation as well as better insulin sensitivity, enhanced glucose uptake, and increased metabolic flexibility. In the liver, the SDC diet promoted glycogen storage and decreased fatty acid synthesis. Therefore, the SDC diet prevents the catch-up fat phenotype through synergistic metabolic adaptations in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver. These coordinated adaptations lead to better muscle performance and a decrease in the fat/lean ratio in animals, which could prevent long-term negative metabolic alterations such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and liver fat deposits later in life.
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Flack KD, Hays HM, Moreland J. The consequences of exercise-induced weight loss on food reinforcement. A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234692. [PMID: 32555624 PMCID: PMC7302707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity remains a primary threat to the health of most Americans, with over 66% considered overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater. A common treatment option many believe to be effective, and therefore turn to, is exercise. However, the amount of weight loss from exercise training is often disappointingly less than expected with greater amounts of exercise not always promoting greater weight loss. Increases in energy intake have been prescribed as the primary reason for this lack of weight loss success with exercise. Research has mostly focused on alterations in hormonal mediators of appetite (e.g.: ghrelin, peptide YY, GLP-1, pancreatic polypeptide, and leptin) that may increase hunger and/or reduce satiety to promote greater energy intake with exercise training. A less understood mechanism that may be working to increase energy intake with exercise is reward-driven feeding, a strong predictor of energy intake and weight status but rarely analyzed in the context of exercise. DESIGN Sedentary men and women (BMI: 25-35 kg/m2, N = 52) were randomized into parallel aerobic exercise training groups partaking in either two or six exercise sessions/week, or sedentary control for 12 weeks. METHODS The reinforcing value of food was measured by an operant responding progressive ratio schedule task (the behavioral choice task) to determine how much work participants were willing to perform for access to a healthy food option relative to a less healthy food option before and after the exercise intervention. Body composition and resting energy expenditure were assessed via DXA and indirect calorimetry, respectively, at baseline and post testing. RESULTS Changes in fat-free mass predicted the change in total amount of operant responding for food (healthy and unhealthy). There were no correlations between changes in the reinforcing value of one type of food (healthy vs unhealthy) to changes in body composition. CONCLUSION In support of previous work, reductions in fat-free mass resulting from an aerobic exercise intervention aimed at weight loss plays an important role in energy balance regulation by increasing operant responding for food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Harry M. Hays
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jack Moreland
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Crespi BJ. Evolutionary and genetic insights for clinical psychology. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 78:101857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Barbour-Tuck E, Boyes NG, Tomczak CR, Lahti DS, Baril CL, Pockett C, Runalls S, Kakadekar A, Pharis S, Bradley TJ, Wright KD, Erlandson MC. A cardiovascular disease risk factor in children with congenital heart disease: unmasking elevated waist circumference - a CHAMPS* study *CHAMPS: Children's Healthy-Heart Activity Monitoring Program in Saskatchewan. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:231. [PMID: 32429858 PMCID: PMC7236104 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have an elevated risk of future cardiovascular disease but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Abdominal obesity (measured as waist circumference) is a risk factor for adult onset of cardiovascular diseases and is correlated with low physical activity levels, commonly found in children with congenital heart disease. Elevated waist circumference may be a mechanism by which cardiovascular disease risk is elevated in children with CHD. The purpose of this study was to compare waist circumference between children with and without CHD, while considering potential confounders. We hypothesized that children with CHD would have higher measures of waist circumference when controlling for differences in birthweight, lean mass, and physical activity. METHODS Thirty-two children with CHD (10.9 ± 2.6 years; 12 female) from the Children's Healthy-Heart Activity Monitoring Program in Saskatchewan, and 23 healthy controls (11.7 ± 2.5 years; 10 female) were studied. Waist circumference, physical activity (physical activity questionnaire), body composition (lean mass; dual x-ray absorptiometry), and birthweight were assessed. Analysis of covariance, Mann-Whitney U, and independent sample t-tests were used to assess group differences (p < 0.05). RESULTS Children with CHD had greater waist circumference than controls, controlling for lean mass, physical activity, birthweight, and sex (F (1, 49) = 4.488, p = 0.039). Physical activity, lean mass, and birthweight were not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings generate a novel hypothesis-higher waist circumferences in children with CHD compared to age-matched controls, may contribute to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Barbour-Tuck
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Natasha G Boyes
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Corey R Tomczak
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Dana S Lahti
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Chantelle L Baril
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Charissa Pockett
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Shonah Runalls
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Ashok Kakadekar
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Scott Pharis
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bradley
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kristi D Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Marta C Erlandson
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B2, Canada.
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Embryonic exposures to mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate induce larval steatosis in zebrafish independent of Nrf2a signaling. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:132-140. [PMID: 32063256 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is the primary metabolite of the ubiquitous plasticizer and toxicant, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. MEHP exposure has been linked to abnormal development, increased oxidative stress, and metabolic syndrome in vertebrates. Nuclear factor, Erythroid 2 Like 2 (Nrf2), is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to oxidative stress. We investigated the role of Nrf2a in larval steatosis following embryonic exposure to MEHP. Wild-type and nrf2a mutant (m) zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0 or 200 μg/l MEHP from 6 to either 96 (histology) or 120 hours post fertilization (hpf). At 120 hpf, exposures were ceased and fish were maintained in clean conditions until 15 days post fertilization (dpf). At 15 dpf, fish lengths and lipid content were examined, and the expression of genes involved in the antioxidant response and lipid processing was quantified. At 96 hpf, a subset of animals treated with MEHP had vacuolization in the liver. At 15 dpf, deficient Nrf2a signaling attenuated fish length by 7.7%. MEHP exposure increased hepatic steatosis and increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha target fabp1a1. Cumulatively, these data indicate that developmental exposure alone to MEHP may increase risk for hepatic steatosis and that Nrf2a does not play a major role in this phenotype.
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Body composition in very preterm infants before discharge is associated with macronutrient intake. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:800-806. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900343x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVery preterm infants experience poor postnatal growth relative to intra-uterine growth rates but have increased percentage body fat (%fat). The aim of the present study was to identify nutritional and other clinical predictors of infant %fat, fat mass (FM) (g) and lean mass (LM) (g) in very preterm infants during their hospital stay. Daily intakes of protein, carbohydrate, lipids and energy were recorded from birth to 34 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) in fifty infants born <32 weeks. Clinical illness variables and anthropometric data were also collected. Body composition was assessed at 34–37 weeks PMA using the PEA POD Infant Body Composition System. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of body composition (%fat, FM or LM). Birth weight, birth weight z-score and PMA were strong positive predictors of infant LM. After adjustment for these factors, the strongest nutrient predictors of LM were protein:carbohydrate ratios (102–318 g LM/0·1 increase in ratio, P = 0·006–0·015). Postnatal age (PNA) and PMA were the strongest predictors of infant FM or %fat. When PNA and PMA were accounted for a higher intake of energy (–1·41 to –1·61 g FM/kJ per kg per d, P = 0·001–0·012), protein (–75·5 to –81·0 g FM/g per kg per d, P = 0·019–0·038) and carbohydrate (–27·2 to –30·0 g FM/g per kg per d, P = 0·012–0·019) were associated with a lower FM at 34–37 weeks PMA. Higher intakes of energy, protein and carbohydrate may reduce fat accumulation in very preterm infants until at least 34–37 weeks PMA.
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Cadaret CN, Posont RJ, Swanson RM, Beard JK, Barnes TL, Beede KA, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Intermittent maternofetal O 2 supplementation during late gestation rescues placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction and metabolic pathologies in the neonatal lamb. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1696-1700. [PMID: 33336152 PMCID: PMC6999172 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Rebecca M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Joslyn K Beard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Taylor L Barnes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
- Corresponding author:
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Calonne J, Arsenijevic D, Scerri I, Miles-Chan JL, Montani JP, Dulloo AG. Low 24-hour core body temperature as a thrifty metabolic trait driving catch-up fat during weight regain after caloric restriction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E699-E709. [PMID: 31430205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00092.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of body weight after substantial weight loss or growth retardation is often characterized by a disproportionately higher rate of fat mass vs. lean mass recovery, with this phenomenon of "preferential catch-up fat" being contributed by energy conservation (thrifty) metabolism. To test the hypothesis that a low core body temperature (Tc) constitutes a thrifty metabolic trait underlying the high metabolic efficiency driving catch-up fat, the Anipill system, with telemetry capsules implanted in the peritoneal cavity, was used for continuous monitoring of Tc for several weeks in a validated rat model of semistarvation-refeeding in which catch-up fat is driven solely by suppressed thermogenesis. In animals housed at 22°C, 24-h Tc was reduced in response to semistarvation (-0.77°C, P < 0.001) and remained significantly lower than in control animals during the catch-up fat phase of refeeding (-0.27°C on average, P < 0.001), the lower Tc during refeeding being more pronounced during the light phase than during the dark phase of the 24-h cycle (-0.30°C vs. -0.23°C, P < 0.01) and with no between-group differences in locomotor activity. A lower 24-h Tc in animals showing catch-up fat was also observed when the housing temperature was raised to 29°C (i.e., at thermoneutrality). The reduced energy cost of homeothermy in response to caloric restriction persists during weight recovery and constitutes a thrifty metabolic trait that contributes to the high metabolic efficiency that underlies the rapid restoration of the body's fat stores during weight regain, with implications for obesity relapse after therapeutic slimming and the pathophysiology of catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Calonne
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Arsenijevic
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Scerri
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Crossin R, Qama A, Andrews ZB, Lawrence AJ, Duncan JR. The effect of adolescent inhalant abuse on energy balance and growth. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00498. [PMID: 31384470 PMCID: PMC6664821 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of volatile solvents such as toluene is a significant public health concern, predominantly affecting adolescents. To date, inhalant abuse research has primarily focused on the central nervous system; however, inhalants also exert effects on other organ systems and processes, including metabolic function and energy balance. Adolescent inhalant abuse is characterized by a negative energy balance phenotype, with the peak period of abuse overlapping with the adolescent growth spurt. There are multiple components within the central and peripheral regulation of energy balance that may be affected by adolescent inhalant abuse, such as impaired metabolic signaling, decreased food intake, altered dietary preferences, disrupted glucose tolerance and insulin release, reduced adiposity and skeletal density, and adrenal hypertrophy. These effects may persist into abstinence and adulthood, and the long-term consequences of inhalant-induced metabolic dysfunction are currently unknown. The signs and symptoms resulting from chronic adolescent inhalant abuse may result in a propensity for the development of adult-onset metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, however, further research investigating the long-term effects of inhalant abuse upon energy balance and metabolism are needed. This review addresses several aspects of the short- and long-term effects of inhalant abuse relating to energy and metabolic processes, including energy balance, intake and expenditure; dietary preferences and glycemic control; and the dysfunction of metabolic homeostasis through altered adipose tissue, bone, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Crossin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVIC
- Turning Point, Eastern HealthRichmondVIC
- Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityBox HillVIC
| | - Ashleigh Qama
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVIC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral HepatitisPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVIC
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVIC
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVIC
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of epidemiological and experimental data indicate that nutritional or environmental stressors during early development can induce long-term adaptations that increase risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions-a phenomenon termed "developmental programming." A common phenotype in humans and animal models is altered body composition, with reduced muscle and bone mass, and increased fat mass. In this review, we summarize the recent literature linking prenatal factors to future body composition and explore contributing mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Many prenatal exposures, including intrauterine growth restriction, extremes of birth weight, maternal obesity, and maternal diabetes, are associated with increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass, and decreased bone density, with effects reported throughout infancy and childhood, and persisting into middle age. Mechanisms and mediators include maternal diet, breastmilk composition, metabolites, appetite regulation, genetic and epigenetic influences, stem cell commitment and function, and mitochondrial metabolism. Differences in body composition are a common phenotype following disruptions to the prenatal environment, and may contribute to developmental programming of obesity and diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Isganaitis
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Room 655A, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
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