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Ghasemi N, Azizi H. Exploring Myc puzzle: Insights into cancer, stem cell biology, and PPI networks. Gene 2024; 916:148447. [PMID: 38583818 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
"The grand orchestrator," "Universal Amplifier," "double-edged sword," and "Undruggable" are just some of the Myc oncogene so-called names. It has been around 40 years since the discovery of the Myc, and it remains in the mainstream of cancer treatment drugs. Myc is part of basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) superfamily proteins, and its dysregulation can be seen in many malignant human tumors. It dysregulates critical pathways in cells that are connected to each other, such as proliferation, growth, cell cycle, and cell adhesion, impacts miRNAs action, intercellular metabolism, DNA replication, differentiation, microenvironment regulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Myc, surprisingly, is used in stem cell research too. Its family includes three members, MYC, MYCN, and MYCL, and each dysfunction was observed in different cancer types. This review aims to introduce Myc and its function in the body. Besides, Myc deregulatory mechanisms in cancer cells, their intricate aspects will be discussed. We will look at promising drugs and Myc-based therapies. Finally, Myc and its role in stemness, Myc pathways based on PPI network analysis, and future insights will be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghasemi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran.
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2
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Zhang M, Kim S, Yang HW. Non-canonical pathway for Rb inactivation and external signaling coordinate cell-cycle entry without CDK4/6 activity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7847. [PMID: 38030655 PMCID: PMC10687137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are critical for initiating cell proliferation by inactivating the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. However, mammalian cells can bypass CDK4/6 for Rb inactivation. Here we show a non-canonical pathway for Rb inactivation and its interplay with external signals. We find that the non-phosphorylated Rb protein in quiescent cells is intrinsically unstable, offering an alternative mechanism for initiating E2F activity. Nevertheless, this pathway incompletely induces Rb-protein loss, resulting in minimal E2F activity. To trigger cell proliferation, upregulation of mitogenic signaling is required for stabilizing c-Myc, thereby augmenting E2F activity. Concurrently, stress signaling promotes Cip/Kip levels, competitively regulating cell proliferation with mitogenic signaling. In cancer, driver mutations elevate c-Myc levels, facilitating adaptation to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Differentiated cells, despite Rb-protein loss, maintain quiescence through the modulation of c-Myc and Cip/Kip levels. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into an alternative model of cell-cycle entry and the maintenance of quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sungsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hee Won Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Silveira DA, Gupta S, da Cunha Jaeger M, Brunetto de Farias C, Mombach JCM, Sinigaglia M. A logical model of Ewing sarcoma cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition supports the existence of hybrid cellular phenotypes. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2446-2460. [PMID: 37597508 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive pediatric tumor driven by the RNA-binding protein EWS (EWS)/friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) chimeric transcription factor, which is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT stabilizes a hybrid cell state, boosting metastatic potential and drug resistance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of this hybrid phenotype in ES remain elusive. Our study proposes a logical EMT model for ES, highlighting zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2), miR-145, and miR-200 circuits that maintain hybrid states. The model aligns with experimental findings and reveals a previously unknown circuit supporting the mesenchymal phenotype. These insights emphasize the role of ZEB2 in the maintenance of the hybrid state in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daner A Silveira
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Mariane da Cunha Jaeger
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Marialva Sinigaglia
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Silvis MR, Silva D, Rohweder R, Schuman S, Gudipaty S, Truong A, Yap J, Affolter K, McMahon M, Kinsey C. MYC-mediated resistance to trametinib and HCQ in PDAC is overcome by CDK4/6 and lysosomal inhibition. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221524. [PMID: 36719686 PMCID: PMC9930170 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of KRAS>RAF>MEK1/2>ERK1/2 signaling has provided no clinical benefit to patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Interestingly, combined inhibition of MEK1/2 (with trametinib [T]) plus autophagy (with chloroquine [CQ] or hydroxychloroquine [HCQ]) demonstrated striking anti-tumor effects in preclinical models and in a patient (Patient 1). However, not all patients respond to the T/HCQ regimen, and Patient 1 eventually developed resistant disease. Here we report that primary or acquired resistance is associated with focal DNA copy number gains encompassing c-MYC. Furthermore, ectopic expression of c-MYC in PDAC cell lines rendered them T/HCQ resistant. Interestingly, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib (P), also induced autophagy and overrode c-MYC-mediated T/HCQ resistance, such that P/HCQ promoted regression of T/HCQ-resistant PDAC tumors with elevated c-MYC expression. Finally, P/HCQ treatment of Patient 1 resulted in a biochemical disease response. These data suggest that elevated c-MYC expression is both a marker and a mediator of T/HCQ resistance, which may be overcome by the use of P/HCQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Silvis
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dilru Silva
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Riley Rohweder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sophia Schuman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Yap
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kajsa Affolter
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Martin McMahon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Conan Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Systems Drug Design for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer and Advanced Bladder Cancer by Genome-Wide Microarray Data and Deep Learning Method with Drug Design Specifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213869. [PMID: 36430344 PMCID: PMC9692470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer worldwide. Due to the lack of understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms between muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and advanced bladder cancer (ABC) and the limitations of current treatments, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. In this study, we utilized the systems biology method via genome-wide microarray data to explore the oncogenic mechanisms of MIBC and ABC to identify their respective drug targets for systems drug discovery. First, we constructed the candidate genome-wide genetic and epigenetic networks (GWGEN) through big data mining. Second, we applied the system identification and system order detection method to delete false positives in candidate GWGENs to obtain the real GWGENs of MIBC and ABC from their genome-wide microarray data. Third, we extracted the core GWGENs from the real GWGENs by selecting the significant proteins, genes and epigenetics via the principal network projection (PNP) method. Finally, we obtained the core signaling pathways from the corresponding core GWGEN through the annotations of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway to investigate the carcinogenic mechanisms of MIBC and ABC. Based on the carcinogenic mechanisms, we selected the significant drug targets NFKB1, LEF1 and MYC for MIBC, and LEF1, MYC, NOTCH1 and FOXO1 for ABC. To design molecular drug combinations for MIBC and ABC, we employed a deep neural network (DNN)-based drug-target interaction (DTI) model with drug specifications. The DNN-based DTI model was trained by drug-target interaction databases to predict the candidate drugs for MIBC and ABC, respectively. Subsequently, the drug design specifications based on regulation ability, sensitivity and toxicity were employed as filter criteria for screening the potential drug combinations of Embelin and Obatoclax for MIBC, and Obatoclax, Entinostat and Imiquimod for ABC from their candidate drugs. In conclusion, we not only investigated the oncogenic mechanisms of MIBC and ABC, but also provided promising therapeutic options for MIBC and ABC, respectively.
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Zanotti S, Decaesteker B, Vanhauwaert S, De Wilde B, De Vos WH, Speleman F. Cellular senescence in neuroblastoma. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1529-1538. [PMID: 35197583 PMCID: PMC9130206 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a tumour that arises from the sympathoadrenal lineage occurring predominantly in children younger than five years. About half of the patients are diagnosed with high-risk tumours and undergo intensive multi-modal therapy. The success rate of current treatments for high-risk neuroblastoma is disappointingly low and survivors suffer from multiple therapy-related long-term side effects. Most chemotherapeutics drive cancer cells towards cell death or senescence. Senescence has long been considered to represent a terminal non-proliferative state and therefore an effective barrier against tumorigenesis. This dogma, however, has been challenged by recent observations that infer a much more dynamic and reversible nature for this process, which may have implications for the efficacy of therapy-induced senescence-oriented treatment strategies. Neuroblastoma cells in a dormant, senescent-like state may escape therapy, whilst their senescence-associated secretome may promote inflammation and invasiveness, potentially fostering relapse. Conversely, due to its distinct molecular identity, senescence may also represent an opportunity for the development of novel (combination) therapies. However, the limited knowledge on the molecular dynamics and diversity of senescence signatures demands appropriate models to study this process in detail. This review summarises the molecular knowledge about cellular senescence in neuroblastoma and investigates current and future options towards therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zanotti
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610 Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.510942.bCancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Bieke Decaesteker
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.510942.bCancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Suzanne Vanhauwaert
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.510942.bCancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Bram De Wilde
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.410566.00000 0004 0626 3303Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610 Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
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Liedtke C, Nevzorova YA, Luedde T, Zimmermann H, Kroy D, Strnad P, Berres ML, Bernhagen J, Tacke F, Nattermann J, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T, Wree A, Abdullah Z, Tolba RH, Trebicka J, Lammers T, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R. Liver Fibrosis-From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:814496. [PMID: 35087852 PMCID: PMC8787129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transregional Collaborative Research Center "Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease" (referred to as SFB/TRR57) was funded for 13 years (2009-2021) by the German Research Council (DFG). This consortium was hosted by the Medical Schools of the RWTH Aachen University and Bonn University in Germany. The SFB/TRR57 implemented combined basic and clinical research to achieve detailed knowledge in three selected key questions: (i) What are the relevant mechanisms and signal pathways required for initiating organ fibrosis? (ii) Which immunological mechanisms and molecules contribute to organ fibrosis? and (iii) How can organ fibrosis be modulated, e.g., by interventional strategies including imaging and pharmacological approaches? In this review we will summarize the liver-related key findings of this consortium gained within the last 12 years on these three aspects of liver fibrogenesis. We will highlight the role of cell death and cell cycle pathways as well as nutritional and iron-related mechanisms for liver fibrosis initiation. Moreover, we will define and characterize the major immune cell compartments relevant for liver fibrogenesis, and finally point to potential signaling pathways and pharmacological targets that turned out to be suitable to develop novel approaches for improved therapy and diagnosis of liver fibrosis. In summary, this review will provide a comprehensive overview about the knowledge on liver fibrogenesis and its potential therapy gained by the SFB/TRR57 consortium within the last decade. The kidney-related research results obtained by the same consortium are highlighted in an article published back-to-back in Frontiers in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Medical Faculty, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Thomsen I, Kunowska N, de Souza R, Moody AM, Crawford G, Wang YF, Khadayate S, Whilding C, Strid J, Karimi MM, Barr AR, Dillon N, Sabbattini P. RUNX1 Regulates a Transcription Program That Affects the Dynamics of Cell Cycle Entry of Naive Resting B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2976-2991. [PMID: 34810221 PMCID: PMC8675107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RUNX1 is a transcription factor that plays key roles in hematopoietic development and in hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. In this article, we report that RUNX1 regulates a gene expression program in naive mouse B cells that affects the dynamics of cell cycle entry in response to stimulation of the BCR. Conditional knockout of Runx1 in mouse resting B cells resulted in accelerated entry into S-phase after BCR engagement. Our results indicate that Runx1 regulates the cyclin D2 (Ccnd2) gene, the immediate early genes Fosl2, Atf3, and Egr2, and the Notch pathway gene Rbpj in mouse B cells, reducing the rate at which transcription of these genes increases after BCR stimulation. RUNX1 interacts with the chromatin remodeler SNF-2-related CREB-binding protein activator protein (SRCAP), recruiting it to promoter and enhancer regions of the Ccnd2 gene. BCR-mediated activation triggers switching between binding of RUNX1 and its paralog RUNX3 and between SRCAP and the switch/SNF remodeling complex member BRG1. Binding of BRG1 is increased at the Ccnd2 and Rbpj promoters in the Runx1 knockout cells after BCR stimulation. We also find that RUNX1 exerts positive or negative effects on a number of genes that affect the activation response of mouse resting B cells. These include Cd22 and Bank1, which act as negative regulators of the BCR, and the IFN receptor subunit gene Ifnar1 The hyperresponsiveness of the Runx1 knockout B cells to BCR stimulation and its role in regulating genes that are associated with immune regulation suggest that RUNX1 could be involved in regulating B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inesa Thomsen
- Gene Regulation and Chromatin Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Kunowska
- Gene Regulation and Chromatin Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roshni de Souza
- Gene Regulation and Chromatin Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Moody
- Gene Regulation and Chromatin Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Crawford
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computing, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Khadayate
- Bioinformatics and Computing, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chad Whilding
- Microscopy Facility, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Strid
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad M Karimi
- Bioinformatics and Computing, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis R Barr
- Cell Cycle Control Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom; and
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Dillon
- Gene Regulation and Chromatin Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom;
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierangela Sabbattini
- Gene Regulation and Chromatin Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom;
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De Noon S, Ijaz J, Coorens THH, Amary F, Ye H, Strobl A, Lyskjær I, Flanagan AM, Behjati S. MYC amplifications are common events in childhood osteosarcoma. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:425-431. [PMID: 33969640 PMCID: PMC8363928 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common primary malignant tumour of bone, affects both children and adults. No fundamental biological differences between paediatric and adult osteosarcoma are known. Here, we apply multi-region whole-genome sequencing to an index case of a 4-year-old child whose aggressive tumour harboured high-level, focal amplifications of MYC and CCNE1 connected by translocations. We reanalysed copy number readouts of 258 cases of high-grade osteosarcoma from three different cohorts and identified a significant enrichment of focal MYC, but not CCNE1, amplifications in children. Furthermore, we identified four additional cases of MYC and CCNE1 coamplification, highlighting a rare driver event which warrants further investigation. Our findings indicate that amplification of the MYC oncogene is a major driver of childhood osteosarcoma, while CCNE1 appears recurrently amplified independent of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange De Noon
- Research Department of PathologyUniversity College London (UCL) Cancer InstituteLondonUK
| | | | | | - Fernanda Amary
- Department of HistopathologyRoyal National Orthopaedic HospitalStanmoreUK
| | - Hongtao Ye
- Department of HistopathologyRoyal National Orthopaedic HospitalStanmoreUK
| | - Anna Strobl
- Department of HistopathologyRoyal National Orthopaedic HospitalStanmoreUK
| | - Iben Lyskjær
- Research Department of PathologyUniversity College London (UCL) Cancer InstituteLondonUK
- Medical Genomics Research GroupUCL Cancer InstituteLondonUK
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Research Department of PathologyUniversity College London (UCL) Cancer InstituteLondonUK
- Department of HistopathologyRoyal National Orthopaedic HospitalStanmoreUK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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10
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Ahmadi SE, Rahimi S, Zarandi B, Chegeni R, Safa M. MYC: a multipurpose oncogene with prognostic and therapeutic implications in blood malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34372899 PMCID: PMC8351444 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC oncogene is a transcription factor with a wide array of functions affecting cellular activities such as cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and hematopoiesis. Due to the multi-functionality of MYC, its expression is regulated at multiple levels. Deregulation of this oncogene can give rise to a variety of cancers. In this review, MYC regulation and the mechanisms by which MYC adjusts cellular functions and its implication in hematologic malignancies are summarized. Further, we also discuss potential inhibitors of MYC that could be beneficial for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rahimi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zarandi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Song X, Wang L, Wang T, Hu J, Wang J, Tu R, Su H, Jiang J, Qing G, Liu H. Synergistic targeting of CHK1 and mTOR in MYC-driven tumors. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:448-460. [PMID: 33206174 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) occurs in a broad range of human cancers and often predicts poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. However, directly targeting oncogenic MYC remains unsuccessful, and indirectly inhibiting MYC emerges as a promising approach. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a protein kinase that coordinates the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint and protects cancer cells from excessive replicative stress. Using c-MYC-mediated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and N-MYC-driven neuroblastoma as model systems, we reveal that both c-MYC and N-MYC directly bind to the CHK1 locus and activate its transcription. CHIR-124, a selective CHK1 inhibitor, impairs cell viability and induces remarkable synergistic lethality with mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in MYC-overexpressing cells. Mechanistically, rapamycin inactivates carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamoylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD), the essential enzyme for the first three steps of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and deteriorates CHIR-124-induced replicative stress. We further demonstrate that dual treatments impede T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia and neuroblastoma progression in vivo. These results suggest simultaneous targeting of CHK1 and mTOR as a novel and powerful co-treatment modality for MYC-mediated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Song
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tianci Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Juncheng Hu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Rongfu Tu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hexiu Su
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jue Jiang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Qing
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hudan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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12
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Maissan P, Mooij EJ, Barberis M. Sirtuins-Mediated System-Level Regulation of Mammalian Tissues at the Interface between Metabolism and Cell Cycle: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030194. [PMID: 33806509 PMCID: PMC7999230 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of highly conserved NAD+-dependent proteins and this dependency links Sirtuins directly to metabolism. Sirtuins' activity has been shown to extend the lifespan of several organisms and mainly through the post-translational modification of their many target proteins, with deacetylation being the most common modification. The seven mammalian Sirtuins, SIRT1 through SIRT7, have been implicated in regulating physiological responses to metabolism and stress by acting as nutrient sensors, linking environmental and nutrient signals to mammalian metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, mammalian Sirtuins have been implicated in playing major roles in mammalian pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, obesity and cancer. Mammalian Sirtuins are expressed heterogeneously among different organs and tissues, and the same holds true for their substrates. Thus, the function of mammalian Sirtuins together with their substrates is expected to vary among tissues. Any therapy depending on Sirtuins could therefore have different local as well as systemic effects. Here, an introduction to processes relevant for the actions of Sirtuins, such as metabolism and cell cycle, will be followed by reasoning on the system-level function of Sirtuins and their substrates in different mammalian tissues. Their involvement in the healthy metabolism and metabolic disorders will be reviewed and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parcival Maissan
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Eva J. Mooij
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK;
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK;
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +44-1483-684-610
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13
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Liu Y, Zhu C, Tang L, Chen Q, Guan N, Xu K, Guan X. MYC dysfunction modulates stemness and tumorigenesis in breast cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:178-187. [PMID: 33390842 PMCID: PMC7757029 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.51458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a transcription factor and proto-oncogene, MYC is known to be deregulated in a variety of tumors, including breast cancer. However, no consistent conclusion on the role and mechanism of MYC deregulation during breast cancer carcinogenesis has been formed. Here, we used the UALCAN, bc-GenExMiner, TCGA, cBioportal, STRING and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases to explore the mRNA expression, prognosis, transcriptional profile changes, signal pathway rewiring and interaction with the cancer stem cells of MYC in breast cancer. We found that the expression of MYC varies in different subtypes of breast cancer, with relatively high frequency in TNBC. As a transcription factor, MYC not only participates in the rewiring of cancer signaling pathways, such as estrogen, WNT, NOTCH and other pathways, but also interacts with cancer stem cells. MYC is significantly positively correlated with breast cancer stem cell markers such as CD44, CD24, and ALDH1. Collectively, our results highlight that MYC plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence of breast cancer, and its amplification can be used as a predictor of diagnosis and prognosis. The interaction between MYC and cancer stem cells may play a crucial role in regulating the initiation and metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chengjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Nan Guan
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, California, 90095, USA
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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14
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Wang Z, Zhang G, Le Y, Ju J, Zhang P, Wan D, Zhao Q, Jin G, Su H, Liu J, Feng J, Fu Y, Hou R. Quercetin promotes human epidermal stem cell proliferation through the estrogen receptor/β-catenin/c-Myc/cyclin A2 signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1102-1110. [PMID: 32840291 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) play an important role in wound healing. Quercetin is a phytoestrogen reported to accelerate skin wound healing, but its effect on EpSCs is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of quercetin on human EpSC proliferation and explored the underlying mechanisms. We found that quercetin at 0.1~1 μM significantly promoted EpSC proliferation and increased the number of cells in S phase. The pro-proliferative effect of quercetin on EpSCs was confirmed in cultured human skin tissue. Mechanistic studies showed that quercetin significantly upregulated the expressions of β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclins A2 and E1. Inhibitor for β-catenin or c-Myc significantly inhibited quercetin-induced EpSC proliferation. The β-catenin inhibitor XAV-939 suppressed quercetin-induced expressions of β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclins A2 and E1. The c-Myc inhibitor 10058-F4 inhibited the upregulation of c-Myc and cyclin A2 by quercetin. Pretreatment of EpSCs with estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182780, but not the G protein-coupled ER1 antagonist G15, reversed quercetin-induced cell proliferation and upregulation of β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclin A2. Collectively, these results indicate that quercetin promotes EpSC proliferation through ER-mediated activation of β-catenin/c-Myc/cyclinA2 signaling pathway and ER-independent upregulation of cyclin E1 and that quercetin may accelerate skin wound healing through promoting EpSC proliferation. As EpSCs are used not only in clinic to treat skin wounds but also as seed cells in skin tissue engineering, quercetin is a useful reagent to expand EpSCs for basic research, skin wound treatment, and skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Wang
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jihui Ju
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Dapeng Wan
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Guangzhe Jin
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Hao Su
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Jiaxuan Feng
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215104, China
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15
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Bedont JL, Iascone DM, Sehgal A. The Lineage Before Time: Circadian and Nonclassical Clock Influences on Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2020; 36:469-509. [PMID: 33021821 PMCID: PMC10826104 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diverse factors including metabolism, chromatin remodeling, and mitotic kinetics influence development at the cellular level. These factors are well known to interact with the circadian transcriptional-translational feedback loop (TTFL) after its emergence. What is only recently becoming clear, however, is how metabolism, mitosis, and epigenetics may become organized in a coordinated cyclical precursor signaling module in pluripotent cells prior to the onset of TTFL cycling. We propose that both the precursor module and the TTFL module constrain cellular identity when they are active during development, and that the emergence of these modules themselves is a key lineage marker. Here we review the component pathways underlying these ideas; how proliferation, specification, and differentiation decisions in both developmental and adult stem cell populations are or are not regulated by the classical TTFL; and emerging evidence that we propose implies a primordial clock that precedes the classical TTFL and influences early developmental decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lewis Bedont
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Daniel Maxim Iascone
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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16
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Zhou Y, Geng Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Chu C, Sharma S, Fassl A, Butter D, Sicinski P. The requirement for cyclin E in c-Myc overexpressing breast cancers. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2589-2599. [PMID: 32975478 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1804720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like triple-negative breast cancers frequently express high levels of c-Myc. This oncoprotein signals to the core cell cycle machinery by impinging on cyclin E. High levels of E-type cyclins (E1 and E2) are often seen in human triple-negative breast tumors. In the current study, we examined the requirement for E-type cyclins in the c-Myc-driven mouse model of breast cancer (MMTV-c-Myc mice). To do so, we crossed cyclin E1- (E1-/-) and E2- (E2-/-) deficient mice with MMTV-c-Myc animals, and observed the resulting cyclin E1-/-/MMTV-c-Myc and cyclin E2-/-/MMTV-c-Myc females for breast cancer incidence. We found that mice lacking cyclins E1 or E2 developed breast cancers like their cyclin Ewild-type counterparts. In contrast, further reduction of the dosage of E-cyclins in cyclin E1-/-E2+/-/MMTV-c-Myc and cyclin E1+/-E2-/-/MMTV-c-Myc animals significantly decreased the incidence of mammary carcinomas, revealing arole for E-cyclins in tumor initiation. We also observed that depletion of E-cyclins in human triple-negative breast cancer cell lines halted cell cycle progression, indicating that E-cyclins are essential for tumor cell proliferation. In contrast, we found that the catalytic partner of E-cyclins, the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), is dispensable for the proliferation of these cells. These results indicate that E-cyclins, but not CDK2, play essential and rate-limiting roles in driving the proliferation of c-Myc overexpressing breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samanta Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Butter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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17
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The (+)-Brevipolide H Displays Anticancer Activity against Human Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K-Dependent Pathways in G1 Checkpoint Arrest and Apoptosis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122929. [PMID: 32630532 PMCID: PMC7355498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because conventional chemotherapy is not sufficiently effective against prostate cancer, various examinations have been performed to identify anticancer activity of naturally occurring components and their mechanisms of action. The (+)-brevipolide H, an α-pyrone-based natural compound, induced potent and long-term anticancer effects in human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) PC-3 cells. Flow cytofluorometric analysis with propidium iodide staining showed (+)-brevipolide H-induced G1 arrest of cell cycle and subsequent apoptosis through induction of caspase cascades. Since Akt/mTOR pathway has been well substantiated in participating in cell cycle progression in G1 phase, its signaling and downstream regulators were examined. Consequently, (+)-brevipolide H inhibited the signaling pathway of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K. The c-Myc inhibition and downregulation of G1 phase cyclins were also attributed to (+)-brevipolide H action. Overexpression of myristoylated Akt significantly rescued mTOR/p70S6K and downstream signaling under (+)-brevipolide H treatment. ROS and Ca2+, two key mediators in regulating intracellular signaling, were determined, showing that (+)-brevipolide H interactively induced ROS production and an increase of intracellular Ca2+ levels. The (+)-Brevipolide H also induced the downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to apoptosis. In conclusion, the data suggest that (+)-brevipolide H displays anticancer activity through crosstalk between ROS production and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. In addition, suppression of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway associated with downregulation of G1 phase cyclins contributes to (+)-brevipolide H-mediated anticancer activity, which ultimately causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The data also support the biological significance and, possibly, clinically important development of natural product-based anticancer approaches.
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18
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Almeida S, Chaves M, Delaunay F. Cell cycle period control through modulation of clock inputs. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2020; 18:2040006. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219720020400065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we study period control of the mammalian cell cycle via coupling with the cellular clock. For this, we make use of the oscillators’ synchronization dynamics and investigate methods of slowing down the cell cycle with the use of clock inputs. Clock control of the cell cycle is well established via identified molecular mechanisms, such as the CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated induction of the wee1 gene, resulting in the WEE1 kinase that represses the active form of mitosis promoting factor (MPF), the essential cell cycle component. To investigate the coupling dynamics of these systems, we use previously developed models of the clock and cell cycle oscillators and center our studies on unidirectional clock [Formula: see text] cell cycle coupling. Moreover, we propose an hypothesis of a Growth Factor (GF)-responsive clock, involving a pathway of the non-essential cell cycle complex cyclin D/CDK4. We observe a variety of rational ratios of clock to cell cycle period, such as: 1:1, 3:2, 4:3, and 5:4. Finally, our protocols of period control are successful in effectively slowing down the cell cycle by the use of clock modulating inputs, some of which correspond to existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Almeida
- Inria, iBV, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - M. Chaves
- Inria, Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - F. Delaunay
- iBV, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Sophia Antipolis, France
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19
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Almeida S, Chaves M, Delaunay F. Control of synchronization ratios in clock/cell cycle coupling by growth factors and glucocorticoids. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192054. [PMID: 32257354 PMCID: PMC7062057 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle and the circadian clock are essential cyclic cellular processes often synchronous in healthy cells. In this work, we use previously developed mathematical models of the mammalian cell cycle and circadian cellular clock in order to investigate their dynamical interactions. Firstly, we study unidirectional cell cycle → clock coupling by proposing a mechanism of mitosis promoting factor (MPF)-controlled REV-ERBα degradation. Secondly, we analyse a bidirectional coupling configuration, where we add the CLOCK : BMAL1-mediated MPF repression via the WEE1 kinase to the first system. Our simulations reproduce ratios of clock to cell cycle period in agreement with experimental observations and give predictions of the system's synchronization state response to a variety of control parameters. Specifically, growth factors accelerate the coupled oscillators and dexamethasone (Dex) drives the system from a 1 : 1 to a 3 : 2 synchronization state. Furthermore, simulations of a Dex pulse reveal that certain time regions of pulse application drive the system from 1 : 1 to 3 : 2 synchronization while others have no effect, revealing the existence of a responsive and an irresponsive system's phase, a result we contextualize with observations on the segregation of Dex-treated cells into two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Almeida
- Université Côte d’Azur, iBV, Inria, Biocore team, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - M. Chaves
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inria, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore team, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - F. Delaunay
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France
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20
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Abstract
The transition between proliferating and quiescent states must be carefully regulated to ensure that cells divide to create the cells an organism needs only at the appropriate time and place. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical for both transitioning cells from one cell cycle state to the next, and for regulating whether cells are proliferating or quiescent. CDKs are regulated by association with cognate cyclins, activating and inhibitory phosphorylation events, and proteins that bind to them and inhibit their activity. The substrates of these kinases, including the retinoblastoma protein, enforce the changes in cell cycle status. Single cell analysis has clarified that competition among factors that activate and inhibit CDK activity leads to the cell's decision to enter the cell cycle, a decision the cell makes before S phase. Signaling pathways that control the activity of CDKs regulate the transition between quiescence and proliferation in stem cells, including stem cells that generate muscle and neurons. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:317-344, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Coller
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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21
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Čančer M, Drews LF, Bengtsson J, Bolin S, Rosén G, Westermark B, Nelander S, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Uhrbom L, Weishaupt H, Swartling FJ. BET and Aurora Kinase A inhibitors synergize against MYCN-positive human glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:881. [PMID: 31754113 PMCID: PMC6872649 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Patients usually undergo surgery followed by aggressive radio- and chemotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). Still, median survival is only 12–15 months after diagnosis. Many human cancers including GBMs demonstrate addiction to MYC transcription factor signaling and can become susceptible to inhibition of MYC downstream genes. JQ1 is an effective inhibitor of BET Bromodomains, a class of epigenetic readers regulating expression of downstream MYC targets. Here, we show that BET inhibition decreases viability of patient-derived GBM cell lines. We propose a distinct expression signature of MYCN-elevated GBM cells that correlates with significant sensitivity to BET inhibition. In tumors showing JQ1 sensitivity, we found enrichment of pathways regulating cell cycle, DNA damage response and repair. As DNA repair leads to acquired chemoresistance to TMZ, JQ1 treatment in combination with TMZ synergistically inhibited proliferation of MYCN-elevated cells. Bioinformatic analyses further showed that the expression of MYCN correlates with Aurora Kinase A levels and Aurora Kinase inhibitors indeed showed synergistic efficacy in combination with BET inhibition. Collectively, our data suggest that BET inhibitors could potentiate the efficacy of either TMZ or Aurora Kinase inhibitors in GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matko Čančer
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa F Drews
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengtsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bolin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Rosén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Nelander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lene Uhrbom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Robinson AM, Rathore R, Redlich NJ, Adkins DR, VanArsdale T, Van Tine BA, Michel LS. Cisplatin exposure causes c-Myc-dependent resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition in HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:867. [PMID: 31727874 PMCID: PMC6856201 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The loss of p16 is a signature event in Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) that leads to increased Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4/6 (CDK) signaling. Palbociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, is active for the treatment of a subset of HNSCC. In this study, we analyzed patient response data from a phase I clinical trial of palbociclib in HNSCC and observed an association between prior cisplatin exposure and CDK inhibitor resistance. We studied the effects of palbociclib on cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant HNSCC cell lines. We found that while palbociclib is highly effective against chemo-naive HNSCC cell lines and tumor xenografts, prior cisplatin exposure induces intrinsic resistance to palbociclib in vivo, a relationship that was not observed in vitro. Mechanistically, in the course of provoking a DNA damage-resistance phenotype, cisplatin exposure upregulates both c-Myc and cyclin E, and combination treatment with palbociclib and the c-Myc bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 exerts a synergistic anti-growth effect in cisplatin-resistant cells. These data show the benefit of exploiting the inherent resistance mechanisms of HNSCC to overcome cisplatin- and palbociclib resistance through the use of c-Myc inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Robinson
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richa Rathore
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Adkins
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Brian A Van Tine
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Loren S Michel
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Monmouth, NJ, USA
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23
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Filip D, Mraz M. The role of MYC in the transformation and aggressiveness of ‘indolent’ B-cell malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:510-524. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1675877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Filip
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mraz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Yan J, Goldbeter A. Robust synchronization of the cell cycle and the circadian clock through bidirectional coupling. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190376. [PMID: 31506042 PMCID: PMC6769306 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle and the circadian clock represent major cellular rhythms, which appear to be coupled. Thus the circadian factor BMAL1 controls the level of cell cycle proteins such as Cyclin E and WEE1, the latter of which inhibits the kinase CDK1 that governs the G2/M transition. In reverse the cell cycle impinges on the circadian clock through direct control by CDK1 of REV-ERBα, which negatively regulates BMAL1. These observations provide evidence for bidirectional coupling of the cell cycle and the circadian clock. By merging detailed models for the two networks in mammalian cells, we previously showed that unidirectional coupling to the circadian clock can entrain the cell cycle to 24 or 48 h, depending on the cell cycle autonomous period, while complex oscillations occur when entrainment fails. Here we show that the reverse unidirectional coupling via phosphorylation of REV-ERBα or via mitotic inhibition of transcription, both controlled by CDK1, can elicit entrainment of the circadian clock by the cell cycle. We then determine the effect of bidirectional coupling of the cell cycle and circadian clock as a function of their relative coupling strengths. In contrast to unidirectional coupling, bidirectional coupling markedly reduces the likelihood of complex oscillations. While the two rhythms oscillate independently as long as both couplings are weak, one rhythm entrains the other if one of the couplings dominates. If the couplings in both directions become stronger and of comparable magnitude, the two rhythms synchronize, generally at an intermediate period within the range defined by the two autonomous periods prior to coupling. More surprisingly, synchronization may also occur at a period slightly below or above this range, while in some conditions the synchronization period can even be much longer. Two or even three modes of synchronization may sometimes coexist, yielding examples of birhythmicity or trirhythmicity. Because synchronization readily occurs in the form of simple periodic oscillations over a wide range of coupling strengths and in the presence of multiple connections between the two oscillatory networks, the results indicate that bidirectional coupling favours the robust synchronization of the cell cycle and the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Center for Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert Goldbeter
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Yan J, Goldbeter A. Multi-rhythmicity generated by coupling two cellular rhythms. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180835. [PMID: 30836895 PMCID: PMC6451392 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle and the circadian clock represent two major cellular rhythms, which are coupled because the circadian clock governs the synthesis of several proteins of the network that drives the mammalian cell cycle. Analysis of a detailed model for these coupled cellular rhythms previously showed that the cell cycle can be entrained at the circadian period of 24 h, or at a period of 48 h, depending on the autonomous period of the cell cycle and on the coupling strength. We show by means of numerical simulations that multiple stable periodic regimes, i.e. multi-rhythmicity, may originate from the coupling of the two cellular rhythms. In these conditions, the cell cycle can evolve to any one of two (birhythmicity) or three stable periodic regimes (trirhythmicity). When applied at the right phase, transient perturbations of appropriate duration and magnitude can induce the switch between the different oscillatory states. Such switching is characterized by final state sensitivity, which originates from the complex structure of the attraction basins. By providing a novel instance of multi-rhythmicity in a realistic model for the coupling of two major cellular rhythms, the results throw light on the conditions in which multiple stable periodic regimes may coexist in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Center for Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Albert Goldbeter
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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26
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García-Gutiérrez L, Delgado MD, León J. MYC Oncogene Contributions to Release of Cell Cycle Brakes. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E244. [PMID: 30909496 PMCID: PMC6470592 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promotion of the cell cycle is a major oncogenic mechanism of the oncogene c-MYC (MYC). MYC promotes the cell cycle by not only activating or inducing cyclins and CDKs but also through the downregulation or the impairment of the activity of a set of proteins that act as cell-cycle brakes. This review is focused on the role of MYC as a cell-cycle brake releaser i.e., how MYC stimulates the cell cycle mainly through the functional inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors. MYC antagonizes the activities and/or the expression levels of p15, ARF, p21, and p27. The mechanism involved differs for each protein. p15 (encoded by CDKN2B) and p21 (CDKN1A) are repressed by MYC at the transcriptional level. In contrast, MYC activates ARF, which contributes to the apoptosis induced by high MYC levels. At least in some cells types, MYC inhibits the transcription of the p27 gene (CDKN1B) but also enhances p27's degradation through the upregulation of components of ubiquitin ligases complexes. The effect of MYC on cell-cycle brakes also opens the possibility of antitumoral therapies based on synthetic lethal interactions involving MYC and CDKs, for which a series of inhibitors are being developed and tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC) CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria and Department of Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
- Current address: Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - María Dolores Delgado
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC) CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria and Department of Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC) CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria and Department of Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
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Moussa RS, Park KC, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Ironing out the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 in cancer: Novel iron chelating agents to target p21 expression and activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:276-294. [PMID: 29572098 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) has become an important target for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics with a number of Fe chelators entering human clinical trials for advanced and resistant cancer. An important aspect of the activity of these compounds is their multiple molecular targets, including those that play roles in arresting the cell cycle, such as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. At present, the exact mechanism by which Fe chelators regulate p21 expression remains unclear. However, recent studies indicate the ability of chelators to up-regulate p21 at the mRNA level was dependent on the chelator and cell-type investigated. Analysis of the p21 promoter identified that the Sp1-3-binding site played a significant role in the activation of p21 transcription by Fe chelators. Furthermore, there was increased Sp1/ER-α and Sp1/c-Jun complex formation in melanoma cells, suggesting these complexes were involved in p21 promoter activation. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in the regulation of p21 expression in response to Fe chelator treatment in neoplastic cells will further clarify how these agents achieve their anti-tumor activity. It will also enhance our understanding of the complex roles p21 may play in neoplastic cells and lead to the development of more effective and specific anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan S Moussa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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28
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Estrogen-independent Myc overexpression confers endocrine therapy resistance on breast cancer cells expressing ERαY537S and ERαD538G mutations. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:373-382. [PMID: 30419347 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of metastatic breast cancers harbor estrogen receptor α (ERα) mutations associated with resistance to endocrine therapy and reduced survival. Consistent with their constitutive proliferation, T47D and MCF7 cells in which wild-type ERα is replaced by the most common mutations, ERαY537S and ERαD538G, exhibit partially estrogen-independent gene expression. A novel invasion/dissociation/rebinding assay demonstrated that the mutant cells have a higher tendency to dissociate from invasion sites and rebind to a second site. Compared to ERαD538G breast tumors, ERαY537S tumors exhibited a dramatic increase in lung metastasis. Transcriptome analysis showed that the ERαY537S and ERαD538G mutations each elicit a unique gene expression profile. Gene set enrichment analysis showed Myc target pathways are highly induced in mutant cells. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed constitutive, fulvestrant-resistant, recruitment of ERα mutants to the Myc enhancer region, resulting in estrogen-independent Myc overexpression in mutant cells and tumors. Knockdown and virus transduction showed Myc is necessary and sufficient for ligand-independent proliferation of the mutant cells but had no effect on metastasis-related phenotypes. Thus, Myc plays a key role in aggressive proliferation-related phenotypes exhibited by breast cancer cells expressing ERα mutations.
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29
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Devan J, Janikova A, Mraz M. New concepts in follicular lymphoma biology: From BCL2 to epigenetic regulators and non-coding RNAs. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:291-302. [PMID: 30360879 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) was partially revealed 3 decades ago, with the discovery of the translocation that brings BCL2 under the influence of immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancers in a vast majority of cases. Despite the importance of this seminal observation, it has become increasingly clear that additional genetic alterations need to occur to trigger neoplastic transformation and disease progression. The evolution of FL involves developmental arrest and disruption of the normal function of one or more of epigenetic regulators including KMT2D/MLL2, EZH2, CBP/CREBBP, p300/EP300, and HIST1H1 in >95% of cases. B-cells "arrested" in germinal centers acquire dozens of additional genetic aberrations that influence key pathways controlling their physiological development including B Cell Receptor (BCR) signaling, PI3K/AKT, TLR, mTOR, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK, CD40/CD40L, chemokine, and interleukin signaling. Additionally, most cases of FL do not result from linear accumulation of genomic aberrations, but rather evolve from a common progenitor cell population by diverse evolution, creating multiple FL subclones in one patient. Moreover, one of the subclones might acquire a combination of aberrations involving genes controlling cell survival and proliferation including MDM2, CDKN2A/B, BCL6, MYC, TP53, β2M, FOXO1, MYD88, STAT3, or miR-17-92, and this can lead to the transformation of an initially indolent FL to an aggressive lymphoma (2%-3% risk per year). The complexity of the disease is also underscored by the importance of its interactions with the microenvironment that can substantially influence disease development and prognosis. Interpreting individual aberrations in relation to their impact on normal processes, their frequency, position in the disease evolution, and the consequences of their (co)occurrence, are the basis for understanding FL pathogenesis. This is necessary for the identification of patients with risk of early progression or transformation, for the development of novel targeted therapies, and for personalized treatment approaches. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of molecular pathways and microenvironmental components involved in FL biology, and discuss them in the context of physiological B-cell development, FL evolution, and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Devan
- Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Janikova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mraz
- Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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30
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Caruso JA, Duong MT, Carey JPW, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Low-Molecular-Weight Cyclin E in Human Cancer: Cellular Consequences and Opportunities for Targeted Therapies. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5481-5491. [PMID: 30194068 PMCID: PMC6168358 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin E, a regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), is central to the initiation of DNA replication at the G1/S checkpoint. Tight temporal control of cyclin E is essential to the coordination of cell-cycle processes and the maintenance of genome integrity. Overexpression of cyclin E in human tumors was first observed in the 1990s and led to the identification of oncogenic roles for deregulated cyclin E in experimental models. A decade later, low-molecular-weight cyclin E (LMW-E) isoforms were observed in aggressive tumor subtypes. Compared with full-length cyclin E, LMW-E hyperactivates CDK2 through increased complex stability and resistance to the endogenous inhibitors p21CIP1 and p27KIP1 LMW-E is predominantly generated by neutrophil elastase-mediated proteolytic cleavage, which eliminates the N-terminal cyclin E nuclear localization signal and promotes cyclin E's accumulation in the cytoplasm. Compared with full-length cyclin E, the aberrant localization and unique stereochemistry of LMW-E dramatically alters the substrate specificity and selectivity of CDK2, increasing tumorigenicity in experimental models. Cytoplasmic LMW-E, which can be assessed by IHC, is prognostic of poor survival and predicts resistance to standard therapies in patients with cancer. These patients may benefit from therapeutic modalities targeting the altered biochemistry of LMW-E or its associated vulnerabilities. Cancer Res; 78(19); 5481-91. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Caruso
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | | | - Jason P W Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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31
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Mastromina I, Verrier L, Silva JC, Storey KG, Dale JK. Myc activity is required for maintenance of the neuromesodermal progenitor signalling network and for segmentation clock gene oscillations in mouse. Development 2018; 145:dev161091. [PMID: 30061166 PMCID: PMC6078331 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Myc transcriptional regulators are implicated in a range of cellular functions, including proliferation, cell cycle progression, metabolism and pluripotency maintenance. Here, we investigated the expression, regulation and function of the Myc family during mouse embryonic axis elongation and segmentation. Expression of both cMyc (Myc - Mouse Genome Informatics) and MycN in the domains in which neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) and underlying caudal pre-somitic mesoderm (cPSM) cells reside is coincident with WNT and FGF signals, factors known to maintain progenitors in an undifferentiated state. Pharmacological inhibition of Myc activity downregulates expression of WNT/FGF components. In turn, we find that cMyc expression is WNT, FGF and Notch protein regulated, placing it centrally in the signalling circuit that operates in the tail end that both sustains progenitors and drives maturation of the PSM into somites. Interfering with Myc function in the PSM, where it displays oscillatory expression, delays the timing of segmentation clock oscillations and thus of somite formation. In summary, we identify Myc as a component that links NMP maintenance and PSM maturation during the body axis elongation stages of mouse embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mastromina
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Laure Verrier
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Joana Clara Silva
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - J Kim Dale
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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32
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Alternative NF-κB signaling promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through transcriptionally upregulating Bcl-3. Oncogene 2018; 37:5887-5900. [PMID: 29973688 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that chronic inflammation is closely related to the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Classical NF-κB signaling, the key factor in controlling inflammation, has been found to be of great importance to CRC development. However, the role of alternative NF-κB signaling in CRC is still elusive. Here, we found aberrant constitutive activation of alternative NF-κB signaling both in CRC tissue and CRC cells. Knockdown of RelB downregulates c-Myc and upregulates p27Kip1 protein level, which inhibits CRC cell proliferation and retards CRC xenograft growth. Conversely, overexpression of RelB increases proliferation of CRC cells. In addition, we revealed a significant correlation between Bcl-3 and RelB in CRC tissues. The expression of RelB was consistent with the expression of Bcl-3 and the phosphorylation of Bcl-3 downstream proteins p-Akt (S473) and p-GSK3β (S9). Bcl-3 overexpression can restore the phenotype changes caused by RelB knockdown. Importantly, we demonstrated that alternative NF-κB transcriptional factor (p52:RelB) can directly bind to the promoter region of Bcl-3 gene and upregulate its transcription. Moreover, the expression of RelB, NF-κB2 p52, and Bcl-3 was associated with poor survival of CRC patients. Taken together, these results represent that alternative NF-κB signaling may function as an oncogenic driver in CRC, and also provide new ideas and research directions for the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of other inflammatory-related diseases.
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33
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Zhang Y, Giacchetti S, Parouchev A, Hadadi E, Li X, Dallmann R, Xandri-Monje H, Portier L, Adam R, Lévi F, Dulong S, Chang Y. Dosing time dependent in vitro pharmacodynamics of Everolimus despite a defective circadian clock. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:33-42. [PMID: 29099263 PMCID: PMC5815427 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1387695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Everolimus (EV), a rapamycin analogue mTOR inhibitor, is used in the clinic to treat Estrogen positive (ER+) breast cancer in order to avoid the resistance to hormonotherapy. Here, we investigated whether EV efficacy varied according to administration timing by using the ER+ breast cancer cell line MCF-7 as model system. Our results showed that instead of apoptosis, EV induced a G0/G1 phase blockage of MCF-7 cells. Following serum shock, MCF-7 cells displayed a statistically significant 24h rhythm of mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) activity, but perturbed circadian clock genes oscillations. Interestingly, the different delivery schedule of EV presented different efficacy in G0/G1 phase blockage in serum shocked MCF-7 cells. Moreover, serum shock induced also a circadian-like oscillation in expression or activity of several important G1 phase progression proteins, such as Cyclin D1 and phosphorylated Retinoblastoma protein (RB). Inhibition mTOR activity by EV reduced Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3 protein level as well as RB phosphorylation level. Taken together, the results indicated that serum shock synchronization induced a circadian oscillation in mTOR activity in MCF-7 cells, which rhythmically regulated the synthesis or phosphorylation of key G1 progression proteins, such as Cyclin D1 and phosphorylated RB, ultimately resulting in different G0/G1 blockage efficiency according to different EV administration timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
| | - Sylvie Giacchetti
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Centre des Maladies du Sein, Hôpital Saint-Louis AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Eva Hadadi
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
| | - Xiaomei Li
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK
| | - Helena Xandri-Monje
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK
| | - Lucie Portier
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
| | - René Adam
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
- Hôpital Paul Brousse AP-HP, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
| | - Françis Lévi
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
- Hôpital Paul Brousse AP-HP, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK
| | - Sandrine Dulong
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
| | - Yunhua Chang
- INSERM, UMR935 Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Essonne, France
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34
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Pedley R, Gilmore AP. Mitosis and mitochondrial priming for apoptosis. Biol Chem 2017; 397:595-605. [PMID: 27016149 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is a period of danger for cells, as inaccurate segregation of chromosomes can lead to loss of cell viability or aneuploidy. In order to protect against these dangers, cells ultimately initiate mitochondrial apoptosis if they are unable to correctly exit mitosis. A number of important chemotherapeutics exploit this response to delayed mitotic exit, but despite this, the molecular mechanism of the apoptotic timer in mitosis has proved elusive. Some recent studies have now shed light on this, showing how passage through the cell cycle fine-tunes a cell's apoptotic sensitivity such that it can respond appropriately when errors arise.
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MYC Modulation around the CDK2/p27/SKP2 Axis. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070174. [PMID: 28665315 PMCID: PMC5541307 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor that controls a number of fundamental cellular processes required for the proliferation and survival of normal and malignant cells, including the cell cycle. MYC interacts with several central cell cycle regulators that control the balance between cell cycle progression and temporary or permanent cell cycle arrest (cellular senescence). Among these are the cyclin E/A/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) complexes, the CDK inhibitor p27KIP1 (p27) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase component S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), which control each other by forming a triangular network. MYC is engaged in bidirectional crosstalk with each of these players; while MYC regulates their expression and/or activity, these factors in turn modulate MYC through protein interactions and post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and ubiquitylation, impacting on MYC's transcriptional output on genes involved in cell cycle progression and senescence. Here we elaborate on these network interactions with MYC and their impact on transcription, cell cycle, replication and stress signaling, and on the role of other players interconnected to this network, such as CDK1, the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), the F-box proteins FBXW7 and FBXO28, the RAS oncoprotein and the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Finally, we describe how the MYC/CDK2/p27/SKP2 axis impacts on tumor development and discuss possible ways to interfere therapeutically with this system to improve cancer treatment.
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Li XX, Shi L, Zhou XJ, Wu J, Xia TS, Zhou WB, Sun X, Zhu L, Wei JF, Ding Q. The role of c-Myc-RBM38 loop in the growth suppression in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:49. [PMID: 28399911 PMCID: PMC5387383 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background RNA-binding protein 38 (RBM38) is a member of the RNA recognition motif (RRM) family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBM38 often exerts its function by forming regulatory loops with relevant genes. c-Myc is an oncogenic transcription factor that is upregulated in one-third of breast cancers and involved in many cellular processes in this malignancy. In our previous study, RBM38 was identified as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the regulation of this tumor suppressor. Methods Lentivirus transfections, Western blotting analysis, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to study the expression of c-Myc and RBM38. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to investigate the direct relationship between c-Myc protein and the RBM38 gene. RNA immunoprecipitation combined with dual-luciferase reporter assays was conducted to confirm the direct relationship between the RBM38 protein and the c-Myc transcript. Results Knockdown of c-Myc increased RBM38 expression by binding directly to specific DNA sequences (5′-CACGTG-3′), known as the E-box motif, in the promoter region of RBM38 gene. Additionally, RBM38 destabilized the c-Myc transcript by directly targeting AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of c-Myc mRNA to suppress c-Myc expression. Moreover, specific inhibitors of c-Myc transcriptional activity inhibited RBM38-induced suppression of growth, implying that RBM38 acts as a tumor suppressor via a mechanism that depends, at least partially, on the reduction of c-Myc expression in breast cancer. Conclusions RBM38 and c-Myc form a unique mutually antagonistic RBM38-c-Myc loop in breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0521-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Li
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tian-Song Xia
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhou
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Qiang Ding
- Jiangsu Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Kiessling S, Beaulieu-Laroche L, Blum ID, Landgraf D, Welsh DK, Storch KF, Labrecque N, Cermakian N. Enhancing circadian clock function in cancer cells inhibits tumor growth. BMC Biol 2017; 15:13. [PMID: 28196531 PMCID: PMC5310078 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian clocks control cell cycle factors, and circadian disruption promotes cancer. To address whether enhancing circadian rhythmicity in tumor cells affects cell cycle progression and reduces proliferation, we compared growth and cell cycle events of B16 melanoma cells and tumors with either a functional or dysfunctional clock. RESULTS We found that clock genes were suppressed in B16 cells and tumors, but treatments inducing circadian rhythmicity, such as dexamethasone, forskolin and heat shock, triggered rhythmic clock and cell cycle gene expression, which resulted in fewer cells in S phase and more in G1 phase. Accordingly, B16 proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo was slowed down. Similar effects were observed in human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells. Notably, the effects of dexamethasone were not due to an increase in apoptosis nor to an enhancement of immune cell recruitment to the tumor. Knocking down the essential clock gene Bmal1 in B16 tumors prevented the effects of dexamethasone on tumor growth and cell cycle events. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrated that the effects of dexamethasone on cell cycle and tumor growth are mediated by the tumor-intrinsic circadian clock. Thus, our work reveals that enhancing circadian clock function might represent a novel strategy to control cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kiessling
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Present address: ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Ian D Blum
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- Center for Circadian Biology and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - David K Welsh
- Center for Circadian Biology and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Deng M, Hou J, Hu J, Wang S, Chen M, Chen L, Ju Y, Li C, Meng S. Hepatitis B virus mRNAs functionally sequester let-7a and enhance hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:62-72. [PMID: 27693636 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection induces hepatocarcinogenesis and malignant progression, yet global effects of the redundant viral mRNAs produced during infection are unexplored. Here, microRNA (miRNA) target prediction and whole genome expression analysis revealed that HBV pre-C/C mRNA leads to upregulation of multiple let-7a targeted genes. A let-7a complementary region from nt 86 to 108 in the HBV genome was then identified in HBV pre-C/C, pre-S, and S mRNAs. The let-7a sequestration effect by HBV mRNAs was observed under transfection and virus infection, which is dependent on the let-7a response sequence. Moreover, we found reduced AGO2 binding, as well as functional mRNA and protein de-repression of let-7a targets (e.g., c-myc, K-RAS, and CCR7), upon viral mRNA expression. Let-7a levels in the liver were significantly decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with HBV infection and were negatively correlated with intrahepatic pre-S2 mRNA levels. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that let-7a inhibition by HBV mRNAs resulted in enhanced HCC cell colony formation and tumor growth, providing evidence of the oncogenic potential of HBV mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Mi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Changfei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Willmer T, Peres J, Mowla S, Abrahams A, Prince S. The T-Box factor TBX3 is important in S-phase and is regulated by c-Myc and cyclin A-CDK2. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3173-83. [PMID: 26266831 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1080398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor, TBX3, is critical for the formation of, among other structures, the heart, limbs and mammary glands and haploinsufficiency of the human TBX3 gene result in ulnar-mammary syndrome which is characterized by hypoplasia of these structures. On the other hand, the overexpression of TBX3 is a feature of a wide range of cancers and it has been implicated in several aspects of the oncogenic process. This includes its ability to function as an immortalizing gene and to promote proliferation through actively repressing negative cell cycle regulators. Together this suggests that TBX3 levels may need to be tightly regulated during the cell cycle. Here we demonstrate that this is indeed the case and that TBX3 mRNA and protein levels peak at S-phase and that the TBX3 protein is predominantly localized to the nucleus of S-phase cells. The increased levels of TBX3 in S-phase are shown to occur transcriptionally through activation by c-Myc at E-box motifs located at -1210 and -701 bps and post-translationally by cyclin A-CDK2 phosphorylation. Importantly, when TBX3 is depleted by shRNA the cells accumulate in S-phase. These results suggest that TBX3 is required for cells to transit through S-phase and that this function may be linked to its role as a pro-proliferative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Willmer
- a Department of Human Biology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town ; Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Jade Peres
- a Department of Human Biology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town ; Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Shaheen Mowla
- a Department of Human Biology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town ; Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Amaal Abrahams
- a Department of Human Biology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town ; Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- a Department of Human Biology ; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town ; Cape Town , South Africa
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Paíno T, Garcia-Gomez A, González-Méndez L, San-Segundo L, Hernández-García S, López-Iglesias AA, Algarín EM, Martín-Sánchez M, Corbacho D, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Corchete LA, Gutiérrez NC, Maetos MV, Garayoa M, Ocio EM. The Novel Pan-PIM Kinase Inhibitor, PIM447, Displays Dual Antimyeloma and Bone-Protective Effects, and Potently Synergizes with Current Standards of Care. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:225-238. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Zhang L, Feng J, Kong S, Wu M, Xi Z, Zhang B, Fu W, Lao Y, Tan H, Xu H. Nujiangexathone A, a novel compound from Garcinia nujiangensis, suppresses cervical cancer growth by targeting hnRNPK. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:447-456. [PMID: 27424288 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is among the most frequently diagnosed cancers in females worldwide. Nujiangexathone A (NJXA), a novel compound from Garcinia nujiangensis, has been shown to have anti-cancer potential. In this study, the anti-tumor effects and the underlying mechanisms of NJXA action were investigated. Our results suggested that NJXA induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in HeLa and SiHa cells by down-regulating cyclins B1, E1, and A and cyclin-dependent kinases 2, 4 and 6, while selectively restoring p27. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we showed that NJXA reduced the expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) by accelerating ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent hnRNPK degradation, which then induced cell cycle arrest through the c-Myc-cyclin/Cdk-Rb-E2F1 pathway. The loss-of-function study showed NJXA induced cell cycle arrest was mediated by down regulation of hnRNPK protein. In vivo results further confirmed the tumor inhibitory effect of NJXA via the down-regulation of hnRNPK, and NJXA induced no apparent toxicity. Our study suggests that NJXA may be a novel anti-cancer drug candidate, especially for treating cancers with abnormally high hnRNPK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of T.C.M, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiling Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Siyuan Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenwei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongsheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of T.C.M, Shanghai 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China.
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42
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Dickerman BK, White CL, Kessler PM, Sadler AJ, Williams BRG, Sen GC. The protein activator of protein kinase R, PACT/RAX, negatively regulates protein kinase R during mouse anterior pituitary development. FEBS J 2015; 282:4766-81. [PMID: 26414443 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The murine double-stranded RNA-binding protein termed protein kinase R (PKR)-associated protein X (RAX) and the human homolog, protein activator of PKR (PACT), were originally characterized as activators of PKR. Mice deficient in RAX show reproductive and developmental defects, including reduced body size, craniofacial defects and anterior pituitary hypoplasia. As these defects are not observed in PKR-deficient mice, the phenotype has been attributed to PKR-independent activities of RAX. Here we further investigated the involvement of PKR in the physiological function of RAX, by generating rax(-/-) mice deficient in PKR, or carrying a kinase-inactive mutant of PKR (K271R) or an unphosphorylatable mutant of the PKR substrate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α subunit (eIF2α) (S51A). Ablating PKR expression rescued the developmental and reproductive deficiencies in rax(-/-) mice. Generating rax(-/-) mice with a kinase-inactive mutant of PKR resulted in similar rescue, confirming that the rax(-/-) defects are PKR dependent; specifically that the kinase activity of PKR was required for these defects. Moreover, generating rax(-/-) mice that were heterozygous for an unphosphorylatable mutant eIF2α provides partial rescue of the rax(-/-) defect, consistent with mutation of one copy of the Eif2s1 gene. These observations were further investigated in vitro by reducing RAX expression in anterior pituitary cells, resulting in increased PKR activity and induction of the PKR-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1). These results demonstrate that PKR kinase activity is required for onset of the rax(-/-) phenotype, implying an unexpected function for RAX as a negative regulator of PKR in the context of postnatal anterior pituitary tissue, and identify a critical role for the regulation of PKR activity for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Dickerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Virology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christine L White
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Patricia M Kessler
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Anthony J Sadler
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Virology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Two opposing models have been proposed to describe the function of the MYC oncoprotein in shaping cellular transcriptomes: one posits that MYC amplifies transcription at all active loci; the other that MYC differentially controls discrete sets of genes, the products of which affect global transcript levels. Here, we argue that differential gene regulation by MYC is the sole unifying model that is consistent with all available data. Among other effects, MYC endows cells with physiological and metabolic changes that have the potential to feed back on global RNA production, processing and turnover. The field is progressing steadily towards a full characterization of the MYC-regulated genes and pathways that mediate these biological effects and - by the same token - endow MYC with its pervasive oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia R Kress
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) and Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) and Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) and Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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44
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Differences in gene expression and alterations in cell cycle of acute myeloid leukemia cell lines after treatment with JAK inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Hnit SST, Xie C, Yao M, Holst J, Bensoussan A, De Souza P, Li Z, Dong Q. p27(Kip1) signaling: Transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:9-14. [PMID: 26279144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
p27(Kip1) is an inhibitor of a broad spectrum of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and the loss of a single p27(Kip1) allele is thereby sufficient to increase tumor incidence via CDK-mediated cell cycle entry. As such, down-regulation of p27(Kip1) protein levels, in particular nuclear expressed p27(Kip1), is implicated in both disease progression and poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. p27(Kip1) expression is positively regulated by the transcription factor MENIN, and inhibited by oncogenic transcription factors MYC and PIM. However, regulation of p27(Kip1) protein expression and function is predominantly through post-translational modifications that alter both the cellular localization and the extent of E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation. Phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) at Thr(187) and Ser(10) is a prerequisite for its degradation via the E3 ubiquitin ligases SKP2 (nuclear) and KPC (cytoplasmic), respectively. Additionally, Ser(10) phosphorylated p27(Kip1) is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm due to the nuclear export protein CRM1. Another E3 ubiquitin ligase, PIRH2, degrades p27(Kip1) in both the cytoplasm and nucleus independent of phosphorylation state. As such, inhibition of cell cycle entry and progression in a variety of cancers may be achieved with therapies designed to correct p27(Kip1) localization and/or block its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Su Thae Hnit
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Chanlu Xie
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Mu Yao
- Central Clinical School and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan Bensoussan
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul De Souza
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhong Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Qihan Dong
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia; Central Clinical School and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Australia.
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Prasad SB, Yadav SS, Das M, Modi A, Kumari S, Pandey LK, Singh S, Pradhan S, Narayan G. PI3K/AKT pathway-mediated regulation of p27(Kip1) is associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cervical cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:215-25. [PMID: 25821107 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) is known to act as a putative tumor suppressor in several human cancers, including cervical cancer. Down-regulation of p27(Kip1) may occur either through transcription inhibition or through phosphorylation-dependent proteolytic degradation. As yet, the mechanism underlying p27(Kip1) down-regulation and its putative downstream effects on cervical cancer development are poorly understood. Here we assessed the expression and sub-cellular localization of p27(Kip1) and its effects on proliferation, cell cycle progression and (inhibition of) apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. METHODS Primary cervical cancer samples (n = 70), normal cervical tissue samples (n = 30) and cervical cancer-derived cell lines (n = 8) were used to assess the expression of p27(Kip1) and AKT1 by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The effects of the PI3K inhibitor LY294004 and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 on cervical cancer cell proliferation were investigated using a MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were carried out using flow cytometry, and sub-cellular p27(Kip1) localization analyses were carried out using immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS We observed p27(Kip1) down-regulation (p = 0.045) and AKT1 up-regulation (p = 0.046) in both the primary cervical cancer samples and the cervical cancer-derived cell lines, compared to the normal cervical tissue samples tested. Treatment of cervical cancer-derived cell lines with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 resulted in a reduced AKT1 activity. We also observed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability after treatment of these cell lines with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Treatment of the cells with LY294002 resulted in a G1 cell cycle arrest, a nuclear expression of p27(Kip1), and a cytoplasmic p27(Kip1) accumulation after subsequent treatment with MG132. Additionally, we found that the synergistic effect of MG132 and LY294002 resulted in a sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction through poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that p27(Kip1) down-regulation in cervical cancer cells is primarily regulated through PI3K/AKT-mediated proteasomal degradation. The observed synergistic effect of the MG132 and LY294002 inhibitors may form a basis for the design of novel cervical cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Babu Prasad
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Caraballo JM, Acosta JC, Cortés MA, Albajar M, Gómez-Casares MT, Batlle-López A, Cuadrado MA, Onaindia A, Bretones G, Llorca J, Piris MA, Colomer D, León J. High p27 protein levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated to low Myc and Skp2 expression, confer resistance to apoptosis and antagonize Myc effects on cell cycle. Oncotarget 2014; 5:4694-708. [PMID: 25051361 PMCID: PMC4148092 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc (c-Myc) counteracts p27 effects, and low p27 usually correlates with high Myc expression in human cancer. However there is no information on the co-expression of both genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We found a lack of correlation between RNA and protein levels of p27 and Myc in CLL cells, so we determined the protein levels by immunoblot in 107 cases of CLL. We observed a high p27 protein expression in CLL compared to normal B cells. Ectopic p27 expression in a CLL-derived cell line resulted in cell death resistance. Surprisingly, Myc expression was very low or undetectable in most CLL cases analyzed, with a clear correlation between high p27 and low Myc protein levels. This was associated with low Skp2 expression, which is consistent with the Skp2 role in p27 degradation and with SKP2 being a Myc target gene. High Myc expression did not correlate with leukemia progression, despite that cell cycle-related Myc target genes were upregulated. However, biochemical analysis showed that the high p27 levels inhibited cyclin-Cdk complexes even in Myc expressing CLL cells. Our data suggest that the combination of high p27 and low Myc is a marker of CLL cells which is mediated by Skp2.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cyclins/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/genetics
- S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Caraballo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan C. Acosta
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Present address: Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Marta Albajar
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Ana Batlle-López
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - M. Angeles Cuadrado
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Arantza Onaindia
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Gabriel Bretones
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- Group of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Miguel A. Piris
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Abstract
The MYC oncogene is a multifunctional protein that is aberrantly expressed in a significant fraction of tumors from diverse tissue origins. Because of its multifunctional nature, it has been difficult to delineate the exact contributions of MYC's diverse roles to tumorigenesis. Here, we review the normal role of MYC in regulating DNA replication as well as its ability to generate DNA replication stress when overexpressed. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which replication stress induced by aberrant MYC expression could contribute to genomic instability and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Gautier
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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PP2A-mediated regulation of Ras signaling in G2 is essential for stable quiescence and normal G1 length. Mol Cell 2014; 54:932-945. [PMID: 24857551 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quiescence (G0) allows cycling cells to reversibly cease proliferation. A decision to enter quiescence is suspected of occurring early in G1, before the restriction point (R). Surprisingly, we have identified G2 as an interval during which inhibition of the protein phosphatase PP2A results in failure to exhibit stable quiescence. This effect is accompanied by shortening of the ensuing G1. The PP2A subcomplex required for stable G0 contains the B56γ B subunit. After PP2A inhibition in G2, aberrant overexpression of cyclin E occurs during mitosis and is responsible for overriding quiescence. Strikingly, suppression of Ras signaling re-establishes normal cyclin E levels during M and restores G0. These data point to PP2A-B56γ-driven Ras signaling modulation in G2 as essential for suppressing aberrant cyclin E expression during mitosis and thereby achieving normal G0 control. Thus, G2 is an interval during which the length and growth factor dependence of the next G1 interval are established.
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Bretones G, Delgado MD, León J. Myc and cell cycle control. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:506-16. [PMID: 24704206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of the Myc gene (c-Myc), it became clear that Myc expression levels tightly correlate to cell proliferation. The entry in cell cycle of quiescent cells upon Myc enforced expression has been described in many models. Also, the downregulation or inactivation of Myc results in the impairment of cell cycle progression. Given the frequent deregulation of Myc oncogene in human cancer it is important to dissect out the mechanisms underlying the role of Myc on cell cycle control. Several parallel mechanisms account for Myc-mediated stimulation of the cell cycle. First, most of the critical positive cell cycle regulators are encoded by genes induced by Myc. These Myc target genes include Cdks, cyclins and E2F transcription factors. Apart from its direct effects on the transcription, Myc is able to hyperactivate cyclin/Cdk complexes through the induction of Cdk activating kinase (CAK) and Cdc25 phosphatases. Moreover, Myc antagonizes the activity of cell cycle inhibitors as p21 and p27 through different mechanisms. Thus, Myc is able to block p21 transcription or to induce Skp2, a protein involved in p27 degradation. Finally, Myc induces DNA replication by binding to replication origins and by upregulating genes encoding proteins required for replication initiation. Myc also regulates genes involved in the mitotic control. A promising approach to treat tumors with deregulated Myc is the synthetic lethality based on the inhibition of Cdks. Thus, the knowledge of the Myc-dependent cell cycle regulatory mechanisms will help to discover new therapeutic approaches directed against malignancies with deregulated Myc. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bretones
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - M Dolores Delgado
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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