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Singh A, Obiorah IE. Aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the pediatric and young adult population; diagnostic and molecular pearls of wisdom. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:392-400. [PMID: 37400280 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Mature non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) of the pediatric and young adults(PYA), including Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), high-grade B cell lymphoma (HGBCL), primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (PMBL) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), generally have excellent prognosis compared to the adult population. BL, DLBCL and HGBCL are usually of germinal center (GCB) origin in the PYA population. PMBL neither belongs to the GCB nor the activated B cell subtype and is associated with a poorer outcome than BL or DLBCL of comparable stage. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is the most frequent peripheral T cell lymphoma occurring in the PYA and accounts for 10-15% of childhood NHL. Most pediatric ALCL, unlike in the adult, demonstrate expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). In recent years, the understanding of the biology and molecular features of these aggressive lymphomas has increased tremendously. This has led to reclassification of newer PYA entities including Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration. In this review, we will discuss the current progress discovered in frequently encountered aggressive NHLs in the PYA, highlighting the clinical, pathologic and molecular features that aid in the diagnosis of these aggressive lymphomas. We will be updating the new concepts and terminologies used in the new classification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Singh
- Department of Pathology , University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, United States
| | - Ifeyinwa E Obiorah
- Department of Pathology , University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, United States.
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Ibrahim D, Prévaud L, Faumont N, Troutaud D, Feuillard J, Diab-Assaf M, Oulmouden A. Alternative c-MYC mRNA Transcripts as an Additional Tool for c-Myc2 and c-MycS Production in BL60 Tumors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:836. [PMID: 35740961 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While studying c-Myc protein expression in several Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and in lymph nodes from a mouse model bearing a translocated c-MYC gene from the human BL line IARC-BL60, we surprisingly discovered a complex electrophoretic profile. Indeed, the BL60 cell line carrying the t(8;22) c-MYC translocation exhibits a simple pattern, with a single c-Myc2 isoform. Analysis of the c-MYC transcripts expressed by tumor lymph nodes in the mouse λc-MYC (Avy/a) showed for the first time five transcripts that are associated with t(8;22) c-MYC translocation. The five transcripts were correlated with the production of c-Myc2 and c-MycS, and loss of c-Myc1. The contribution of these transcripts to the oncogenic activation of the t(8;22) c-MYC is discussed.
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Fierti AO, Yakass MB, Okertchiri EA, Adadey SM, Quaye O. The Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in Modulating Key Tumor Suppressor Genes in Associated Malignancies: Epigenetics, Transcriptional, and Post-Translational Modifications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010127. [PMID: 35053275 PMCID: PMC8773690 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is ubiquitous and carried by approximately 90% of the world’s adult population. Several mechanisms and pathways have been proposed as to how EBV facilitates the pathogenesis and progression of malignancies, such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric cancers, the majority of which have been linked to viral proteins that are expressed upon infection including latent membrane proteins (LMPs) and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens (EBNAs). EBV expresses microRNAs that facilitate the progression of some cancers. Mostly, EBV induces epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, degradation of tumor suppressor mRNA transcripts, post-translational modification, and inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EBV modulates different tumor suppressors at the molecular and cellular levels in associated cancers. Briefly, EBV gene products upregulate DNA methylases to induce epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes via hypermethylation. MicroRNAs expressed by EBV are also involved in the direct targeting of tumor suppressor genes for degradation, and other EBV gene products directly bind to tumor suppressor proteins to inactivate them. All these processes result in downregulation and impaired function of tumor suppressors, ultimately promoting malignances.
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Armengol M, Santos JC, Fernández-Serrano M, Profitós-Pelejà N, Ribeiro ML, Roué G. Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in B-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E214. [PMID: 33430146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune-based treatment strategies, which include immune checkpoint inhibition, have recently become a new frontier for the treatment of B-cell-derived lymphoma. Whereas checkpoint inhibition has given oncologists and patients hope in specific lymphoma subtypes like Hodgkin lymphoma, other entities do not benefit from such promising agents. Understanding the factors that determine the efficacy and safety of checkpoint inhibition in different lymphoma subtypes can lead to improved therapeutic strategies, including combinations with various chemotherapies, biologics and/or different immunologic agents with manageable safety profiles. Abstract For years, immunotherapy has been considered a viable and attractive treatment option for patients with cancer. Among the immunotherapy arsenal, the targeting of intratumoral immune cells by immune-checkpoint inhibitory agents has recently revolutionised the treatment of several subtypes of tumours. These approaches, aimed at restoring an effective antitumour immunity, rapidly reached the market thanks to the simultaneous identification of inhibitory signals that dampen an effective antitumor response in a large variety of neoplastic cells and the clinical development of monoclonal antibodies targeting checkpoint receptors. Leading therapies in solid tumours are mainly focused on the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathways. These approaches have found a promising testing ground in both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mainly because, in these diseases, the malignant cells interact with the immune system and commonly provide signals that regulate immune function. Although several trials have already demonstrated evidence of therapeutic activity with some checkpoint inhibitors in lymphoma, many of the immunologic lessons learned from solid tumours may not directly translate to lymphoid malignancies. In this sense, the mechanisms of effective antitumor responses are different between the different lymphoma subtypes, while the reasons for this substantial difference remain partially unknown. This review will discuss the current advances of immune-checkpoint blockade therapies in B-cell lymphoma and build a projection of how the field may evolve in the near future. In particular, we will analyse the current strategies being evaluated both preclinically and clinically, with the aim of fostering the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in lymphoma, including combination approaches with chemotherapeutics, biological agents and/or different immunologic therapies.
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Adil EA, Medina G, Cunningham MJ. Pediatric Tonsil Cancer: A National and Institutional Perspective. J Pediatr 2018; 197:255-261.e1. [PMID: 29571929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate childhood and adolescent tonsil cancer incidence and to identify the clinical characteristics indicative of those patients who would benefit from urgent operative intervention. STUDY DESIGN The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 18 database, inclusive of national cancer statistics from 1973 to 2013, provided quantitative tonsil cancer incidence data. An institutional retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with tonsil malignancy from January 2013 to January 2017 identified supplementary qualitative clinical presentation information. RESULTS The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 18 database included 138 pediatric patients with tonsil cancer with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 0.021/100 000 patients per year. The majority of cases were unilateral (79.7%), and there was both a male and Caucasian predominance. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (84.1%) was the most common malignancy, of which Burkitt lymphoma (31.1%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (26.8%), and follicular lymphoma (10.1%) were the most common subtypes. Five tonsillar malignancy patients were identified upon institutional chart review. The majority likewise had non-Hodgkin lymphoma and all shared a history of rapid tonsillar enlargement over ≤12 weeks. Significant tonsillar asymmetry was present in 4 patients. Four patients additionally exhibited prominent cervical lymphadenopathy. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric tonsil cancer is rare, with non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounting for the majority of pediatric tonsillar malignancies. A high index of suspicion is appropriate in children who present with relatively rapid tonsil enlargement, tonsillar asymmetry characterized by a difference in tonsillar size of ≥2 degrees on the Brodsky scale, or concurrent prominent cervical lymphadenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M God
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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Diederichs S, Bartsch L, Berkmann JC, Fröse K, Heitmann J, Hoppe C, Iggena D, Jazmati D, Karschnia P, Linsenmeier M, Maulhardt T, Möhrmann L, Morstein J, Paffenholz SV, Röpenack P, Rückert T, Sandig L, Schell M, Steinmann A, Voss G, Wasmuth J, Weinberger ME, Wullenkord R. The dark matter of the cancer genome: aberrations in regulatory elements, untranslated regions, splice sites, non-coding RNA and synonymous mutations. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:442-57. [PMID: 26992833 PMCID: PMC5126213 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of the genome caused by oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inhibition. Deep sequencing studies including large consortia such as TCGA and ICGC identified numerous tumor‐specific mutations not only in protein‐coding sequences but also in non‐coding sequences. Although 98% of the genome is not translated into proteins, most studies have neglected the information hidden in this “dark matter” of the genome. Malignancy‐driving mutations can occur in all genetic elements outside the coding region, namely in enhancer, silencer, insulator, and promoter as well as in 5′‐UTR and 3′‐UTR. Intron or splice site mutations can alter the splicing pattern. Moreover, cancer genomes contain mutations within non‐coding RNA, such as microRNA, lncRNA, and lincRNA. A synonymous mutation changes the coding region in the DNA and RNA but not the protein sequence. Importantly, oncogenes such as TERT or miR‐21 as well as tumor suppressor genes such as TP53/p53,APC,BRCA1, or RB1 can be affected by these alterations. In summary, coding‐independent mutations can affect gene regulation from transcription, splicing, mRNA stability to translation, and hence, this largely neglected area needs functional studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the important role and novel mechanisms of these non‐coding or allegedly silent mutations in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Division of RNA Biology & Cancer (B150), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bartsch
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C Berkmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karin Fröse
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Heitmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Hoppe
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deetje Iggena
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Danny Jazmati
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Karschnia
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miriam Linsenmeier
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Maulhardt
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lino Möhrmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Morstein
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stella V Paffenholz
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paula Röpenack
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Rückert
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ludger Sandig
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schell
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Steinmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gjendine Voss
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Wasmuth
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria E Weinberger
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramona Wullenkord
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
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God JM, Cameron C, Figueroa J, Amria S, Hossain A, Kempkes B, Bornkamm GW, Stuart RK, Blum JS, Haque A. Elevation of c-MYC disrupts HLA class II-mediated immune recognition of human B cell tumors. J Immunol 2015; 194:1434-45. [PMID: 25595783 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the transcription factor c-myc are strongly associated with various cancers, and in particular B cell lymphomas. Although many of c-MYC's functions have been elucidated, its effect on the presentation of Ag through the HLA class II pathway has not been reported previously. This is an issue of considerable importance, given the low immunogenicity of many c-MYC-positive tumors. We report in this paper that increased c-MYC expression has a negative effect on the ability of B cell lymphomas to functionally present Ags/peptides to CD4(+) T cells. This defect was associated with alterations in the expression of distinct cofactors as well as interactions of antigenic peptides with class II molecules required for the presentation of class II-peptide complexes and T cell engagement. Using early passage Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) tumors and transformed cells, we show that compared with B lymphoblasts, BL cells express decreased levels of the class II editor HLA-DM, lysosomal thiol-reductase GILT, and a 47-kDa enolase-like protein. Functional Ag presentation was partially restored in BL cells treated with a c-MYC inhibitor, demonstrating the impact of this oncogene on Ag recognition. This restoration of HLA class II-mediated Ag presentation in early passage BL tumors/cells was linked to enhanced HLA-DM expression and a concurrent decrease in HLA-DO in BL cells. Taken together, these results reveal c-MYC exerts suppressive effects at several critical checkpoints in Ag presentation, which contribute to the immunoevasive properties of BL tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M God
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Christine Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Janette Figueroa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Shereen Amria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Department of Gene Vectors, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg W Bornkamm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert K Stuart
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Janice S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425;
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Gordon
- Research Fellow, Department of Surgery; Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital; NY New York
| | - Brendan M. Finnerty
- Research Fellow, Department of Surgery; Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital; NY New York
| | - Anna Aronova
- Research Fellow, Department of Surgery; Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital; NY New York
| | - Thomas J. Fahey
- Chief of Endocrine Surgery and Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery; Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital; NY New York
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Yue Q, Liu X, Chen L, Liu Z, Chen W. T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia resembling Burkitt leukemia cell morphology: A case report. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:1236-1238. [PMID: 25663889 PMCID: PMC4314994 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is an uncommon type of cancer, which accounts for <5% of all adult ALs. Based upon a previously described scoring system, the European Group for the Immunological Classification of Leukemias (EGIL) proposed a set of diagnostic criteria for BAL. This scoring system is based upon the number and degree of specificity of several markers for myeloid or T/B-lymphoid blasts. The present study describes a case of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with Burkitt-like cytology, which according to the French-American-British classification, corresponded to a diagnosis of Burkitt type L3 ALL. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the blasts were positive for T-lymphoid markers, cytoplasmic cluster of differentiation (CD)3, CD7 and CD56, and myeloid markers, CD13, CD33 and CD15. At first, a diagnosis of BAL was suggested by the EGIL score, however, according to the 2008 World Health Organization criteria, a case of T-ALL with aberrant myeloid markers was established. The study also reviewed the literature and discussed the limitations of the EGIL scoring system in clinical decision making, to aid in the selection of an appropriate therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Yue
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhongping Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wanxin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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God JM, Zhao D, Cameron CA, Amria S, Bethard JR, Haque A. Disruption of HLA class II antigen presentation in Burkitt lymphoma: implication of a 47,000 MW acid labile protein in CD4+ T-cell recognition. Immunology 2014; 142:492-505. [PMID: 24628049 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While Burkitt lymphoma (BL) has a well-known defect in HLA class I-mediated antigen presentation, the exact role of BL-associated HLA class II in generating a poor CD4(+) T-cell response remains unresolved. Here, we found that BL cells are deficient in their ability to optimally stimulate CD4(+) T cells via the HLA class II pathway. This defect in CD4(+) T-cell recognition was not associated with low levels of co-stimulatory molecules on BL cells, as addition of external co-stimulation failed to elicit CD4(+) T-cell activation by BL. Further, the defect was not caused by faulty antigen/class II interaction, because antigenic peptides bound with measurable affinity to BL-associated class II molecules. Interestingly, functional class II-peptide complexes were formed at acidic pH 5·5, which restored immune recognition. Acidic buffer (pH 5·5) eluate from BL cells contained molecules that impaired class II-mediated antigen presentation and CD4(+) T-cell recognition. Biochemical analysis showed that these molecules were greater than 30,000 molecular weight in size, and proteinaceous in nature. In addition, BL was found to have decreased expression of a 47,000 molecular weight enolase-like molecule that enhances class II-mediated antigen presentation in B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, but not in BL cells. These findings demonstrate that BL likely has multiple defects in HLA class II-mediated antigen presentation and immune recognition, which may be exploited for future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M God
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, and Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Abstract
The success of gene and gene expression profiling, such as the Oncotype DX® test for breast cancer patients, demonstrates that as technology becomes more sophisticated molecular diagnostics will continue to play a more important role in disease management in the future. Such promises have been and continue to be enabled by advances in real-time PCR, microarray detection platforms and next generation sequencing technologies. Practical adoption of new technologies into routine clinical care, however, has not always been a smooth ride. Challenges lie on several fronts: establishment of clinical validity in large scale patient population, mechanisms of incorporating molecular tests into standard care, and keeping up with the pace of ever changing technologies in regulated clinical laboratories, just to name a few. This review's goals are to educate, to stimulate discussion and to provoke efforts to build consensus, share resources, and establish standards in order to realize the promises of genomic technologies for routine patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Chen
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beaumont Health System, 3601 West 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. Tel.: + 1 248 551 1635; fax: + 1 248 551 0557.
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Frick M, Dörken B, Lenz G. New insights into the biology of molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2012; 25:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hossain A, God JM, Radwan FF, Amria S, Zhao D, Bethard JR, Haque A. HLA class II defects in Burkitt lymphoma: bryostatin-1-induced 17 kDa protein restores CD4+ T-cell recognition. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:780839. [PMID: 22162713 DOI: 10.1155/2011/780839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While the defects in HLA class I-mediated Ag presentation by Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have been well documented, CD4+ T-cells are also poorly stimulated by HLA class II Ag presentation, and the reasons underlying this defect(s) have not yet been fully resolved. Here, we show that BL cells are deficient in their ability to optimally stimulate CD4+ T cells via the HLA class II pathway. The observed defect was not associated with low levels of BL-expressed costimulatory molecules, as addition of external co-stimulation failed to result in BL-mediated CD4+ T-cell activation. We further demonstrate that BL cells express the components of the class II pathway, and the defect was not caused by faulty Ag/class II interaction, because antigenic peptides bound with measurable affinity to BL-associated class II molecules. Treatment of BL with broystatin-1, a potent modulator of protein kinase C, led to significant improvement of functional class II Ag presentation in BL. The restoration of immune recognition appeared to be linked with an increased expression of a 17 kDa peptidylprolyl-like protein. These results demonstrate the presence of a specific defect in HLA class II-mediated Ag presentation in BL and reveal that treatment with bryostatin-1 could lead to enhanced immunogenicity.
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Rossi M, Laginestra MA, Gazzola A, Sapienza MR, Pileri SA, Piccaluga PP. Molecular profiling of aggressive lymphomas. Adv Hematol 2012; 2012:464680. [PMID: 22190944 DOI: 10.1155/2012/464680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, several studies of molecular profiling of aggressive lymphomas were performed. In particular, it was shown that DLBCL can be distinguished in two different entities according to GEP. Specifically, ABC and GCB subtypes were characterized by having different pathogenetic and clinical features. In addition, it was demonstrated that DLBCLs are distinct from BL. Indeed, the latter is a unique molecular entity. However, relevant pathological differences emerged among the clinical subtypes. More recently, microRNA profiling provided further information concerning BL-DLBCL distinction as well as for their subclassification. In this paper, the authors based on their own experience and the most updated literature review, the main concept on molecular profiling of aggressive lymphomas.
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Geiersbach K, Salama M, Sennett MD, Shetty S. Multi-hit lymphoma with intermediate features and novel t(3;8)(q27;q24) not involving MYC. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:922-9. [PMID: 21463122 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.555894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
B-cell lymphomas arise at distinct stages of cellular development and maturation, potentially influencing antigen (Ag) presentation and T-cell recognition. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a highly malignant B-cell tumor associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Although BL can be effectively treated in adults and children, leading to high survival rates, its ability to mask itself from the immune system makes BL an intriguing disease to study. In this paper, we will provide an overview of BL and its association with EBV and the c-myc oncogene. The contributions of EBV and c-myc to B-cell transformation, proliferation, or attenuation of cellular network and immune recognition or evasion will be summarized. We will also discuss the various pathways by which BL escapes immune detection by inhibiting both HLA class I- and II-mediated Ag presentation to T cells. Finally, we will provide an overview of recent developments suggesting the existence of BL-associated inhibitory molecules that may block HLA class II-mediated Ag presentation to CD4+ T cells, facilitating immune escape of BL.
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Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia (BL) has become a very curable mature B-cell neoplasm. Current standard regimens, focused on the unique characteristics of this disease, are composed of cyclical intensive chemotherapy and aggressive intrathecal prophylaxis. Using this approach, complete response rates of 80%-90% are routinely achieved, and survival is now approaching 80% with the addition of rituximab to these intensive regimens. Prophylactic cranial irradiation and prolonged maintenance have no proven benefit and are not recommended. The more widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the HIV patient with BL has allowed the use of similar aggressive therapies that are used for the non-HIV BL patients, with commensurate improvements in outcomes in this high-risk population. Future improvements for patients with BL could rely on standardization of gene expression profiling (to ensure more accurate diagnoses and prognostication of disease and to understand mechanisms of treatment resistance) and to develop novel biologically targeted approaches to treatment. The next generation of clinical trials to further improve survival will have the challenge of identifying high-risk patients who might be candidates for novel agents that could be incorporated into existing regimens with the goal of curing all patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishalee P Kenkre
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago and the University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, Chicago IL 60637, USA
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20
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Abstract
Despite the identification of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in tumors of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) over 40 years ago, the exact contribution of EBV to BL is undefined. EBV encodes for multiple proteins in latent B cells that affect B cell survival and activation. One such protein, latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), protects B cells from numerous pro-apoptotic stimuli. Therefore, we tested whether LMP2A protects B cells from apoptosis induced by aberrant c-MYC expression that precedes and dominates BL. We crossed LMP2A-transgenic mice (LMP2A-Tg), in which all B cells express LMP2A, to a transgenic mouse that expresses a BL translocation of myc (lambda-MYC-Tg mice). LMP2A promotes proliferation and protects B cells from MYC-induced apoptosis in lambda-MYC-Tg mice. LMP2A also accelerates the development of lymphoma in LMP2A/lambda-MYC-Tg mice. Finally, LMP2A increases the expression of Bcl-X(L) in both pre-tumor B cells and tumor cells, suggesting a mechanism for LMP2A-mediated B cell survival in the presence of MYC. These results support a hypothesis that EBV LMP2A promotes tumor development by protecting pre-tumor B cells that would normally apoptose after the c-myc translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bultema
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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22
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Bertrand P, Bastard C, Maingonnat C, Jardin F, Maisonneuve C, Courel MN, Ruminy P, Picquenot JM, Tilly H. Mapping of MYC breakpoints in 8q24 rearrangements involving non-immunoglobulin partners in B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2007; 21:515-23. [PMID: 17230227 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations joining the immunoglobulin (IG) and MYC genes have been extensively reported in Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's lymphomas but data concerning MYC rearrangements with non-IG partners are scarce. In this study, 8q24 breakpoints from 17 B-cell lymphomas involving non-IG loci were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In seven cases the breakpoint was inside a small region encompassing MYC: in one t(7;8)(p12;q24) and two t(3;8)(q27;q24), it was telomeric to MYC whereas in four cases, one t(2;8)(p15;q24) and three t(8;9)(q24;p13) it was located in a 85 kb region encompassing MYC. In these seven cases, partner regions identified by FISH contained genes known to be involved in lymphomagenesis, namely BCL6, BCL11A, PAX5 and IKAROS. Breakpoints were cloned in two t(8;9)(q24;p13), 2.5 and 7 kb downstream from MYC and several hundred kb 5' to PAX5 on chromosome 9, joining MYC to ZCCHC7 and to ZBTB5 exon 2, two genes encoding zinc-finger proteins. In these seven cases, MYC expression measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was significantly higher when compared to that of patients without 8q24 rearrangement (P=0.006). These results suggest that these rearrangements are the consequence of a non-random process targeting MYC together with non-IG genes involved in lymphocyte differentiation and lymphoma progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Base Sequence
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/ultrastructure
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- Ikaros Transcription Factor/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- PAX5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6
- Repressor Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bertrand
- Groupe d'Etude des Proliférations Lymphoïdes, Centre Henri Becquerel, INSERM U614, IFRMP23, Rouen, France.
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23
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Abstract
The development of small-molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions is a formidable goal, albeit one that possesses significant potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Despite the daunting challenges, a variety of examples exists for the inhibition of two large protein partners with low-molecular-weight ligands. This review discusses the strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions and the state of the art in the rational design of molecules that mimic the structures and functions of their natural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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24
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Abstract
A 53-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of tracheal compressive symptoms from a rapidly expanding thyroid mass. The patient first noticed the nodule less than a week prior to admission. Thyroid tests were normal. A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy showed a monotonous population of intermediate-sized lymphoid cells with scant cytoplasm suspicious for lymphoma. Twelve hours later an emergent computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed left tracheal deviation with compression, however, there were no signs of tumor invasion. The patient received emergent CHOP (clophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, prednisone) and rituxan therapy. His mass completely resolved within 36 hours. Bone marrow biopsy provided the final diagnosis of stage IV Burkitt's lymphoma and his therapy was changed to hyper CVAD-R chemotherapy (cytoxan, vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone, rituxan). The patient's hospital course was complicated by tumor lysis syndrome that was managed by hydration and allopurinol. To our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of Burkitt's lymphoma presenting as a thyroid mass. His presentation highlights the urgency in diagnosis and provides an opportunity to review a rare type of primary thyroid lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Kalinyak
- Thyroid Clinic, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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25
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Einerson RR, Law ME, Blair HE, Kurtin PJ, McClure RF, Ketterling RP, Flynn HC, Dogan A, Remstein ED. Novel FISH probes designed to detect IGK-MYC and IGL-MYC rearrangements in B-cell lineage malignancy identify a new breakpoint cluster region designated BVR2. Leukemia 2006; 20:1790-9. [PMID: 16888615 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection of translocations involving MYC at 8q24.1 in B-cell lineage malignancies (BCL) is important for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. However, routine detection of MYC translocations is often hampered by the wide variation in breakpoint location within the MYC region, particularly when a gene other than IGH, such as IGK or IGL, is involved. To address this issue, we developed and validated four fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes: two break apart probes to detect IGK and IGL translocations, and two dual-color, dual-fusion FISH (D-FISH) probes to detect IGK-MYC and IGL-MYC. MYC rearrangements (four IGK-MYC, 12 IGL-MYC and four unknown partner gene-MYC) were correctly identified in 20 of 20 archival BCL specimens known to have MYC rearrangements not involving IGH. Seven specimens, all of which lacked MYC rearrangements using a commercial IGH/MYC D-FISH probe, were found to have 8q24 breakpoints within a cluster region >350-645 kb 3' from MYC, provisionally designated as Burkitt variant rearrangement region 2 (BVR2). FISH is a useful ancillary tool in identifying MYC rearrangements. In light of the discovery of the distally located BVR2 breakpoint cluster region, it is important to use MYC FISH probes that cover a breakpoint region at least 1.0 Mb 3' of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Einerson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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26
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Dave SS, Fu K, Wright GW, Lam LT, Kluin P, Boerma EJ, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Müller-Hermelink HK, Gascoyne RD, Delabie J, Rimsza LM, Braziel RM, Grogan TM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Dave BJ, Sanger W, Bast M, Vose JM, Armitage JO, Connors JM, Smeland EB, Kvaloy S, Holte H, Fisher RI, Miller TP, Montserrat E, Wilson WH, Bahl M, Zhao H, Yang L, Powell J, Simon R, Chan WC, Staudt LM. Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2431-42. [PMID: 16760443 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa055759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distinction between Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma is crucial because these two types of lymphoma require different treatments. We examined whether gene-expression profiling could reliably distinguish Burkitt's lymphoma from diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. METHODS Tumor-biopsy specimens from 303 patients with aggressive lymphomas were profiled for gene expression and were also classified according to morphology, immunohistochemistry, and detection of the t(8;14) c-myc translocation. RESULTS A classifier based on gene expression correctly identified all 25 pathologically verified cases of classic Burkitt's lymphoma. Burkitt's lymphoma was readily distinguished from diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma by the high level of expression of c-myc target genes, the expression of a subgroup of germinal-center B-cell genes, and the low level of expression of major-histocompatibility-complex class I genes and nuclear factor-kappaB target genes. Eight specimens with a pathological diagnosis of diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma had the typical gene-expression profile of Burkitt's lymphoma, suggesting they represent cases of Burkitt's lymphoma that are difficult to diagnose by current methods. Among 28 of the patients with a molecular diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma, the overall survival was superior among those who had received intensive chemotherapy regimens instead of lower-dose regimens. CONCLUSIONS Gene-expression profiling is an accurate, quantitative method for distinguishing Burkitt's lymphoma from diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bayes Theorem
- Burkitt Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/mortality
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Survival Analysis
- Transcription, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Dave
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA
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28
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29
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Abstract
The burden of human infectious diseases remains a public health problem worldwide. At least 2 billion people are affected by viral infections, and a similar number by bacteria or helminths. The long-term effects of these maladies have raised particular concern since some infectious agents have been associated with chronic human diseases, especially cancer. It is estimated that 13-20% of the world cancer cases are associated with some virus, bacteria, or helminth, e.g., human papillomavirus, Helicobacter pylori, and Schistosoma haematobium that cause cervical, stomach, and urinary bladder cancer, respectively. Certain associations between infection and malignancy are strong and irrefutable; others are still speculative. This article reviews the infectious agents that have been associated with cancer and current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, México
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30
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Abstract
The World Health Organization Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms identifies Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia as a highly aggressive mature B-cell neoplasm consisting of endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated variants. These subtypes share many morphologic and immunophenotypic features, but differences exist in their clinical and geographic presentations. All of these subtypes possess chromosomal rearrangements of the c-myc oncogene, the genetic hallmark of Burkitt lymphoma that contributes to lymphomagenesis through alterations in cell cycle regulation, cellular differentiation, apoptosis, cellular adhesion, and metabolism. Brief-duration, high-intensity chemotherapy regimens containing aggressive central nervous system prophylaxis have had remarkable success in the treatment of this disease, with complete remission rates of 75% to 90% and overall survivals reaching 50% to 70% in adults. Although Burkitt lymphoma cells are extremely chemosensitive, biologically targeted therapies should be developed because current treatment options are suboptimal for patients with poor prognostic features or in the setting of relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie A Blum
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, A437 Starling Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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31
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Hill AS, MacCallum PK, Young BD, Lillington DM. Molecular cloning of a constitutional t(7;22) translocation associated with risk of hematological malignancy. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 38:260-4. [PMID: 14506701 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the molecular characterization of a reciprocal constitutional translocation t(7;22)(p13;q11.2) carried by three family members who have each developed a hematological malignancy. The chromosome 7 breakpoint was localized to a single BAC clone, RP11-571N3, by sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of clones selected from the NCBI chromosome 7 map. This was further refined to a 739-bp region by Southern blot analysis of DNA from the two cell lines 1193 and 1194 digested with EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, and PvuII. A 2.8-kb fragment spanning the der(22) breakpoint was amplified by long-range inverse PCR. The sequence of this fragment was used to predict the composition of the der(7) breakpoint, and a 1.3-kb fragment was amplified by use of primers from both chromosomes 7 and 22 based on this prediction. The breakpoint on chromosome 22 is located between the 3rd and 4th V regions of the immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) locus, and the breakpoint on chromosome 7 is located 122 kb proximal to the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) 3 gene. Examination of both reciprocal junctions showed that four bases were lost from chromosome 22, whereas 75 bases were lost from chromosome 7. Small insertions of 46 bases and 13 bases were found at the der(22) and the der(7) junctions, respectively. As a consequence of this event, the entire IGL locus, less the first three Vlambda elements, is translocated to chromosome 7, whereas the three remaining Vlambda elements on the der(22) are juxtaposed with IGFBP3 and IGFBP1.
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Gordon MS, Kanegai CM, Doerr JR, Wall R. Somatic hypermutation of the B cell receptor genes B29 (Igbeta, CD79b) and mb1 (Igalpha, CD79a). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4126-31. [PMID: 12651942 PMCID: PMC153059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0735266100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM), coupled to selection by antigen, generates high-affinity antibodies during germinal center (GC) B cell maturation. SHM is known to affect Bcl6, four additional oncogenes in diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and the CD95Fas gene and is regarded as a major mechanism of B cell tumorigenesis. We find that mutations in the genes encoding the B cell receptor (BCR) accessory proteins B29 (Igbeta, CD79b) and mb1 (Igalpha, CD79a) occur as often as Ig genes in a broad spectrum of GC- and post-GC-derived malignant B cell lines, as well as in normal peripheral B cells. These B29 and mb1 mutations are typical SHM consisting largely of single nucleotide substitutions targeted to hotspots. The B29 and mb1 mutations appear at frequencies similar to those of other non-Ig genes but lower than Ig genes. The distribution of mb1 mutations followed the characteristic pattern found in Ig and most non-Ig genes. In contrast, B29 mutations displayed a bimodal distribution resembling the CD95Fas gene, in which promoter distal mutations conferred resistance to apoptosis. Distal B29 mutations in the cytoplasmic domain may contribute to B cell survival by limiting BCR signaling. B29 and mb1 are mutated in a much broader spectrum of GC-derived B cells than any other known somatically hypermutated non-Ig gene. This may be caused by the common cis-acting regulatory sequences that control the requisite coexpression of the B29, mb1, and Ig chains in the BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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33
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Sáez AI, Artiga MJ, Romero C, Rodríguez S, Cigudosa JC, Pérez-Rosado A, Fernández I, Sánchez-Beato M, Sánchez E, Mollejo M, Piris MA. Development of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for c-myc expression that allows the identification of a subset of c-myc+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Transl Med 2003; 83:143-52. [PMID: 12594230 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000057000.41585.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Absence of a reliable method for determining the level of c-myc expression has impeded the analysis of its biological and clinical relevance in tumors. We have standardized the conditions for a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis for c-myc expression, including the selection of an endogenous reference (18S rRNA), the adequate number of measurements for each sample (2 cDNA in triplicate), and suitable controls for determining inter- and intrarun variability (standard curve and calibrator). Subsequently, in a series of 56 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, we analyzed the expression of c-myc mRNA, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and of other functionally related proteins (bcl-6, p27, cyclin D3, and p53). As expected, all eight Burkitt's lymphoma cases analyzed had high levels of c-myc mRNA expression compared with that observed in reactive lymphoid tissue. There was a wider range of expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with 30% (15 of 48) of cases overexpressing c-myc. This overexpression was largely independent of c-myc translocations (4 of 5), as demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In this large B-cell lymphoma series, a high level of c-myc expression predicted lower survival probability, irrespectively of the International Prognostic Index risk group classification. A slightly increased frequency of p53 inactivation was observed in the cases with c-myc overexpression, which suggests a growth advantage in lymphomas with concurrent deregulation of c-myc and p53. In addition, a moderate increase in bcl-6 protein expression was observed in the c-myc-positive cases, suggesting the existence of a complex interrelationship between these two genes. These findings suggest that c-myc may play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of a subset of large B-cell lymphoma and suggest the existence of additional regulatory mechanisms of c-myc expression to c-myc rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Pseudolymphoma/genetics
- Pseudolymphoma/metabolism
- Pseudolymphoma/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Isabel Sáez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Toledo, Spain
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34
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Staege MS, Lee SP, Frisan T, Mautner J, Scholz S, Pajic A, Rickinson AB, Masucci MG, Polack A, Bornkamm GW. MYC overexpression imposes a nonimmunogenic phenotype on Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4550-5. [PMID: 11917131 PMCID: PMC123685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.072495599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoblastoid cell lines, generated by immortalization of normal B cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in vitro, have strong antigen-presenting capacity, are sensitive to EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, and are highly allostimulatory in mixed lymphocyte culture. By contrast, EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells are poor antigen presenters, are not recognized by EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, and are poorly allostimulatory, which raises the question of whether immunological pressure exerted during BL pathogenesis in vivo has selected for a 'nonimmunogenic' tumor phenotype. The present work addresses this question by examining the immunogenicity/antigenicity of cell lines, generated by conversion of a conditionally immortalized lymphoblastoid cell line to permanent growth independent of EBV-latent proteins by introduction of a constitutively active or tetracycline-regulated c-myc gene (A1 and P493-6 cells, respectively). Compared with its parental lymphoblastoid cell line, A1 cells showed many of the features of the nonimmunogenic BL phenotype, namely poor allostimulatory activity, poor antigen-presenting function associated with impaired proteasomal activity, down-regulation of peptide transporter, reduced HLA class I expression, and an inability to present endogenously expressed EBV-latent proteins to cytotoxic T cells. P493-6 cells, when grown in the presence of estrogen with the exogenous c-myc gene switched off, were strongly immunogenic. The cells had lost their immunogenic potential, however, when grown on a c-myc-driven proliferation program in the absence of estrogen. Deregulation of c-myc, a step central to the development of uncontrolled BL cell growth in vivo, can thus impose a nonimmunogenic phenotype on proliferating human B cells in the absence of any immune pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Staege
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 München, Germany
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35
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Hu HM, Arcinas M, Boxer LM. A Myc-associated zinc finger protein-related factor binding site is required for the deregulation of c-myc expression by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancers in Burkitt's lymphoma. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:9819-24. [PMID: 11777933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111426200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of expression of the c-myc gene in Burkitt's lymphoma results from the translocation that links one c-myc allele to one of the immunoglobulin genes. This physical linkage promotes interactions between c-myc and immunoglobulin gene regulatory elements that affect c-myc transcription initiation and elongation. We have located a region in the c-myc promoter that is required for the complete activation by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer. This regulatory element contains a core sequence, GGGAGG, similar to the GA box recognized by the transcription factor Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ). UV cross-link analysis indicated that the mass of this protein did not correspond to that of MAZ, suggesting that a protein related to but distinct from MAZ bound to this site. Mutation of this regulatory element resulted in a loss of promoter activity induced by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer. This site was also required for the c-myc promoter shift from P2 to P1. In vivo footprinting revealed that this site was occupied on the translocated c-myc allele but not on the untranslocated allele. Taken together, these findings suggest that this regulatory element is required for the full activation of c-myc promoter activity by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Hu
- Center for Molecular Biology in Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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36
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Rätsch A, Joos S, Kioschis P, Lichter P. Topological organization of the MYC/IGK locus in Burkitt's lymphoma cells assessed by nuclear halo preparations. Exp Cell Res 2002; 273:12-20. [PMID: 11795942 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells characteristic chromosomal translocations juxtapose the MYC oncogene to one of the three immunoglobulin (IG) gene loci. This results in deregulation of MYC expression through IG gene enhancer elements. As enhancers and MYC promoters can be as much as several hundred kilobases apart, long-distance effects are to be postulated, which affect chromatin organization. Since transcriptionally active and inactive sequences can be distinguished based on their localization in nuclear halo preparations, we used this technique to assess the topology of wild-type and translocated MYC and IGK genes. Following visualization of these genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization, the signal distribution was determined in nuclear halo structures of human monocytes and the BL-derived cell line LY66. MYC signals derived from the non-translocated chromosome 8 were found equally distributed between the residual nucleus and the surrounding DNA halo. In contrast, the activated MYC and IGK genes on the translocated chromosome in LY66 cells were associated with the residual nucleus in 78 and 88% of cases, respectively. In LY66 cells, attachment to the residual nucleus was restricted to a DNA segment 30 to 50 kb downstream of MYC, while in monocytes it was dispersed over 80 kb around the MYC gene. These findings indicate a specific chromatin organization for the activated MYC locus. Distance measurements between MYC and IGK signals revealed shorter values than expected from their linear distance (325 kb), indicating a back folding of the DNA backbone. Thus, there is strong evidence for a specific topological organization, which is functionally related to the MYC activation status with the specific folding of the DNA strand likely reflecting maintenance of a spatial interaction between IGK enhancer and MYC promoter elements.
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MESH Headings
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Centromere/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/ultrastructure
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Monocytes/pathology
- Telomere/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rätsch
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
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37
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Abstract
c-MYC is the prototype for oncogene activation by chromosomal translocation. In contrast to the tightly regulated expression of c-myc in normal cells, c-myc is frequently deregulated in human cancers. Herein, aspects of c-myc gene activation and the function of the c-Myc protein are reviewed. The c-myc gene produces an oncogenic transcription factor that affects diverse cellular processes involved in cell growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cellular metabolism. Complete removal of c-myc results in slowed cell growth and proliferation, suggesting that while c-myc is not required for cell proliferation, it acts as an integrator and accelerator of cellular metabolism and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Boxer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California CA 94305, USA
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38
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Abstract
Translocation of the BCL2 gene from chromosome 18 to chromosome 14 results in constitutive expression of the gene. We have recently demonstrated that the major breakpoint region (mbr) of BCL2, which is implicated in 70% of t(14;18) translocations present in human follicular lymphoma, is a matrix attachment region. Since these regions are implicated in control of both transcription and replication, we wished to determine whether BCL2 translocation was also accompanied by changes in replication timing of the translocated allele. Using both fluorescence in situ hybridization and allele-specific PCR, we have demonstrated that the translocated allele replicates at the G1/S boundary, while the wildtype allele continues to replicate as usual in mid-S phase. These differences are accompanied by allele-specific changes in BCL2 expression. Since the net structural effect of t(14;18) translocations within the mbr is to disrupt the BCL2 MAR and replace it with the IGH MARs located just downstream of each breakpoint, we conclude that MAR exchange is a significant, selectable outcome of these translocations. We propose that subsequent changes of replication and transcriptional patterns for the translocated BCL2 allele result from this exchange and represent important early steps in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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39
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Hori M, Xiang S, Qi CF, Chattopadhyay SK, Fredrickson TN, Hartley JW, Kovalchuk AL, Bornkamm GW, Janz S, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Ward JM, Morse HC. Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas of Mice. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2001; 27:217-22. [PMID: 11358382 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2000.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of lymphoid neoplasms occurring in normal or genetically engineered mice have revealed parallels and differences to non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) of humans. Some mouse lymphomas have strong histologic similarities to the human NHL subsets including precursor B- and T-cell lymphoblastic, small lymphocytic, splenic marginal zone, and diffuse large-cell B-cell lymphomas (DLCL); whether molecular parallels also exist is under study. Others mouse types such as sIg+ lymphoblastic B-cell lymphoma have no histologic equivalent in human NHL even though they share molecular deregulation of BCL6 with human DLCL. Finally, Burkitt lymphoma does not appear to occur naturally in mice, but it can be induced with appropriately engineered transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hori
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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40
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Hillery A. Mouse model for Burkitt's lymphoma will aid understanding and therapy. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:3-4. [PMID: 11165159 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Hillery
- Department of Science, St Louis University, Madrid campus, Spain
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41
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Abstract
The diagnostic category of Burkitt's lymphoma encompasses a closely related group of aggressive B-cell tumors that includes sporadic, endemic, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated subtypes. All subtypes are characterized by chromosomal rearrangements involving the c-myc proto-oncogene that lead to its inappropriate expression. This review focuses on the roles of c-myc dysregulation and Epstein-Barr virus infection in Burkitt's lymphoma. Although the normal function of c-Myc remains enigmatic, recent data indicate that it has a central role in several fundamental aspects of cellular biology, including proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, and telomere maintenance. We discuss new insights into the molecular mechanisms of these c-Myc activities and their potential relevance to the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma and speculate on the role of Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hecht
- Departments of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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42
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Kovalchuk AL, Qi CF, Torrey TA, Taddesse-Heath L, Feigenbaum L, Park SS, Gerbitz A, Klobeck G, Hoertnagel K, Polack A, Bornkamm GW, Janz S, Morse HC. Burkitt lymphoma in the mouse. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1183-90. [PMID: 11034608 PMCID: PMC2195876 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.8.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations juxtaposing the MYC protooncogene with regulatory sequences of immunoglobulin (Ig) H chain or kappa (Ig kappa) or lambda (Ig lambda) L chain genes and effecting deregulated expression of MYC are the hallmarks of human Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Here we report that lymphomas with striking similarities to BL develop in mice bearing a mutated human MYC gene controlled by a reconstructed Ig lambda locus encompassing all the elements required for establishment of locus control in vitro. Diffusely infiltrating lymphomas with a typical starry sky appearance occurred in multiple founders and an established line, indicating independence from positional effects. Monoclonal IgM(+)CD5(-)CD23(-) tumors developed from an initially polyclonal population of B cells. These results demonstrate that the phenotype of B lineage lymphomas induced by MYC dysregulation is highly dependent on cooperativity among the regulatory elements that govern expression of the protooncogene and provide a new system for studying the pathogenesis of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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43
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Abstract
Infections may be responsible for over 15% of all malignancies worldwide. Important mechanisms by which infectious agents may induce carcinogenesis include the production of chronic inflammation, the transformation of cells by insertion of oncogenes and inhibition of tumour suppressors, and the induction of immunosuppression. Common characteristics shared by infectious agents linked to malignancies are that they are persistent in the host, often highly prevalent in the host population and induce cancer after a long latency. The associations between a selection of infectious agents and malignancies are covered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kuper
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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Callanan MB, Le Baccon P, Mossuz P, Duley S, Bastard C, Hamoudi R, Dyer MJ, Klobeck G, Rimokh R, Sotto JJ, Leroux D. The IgG Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, is a target for deregulation by chromosomal translocation in malignant lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:309-14. [PMID: 10618414 PMCID: PMC26659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.1.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangement of chromosomal bands 1q21-23 is one of the most frequent chromosomal aberrations observed in hematological malignancy. The genes affected by these rearrangements remain poorly characterized. Typically, 1q21-23 rearrangements arise during tumor evolution and accompany disease-specific chromosomal rearrangements such as t(14;18) (BCL2) and t(8;14) (MYC), where they are thus thought to play an important role in tumor progression. The pathogenetic basis of this 1q21-23-associated disease progression is currently unknown. In this setting, we surveyed our series of follicular lymphoma for evidence of recurring 1q21-23 breaks and identified three cases in which a t(14;18)(q32;q21) was accompanied by a novel balanced t(1;22)(q22;q11). Molecular cloning of the t(1;22) in a cell line (B593) derived from one of these cases and detailed fluorescent in situ hybridization mapping in the two remaining cases identified the FCGR2B gene, which encodes the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif-bearing IgG Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, as the target gene of the t(1;22)(q22;q11). We demonstrate deregulation of FCGR2B leading to hyperexpression of FcgammaRIIb2 as the principal consequence of the t(1;22). This is evidence that IgG Fc receptors can be targets for deregulation through chromosomal translocation in lymphoma. It suggests that dysregulation of FCGR2B may play a role in tumor progression in follicular lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Callanan
- Lymphoma Research Group, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38706 Grenoble, France
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