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Payan-Carreira R, Simões M. Bluetongue's New Frontier-Are Dogs at Risk? Vet Sci 2025; 12:505. [PMID: 40431598 PMCID: PMC12115733 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2025] [Revised: 05/14/2025] [Accepted: 05/17/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), traditionally considered a pathogen of ruminants, has recently been documented in dogs, challenging conventional understanding of its epidemiology. This narrative review synthesizes emerging evidence regarding BTV infections in domestic and wild carnivores, examining transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges. Carnivores can become infected through vector transmission and oral ingestion of infected material. While some infected carnivores remain subclinical, others develop severe clinical manifestations including hemorrhagic syndromes. BTV infection in carnivores is likely underdiagnosed due to limited awareness, nonspecific clinical signs, and absence of established diagnostic protocols for non-ruminant species. The potential role of carnivores in BTV epidemiology remains largely unexplored, raising questions about their function as reservoirs or dead-end hosts. Additionally, carnivores may contribute to alternative transmission pathways and overwintering mechanisms that impact disease ecology. Current biosecurity frameworks and surveillance systems, primarily focused on ruminants, require expansion to incorporate carnivores in viral maintenance and transmission. This review identifies significant knowledge gaps regarding BTV in carnivores and proposes future research directions, including serological surveys, transmission studies, and investigation of viral tropism in carnivore tissues. A comprehensive One Health approach integrating diverse host species, vector ecology, human interference, and environmental factors is crucial for effective BTV control and impact mitigation on human, animals, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Payan-Carreira
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Departamento Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal;
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Isiye E, Valcarcel Olmeda A, Curran T, O'Neill D, de Waal T, Barry G, O'Hanlon A, O'Shaughnessy J, Keohane McCarthy N, Vellinga A, Jenkinson A, Johnson A, Barrett D, Costello S, Zintl A, O'Meara D. Molecular characterisation of common Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Ireland. Parasit Vectors 2025; 18:149. [PMID: 40269967 PMCID: PMC12016113 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-025-06754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) act as vectors for several arboviruses, including bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV), which affect livestock health and productivity. In Ireland, limited genetic data are available regarding the diversity of Culicoides species. This study represents the first attempt to characterise Culicoides in this region using molecular techniques. METHODS Adult Culicoides samples were captured using Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) traps across six locations in Ireland. Subsequent molecular analyses involved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) barcoding regions to obtain species identities. In addition, using both markers, we inferred the population genetic structure and potential colonisation pathways of Culicoides obsoletus sensu stricto (s. str.), the major vector species in Ireland. RESULTS DNA barcoding facilitated identification of 177 specimens. Eight common Culicoides species were identified through DNA barcoding of CO1 and ITS gene regions. The presence of putative vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) were also confirmed, including species in the subgenus Avaritia (C. obsoletus s. str., C. scoticus, C. chiopterus, and C. dewulfi) and subgenus Culicoides s. str. (C. pulicaris and C. punctatus). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the relationship between these vector species and facilitated the placement of Culicoides spp. that could not be identified to species level through DNA barcoding. Haplotype network analysis of C. obsoletus showed that some haplotypes of these species are shared between Continental Europe, the UK, and Ireland, suggesting a possible incursion pathway for this vector. CONCLUSIONS DNA barcoding employing a combination of two barcodes, CO1 and ITS, proved effective in identifying Culicoides, especially species within the obsoletus complex, which are difficult to morphologically distinguish. Our findings also suggest that investigation of the population genetic structure of Culicoides spp. could be used to model the potential introduction routes of midge-borne pathogens into the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie Isiye
- SETU School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland.
| | | | - Thomas Curran
- SETU School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland
- Applied Animal Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David O'Neill
- SETU School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Theo de Waal
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gerald Barry
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aidan O'Hanlon
- National Museum of Ireland-Natural History, Merrion Square West, Dublin 2, Co, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James O'Shaughnessy
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge Co, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Nicole Keohane McCarthy
- SETU School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Akke Vellinga
- UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Audrey Jenkinson
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Kildare Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Johnson
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Damien Barrett
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Kildare Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Costello
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Annetta Zintl
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Denise O'Meara
- SETU School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland
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Bibard A, Martinetti D, Giraud A, Picado A, Chalvet‐Monfray K, Porphyre T. Quantitative risk assessment for the introduction of bluetongue virus into mainland Europe by long-distance wind dispersal of Culicoides spp.: A case study from Sardinia. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2025; 45:108-127. [PMID: 38955987 PMCID: PMC11735344 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Europe faces regular introductions and reintroductions of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes, most recently exemplified by the incursion of serotype 3 in the Netherlands. Although the long-distance wind dispersal of the disease vector, Culicoides spp., is recognized as a virus introduction pathway, it remains understudied in risk assessments. A Quantitative Risk Assessment framework was developed to estimate the risk of BTV-3 incursion into mainland Europe from Sardinia, where the virus has been present since 2018. We used an atmospheric transport model (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) to infer the probability of airborne dispersion of the insect vector. Epidemiological disease parameters quantified the virus prevalence in vector population in Sardinia and its potential first transmission after introduction in a new area. When assuming a 24h maximal flight duration, the risk of BTV introduction from Sardinia is limited to the Mediterranean Basin, mainly affecting the southwestern area of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Malta, and Corsica. The risk extends to the northern and central parts of Italy, Balearic archipelago, and mainland France and Spain, mostly when maximal flight duration is longer than 24h. Additional knowledge on vector flight conditions and Obsoletus complex-specific parameters could improve the robustness of the model. Providing both spatial and temporal insights into BTV introduction risks, our framework is a key tool to guide global surveillance and preparedness against epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bibard
- Global InnovationBoehringer Ingelheim Animal Health FranceSaint‐PriestFrance
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro SupVilleurbanneFrance
- Epidémiologie Des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques, UMR EPIAUniversité Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro SupSaint‐Genès‐ChampanelleFrance
| | | | - Aymeric Giraud
- Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux, UMR 0546INRAEAvignonFrance
| | - Albert Picado
- Global InnovationBoehringer Ingelheim Animal Health FranceSaint‐PriestFrance
| | - Karine Chalvet‐Monfray
- Epidémiologie Des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques, UMR EPIAUniversité Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro SupSaint‐Genès‐ChampanelleFrance
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro SupVilleurbanneFrance
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Barua S, Rana EA, Prodhan MA, Akter SH, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Sarker S, Annandale H, Eagles D, Abraham S, Uddin JM. The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus. Viruses 2024; 17:20. [PMID: 39861809 PMCID: PMC11768700 DOI: 10.3390/v17010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are vector-borne orbiviruses that pose an emerging threat to livestock, including cattle and sheep. This review summarizes the global distribution, genetic diversity, and key factors driving their spread along with the existing knowledge gaps and recommendations to mitigate their impact. Both viruses cause hemorrhagic disease in susceptible ruminants and are commonly reported in tropical and subtropical regions including North America, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and some parts of Europe. The geographical distribution of these viruses, encompassing 27 BTV and 7 EHDV serotypes, has shifted, particularly with the recent invasion of BTV-3, 4, and 8 and EHDV-8 serotypes in Europe. Several factors contribute to the recent spread of these viruses such as the distribution of virulent strains by the movement of temperature-dependent Culicoides vectors into new areas due to rapid climate change, the reassortment of viral strains during mixed infections, and unrestricted global trade. These diseases cause significant economic impacts including morbidity, mortality, reduced production, high management costs, and the disruption of international trade. Effective prevention and control strategies are paramount and rely on vaccination, vector control using insecticides, and the destruction of breeding sites, husbandry practices including the isolation and quarantine of infected hosts, restriction of animal movement, prompt diagnosis and identification of circulating strains, and effective surveillance and monitoring plans such as the pre-export and post-import screening of semen used for artificial insemination. However, challenges remain with intercontinental virus spread, live vaccines, and the failure of inactivated vaccines to produce protective immunity against dissimilar strains. Significant knowledge gaps highlight the need for a better scientific understanding and a strategic plan to ensure healthy livestock and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Barua
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Jakir Hossain Road, Khulsi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (S.B.); (E.A.R.)
| | - Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Jakir Hossain Road, Khulsi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (S.B.); (E.A.R.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.A.P.); (S.H.A.); (J.G.-T.); (H.A.)
| | - M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.A.P.); (S.H.A.); (J.G.-T.); (H.A.)
| | - Syeda Hasina Akter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.A.P.); (S.H.A.); (J.G.-T.); (H.A.)
| | - Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.A.P.); (S.H.A.); (J.G.-T.); (H.A.)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia;
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Henry Annandale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.A.P.); (S.H.A.); (J.G.-T.); (H.A.)
| | - Debbie Eagles
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AHL), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia;
| | - Sam Abraham
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Jasim M. Uddin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.A.P.); (S.H.A.); (J.G.-T.); (H.A.)
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
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Mestre F, Pereira AL, Araújo MB. Climate correlates of bluetongue incidence in southern Portugal. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:449-461. [PMID: 39031652 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Model forecasts of the spatiotemporal occurrence dynamics of diseases are necessary and can help understand and thus manage future disease outbreaks. In our study, we used ecological niche modelling to assess the impact of climate on the vector suitability for bluetongue disease, a disease affecting livestock production with important economic consequences. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between the occurrence of bluetongue outbreaks and the environmental suitability of each of the four vector species studied. We found that the main vector for bluetongue disease, Culicoides imicola, a typically tropical and subtropical species, was a strong predictor for disease outbreak occurrence in a region of southern Portugal from 2004 to 2021. The results highlight the importance of understanding the climatic factors that might influence vector presence to help manage infectious disease impacts. When diseases impact economically relevant species, the impacts go beyond mortality and have important economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Mestre
- 'Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (CHANGE), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel B Araújo
- 'Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (CHANGE), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Del Lesto I, Magliano A, Casini R, Ermenegildi A, Rombolà P, De Liberato C, Romiti F. Ecological niche modelling of Culicoides imicola and future range shifts under climate change scenarios in Italy. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:416-428. [PMID: 38783513 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Culicoides imicola is the main vector of viral diseases of livestock in Europe such as bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Climatic factors are the main drivers of C. imicola occurrence and its distribution might be subject to rapid shifts due to climate change. Entomological data, collected during BT surveillance, and climatic/environmental variables were used to analyse ecological niche and to model C. imicola distribution and possible future range shifts in Italy. An ensemble technique was used to weigh the performance of machine learning, linear and profile methods. Updated future climate projections from the latest phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project were used to generate future distributions for the next three 20-year periods, according to combinations of general circulation models and shared socioeconomic pathways and considering different climate change scenarios. Results indicated the minimum temperature of the coldest month (BIO 6) and precipitation of the driest-warmest months (BIO 14) as the main limiting climatic factors. Indeed, BIO 6 and BIO 14 reported the two highest values of variable importance, respectively, 9.16% (confidence interval [CI] = 7.99%-10.32%), and 2.01% (CI = 1.57%-2.44%). Under the worst-case scenario of climate change, C. imicola range is expected to expand northward and shift away from the coasts of central Italy, while in some areas of southern Italy, environmental suitability will decrease. Our results provide predictions of C. imicola distribution according to the most up-to-date future climate projections and should be of great use to surveillance management at regional and national scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Del Lesto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Pisa, Italy
| | - Adele Magliano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Casini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Ermenegildi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Rombolà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Romiti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
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Wainwright SH, Cunha CW, Webb B, McGregor B, Drolet B, Welch JB. Reemerging/Notifiable Diseases to Watch. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:317-335. [PMID: 38453550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison continue to pose potential risks to their health and lives and affecting production and the livelihoods of producers. It is essential to understand the clinical presentation of these diseases to watch for possible incursions and infections and to immediately report your suspicions to your State and Federal Animal Health Officials. Three of these reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue virus, and New World screwworm, are presented in this article for increased awareness to consider as a differential if examinations present suggestive clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrilyn H Wainwright
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Brett Webb
- North Dakota State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 4035 19th Avenue North, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Bethany McGregor
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Barbara Drolet
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - John B Welch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, International Services, Action Programs, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Bibard A, Martinetti D, Picado A, Chalvet-Monfray K, Porphyre T. Assessing the Risk of Windborne Dispersal of Culicoides Midges in Emerging Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Outbreaks in France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:5571195. [PMID: 40303085 PMCID: PMC12017055 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5571195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
The epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a novel emerging threat for the European livestock sector. First detected in Sardinia and southern Spain at the end of 2022, this transboundary disease emerged in France in September 2023 despite restrictions on animal movement and enhanced surveillance protocols. Although virus spread is believed to be mediated by the dispersal of Culicoides vectors by the wind, prediction is difficult due to the large number of meteorological parameters that must be considered. Using simulations of atmospheric trajectories, we developed a model to investigate the long-distance dispersal risk zone of Culicoides in Europe, starting from different source zones. Our model predicted with good sensitivity the newly EHDV-infected areas in France over a period of 5 weeks after its first introduction in the country. Prospectively, we predicted that the midge dispersal zone of early 2024 could expand toward most of the western half of France and could sporadically reach new countries under favorable spring conditions. The wind dispersal risk maps provided are intended to support better preparedness and response to Culicoides-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bibard
- Global InnovationBoehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Saint Priest, France
| | | | - Albert Picado
- Global InnovationBoehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Saint Priest, France
| | - Karine Chalvet-Monfray
- Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et ZoonotiquesUMR EPIAINRAEUniversité Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveUMR 5558CNRSUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
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Kim HJ, Choi JG, Seong DS, Jeong JU, Kim HJ, Park SW, Yun SP, Roh IS. The First Report on the Complete Sequence Characterization of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 in the Republic of Korea. Vet Sci 2024; 11:29. [PMID: 38250935 PMCID: PMC10821305 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The bluetongue virus (BTV) is a significant animal pathogen with economic implications in the ruminant industry. Despite global reports on BTV detection and epidemiologic investigations, limited studies have focused on the virus in the ROK. In this study, BTV epidemiological research was conducted on blood samples from cattle and goat farms across nine regions during 2013-2014. The results showed that 3.33% of bovine blood samples (194/5824) and 0.19% of goat blood samples (2/1075) tested positive for BTV antibodies using ELISA. In Jeju-do, BTV RNA amplification occurred in 51 of 422 samples (12.1%) using real-time reverse transcription (RT-qPCR). The isolation of one sample revealed it as serotype 3, as indicated by the sequence of segments 2 (Seg-2) and 6 (Seg-6), associated with the eastern BTV topotype. However, based on Seg-1, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, and -10 analyses, the BTV-3/JJBB35 strain is more closely related to distinct BTV strains. These findings imply BTV circulation and that the Korean-isolated BTV might originate from Asian BTV strains due to multiple reassortment events. This study provides foundational data for ongoing BTV monitoring and disease-control policies in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Central Scientific Instrumentation Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Da-Seul Seong
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jong-Uk Jeong
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soon Roh
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
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Hudson AR, McGregor BL, Shults P, England M, Silbernagel C, Mayo C, Carpenter M, Sherman TJ, Cohnstaedt LW. Culicoides-borne Orbivirus epidemiology in a changing climate. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1221-1229. [PMID: 37862060 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Orbiviruses are of significant importance to the health of wildlife and domestic animals worldwide; the major orbiviruses transmitted by multiple biting midge (Culicoides) species include bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and African horse sickness virus. The viruses, insect vectors, and hosts are anticipated to be impacted by global climate change, altering established Orbivirus epidemiology. Changes in global climate have the potential to alter the vector competence and extrinsic incubation period of certain biting midge species, affect local and long-distance dispersal dynamics, lead to range expansion in the geographic distribution of vector species, and increase transmission period duration (earlier spring onset and later fall transmission). If transmission intensity is associated with weather anomalies such as droughts and wind speeds, there may be changes in the number of outbreaks and periods between outbreaks for some regions. Warmer temperatures and changing climates may impact the viral genome by facilitating reassortment and through the emergence of novel viral mutations. As the climate changes, Orbivirus epidemiology will be inextricably altered as has been seen with recent outbreaks of bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and African horse sickness outside of endemic areas, and requires interdisciplinary teams and approaches to assess and mitigate future outbreak threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Hudson
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Bethany L McGregor
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Phillip Shults
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | | | - Constance Silbernagel
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA APHIS, 2150 Centre Ave, Bldg B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University (CSU), 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University (CSU), 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Tyler J Sherman
- Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University (CSU), 2450 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 1980 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
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11
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Bravo-Barriga D, González MA, Parreira R, Frontera E, Huerta H, Alarcón-Elbal PM. Shedding light on the controversial taxonomic status of Culicoides jamaicensis and Culicoides paolae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): an overseas trip among continents. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:944-954. [PMID: 37335073 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are small bloodsucking flies that act as vectors for various pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. This study aimed to examine, using a comprehensive approach, the controversial taxonomic status of 2 Culicoides species that are currently distributed in the Neotropical (Culicoides jamaicensis Edwards) and Palearctic (Culicoides paolae Boorman) areas and possess unique and distinctive features. Previous investigations based on morphological analysis have suggested that these 2 species may be synonyms. Our work updated the current geographical distribution of both species and analyzed new specimens from different geographic origins, together with publicly available sequences. We used 2 universal genetic markers (COI and 28S) to test this hypothesis. Our study reveals evidence that C. paolae and C. jamaicensis belong to the same species due to the following statements: (i) similar morphological features; (ii) low interspecific genetic variation; (iii) association with a single genetic cluster; (iv) inclusion within the subgenus Drymodesmyia, which has only been recorded in the New World; and (v) occurrence in habitats with moderate temperatures. We recommend that European and African specimens of C. paolae be considered from now on as C. jamaicensis. Our comprehensive approach shed new light on the taxonomic status of these 2 Culicoides species and has implications for future studies on their biology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (Uex), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Parreira
- Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (IHMT) - NOVA University of Lisbon, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Frontera
- Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (Uex), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Herón Huerta
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, 01480 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pedro María Alarcón-Elbal
- Laboratorio de investigación de Entomología, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Bloque B, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
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12
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Shults P, Zhang X, Moran M, Cohnstaedt LW, Gerry AC, Vargo EL, Eyer PA. Immigration and seasonal bottlenecks: high inbreeding despite high genetic diversity in an oscillating population of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:987-997. [PMID: 37417303 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Most population genetic studies concern spatial genetic differentiation, but far fewer aim at analyzing the temporal genetic changes that occur within populations. Vector species, including mosquitoes and biting midges, are often characterized by oscillating adult population densities, which may affect their dispersal, selection, and genetic diversity over time. Here, we used a population of Culicoides sonorensis from a single site in California to investigate short-term (intra-annual) and long-term (inter-annual) temporal variation in genetic diversity over a 3 yr period. This biting midge species is the primary vector of several viruses affecting both wildlife and livestock, thus a better understanding of the population dynamics of this species can help inform epidemiological studies. We found no significant genetic differentiation between months or years, and no correlation between adult populations and the inbreeding coefficient (FIS). However, we show that repeated periods of low adult abundance during cooler winter months resulted in recurring bottleneck events. Interestingly, we also found a high number of private and rare alleles, which suggests both a large, stable population, as well as a constant influx of migrants from nearby populations. Overall, we showed that the high number of migrants maintains a high level of genetic diversity by introducing new alleles, while this increased diversity is counterbalanced by recurrent bottleneck events potentially purging unfit alleles each year. These results highlight the temporal influences on population structure and genetic diversity in C. sonorensis and provide insight into factors effecting genetic variation that may occur in other vector species with fluctuating populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Shults
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (FABADRU), 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Xinmi Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Megan Moran
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (FABADRU), 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Edward L Vargo
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pierre-Andre Eyer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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13
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Allen SE, Vigil SL, Furukawa-Stoffer T, Colucci N, Ambagala A, Pearl DL, Ruder MG, Jardine CM, Nemeth NM. Abundance and diversity of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern Ontario, Canada. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:201. [PMID: 37316934 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is a genus of hematophagous midges feeding on various vertebrate hosts and serving as a vector for numerous pathogens important to livestock and wildlife health. North American pathogens include bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) viruses. Little is known about Culicoides spp. distribution and abundance and species composition in Ontario, Canada, despite bordering numerous U.S. states with documented Culicoides spp. and BT and EHD virus activity. We sought to characterize Culicoides spp. distribution and abundance and to investigate whether select meteorological and ecological risk factors influenced the abundance of Culicoides biguttatus, C. stellifer, and the subgenus Avaritia trapped throughout southern Ontario. METHODS From June to October of 2017 to 2018, CDC-type LED light suction traps were placed on twelve livestock-associated sites across southern Ontario. Culicoides spp. collected were morphologically identified to the species level when possible. Associations were examined using negative binomial regression among C. biguttatus, C. stellifer, and subgenus Avaritia abundance, and select factors: ambient temperature, rainfall, primary livestock species, latitude, and habitat type. RESULTS In total, 33,905 Culicoides spp. midges were collected, encompassing 14 species from seven subgenera and one species group. Culicoides sonorensis was collected from three sites during both years. Within Ontario, the northern trapping locations had a pattern of seasonal peak abundance in August (2017) and July (2018), and the southern locations had abundance peaks in June for both years. Culicoides biguttatus, C. stellifer, and subgenus Avaritia were significantly more abundant if ovine was the primary livestock species at trapping sites (compared to bovine). Culicoides stellifer and subgenus Avaritia were significantly more abundant at mid- to high-temperature ranges on trap days (i.e., 17.3-20.2 and 20.3-31.0 °C compared to 9.5-17.2 °C). Additionally, subgenus Avaritia were significantly more abundant if rainfall 4 weeks prior was between 2.7 and 20.1 mm compared to 0.0 mm and if rainfall 8 weeks prior was between 0.1 and 2.1 mm compared to 0.0 mm. CONCLUSIONS Results from our study describe Culicoides spp. distribution in southern Ontario, the potential for spread and maintenance of EHD and BT viruses, and concurrent health risks to livestock and wildlife in southern Ontario in reference to certain meteorological and ecological risk factors. We identified that Culicoides spp. are diverse in this province, and appear to be distinctly distributed spatially and temporally. The livestock species present, temperature, and rainfall appear to have an impact on the abundance of C. biguttatus, C. stellifer, and subgenus Avaritia trapped. These findings could help inform targeted surveillance, control measures, and the development of management guides for Culicoides spp. and EHD and BT viruses in southern Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Allen
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Veterinary Services, Laramie, USA.
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Stacey L Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Tara Furukawa-Stoffer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Diseases, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Nicole Colucci
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Diseases, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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14
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Ellis VA, Ciloglu A, Yildirim A, Bensch S. Host shift and natural long-distance dispersal to an oceanic island of a host-specific parasite. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220459. [PMID: 36918035 PMCID: PMC10014241 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite dispersal and host-switching may be better understood by knowing when they occurred. We estimated when the ancestor of a parasite of great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) dispersed to the Seychelles and began infecting the endemic Seychelles warbler (A. sechellensis). We used mitochondrial genomes and published molecular divergence rates to estimate the date of divergence between mitochondrial haplotypes of the parasite Haemoproteus nucleocondensis (lineage GRW01) in the great reed warbler and the Seychelles warbler. We also constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny of the hosts and their relatives to determine when the ancestor of the Seychelles warbler dispersed to the Seychelles. The two GRW01 lineages diverged ca 20-451 kya, long after the ancestor of the Seychelles warbler colonized the Seychelles ca 1.76-4.36 Mya. GRW01 rarely infects other species despite apparent opportunity. Humans were likely not involved in the dispersal of this parasite because humans settled the Seychelles long after the parasite diverged from its mainland relative. Furthermore, introduced birds are unlikely hosts of GRW01. Instead, the ancestor of GRW01 may have dispersed to the Seychelles with an errant migrating great reed warbler. Our results indicate that even specialized parasites can naturally disperse long distances to become emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A. Ellis
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
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15
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Pramual P, Jomkumsing P, Wongpakam K, Vaisusuk K, Chatan W, Gomontean B. Population Genetic Structure and Population History of the Biting Midge Culicoides mahasarakhamense (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080724. [PMID: 36005350 PMCID: PMC9409184 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille are significant pests and vectors of disease agents transmitted to humans and other animals. Understanding the genetic structure and diversity of these insects is crucial for effective control programs. This study examined the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of Culicoides mahasarakhamense, a possible vector of avian haemosporidian parasites and Leishmania martiniquensis, in Thailand. The star-like shape of the median joining haplotype network, a unimodal mismatch distribution, and significant negative values for Tajima's D and Fu's FS tests indicated that populations had undergone recent expansion. Population expansion time was estimated to be 2000-22,000 years ago. Population expansion may have been triggered by climatic amelioration from cold/dry to warm/humid conditions at the end of the last glaciations, resulting in the increased availability of host blood sources. Population pairwise FST revealed that most (87%) comparisons were not genetically different, most likely due to a shared recent history. The exception to the generally low level of genetic structuring is a population from the northern region that is genetically highly different from others. Population isolation in the past and the limitation of ongoing gene flows due to large geographic distance separation are possible explanations for genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pairot Pramual
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasalakan 44150, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Panya Jomkumsing
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasalakan 44150, Thailand
| | - Komgrit Wongpakam
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Mahasalakan 44150, Thailand
| | - Kotchaphon Vaisusuk
- Department of Veterinary Technology and Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Mahasalakan 44000, Thailand
| | - Wasupon Chatan
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasalakan 44000, Thailand
| | - Bhuvadol Gomontean
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasalakan 44150, Thailand
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16
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Allen SE, Vigil SL, Jardine CM, Furukawa-Stoffer T, Colucci N, Ambagala A, Ruder MG, Nemeth NM. New Distribution Records of Biting Midges of the Genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Latreille, Culicoides bergi and Culicoides baueri, in Southern Ontario, Canada. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1467-1472. [PMID: 35468207 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) can be pests as well as pathogen vectors, but data on their distribution in Ontario, Canada, are sparse. Collecting this baseline data is important given ongoing, accelerated alterations in global climate patterns that may favor the establishment of some species in northern latitudes. Culicoides spp. were surveyed using UV light traps over two seasons in 2017 and 2018 at livestock farms in southern Ontario, Canada. Two Culicoides spp. not previously recorded in Canada were identified, C. bergi and C. baueri, representing new country and provincial records. Unlike some congenerics, these two species are not currently recognized as vectors of pathogens that pose a health risk to humans, livestock or wildlife in North America. However, the possibility that these Culicoides species may have recently expanded their geographic range, potentially in association with climate and/or landscape changes, warrants ongoing attention and research. Furthermore, our results provoke the question of the potential undocumented diversity of Culicoides spp. in Ontario and other parts of Canada, and whether other Culicoides spp. may be undergoing range expansion. The current and future distributions of Culicoides spp., and other potential vectors of human, agricultural, and wildlife health significance, are important to identify for proper disease risk assessment, mitigation, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Allen
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon Street, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S L Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon Street, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T Furukawa-Stoffer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Diseases, 225090 Township Road 9-1, Lethbridge, AB T1J 0P3, Canada
| | - N Colucci
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Diseases, 225090 Township Road 9-1, Lethbridge, AB T1J 0P3, Canada
| | - A Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington St, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P6, Canada
| | - M G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - N M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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17
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Kopanke J, Carpenter M, Lee J, Reed K, Rodgers C, Burton M, Lovett K, Westrich JA, McNulty E, McDermott E, Barbera C, Cavany S, Rohr JR, Perkins TA, Mathiason CK, Stenglein M, Mayo C. Bluetongue Research at a Crossroads: Modern Genomics Tools Can Pave the Way to New Insights. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2022; 10:303-324. [PMID: 35167317 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-051721-023724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via several key mechanisms, including the accumulation of mutations over time and the reassortment of genome segments.Additionally, BTV must maintain fitness in two disparate hosts, the insect vector and the ruminant. The specific features of viral adaptation in each host that permit host-switching are poorly characterized. Limited field studies and experimental work have alluded to the presence of these phenomena at work, but our understanding of the factors that drive or constrain BTV's genetic diversification remains incomplete. Current research leveraging novel approaches and whole genome sequencing applications promises to improve our understanding of BTV's evolution, ultimately contributing to the development of better predictive models and management strategies to reduce future impacts of bluetongue epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kopanke
- Office of the Campus Veterinarian, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA;
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Justin Lee
- Genomic Sequencing Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mollie Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Kierra Lovett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Erin McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Emily McDermott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA;
| | - Carly Barbera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Sean Cavany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
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18
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Species delimitation and mitonuclear discordance within a species complex of biting midges. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1730. [PMID: 35110675 PMCID: PMC8810881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to distinguish between species can be a serious problem in groups responsible for pathogen transmission. Culicoides biting midges transmit many pathogenic agents infecting wildlife and livestock. In North America, the C. variipennis species complex contains three currently recognized species, only one of which is a known vector, but limited species-specific characters have hindered vector surveillance. Here, genomic data were used to investigate population structure and genetic differentiation within this species complex. Single nucleotide polymorphism data were generated for 206 individuals originating from 17 locations throughout the United States and Canada. Clustering analyses suggest the occurrence of two additional cryptic species within this complex. All five species were significantly differentiated in both sympatry and allopatry. Evidence of hybridization was detected in three different species pairings indicating incomplete reproductive isolation. Additionally, COI sequences were used to identify the hybrid parentage of these individuals, which illuminated discordance between the divergence of the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets.
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19
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Mulvey P, Duong V, Boyer S, Burgess G, Williams DT, Dussart P, Horwood PF. The Ecology and Evolution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:1534. [PMID: 34959489 PMCID: PMC8704921 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus mainly spread by Culex mosquitoes that currently has a geographic distribution across most of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Infection with JEV can cause Japanese encephalitis (JE), a severe disease with a high mortality rate, which also results in ongoing sequalae in many survivors. The natural reservoir of JEV is ardeid wading birds, such as egrets and herons, but pigs commonly play an important role as an amplifying host during outbreaks in human populations. Other domestic animals and wildlife have been detected as hosts for JEV, but their role in the ecology and epidemiology of JEV is uncertain. Safe and effective JEV vaccines are available, but unfortunately, their use remains low in most endemic countries where they are most needed. Increased surveillance and diagnosis of JE is required as climate change and social disruption are likely to facilitate further geographical expansion of Culex vectors and JE risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mulvey
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (V.D.); (S.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (V.D.); (S.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Graham Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;
| | - David T. Williams
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong 3220, Australia;
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (V.D.); (S.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;
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20
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Martínez-de la Puente J, Mathieu B, Carpenter S, Baldet T. Culicoides imicola (Biting Midge). Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:458-459. [PMID: 33781725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruno Mathieu
- IPPTS, Université de Strasbourg, DIHP UR 7292, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Thierry Baldet
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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21
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Rojas JM, Barba-Moreno D, Avia M, Sevilla N, Martín V. Vaccination With Recombinant Adenoviruses Expressing the Bluetongue Virus Subunits VP7 and VP2 Provides Protection Against Heterologous Virus Challenge. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645561. [PMID: 33778041 PMCID: PMC7987666 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of a disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants and leads to critical economic losses. BTV is an arbovirus from the Reoviridae family that is typically transmitted by the bite of infected Culicoides midges. BTV possesses multiple serotypes (up to 28 have been described), and immunity to one serotype offers little cross-protection to other serotypes. The design of vaccines that provide protection across multiple serotypes is therefore highly desirable to control this disease. We previously reported that a recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) that expresses the VP7 inner core protein of BTV serotype 8 (Ad5VP7-8) induced T-cell responses and provided protection. In the present work, we evaluated as BTV vaccine the combination of Ad5VP7-8 with another recombinant Ad5 that expresses the outer core protein VP2 from BTV-1 (Ad5VP2-1). The combination of Ad5VP2-1 and Ad5VP7-8 protected against homologous BTV challenge (BTV-1 and BTV-8) and partially against heterologous BTV-4 in a murine model. Cross-reactive anti-BTV immunoglobulin G (IgG) were detected in immunized animals, but no significant titers of neutralizing antibodies were elicited. The Ad5VP7-8 immunization induced T-cell responses that recognized all three serotypes tested in this study and primed cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for VP7. This study further confirms that targeting antigenic determinant shared by several BTV serotypes using cellular immunity could help develop multiserotype BTV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Barba-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Pilgrim J, Siozios S, Baylis M, Venter G, Garros C, Hurst GDD. Cardinium symbiosis as a potential confounder of mtDNA based phylogeographic inference in Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a vector of veterinary viruses. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:100. [PMID: 33557932 PMCID: PMC7869521 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is an important Afrotropical and Palearctic vector of disease, transmitting viruses of animal health and economic significance including African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses. Maternally inherited symbiotic bacteria (endosymbionts) of arthropods can alter the frequency of COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) mitochondrial haplotypes (mitotypes) in a population, masking the true patterns of host movement and gene flow. Thus, this study aimed to assess the mtDNA structure of C. imicola in relation to infection with Candidatus Cardinum hertigii (Bacteroides), a common endosymbiont of Culicoides spp. Methods Using haplotype network analysis, COI Sanger sequences from Cardinium-infected and -uninfected C. imicola individuals were first compared in a population from South Africa. The network was then extended to include mitotypes from a geographic range where Cardinium infection has previously been investigated. Results The mitotype network of the South African population demonstrated the presence of two broad mitotype groups. All Cardinium-infected specimens fell into one group (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.00071) demonstrating a linkage disequilibrium between endosymbiont and mitochondria. Furthermore, by extending this haplotype network to include other C. imicola populations from the Mediterranean basin, we revealed mitotype variation between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins (EMB and WMB) mirrored Cardinium-infection heterogeneity. Conclusions These observations suggest that the linkage disequilibrium of Cardinium and mitochondria reflects endosymbiont gene flow within the Mediterranean basin but may not assist in elucidating host gene flow. Subsequently, we urge caution on the single usage of the COI marker to determine population structure and movement in C. imicola and instead suggest the complementary utilisation of additional molecular markers. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Pilgrim
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Stefanos Siozios
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gert Venter
- Agricultural Research Council- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claire Garros
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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23
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Fontenille D, Cruaud A, Vial L, Garros C. Understanding the role of arthropod vectors in the emergence and spread of plant, animal and human diseases. A chronicle of epidemics foretold in South of France. C R Biol 2021; 343:311-344. [PMID: 33621458 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Southern France, like the rest of the world, is facing the emergence of diseases affecting plants, animals and humans, of which causative agents (viruses, parasites, bacteria) are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Global changes are accelerating the emergence and spread of these diseases. After presenting some examples related to vectors of yellow fever and dengue viruses (Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Hyalomma marginatum), Bluetongue (Culicoides sp.), and the phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa (Hemiptera spp.), we will discuss what are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that make an arthropod a vector in a given place and at a given time. We also propose some thoughts regarding these emergences, possible scenarios for their evolution and some recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Fontenille
- MIVEGEC unit, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Vial
- ASTRE unit, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- ASTRE unit, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
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24
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Mignotte A, Garros C, Dellicour S, Jacquot M, Gilbert M, Gardès L, Balenghien T, Duhayon M, Rakotoarivony I, de Wavrechin M, Huber K. High dispersal capacity of Culicoides obsoletus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vector of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses, revealed by landscape genetic analyses. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:93. [PMID: 33536057 PMCID: PMC7860033 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, recurrent epizootics of bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus have been reported in the western Palearctic region. These viruses affect domestic cattle, sheep, goats and wild ruminants and are transmitted by native hematophagous midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Culicoides dispersal is known to be stratified, i.e. due to a combination of dispersal processes occurring actively at short distances and passively or semi-actively at long distances, allowing individuals to jump hundreds of kilometers. METHODS Here, we aim to identify the environmental factors that promote or limit gene flow of Culicoides obsoletus, an abundant and widespread vector species in Europe, using an innovative framework integrating spatial, population genetics and statistical approaches. A total of 348 individuals were sampled in 46 sites in France and were genotyped using 13 newly designed microsatellite markers. RESULTS We found low genetic differentiation and a weak population structure for C. obsoletus across the country. Using three complementary inter-individual genetic distances, we did not detect any significant isolation by distance, but did detect significant anisotropic isolation by distance on a north-south axis. We employed a multiple regression on distance matrices approach to investigate the correlation between genetic and environmental distances. Among all the environmental factors that were tested, only cattle density seems to have an impact on C. obsoletus gene flow. CONCLUSIONS The high dispersal capacity of C. obsoletus over land found in the present study calls for a re-evaluation of the impact of Culicoides on virus dispersal, and highlights the urgent need to better integrate molecular, spatial and statistical information to guide vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Mignotte
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maude Jacquot
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Gardès
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe France
| | - Thomas Balenghien
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
- Unité Microbiologie, immunologie et maladies contagieuses, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, 10100 Rabat-Instituts, Morocco
| | - Maxime Duhayon
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Ignace Rakotoarivony
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Maïa de Wavrechin
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Huber
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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25
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Shults P, Cohnstaedt LW, Adelman ZN, Brelsfoard C. Next-generation tools to control biting midge populations and reduce pathogen transmission. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:31. [PMID: 33413518 PMCID: PMC7788963 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides transmit disease-causing agents resulting in a significant economic impact on livestock industries in many parts of the world. Localized control efforts, such as removal of larval habitat or pesticide application, can be logistically difficult, expensive and ineffective if not instituted and maintained properly. With these limitations, a population-level approach to the management of Culicoides midges should be investigated as a means to replace or supplement existing control strategies. Next-generation control methods such as Wolbachia- and genetic-based population suppression and replacement are being investigated in several vector species. Here we assess the feasibility and applicability of these approaches for use against biting midges. We also discuss the technical and logistical hurdles needing to be addressed for each method to be successful, as well as emphasize the importance of addressing community engagement and involving stakeholders in the investigation and development of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Shults
- Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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26
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White JR, Williams DT, Davies K, Wang J, Chen H, Certoma A, Davis SS, Weir RP, Melville LF, Eagles D. Bluetongue virus serotype 12 enters Australia - a further incursion of novel western lineage genome segments. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 33331813 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus (genus: Orbivirus) that occurs worldwide. It infects domestic and wild ruminant species and can cause disease in livestock, producing high economic impact. Recently, it gained extra prominence throughout Europe, with disease occurring in regions traditionally free of BTV. BTV enters Australia from Southeast Asia via wind-borne infected Culicoides spp. The first Australian isolation was 1975 (BTV-20) and further serotypes were isolated between 1979-86 (BTV-1, -3, -9, -15, -16, -21, -23). Despite increased, more sensitive, monitoring, no more were detected in over two decades, implying a stable BTV episystem of eastern ancestry. Isolations of BTV-2, -7 and -5 then occurred between 2007-15, with the latter two possessing genome segments with high sequence identity to western isolates. We report on the first isolation and genomic characterization of BTV-12, which revealed that three more novel western topotype gene segments have entered northern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R White
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly Davies
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Honglei Chen
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Richard P Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Lorna F Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Debbie Eagles
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Shults P, Ho A, Martin EM, McGregor BL, Vargo EL. Genetic Diversity of Culicoides stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Southeastern United States Compared With Sequences From Ontario, Canada. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1324-1327. [PMID: 32101615 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Much of the bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) research in North America focuses on white-tail deer and Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth & Jones) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), though several other biting midge species have been suggested as vectors. Culicoides stellifer (Coquillett) has been associated with hosts susceptible to hemorrhagic disease (HD), and more recently, specimens from Florida have tested positive for EHD and BT viral RNA. If C. stellifer is acting as a vector, this could have an impact on the distribution of HD in North America. To determine if gene flow is occurring across the range of C. stellifer within the southeast United States, a mitochondrial haplotype analysis was performed using the COI gene. Our haplotype network showed no population structure in C. stellifer from Florida, Texas, and South Carolina, as the overall genetic divergence between these sites was equal to the genetic divergence within each. We also compared these haplotypes to published sequences of C. stellifer collected in Ontario, Canada. Surprisingly, the genetic diversity of the flies from Ontario was two times greater than what was observed between the southeast U.S. collection sites. This considerable divergence could be evidence of a cryptic species. A better understanding of the connectivity between C. stellifer populations across all of North America will give insight into the distribution of HD. Our results show that gene flow is occurring between sites in the southeastern United States and potentially throughout the eastern distribution of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Shults
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Alphina Ho
- International Goat Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX
| | - Estelle M Martin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bethany L McGregor
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Edward L Vargo
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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28
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Rajko-Nenow P, Christodoulou V, Thurston W, Ropiak HM, Savva S, Brown H, Qureshi M, Alvanitopoulos K, Gubbins S, Flannery J, Batten C. Origin of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 Outbreak in Cyprus, September 2016. Viruses 2020; 12:E96. [PMID: 31947695 PMCID: PMC7019704 DOI: 10.3390/v12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2016, clinical signs, indicative of bluetongue, were observed in sheep in Cyprus. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) was detected in sheep, indicating the first incursion of this serotype into Cyprus. Following virus propagation, Nextera XT DNA libraries were sequenced on the MiSeq instrument. Full-genome sequences were obtained for five isolates CYP2016/01-05 and the percent of nucleotide sequence (% nt) identity between them ranged from 99.92% to 99.95%, which corresponded to a few (2-5) amino acid changes. Based on the complete coding sequence, the Israeli ISR2008/13 (98.42-98.45%) was recognised as the closest relative to CYP2016/01-05. However, the phylogenetic reconstruction of CYP2016/01-05 revealed that the possibility of reassortment in several segments: 4, 7, 9 and 10. Based on the available sequencing data, the incursion BTV-8 into Cyprus most likely occurred from the neighbouring countries (e.g., Israel, Lebanon, Syria, or Jordan), where multiple BTV serotypes were co-circulating rather than from Europe (e.g., France) where a single BTV-8 serotype was dominant. Supporting this hypothesis, atmospheric dispersion modelling identified wind-transport events during July-September that could have allowed the introduction of BTV-8 infected midges from Lebanon, Syria or Israel coastlines into the Larnaca region of Cyprus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Honorata M. Ropiak
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Savvas Savva
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia 1417, Cyprus; (V.C.); (S.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Hannah Brown
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Mehnaz Qureshi
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Simon Gubbins
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - John Flannery
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
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29
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Ferraguti M, Martínez-de la Puente J, García-Longoria L, Soriguer R, Figuerola J, Marzal A. From Africa to Europe: evidence of transmission of a tropical Plasmodium lineage in Spanish populations of house sparrows. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:548. [PMID: 31753041 PMCID: PMC6873688 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avian malaria parasites are a highly diverse group that commonly infect birds and have deleterious effects on their hosts. Some parasite lineages are geographically widespread and infect many host species in many regions. Bird migration, natural dispersal, invasive species and human-mediated introductions into areas where competent insect vectors are present, are probably the main drivers of the current distribution of avian malaria parasites. Methods A total of 412 and 2588 wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were captured in 2012 and 2013 in two areas of the Iberian Peninsula (central and southern Spain, respectively). Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples; parasite lineages were sequenced and identified by comparing with GenBank and/or MalAvi databases. Results Thirteen Plasmodium lineages were identified in house sparrows corresponding to three major clades. Five individuals were infected by the African Plasmodium lineage PAGRI02, which has been proposed to actively circulate only in Africa. Conclusions Despite the low prevalence of PAGRI02 in sparrows in Spain, our results suggest that the area of transmission of this parasite is more widespread than previously thought and covers both Africa and Europe. Further studies of the global distribution of Plasmodium lineages infecting wild birds are required to identify the current transmission areas of these parasites. This is vital given the current scenario of global change that is providing new opportunities for avian malaria transmission into areas where parasites were previously absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferraguti
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura (UEx), Badajoz, Spain. .,Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz García-Longoria
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura (UEx), Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Biology, Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Ecology Building, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Marzal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura (UEx), Badajoz, Spain
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Updating the global occurrence of Culicoides imicola, a vector for emerging viral diseases. Sci Data 2019; 6:185. [PMID: 31570721 PMCID: PMC6768995 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicoides imicola is the main vector transmitting viruses causing animal diseases such as Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Schmallenberg. It has become widely distributed, with reports from South Africa to southern Europe, and from western Africa to southern China. This study presents a global compendium of Culicoides imicola occurrence between 1943 and 2018, reflecting the most recently compiled and harmonized global dataset derived from peer-reviewed literature. The procedures used in producing the data, as well as the geo-coding methods, database management and technical validation procedures are described. The study provides an updated and comprehensive global database of C. imicola occurrence, consisting of 1 039 geo-coded records from 50 countries. The datasets can be used for risk mapping of the diseases transmitted by C. imicola as well as to develop the global habitat suitability for the vector.
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Massó Sagüés E, Fernández-Carrión E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Risk of Introduction of Infectious Animal Diseases for Europe Based on the Health Situation of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:293. [PMID: 31555676 PMCID: PMC6737002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current growth of the human population, the intensification of animal production, climate change or globalization favors an increase in the transmission of infectious diseases. Risk analysis is the tool that allows the identification of the factors involved in the introduction and the spread of infectious diseases. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. A probabilistic formulation has been developed to obtain the probabilities of introduction of diseases associated with each possible route of entry in the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird's migration is the route with greater impact. It is confirmed a moderate probability of entry of some vector-borne diseases, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease, through wind flow from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Due to the absence of live dromedary movement to Europe, the more likely way of entry of the Middle East respiratory syndrome is through the infected people movement from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman. This study includes different methodologies. A model of vectors dispersion in wind currents has been established to assess the risk of introduction of vector borne diseases. It is applicable both in animal health and public health. A periodical update would be useful to obtain a periodically updated risk analysis and to allow early detection of potential hazard with an increased risk over the previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Massó Sagüés
- Animal Health Department, VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Lee F. Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050412. [PMID: 31058837 PMCID: PMC6563278 DOI: 10.3390/v11050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease affecting mainly domestic cattle and water buffalo. The etiological agent of this disease is bovine ephemeral fever virus, a member of the genus Ephemerovirus within the family Rhabdoviridae. Bovine ephemeral fever causes economic losses by a sudden drop in milk production in dairy cattle and loss of condition in beef cattle. Although mortality resulting from this disease is usually lower than 1%, it can reach 20% or even higher. Bovine ephemeral fever is distributed across many countries in Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa. Prevention and control of the disease mainly relies on regular vaccination. The impact of bovine ephemeral fever on the cattle industry may be underestimated, and the introduction of bovine ephemeral fever into European countries is possible, similar to the spread of bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus. Research on bovine ephemeral fever remains limited and priority of investigation should be given to defining the biological vectors of this disease and identifying virulence determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lee
- Epidemiology Division, Animal Health Research Institute; New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan, China.
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33
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Garros C, Labuschagne K, Dommergues L, Ben M, Balenghien T, Muñoz F, Bakhoum MT, Cardinale E, Guis H. Culicoides Latreille in the sun: faunistic inventory of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Mayotte (Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:135. [PMID: 30902107 PMCID: PMC6431056 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The south-west insular territories of the Indian Ocean have recently received attention concerning the diversity of arthropods of medical or veterinary interest. While a recent study highlighted the circulation of Culicoides-borne viruses, namely bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease, with clinical cases in Mayotte (comprising two islands, Petite-Terre and Grand-Terre), Comoros Archipelago, no data have been published concerning the species diversity of Culicoides present on the two islands. RESULTS A total of 194,734 biting midges were collected in 18 sites, covering two collection sessions (April and June) in Mayotte. Our study reports for the first time livestock-associated Culicoides species and recorded at least 17 described Afrotropical species and one undescribed species. The most abundant species during the April collection session were C. trifasciellus (84.1%), C. bolitinos (5.4%), C. enderleini (3.9%), C. leucostictus (3.3%) and C. rhizophorensis (2.1%). All other species including C. imicola represented less than 1% of the total collection. Abundance ranged between 126-78,842 females with a mean and median abundance of 14,338 and 5111 individuals/night/site, respectively. During the June collection, the abundance per night was low, ranging between 6-475 individuals. Despite low abundance, C. trifasciellus and C. bolitinos were still the most abundant species. Culicoides sp. #50 is recorded for the first time outside South Africa. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports for the first time the Culicoides species list for Mayotte, Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean. The low abundance and rare occurrence of C. imicola, which is usually considered the most abundant species in the Afrotropical region, is unexpected. The most abundant and frequent species is C. trifasciellus, which is not considered as a vector species so far, but its role needs further investigation. Further work is needed to describe Culicoides sp. #50 and to carry on faunistic investigations on the other islands of the archipelago as well as in neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Garros
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.
| | - Karien Labuschagne
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, EPV, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | | | - Thomas Balenghien
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, Rabat, Morocco.,IAV Hassan II, MIMC, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Facundo Muñoz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Guis
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France. .,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,FOFIFA DRZVP, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
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Rojas JM, Rodríguez-Martín D, Martín V, Sevilla N. Diagnosing bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:17-27. [PMID: 30859085 PMCID: PMC6385761 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s163804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic techniques against bluetongue virus (BTV), an Orbivirus transmitted by arthropods that affects ruminants. Bluetongue is a disease currently notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade associated with bluetongue outbreaks and high mortality and morbidity. BTV cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including viruses that causes African Horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. Therefore, reliable diagnostic approaches to detect BTV among these other antigenically related viruses are used or being developed. The antigenic determinant for differentiation of virus species/serogroups among orbiviruses is the VP7 protein, meanwhile VP2 is serotype specific. Serologically, assays are established in many laboratories, based mainly on competitive ELISA or serum neutralization assay (virus neutralization assay [VNT]) although new techniques are being developed. Virus isolation from blood or semen is, additionally, another means of BTV diagnosis. Nevertheless, most of these techniques for viral isolation are time-consuming and expensive. Currently, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) panels or real-time RT-PCR are widely used methods although next-generation sequencing remains of interest for future virus diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
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Tay WT, Gordon KHJ. Going global - genomic insights into insect invasions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 31:123-130. [PMID: 31109665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The spread of invasive insect pests is becoming an increasing problem for agriculture globally. We discuss a number of invasive insects, already of major economic significance that have recently expanded their range to become truly global threats. These include the noctuid moths Helicoverpa and Spodoptera, whose caterpillars have long been among the worst pests in their native Old and New World habitats, respectively, and the whitefly Bemisia, a major vector of plant virus diseases. Importantly, genomic resources for these species have recently become available, allowing research to move beyond the restrictions imposed by earlier approaches limited to a single or few mitochondrial and nuclear markers, to employ genome-wide genotyping and resequencing protocols. These studies have shown hybridisation within the various species complexes, identified regions under selection in agricultural environments, and enable monitoring of genes important as biosecurity risks through introgression into established populations free of the genes. In all cases studied, global trade has emerged as the probable cause of insect spread, making it ever more important that biosecurity protocols and agencies work with researchers to make the most effective use of emerging genomic resources and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
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Vasić A, Zdravković N, Aniță D, Bojkovski J, Marinov M, Mathis A, Niculaua M, Oșlobanu EL, Pavlović I, Petrić D, Pflüger V, Pudar D, Savuţa G, Simeunović P, Veronesi E, Silaghi C. Species diversity, host preference and arbovirus detection of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in south-eastern Serbia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:61. [PMID: 30683145 PMCID: PMC6347842 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is a genus of small biting midges (also known as "no-see ums") that currently includes 1368 described species. They are proven or suspected vectors for important pathogens affecting animals such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). Currently little information is available on the species of Culicoides present in Serbia. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine species diversity, host preference and the presence of BTV and SBV RNA in Culicoides from the Stara Planina Nature Park in south-eastern Serbia. RESULTS In total 19,887 individual Culicoides were collected during three nights of trapping at two farm sites and pooled into six groups (Obsoletus group, Pulicaris group, "Others" group and further each group according to the blood-feeding status to freshly engorged and non-engorged). Species identification was done on subsamples of 592 individual Culicoides specimens by morphological and molecular methods (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and PCR/sequencing). At least 22 Culicoides species were detected. Four animal species (cow, sheep, goat and common blackbird) as well as humans were identified as hosts of Culicoides biting midges. The screening of 8291 Culicoides specimens in 99 pools for the presence of BTV and SBV RNA by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR were negative. CONCLUSIONS The biodiversity of Culicoides species in the natural reserve Stara Planina was high with at least 22 species present. The presence of C. imicola Kieffer was not recorded in this area. Culicoides showed opportunistic feeding behaviour as determined by host preference. The absence of SBV and BTV viral RNA correlates with the absence of clinical disease in the field during the time of sampling. These data are the direct outcome of a training programme within the Institutional Partnership Project "AMSAR: Arbovirus monitoring, research and surveillance-capacity building on mosquitoes and biting midges" funded by the programme SCOPES of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vasić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Nemanja Zdravković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragoș Aniță
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Jovan Bojkovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mihai Marinov
- Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea, Romania
| | - Alexander Mathis
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ivan Pavlović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Petrić
- Faculty for Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Dubravka Pudar
- Faculty for Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Predrag Simeunović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eva Veronesi
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Insel Riems, Germany. .,National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany.
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37
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Díaz-Sánchez S, Hernández-Jarguín A, Torina A, Fernández de Mera IG, Estrada-Peña A, Villar M, La Russa F, Blanda V, Vicente J, Caracappa S, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Biotic and abiotic factors shape the microbiota of wild-caught populations of the arbovirus vector Culicoides imicola. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:847-861. [PMID: 30058755 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides are known vectors of arboviruses affecting human and animal health. However, little is known about Culicoides imicola microbiota and its influence on this insect's biology. In this study, the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on C. imicola microbiota was characterized using shotgun-metagenomic sequencing of whole-body DNA samples. Wild-caught C. imicola adult nulliparous females were sampled in two locations from Sicily, Italy. The climatic variables of temperature and soil moisture from both localities were recorded together with potential host bloodmeal sources. Shared core microbiome among C. imicola populations included Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Halomonas, Candidatus Zinderia, Propionibacterium, and Schizosaccharomyces. Specific and unique taxa were also found in C. imicola from each location, highlighting similarities and differences in microbiome composition between the two populations. DNA and protein identification showed differences in host preferences between the two populations, with Homo sapiens and Canis lupus familiaris L. being the preferred bloodmeal source in both locations. A principal component analysis showed that the combined effect of host preferences (H. sapiens) and local soil moisture factors shape the microbiome composition of wild-caught populations of C. imicola. These results contribute to characterizing the role of the microbiome in insect adaptation and its utility in predicting geographic expansion of Culicoides species with potential implications for the control of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Díaz-Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Hernández-Jarguín
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Torina
- Intituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - I G Fernández de Mera
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Estrada-Peña
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F La Russa
- Intituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - V Blanda
- Intituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - J Vicente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S Caracappa
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Tratalos JA, Barrett DJ, Clegg TA, O'Neill RG, McGrath G, Lane EA, More SJ. Sampling Methodology to Maximize the Efficient Use of National Abattoir Surveillance: Using Archived Sera to Substantiate Freedom From Bluetongue Virus Infection in Ireland. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:261. [PMID: 30406120 PMCID: PMC6207846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the value of multiple data sources available to fulfill surveillance objectives, and the use of these has been applied to address many questions relating to animal health surveillance. In Ireland, we face a slightly different problem, namely, best use of an existing surveillance resource (serological samples collected over many years from cull cows at slaughter), which has been used to substantiate freedom from Brucella abortus following its successful eradication in 2009. In this study, we evaluate a sampling methodology to use this resource to substantiate freedom from bluetongue virus (BTV) infection. An examination of the degree to which cull cows were resident in the same herd throughout the midge biting season showed that, of 50,640 samples collected between 17 October and 23 December 2016, 80.2% were from animals resident in the same herd between 01 April 2016 and 2 months prior to their slaughter date, 74.1% for 1 month prior, 70.1% for 2 weeks prior, 66.4% for 1 week prior, and 56.4% up to 1 day prior to slaughter. An examination was made of the degree to which individual samples within the same 88-well frozen storage block came from geographically clustered herds, whether from a concentration of animals from the same herd in a single block, or from clustering around the slaughterhouse where the samples were taken. On the basis of these analyses, a sampling strategy was derived aimed at minimizing the number of storage blocks which needed to be thawed, whilst ensuring a large enough and representative sample, geographically stratified according to the bovine population of 51 squares, each 45 × 45 km, covering the entirety of Ireland. None of the 503 samples tested were positive for BTV, providing reassurance of national BTV freedom. More broadly, the study demonstrates the use of abattoir-based serological samples collected for one large scale surveillance programme in surveillance for other bovine infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Tratalos
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Tracy A Clegg
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan G O'Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Simon J More
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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39
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McGrath G, More SJ, O'Neill R. Hypothetical route of the introduction of Schmallenberg virus into Ireland using two complementary analyses. Vet Rec 2017; 182:226. [PMID: 29217767 PMCID: PMC5870451 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ireland lost its official freedom from Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in October 2012. The route of introduction is uncertain, with long-distance displacement of infected Culicoides, biting midges, by suitable wind flows considered to be the most likely source. The authors investigated the potential introduction of SBV into Ireland through a Culicoides incursion event in the summer of 2012. They conducted SBV serology on archived bovine sera to identify the prospective dispersal window, then used atmospheric dispersion modelling during periods around this window to identify environmental conditions the authors considered suitable for atmospheric dispersal of Culicoides from potential infected source locations across Southern England. The authors believe that there was one plausible window over the summer of 2012, on August 10-11, based on suitable meteorological conditions. They conclude that a potential long-range transportation event of Culicoides appears to have occurred successfully only once during the 2012 vector competent season. If these incursion events remain at a low frequency, meteorological modelling has the potential to contribute cost-effectively to the alert and response systems for vectorborne diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan O'Neill
- Virology Division, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine Laboratory Services, Celbridge, Ireland
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40
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Martínez-DE LA Puente J, Navarro J, Ferraguti M, Soriguer R, Figuerola J. First molecular identification of the vertebrate hosts of Culicoides imicola in Europe and a review of its blood-feeding patterns worldwide: implications for the transmission of bluetongue disease and African horse sickness. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:333-339. [PMID: 28748632 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that affect wildlife, livestock and, occasionally, humans. Culicoides imicola (Kieffer, 1913) is considered to be the main vector of the pathogens that cause bluetongue disease (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) in southern Europe. The study of blood-feeding patterns in Culicoides is an essential step towards understanding the epidemiology of these pathogens. Molecular tools that increase the accuracy and sensitivity of traditional methods have been developed to identify the hosts of potential insect vectors. However, to the present group's knowledge, molecular studies that identify the hosts of C. imicola in Europe are lacking. The present study genetically characterizes the barcoding region of C. imicola trapped on farms in southern Spain and identifies its vertebrate hosts in the area. The report also reviews available information on the blood-feeding patterns of C. imicola worldwide. Culicoides imicola from Spain feed on blood of six mammals that include species known to be hosts of the BT and AHS viruses. This study provides evidence of the importance of livestock as sources of bloodmeals for C. imicola and the relevance of this species in the transmission of BT and AHS viruses in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez-DE LA Puente
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Navarro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Producción y Sanidad Animal de Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - M Ferraguti
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - R Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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41
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Brand SPC, Keeling MJ. The impact of temperature changes on vector-borne disease transmission: Culicoides midges and bluetongue virus. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0481. [PMID: 28298609 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a long recognized fact that climatic variations, especially temperature, affect the life history of biting insects. This is particularly important when considering vector-borne diseases, especially in temperate regions where climatic fluctuations are large. In general, it has been found that most biological processes occur at a faster rate at higher temperatures, although not all processes change in the same manner. This differential response to temperature, often considered as a trade-off between onward transmission and vector life expectancy, leads to the total transmission potential of an infected vector being maximized at intermediate temperatures. Here we go beyond the concept of a static optimal temperature, and mathematically model how realistic temperature variation impacts transmission dynamics. We use bluetongue virus (BTV), under UK temperatures and transmitted by Culicoides midges, as a well-studied example where temperature fluctuations play a major role. We first consider an optimal temperature profile that maximizes transmission, and show that this is characterized by a warm day to maximize biting followed by cooler weather to maximize vector life expectancy. This understanding can then be related to recorded representative temperature patterns for England, the UK region which has experienced BTV cases, allowing us to infer historical transmissibility of BTV, as well as using forecasts of climate change to predict future transmissibility. Our results show that when BTV first invaded northern Europe in 2006 the cumulative transmission intensity was higher than any point in the last 50 years, although with climate change such high risks are the expected norm by 2050. Such predictions would indicate that regular BTV epizootics should be expected in the UK in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P C Brand
- Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK .,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matt J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Durr PA, Graham K, van Klinken RD. Sellers' Revisited: A Big Data Reassessment of Historical Outbreaks of Bluetongue and African Horse Sickness due to the Long-Distance Wind Dispersion of Culicoides Midges. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:98. [PMID: 28775987 PMCID: PMC5517479 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) might occur via long-distance wind dispersion (LDWD) of their insect vector (Culicoides spp.) was proposed by R. F. Sellers in a series of papers published between 1977 and 1991. These investigated the role of LDWD by means of visual examination of the wind direction of synoptic weather charts. Based on the hypothesis that simple wind direction analysis, which does not allow for wind speed, might have led to spurious conclusions, we reanalyzed six of the outbreak scenarios described in Sellers' papers. For this reanalysis, we used a custom-built Big Data application ("TAPPAS") which couples a user-friendly web-interface with an established atmospheric dispersal model ("HYSPLIT"), thus enabling more sophisticated modeling than was possible when Sellers undertook his analyzes. For the two AHS outbreaks, there was strong support from our reanalysis of the role of LDWD for that in Spain (1966), and to a lesser degree, for the outbreak in Cyprus (1960). However, for the BT outbreaks, the reassessments were more complex, and for one of these (western Turkey, 1977) we could discount LDWD as the means of direct introduction of the virus. By contrast, while the outbreak in Cyprus (1977) showed LDWD was a possible means of introduction, there is an apparent inconsistency in that the outbreaks were localized while the dispersion events covered much of the island. For Portugal (1956), LDWD from Morocco on the dates suggested by Sellers is very unlikely to have been the pathway for introduction, and for the detection of serotype 2 in Florida (1982), LDWD from Cuba would require an assumption of a lengthy survival time of the midges in the air column. Except for western Turkey, the BT reanalyses show the limitation of LDWD modeling when used by itself, and indicates the need to integrate susceptible host population distribution (and other covariate) data into the modeling process. A further refinement, which will become increasingly important to assess LDWD, will be the use of virus and vector genome sequence data collected from potential source and the incursion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Durr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerryne Graham
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
The performance of different bluetongue control measures related to both vaccination and protection from bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors was assessed. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to re‐emerge. Only after 5 years of vaccination, the infection may be close to the eradication levels. In the absence of vaccination, the disease can persist for several years, reaching an endemic condition with low level of prevalence of infection. Among the mechanisms for bluetongue persistence, the persistence in the wildlife, the transplacental transmission in the host, the duration of viraemia and the possible vertical transmission in vectors were assessed. The criteria of the current surveillance scheme in place in the EU for demonstration of the virus absence need revision, because it was highlighted that under the current surveillance policy bluetongue circulation might occur undetected. For the safe movement of animals, newborn ruminants from vaccinated mothers with neutralising antibodies can be considered protected against infection, although a protective titre threshold cannot be identified. The presence of colostral antibodies interferes with the vaccine immunisation in the newborn for more than 3 months after birth, whereas the minimum time after vaccination of animal to be considered immune can be up to 48 days. The knowledge about vectors ecology, mechanisms of over‐wintering and criteria for the seasonally vector‐free period was updated. Some Culicoides species are active throughout the year and an absolute vector‐free period may not exist at least in some areas in Europe. To date, there is no evidence that the use of insecticides and repellents reduce the transmission of BTV in the field, although this may reduce host/vector contact. By only using pour‐on insecticides, protection of animals is lower than the one provided by vector‐proof establishments. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1182/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1171/full
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Sanders CJ, Harrup LE, Tugwell LA, Brugman VA, England M, Carpenter S. Quantification of within- and between-farm dispersal of Culicoides biting midges using an immunomarking technique. J Appl Ecol 2017; 54:1429-1439. [PMID: 29104309 PMCID: PMC5655569 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of arboviruses that cause significant economic and welfare impact. Local‐scale spread of Culicoides‐borne arboviruses is largely determined by the between‐farm movement of infected Culicoides. Study of the dispersal behaviour of Culicoides by capture–mark–recapture (CMR) is problematic due to the likelihood of mortality and changes in behaviour upon capture caused by the small size and fragility of these insects, evidenced by low recapture rates. To counter the problem of using CMR with Culicoides, this study utilised an ovalbumin immunomarking technique to quantify the within‐ and between‐farm dispersal of Culicoides in southern England. Both within‐ and between‐farm dispersal of Culicoides was observed. Of the 9058 Culicoides collected over 22 nights of trapping, 600 ovalbumin‐positive Culicoides, of 12 species including those implicated as arbovirus vectors, were collected with a maximum dispersal distance of 3125 m. This study provides the first species‐level data on the between‐farm dispersal of potential bluetongue, Schmallenberg and African horse sickness virus vectors in northern Europe. High‐resolution meteorological data determined upwind and downwind flight by Culicoides had occurred. Cumulative collection and meteorological data suggest 15·6% of flights over 1 km were upwind of the treatment area and 84·4% downwind. Synthesis and applications. The use of immunomarking eliminates the potential adverse effects on survival and behaviour of insect collection prior to marking, substantially improving the resolution and accuracy of estimates of the dispersal potential of small and delicate vector species such as Culicoides. Using this technique, quantification of the range of Culicoides dispersal with regard to meteorological conditions including wind direction will enable improved, data‐driven modelling of the spread of Culicoides‐borne arboviruses and will inform policy response to incursions and outbreaks.
The use of immunomarking eliminates the potential adverse effects on survival and behaviour of insect collection prior to marking, substantially improving the resolution and accuracy of estimates of the dispersal potential of small and delicate vector species such as Culicoides. Using this technique, quantification of the range of Culicoides dispersal with regard to meteorological conditions including wind direction will enable improved, data‐driven modelling of the spread of Culicoides‐borne arboviruses and will inform policy response to incursions and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara E Harrup
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | - Laura A Tugwell
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | | | - Marion England
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | - Simon Carpenter
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
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