1
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Feng X, Zhan H, Sokol CL. Sensory neuronal control of skin barrier immunity. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:371-380. [PMID: 38653601 PMCID: PMC11102800 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral sensory neurons recognize diverse noxious stimuli, including microbial products and allergens traditionally thought to be targets of the mammalian immune system. Activation of sensory neurons by these stimuli leads to pain and itch responses as well as the release of neuropeptides that interact with their cognate receptors expressed on immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs). Neuronal control of immune cell function through neuropeptide release not only affects local inflammatory responses but can impact adaptive immune responses through downstream effects on T cell priming. Numerous neuropeptide receptors are expressed by DCs but only a few have been characterized, presenting opportunities for further investigation of the pathways by which cutaneous neuroimmune interactions modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Feng
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Haoting Zhan
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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2
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Nakamura Y, Kulkarni NN, Takahashi T, Alimohamadi H, Dokoshi T, Liu E, Shia M, Numata T, Luo EW, Gombart AF, Yang X, Secrest P, Gordts PL, Tsimikas S, Wong GC, Gallo RL. Increased LL37 in psoriasis and other inflammatory disorders promotes LDL uptake and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172578. [PMID: 38194294 PMCID: PMC10904043 DOI: 10.1172/jci172578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and elevated levels of LL37, a cathelicidin host defense peptide that has both antimicrobial and proinflammatory properties. To explore whether LL37 could contribute to the risk of heart disease, we examined its effects on lipoprotein metabolism and show that LL37 enhanced LDL uptake in macrophages through the LDL receptor (LDLR), scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1), and CD36. This interaction led to increased cytosolic cholesterol in macrophages and changes in expression of lipid metabolism genes consistent with increased cholesterol uptake. Structure-function analysis and synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering showed structural determinants of the LL37-LDL complex that underlie its ability to bind its receptors and promote uptake. This function of LDL uptake is unique to cathelicidins from humans and some primates and was not observed with cathelicidins from mice or rabbits. Notably, Apoe-/- mice expressing LL37 developed larger atheroma plaques than did control mice, and a positive correlation between plasma LL37 and oxidized phospholipid on apolipoprotein B (OxPL-apoB) levels was observed in individuals with cardiovascular disease. These findings provide evidence that LDL uptake can be increased via interaction with LL37 and may explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Patrick Secrest
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Gerard C.L. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Lu J, Lu Y. Paradoxical psoriasis: The flip side of idiopathic psoriasis or an autocephalous reversible drug reaction? J Transl Autoimmun 2023; 7:100211. [PMID: 37731549 PMCID: PMC10507642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, chronic skin disease that results mainly from the complex interplay between T cells, dendritic cells, and inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-17, IL-12, and IL-23. Successful therapy with anti-cytokine antibodies has proved the importance of these key cytokines, especially TNF-α. During the anti-TNF-α treatment of classical idiopathic psoriasis, a small portion of patients develop new psoriasiform lesions. This contradictory phenomenon was named paradoxical psoriasis which resembles idiopathic psoriasis clinically but presents overlapped histological patterns and distinct immunological processes. In this review, we discuss the differences between idiopathic psoriasis and paradoxical psoriasis with an emphasis on their innate immunity, as it is predominant in paradoxical psoriasis which exhibits type I IFN-mediated immunity without the activation of autoreactive T cells and memory T cells. We also put up an instructive algorithm for the management of paradoxical psoriasis. The decision on drug discontinuation or switching of biologics should be made based on the condition of underlying diseases and the severity of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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4
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Zhang H, Dong M, Xu H, Li H, Zheng A, Sun G, Jin W. Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Human LL-37 Prevents Deaths from Viral Infections in Piglets and Chicken. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10155-6. [PMID: 37743432 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel antibiotic substitutes are increasingly in demand in the animal husbandry industry. An oral recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) expressing human LL-37 (oral LL-37) was developed and its safety and antiviral effectiveness in vivo was tested. In addition to impairing liposome integrity, LL-37 polypeptide from recombinant L. lactis could prevent the host cell infection by a variety of viruses, including recombinant SARS, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus G. Subchronic toxicity studies performed on Sprague-Dawley rats showed that no cumulative toxicity was found during short-term intervention. Oral LL-37 treatment after the onset of fever could reduce mortality in piglets infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Moreover, body weight gain of piglets receiving treatment was progressively restored, and nucleic acid positive rebound was not undetected after discontinuation. Oral LL-37 consistently increased the lifespan of chickens infected with Newcastle viruses. These findings suggested a potential use of recombinantly modified microorganisms in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Jilin Yuanheyuan Bioengineering Co., Ltd. Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China
| | - Hongyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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5
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Pambianchi E, Hagenberg Z, Pecorelli A, Pasqui A, Therrien JP, Valacchi G. Tension as a key factor in skin responses to pollution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16013. [PMID: 37749125 PMCID: PMC10519937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Being the more apparent organ exposed to the outdoor stressors, the effect of pollution on the skin has been widely studied in the last few decades. Although UV light is known as the most aggressive stressor to which our cutaneous tissue is daily exposed, other components of the tropospheric pollution have also shown to affect skin health and functionality. Among them, ozone has been proven to be one of the most toxic due to its high reactivity with the epidermal lipids. Studying the cutaneous effect of pollution in a laboratory setting presents challenges, therefore it becomes critical to employ appropriate and tailored models that aim to answer specific questions. Several skin models are available nowadays: in vitro models (2D cell lines and 3D cutaneous tissues), ex vivo skin explants and in vivo approaches (animals and humans). Although in the last 20 years researchers developed skin models that closely resemble human skin (3D cutaneous tissues), ex vivo skin explants still remain one of the best models to study cutaneous responses. Unfortunately, one important cutaneous property that is not present in the traditional ex vivo human skin explants is the physiological tension, which has been shown to be a cardinal player in skin structure, homeostasis, functional properties and responses to external stimuli. For this reason, in this study, to confirm and further comprehend the harmful mechanism of ozone exposure on the integumentary system, we have performed experiments using the state of art in cutaneous models: the innovative TenSkin™ model in which ex vivo human skin explants are cultured under physiologically relevant tension during the whole experimental procedure. Specifically, we were interested in corroborating previous findings showing that ozone exposure modulates the expression of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The present work demonstrates that cutaneous exposure to ozone induces AMPs gene and protein levels (CAMP/LL-37, hBD2, hBD3) and that the presence of tension can further modulate their expression. In addition, different responses between tension and non-tension cultured skin were also observed during the evaluation of OxInflammatory markers [cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), matrix-metallo-proteinase 9 (MMP9) and 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4HNE)]. This current study supports our previous findings confirming the ability of pollution to induce the cutaneous expression of AMPs via redox signaling and corroborates the principle that skin explants are a good and reliable model to study skin responses even though it underlines the need to holistically consider the role of skin tension before extrapolating the data to real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pambianchi
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Zachary Hagenberg
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Arianna Pasqui
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Therrien
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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6
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Xie W, Huang T, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Chen W, Li Y, Chen C, Li P. Neutrophil-derived cathelicidin promotes cerebral angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1503-1518. [PMID: 37194247 PMCID: PMC10414012 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231175190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils play critical roles in the evolving of brain injuries following ischemic stroke. However, how they impact the brain repair in the late phase after stroke remain uncertain. Using a prospective clinical stroke patient cohort, we found significantly increased cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) in the peripheral blood of stroke patients compared to that of healthy controls. While in the mouse stroke model, CAMP was present in the peripheral blood, brain ischemic core and significantly increased at day 1, 3, 7, 14 after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). CAMP-/- mice exhibited significantly increased infarct volume, exacerbated neurological outcome, reduced cerebral endothelial cell proliferation and vascular density at 7 and 14 days after MCAO. Using bEND3 cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), we found significantly increased angiogenesis-related gene expression with the treatment of recombinant CAMP peptide (rCAMP) after reoxygenation. Intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) of AZD-5069, the antagonist of CAMP receptor CXCR2, or knockdown of CXCR2 by shCXCR2 recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) impeded angiogenesis and neurological recovery after MCAO. Administration of rCAMP promoted endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis and attenuated neurological deficits 14 days after MCAO. In conclusion, neutrophil derived CAMP represents an important mediator that could promote post-stroke angiogenesis and neurological recovery in the late phase after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Anesthesia Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Anesthesia Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Anesthesia Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Anesthesia Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education of Anesthesia Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Yi J, Deng Q, Liu Z, Wang H, Liu X, Ren J, Qu X. Nanozyme-Based Supramolecular Self-Assembly As an Artificial Host Defense System For Treatment of Bacterial Infections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301096. [PMID: 37066737 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The proper functioning of host defense system (HDS) is the key to combating bacterial infection in biological organisms. However, the delicate HDS may be dysfunctional or dysregulated, resulting in persistent infection, tissue damage, or delayed wound healing. Herein, a powerful artificial "host defense system" (aHDS) is designed and constructed for treatment of bacterial infections. First, the aHDS can quickly trap the bacteria by electrostatic interactions. Next, the system can be stimulated to produce large amounts of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exert strong antibacterial effects, which can further regulate the immune microenvironment, leading to macrophage polarization from M0 to pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) for synergistic bacteria killing. At the later stages, the system can exhibit excellent antioxidant enzyme-like activities to reprogram the M1 macrophage to anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) for accelerating wound healing. This powerful aHDS can effectively combat the bacteria and avoid excessive inflammatory responses for the treatment of bacteria-infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadai Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
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8
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Soundrarajan N, Somasundaram P, Kim D, Cho HS, Jeon H, Ahn B, Kang M, Song H, Park C. Effective Healing of Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Wounds in Pig Cathelicidin Protegrin-1-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11658. [PMID: 37511418 PMCID: PMC10380341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to existing treatments for multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds. Therefore, the effect of protegrin-1 (PG1), a potent porcine AMP with broad-spectrum activity, on wound healing was evaluated. PG1-overexpressing transgenic mice were used as an in vivo model to evaluate its healing efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus-infected (106 colony forming units) wounds. We analyzed the wounds under four specific conditions in the presence or absence of antibiotic treatment. We observed the resolution of bacterial infection and formation of neo-epithelium in S. aureus-infected wounds of the mice, even without antibiotic treatment, whereas all wild-type mice with bacterial infection died within 8 to 10 days due to uncontrolled bacterial proliferation. Interestingly, the wound area on day 7 was smaller (p < 0.01) in PG1 transgenic mice than that in the other groups, including antibiotic-treated mice, suggesting that PG1 exerts biological effects other than bactericidal effect. Additionally, we observed that the treatment of primary epidermal keratinocytes with recombinant PG1 enhanced cell migration in in vitro scratch and cell migration assays. This study contributes to the understanding of broad-spectrum endogenous cathelicidins with potent antimicrobial activities, such as PG1, on wound healing. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PG1 is a potent therapeutic candidate for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prathap Somasundaram
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohun Kim
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Cho
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoim Jeon
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonyong Ahn
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingue Kang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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9
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Gerling-Driessen UIM, Hoffmann M, Schmidt S, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Glycopolymers against pathogen infection. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2617-2642. [PMID: 36820794 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites continue to shape our lives in profound ways every day. As we have learned to live in parallel with pathogens, we have gained a better understanding of the rules of engagement for how they bind, adhere, and invade host cells. One such mechanism involves the exploitation of host cell surface glycans for attachment/adhesion, one of the first steps of infection. This knowledge has led to the development of glycan-based diagnostics and therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of infection. One class of compounds that has become increasingly important are the glycopolymers. Glycopolymers are macromolecules composed of a synthetic scaffold presenting carbohydrates as side chain motifs. Glycopolymers are particularly attractive because their properties can be tuned by careful choice of the scaffold, carbohydrate/glycan, and overall presentation. In this review, we highlight studies over the past ten years that have examined the role of glycopolymers in pathogen adhesion and host cell infection, biofilm formation and removal, and drug delivery with the aim of examining the direct effects of these macromolecules on pathogen engagement. In addition, we also examine the role of glycopolymers as diagnostics for the detection and monitoring of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla I M Gerling-Driessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Miriam Hoffmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, USA
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Miura S, Garcet S, Li X, Cueto I, Salud-Gnilo C, Kunjravia N, Yamamura K, Gonzalez J, Murai-Yamamura M, Rambhia D, Krueger JG. Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 Induces Toll-Like Receptor 8 and Amplifies IL-36γ and IL-17C in Human Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:832-841.e4. [PMID: 36496195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
LL37 is produced by skin injury and bacterial infection and plays an important role in the early stages of psoriasis. In particular, the intracellular receptors toll-like receptors (TLR)3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis in conjunction with LL37, but the interaction between TLR7/8 and LL37 in keratinocytes (KCs) remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between LL37 and TLR7/8 in KCs and their involvement in the pathogenetic pathways seen in psoriasis using cultured KCs and skin samples of patients with psoriasis. TLR7/8 was induced by LL37 in KCs. TLR8 but not TLR7 functionally induced many psoriasis-related molecules, whereas IL-17C was not altered by the blockade of TLR7/8. Although costimulation of LL37 with self-RNA/DNA did not show any interaction, LL37 itself would promote psoriasis-related genes. IL-36 receptor antagonistic antibody suppressed IL-17C induced by LL37. In psoriatic epidermis, LL37, TLRs, IL-17C, and IL-36γ expressions were increased and coexpressed with each other. Thus, we concluded that LL37 activates TLR8 in KCs and induces IL-17C through the induction of IL-36γ. Regulation of TLR8 or LL37 in KCs could be a potential therapeutic strategy for psoriatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miura
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Garcet
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Inna Cueto
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charissa Salud-Gnilo
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Norma Kunjravia
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamura
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juana Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mika Murai-Yamamura
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darshna Rambhia
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
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11
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Understanding the Immune System in Fetal Protection and Maternal Infections during Pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7567708. [PMID: 35785037 PMCID: PMC9249541 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7567708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal-maternal immune system determines the fate of pregnancy. The trophoblast cells not only give an active response against external stimuli but are also involved in secreting most of the cytokines. These cells have an essential function in fetal acceptance or fetal rejection. Other immune cells also play a pivotal role in carrying out a successful pregnancy. The disruption in this mechanism may lead to harmful effects on pregnancy. The placenta serves as an immune barrier in fetus protection against invading pathogens. Once the infections prevail, they may localize in placental and fetal tissues, and the presence of inflammation due to cytokines may have detrimental effects on pregnancy. Moreover, some pathogens are responsible for congenital fetal anomalies and affect almost all organs of the developing fetus. This review article is designed to address the bacterial and viral infections that threaten pregnancy and their possible outcomes. Moreover, training of the fetal immune system against the exposure of infections and the role of CD49a + NK cells in embryonic development will also be highlighted.
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12
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Siednamohammeddeen N, Badi R, Mohammeddeen T, Enan K, AmalSaeed. The effect of gum Arabic supplementation on cathelicidin expression in monocyte derived macrophages in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:149. [PMID: 35650596 PMCID: PMC9158159 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effectors of the innate defense system. Cathelicidins, (CRAMP in mouse/rat, LL-37 in human) is one of the two major classes of AMPs in humans. The upregulation of LL-37 synthesis is a novel non-antibiotic approach to prevent or treat infectious diseases. Butyrate was found to induce Cathelicidin expression. Gum Arabic (GA), an exudate from Acacia senegaltree, is known for its prebiotic effects. Fermentation of GA by colonic bacteria increases serum butyrate concentrations. This study was conducted to investigate if GA supplementation can increase Cathelicidin expression in macrophages. Methods The study was an in-vivo experiment in mice. Thirty mice were randomly divided into three groups, ten mice per group. The two intervention groups received GA dissolved in drinking water in two different concentrations (15% w/v and 30% w/v) for 28 days. The third group served as a control. Blood was collected on Day 29 to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which were cultured to obtain monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). The transcription level of CRAMP was determined in MDMsby qPCR. Results We detected a significant increase (p = 0.023) in CRAMP expression in MDMs following 28 days of 15% GA supplementation, compared to the control group, but there was no significant change in the group on 30% GA supplementation (p = 0.055). Conclusion GAsupplementation can induce Cathelicidin expression in MDMs and the effect is dose dependent. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03627-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rehab Badi
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Tahane Mohammeddeen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Red Sea University, Portsudan, Sudan
| | - Khalid Enan
- Department of Virology, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Reaserch, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - AmalSaeed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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13
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Xiao Q, Luo Y, Shi W, Lu Y, Xiong R, Wu X, Huang H, Zhao C, Zeng J, Chen C. The effects of LL-37 on virulence factors related to the quorum sensing system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:284. [PMID: 35434009 PMCID: PMC9011280 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have shown promise in the treatment of multi-resistant pathogens. It was therefore of interest to analyze the effects of the AMP LL-37 on the regulation of several virulence factors related to the quorum sensing (QS) system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in vitro. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated by the micro broth dilution method. The expression of QS-related and QS-regulated virulence factor genes was also evaluated. Exotoxin A activity was measured with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (Coenzyme I) method; Elastase activity was detected with the elastin-Congo red (ECR) method; Pyocyanin detection was performed using the chloroform extraction method. The effects of LL-37 were assessed by measuring the expression changes of the virulence protein-encoding genes of the strains with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The MIC of LL-37 against both P. aeruginosa reference strain (ATCC 15692 PAO1) and PA-ΔlasI/rhII was therefore determined to be 256 µg/mL. LL-37 at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) had no significant effects on P. aeruginosa bacterial growth (P>0.05), but significantly downregulated the expression of all 3 virulence factors. Conclusions Interestingly, this effect appeared to be dose-related. These findings suggest that LL-37 could be a potential candidate for QS inhibition against bacterial infection and may have significant clinical potential in the treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinggui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chanjing Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cha Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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14
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O’Neill AM, Liggins MC, Seidman JS, Do TH, Li F, Cavagnero KJ, Dokoshi T, Cheng JY, Shafiq F, Hata TR, Gudjonsson JE, Modlin RL, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial production by perifollicular dermal preadipocytes is essential to the pathophysiology of acne. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabh1478. [PMID: 35171653 PMCID: PMC9885891 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune defense against deep tissue infection by Staphylococcus aureus is orchestrated by fibroblasts that become antimicrobial when triggered to differentiate into adipocytes. However, the role of this process in noninfectious human diseases is unknown. To investigate the potential role of adipogenesis by dermal fibroblasts in acne, a disorder triggered by Cutibacterium acnes, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on human acne lesions and mouse skin challenged by C. acnes. A transcriptome consistent with adipogenesis was observed within specific fibroblast subsets from human acne and mouse skin lesions infected with C. acnes. Perifollicular dermal preadipocytes in human acne and mouse skin lesions showed colocalization of PREF1, an early marker of adipogenesis, and cathelicidin (Camp), an antimicrobial peptide. This capacity of C. acnes to specifically trigger production of cathelicidin in preadipocytes was dependent on TLR2. Treatment of wild-type mice with retinoic acid (RA) suppressed the capacity of C. acnes to form acne-like lesions, inhibited adipogenesis, and enhanced cathelicidin expression in preadipocytes, but lesions were unresponsive in Camp-/- mice, despite the anti-adipogenic action of RA. Analysis of inflamed skin of acne patients after retinoid treatment also showed enhanced induction of cathelicidin, a previously unknown beneficial effect of retinoids in difficult-to-treat acne. Overall, these data provide evidence that adipogenic fibroblasts are a critical component of the pathogenesis of acne and represent a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. O’Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marc C. Liggins
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason S. Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tran H. Do
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kellen J. Cavagnero
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joyce Y. Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Faiza Shafiq
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tissa R. Hata
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Corresponding author.
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15
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Vietri Rudan M, Watt FM. Mammalian Epidermis: A Compendium of Lipid Functionality. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804824. [PMID: 35095565 PMCID: PMC8791442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian epidermis is a striking example of the role of lipids in tissue biology. In this stratified epithelium, highly specialized structures are formed that leverage the hydrophobic properties of lipids to form an impermeable barrier and protect the humid internal environment of the body from the dry outside. This is achieved through tightly regulated lipid synthesis that generates the molecular species unique to the tissue. Beyond their fundamental structural role, lipids are involved in the active protection of the body from external insults. Lipid species present on the surface of the body possess antimicrobial activity and directly contribute to shaping the commensal microbiota. Lipids belonging to a variety of classes are also involved in the signaling events that modulate the immune responses to environmental stress as well as differentiation of the epidermal keratinocytes themselves. Recently, high-resolution methods are beginning to provide evidence for the involvement of newly identified specific lipid molecules in the regulation of epidermal homeostasis. In this review we give an overview of the wide range of biological functions of mammalian epidermal lipids.
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16
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Wei J, Cao X, Qian J, Liu Z, Wang X, Su Q, Wang Y, Xie R, Li X. Evaluation of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on titanium plate. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27426. [PMID: 34871207 PMCID: PMC8568475 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 belongs to the cathelicidin family and is one of the few human bactericidal peptides with potent antistaphylococcal activity. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main infection bacteria in orthopedic implant therapy. Biofilm formation after bacterial infection brings more and more severe test for clinical antiinfection treatment.However, there are few studies on LL-37 in S. aureus infection of prosthesis. In this work, addition to research the antibacterial activity and the inhibitory effect on bacterial adhesion of LL-37, an in vitro model of S. aureus biofilm formation on titanium alloy surface was established to observe the inhibitory effect of LL-37.The results showed that LL-37 has a strong antibacterial effect on S. aureus in vitro, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is about 0.62 μΜ. Moreover, LL-37 has significant impact on the adhesion of S. aureus when the concentration ≥0.16 μM and significant anti-staphylococcal biofilm effects on static biofilm models at the concentration of 0.31 to 10 μM. Additionally, LL-37 at 5 μM had a significant destructive effect on S. aureus biofilm (P < .05) that formed on the titanium alloy surface.This study further confirmed the role of LL-37 in the process of S. aureus infection, including antimicrobial activities, inhibition of bacterial adhesion, and inhibition of mature biofilm. LL-37 can significantly destroy the stable biofilm structure on the titanium alloy surface in vitro, which may provide a new way for refractory infection caused by S. aureus in titanium alloy prosthesis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Wei
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Quality Control Center of Zhangye City in Gansu Province, No.67 Huancheng West Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Cao
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Quality Control Center of Zhangye City in Gansu Province, No.67 Huancheng West Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixia Liu
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Xulong Wang
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Quality Control Center of Zhangye City in Gansu Province, No.67 Huancheng West Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinliuye Su
- HeXi University, No.846 Huancheng North Road, Zhangye, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpin Wang
- The first hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Xie
- The first hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- The first hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wong YH, Wong SH, Wong XT, Yi Yap Q, Yip KY, Wong LZ, Chellappan DK, Bhattamisra SK, Candasamy M. Genetic associated complications of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a review. Panminerva Med 2021; 64:274-288. [PMID: 34609116 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.21.04285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the International Diabetes Federation, the number of adults (age of 20-79) being diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) have increased from 285 million in year 2009 to 463 million in year 2019 which comprises of 95% Type 2 DM patient (T2DM). Research have claimed that genetic predisposition could be one of the factors causing T2DM complications. In addition, T2DMcomplications cause an incremental risk to mortality. Therefore, this article aims to discuss some complications of T2DM in and their genetic association. The complications that are discussed in this article are diabetic nephropathy, diabetes induced cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) and Alzheimer's disease. According to the information obtained, genes associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) are gene GABRR1 and ELMO1 that cause injury to glomerular. Replication of genes FRMD3, CARS and MYO16/IRS2 shown to have link with DN. The increase of gene THBS2, NGAL, PIP, TRAF6 polymorphism, ICAM-1 encoded for rs5498 polymorphism and C667T increase susceptibility towards DN in T2DM patient. Genes associated with cardiovascular diseases are Adiponectin gene (ACRP30) and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism gene with ξ2 allele. Haptoglobin (Hp) 1-1 genotype and Mitochondria Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) plays a role in cardiovascular events. As for genes related to diabetic neuropathy, Janus Kinase (JAK), mutation of SCN9A and TRPA1 gene and destruction of miRNA contribute to pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy among T2DM patients. Expression of cytokine IL-6, IL-10, miR-146a are found to cause diabetic neuropathy. Besides, A1a16Va1 gene polymorphism, an oxidative stress influence was found as one of the gene factors. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is believed to have association with Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1). Over-expression of gene ENPP1, IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine, ARHGAP22's protein rs3844492 polymorphism and TLR4 heterozygous genotype are contributing to significant pathophysiological process causing DR, while research found increases level of UCP1 gene protects retina cells from oxidative stress. Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is manifested by slowing in reepithelialisation of keratinocyte, persistence wound inflammation and healing impairment. Reepithelialisation disturbance was caused by E2F3 gene, reduction of Tacl gene encoded substance P causing persistence inflammation while expression of MMp-9 polymorphism contributes to healing impairment. A decrease in HIF-1a gene expression leads to increased risk of pathogenesis, while downregulation of TLR2 increases severity of wound in DFU patients. SNPs alleles has been shown to have significant association between the genetic dispositions of T2DM and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The progression of AD can be due to the change in DNA methylation of CLOCK gene, followed with worsening of AD by APOE4 gene due to dyslipidaemia condition in T2DM patients. Insulin resistance is also a factor that contributes to pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee H Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shen H Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiao T Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Qiao Yi Yap
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khar Y Yip
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Liang Z Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat K Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -
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18
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Kapitány A, Medgyesi B, Jenei A, Somogyi O, Szabó L, Gáspár K, Méhes G, Hendrik Z, Dócs K, Szücs P, Dajnoki Z, Szegedi A. Regional Differences in the Permeability Barrier of the Skin-Implications in Acantholytic Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910428. [PMID: 34638769 PMCID: PMC8509001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical milieu, microbiota composition, and immune activity show prominent differences in distinct healthy skin areas. The objective of the current study was to compare the major permeability barrier components (stratum corneum and tight junction (TJ)), investigate the distribution of (corneo)desmosomes and TJs, and measure barrier function in healthy sebaceous gland-rich (SGR), apocrine gland-rich (AGR), and gland-poor (GP) skin regions. Molecules involved in cornified envelope (CE) formation, desquamation, and (corneo)desmosome and TJ organization were investigated at the mRNA and protein levels using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The distribution of junction structures was visualized using confocal microscopy. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) functional measurements were also performed. CE intracellular structural components were similarly expressed in gland-rich (SGR and AGR) and GP areas. In contrast, significantly lower extracellular protein levels of (corneo)desmosomes (DSG1 and CDSN) and TJs (OCLN and CLDN1) were detected in SGR/AGR areas compared to GP areas. In parallel, kallikrein proteases were significantly higher in gland-rich regions. Moreover, gland-rich areas were characterized by prominently disorganized junction structures ((corneo)desmosomes and TJs) and significantly higher TEWL levels compared to GP skin, which exhibited a regular distribution of junction structures. According to our findings, the permeability barrier of our skin is not uniform. Gland-rich areas are characterized by weaker permeability barrier features compared with GP regions. These findings have important clinical relevance and may explain the preferred localization of acantholytic skin diseases on gland-rich skin regions (e.g., Pemphigus foliaceus, Darier's disease, and Hailey-Hailey disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Medgyesi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Jenei
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Somogyi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lilla Szabó
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Péter Szücs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (B.M.); (A.J.); (O.S.); (L.S.); (K.G.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-411-717/56432
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19
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Liu Y, Cui SN, Duan MY, Dou ZL, Li YZ, Liu YX, Xia Y, Zhang JW, Yan XN, Han DR. Is there a relationship between psoriasis and hepatitis C? A meta-analysis and bioinformatics investigation. Virol J 2021; 18:135. [PMID: 34215260 PMCID: PMC8252322 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between psoriasis and hepatitis C was previously controversial, so our purpose is to investigate this connection.
Methods We conducted a systematic review of the case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies examining the association between psoriasis and hepatitis C in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases and investigated the overlapping genes between psoriasis targets and hepatitis C targets using bioinformatics analysis. Based on overlapping genes and hub nodes, we also constructed the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and module respectively, followed by the pathway enrichment analysis.
Results We included 11 publications that reported a total of 11 studies (8 cross-sectional and 3 case–control). The case–control and cross-sectional studies included 25,047 psoriasis patients and 4,091,631 controls in total. Psoriasis was associated with a significant increase of prevalent hepatitis C (OR 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] (1.17–2.52)). A total of 389 significant genes were common to both hepatitis C and psoriasis, which mainly involved IL6, TNF, IL10, ALB, STAT3 and CXCL8. The module and pathway enrichment analyses showed that the common genes had the potential to influence varieties of biological pathways, including the inflammatory response, cytokine activity, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C and psoriasis. Conclusion Patients with psoriasis display increased prevalence of hepatitis C and the basic related mechanisms between hepatitis C and psoriasis had been preliminarily clarified. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01606-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng Nan Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yao Duan
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Li Dou
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhen Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xing Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Xia
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wei Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ning Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China.
| | - Dong Ran Han
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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20
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Zhang R, Wei Y, Li M, Cai M, Gu R, Ma Y, Chen L, Wang J. Melanogenesis effects of rice protein hydrolysate and its characteristic peptides Leu-Leu-Lys, Leu-Pro-Lys, and pyroGlu-Lys on UVB-induced human epidermal melanocyte cells. Food Funct 2021; 11:8757-8767. [PMID: 32955075 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01808b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the melanogenesis effects of rice protein hydrolysate (RPH) and explored the underlying molecular mechanism of its characteristic peptides. In this investigation, human epidermal melanocyte (PIG1) cells were used to establish a UVB-induced model to evaluate the effect of RPH on melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was employed to identify the peptide composition (2-4 amino acids) in RPH. Enzymatic hydrolysis was employed to screen the characteristic peptides Leu-Leu-Lys (LLK), Leu-Pro-Lys (LPK), and pyroGlu-Lys (pEK), while their effect on the molecular mechanism involved in the melanin synthesis process was further explored using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting. The results indicated that RPH reduced the melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and ROS production in PIG1 cells. The selected peptides LLK, LPK, and pEK from RPH reduced the expression of tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) and affected melanin synthesis by regulating the JNK/β-Trcp/NFκB-p65/MITF signaling pathway at the mRNA and protein levels. This study shows that RPH plays a vital role in the melanogenesis process, therefore, providing a theoretical basis for the use of RPH as a novel additive product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Ying Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Mingliang Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Muyi Cai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Ruizeng Gu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Yong Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
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21
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Woodby B, Pambianchi E, Ferrara F, Therrien JP, Pecorelli A, Messano N, Lila MA, Valacchi G. Cutaneous antimicrobial peptides: New "actors" in pollution related inflammatory conditions. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101952. [PMID: 33839421 PMCID: PMC8059092 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) exposure has been reported to contribute to various cutaneous inflammatory conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, rush etc. via a redox-inflammatory pathway. O3 is too reactive to penetrate cutaneous tissue; it interacts with lipids present in the outermost layer of skin, resulting in formation of oxidized molecules and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, several inflammatory skin pathologies demonstrate altered levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These small, cationic peptides are found in various cells, including keratinocytes, eccrine gland cells, and seboctyes. Classically, AMPs function as antimicrobial agents. Recent studies indicate that AMPs also play roles in inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Since altered levels of AMPs have been detected in pollution-associated skin pathologies, we hypothesized that exposure to O3 could affect the levels of AMPs in the skin. We examined levels of AMPs using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence in vitro (human keratinocytes), ex vivo (human skin explants), and in vivo (human volunteer subjects exposed to O3) and observed increased levels of all the measured AMPs upon O3 exposure. In addition, in vitro studies have confirmed the redox regulation of AMPs in keratinocytes. This novel finding suggests that targeting AMPs could be a possible defensive strategy to combat pollution-associated skin conditions. AMPs (hBDs1-3, CAMP) increase in O3 exposed human skin by a redox mechanism. Transcriptional upregulation of AMPs in response to O3 exposure is due to an altered redox status. Pollution increase AMPs could be the connection between pollution exposure and the development/exacerbation of inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Woodby
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Erika Pambianchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Nicolo' Messano
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; JP Therrien Consulting, LLC, USA; Kyung Hee University, Department of Food and Nutrition, South Korea.
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22
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Biswas D, Ambalavanan P, Ravins M, Anand A, Sharma A, Lim KXZ, Tan RYM, Lim HY, Sol A, Bachrach G, Angeli V, Hanski E. LL-37-mediated activation of host receptors is critical for defense against group A streptococcal infection. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108766. [PMID: 33657368 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes diverse human diseases, including life-threatening soft-tissue infections. It is accepted that the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 protects the host by killing GAS. Here, we show that GAS extracellular protease ScpC N-terminally cleaves LL-37 into two fragments of 8 and 29 amino acids, preserving its bactericidal activity. At sub-bactericidal concentrations, the cleavage inhibits LL-37-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis, shortens neutrophil lifespan, and eliminates P2X7 and EGF receptors' activation. Mutations at the LL-37 cleavage site protect the peptide from ScpC-mediated splitting, maintaining all its functions. The mouse LL-37 ortholog CRAMP is neither cleaved by ScpC nor does it activate P2X7 or EGF receptors. Treating wild-type or CRAMP-null mice with sub-bactericidal concentrations of the non-cleavable LL-37 analogs promotes GAS clearance that is abolished by the administration of either P2X7 or EGF receptor antagonists. We demonstrate that LL-37-mediated activation of host receptors is critical for defense against GAS soft-tissue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Biswas
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Poornima Ambalavanan
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miriam Ravins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aparna Anand
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abhinay Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kimberly Xuan Zhen Lim
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Ying Min Tan
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Ying Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, LSI Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Asaf Sol
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, LSI Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emanuel Hanski
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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23
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Passelli K, Billion O, Tacchini-Cottier F. The Impact of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Skin on the Pathology Induced by Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649348. [PMID: 33732265 PMCID: PMC7957080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause the leishmaniases, a spectrum of neglected infectious vector-borne diseases with a broad range of clinical manifestations ranging from local cutaneous, to visceral forms of the diseases. The parasites are deposited in the mammalian skin during the blood meal of an infected female phlebotomine sand fly. The skin is a complex organ acting as the first line of physical and immune defense against pathogens. Insults to skin integrity, such as that occurring during insect feeding, induces the local secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules generating the rapid recruitment of neutrophils. At the site of infection, skin keratinocytes play a first role in host defense contributing to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the infected dermis, of which neutrophils are the first recruited cells. Although neutrophils efficiently kill various pathogens including Leishmania, several Leishmania species have developed mechanisms to survive in these cells. In addition, through their rapid release of cytokines, neutrophils modulate the skin microenvironment at the site of infection, a process shaping the subsequent development of the adaptive immune response. Neutrophils may also be recruited later on in unhealing forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to the spleen and liver in visceral forms of the disease. Here, we will review the mechanisms involved in neutrophil recruitment to the skin following Leishmania infection focusing on the role of keratinocytes in this process. We will also discuss the distinct involvement of neutrophils in the outcome of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oaklyne Billion
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Dokoshi T, Zhang LJ, Li F, Nakatsuji T, Butcher A, Yoshida H, Shimoda M, Okada Y, Gallo RL. Hyaluronan Degradation by Cemip Regulates Host Defense against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 30:61-68.e4. [PMID: 31914398 PMCID: PMC7029423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human bacterial pathogen responsible for deep tissue skin infections. Recent observations have suggested that rapid, localized digestion of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the dermis may influence bacterial invasion and tissue inflammation. In this study we find that cell migration-inducing protein (Cemip) is the major inducible gene responsible for hyaluronan catabolism in mice. Cemip−/− mice failed to digest hyaluronan and had significantly less evidence of infection after intradermal bacterial challenge by S. aureus. Stabilization of large-molecular-weight hyaluronan enabled increased expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (Camp) that was due in part to enhanced differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes, as seen histologically and by increased expression of Pref1, PPARg, and Adipoq. Cemip−/− mice challenged with S. aureus also had greater IL-6 expression and neutrophil infiltration. These observations describe a mechanism for hyaluronan in the dermal ECM to regulate tissue inflammation and host antimicrobial defense. In this paper, Dokoshi et al. describe how the mammalian hyaluronidase Cemip is induced in the dermis during S. aureus infection. Cemip digests hyaluronan in the skin to regulate reactive adipogenesis and subsequent antimicrobial activity and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anna Butcher
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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25
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Breda LCD, Menezes IG, Paulo LNM, de Almeida SR. Immune Sensing and Potential Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Control Chromoblastomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:jof7010003. [PMID: 33375204 PMCID: PMC7822212 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected, chronic, and progressive subcutaneous mycosis caused by different species of fungi from the Herpotrichiellaceae family. CBM disease is usually associated with agricultural activities, and its infection is characterized by verrucous, erythematous papules, and atrophic lesions on the upper and lower limbs, leading to social stigma and impacts on patients' welfare. The economic aspect of disease treatment is another relevant issue. There is no specific treatment for CBM, and different anti-fungal drug associations are used to treat the patients. However, the long period of the disease and the high cost of the treatment lead to treatment interruption and, consequently, relapse of the disease. In previous years, great progress had been made in the comprehension of the CBM pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss the differences in the cell wall composition of conidia, hyphae, and muriform cells, with a particular focus on the activation of the host immune response. We also highlight the importance of studies about the host skin immunology in CBM. Finally, we explore different immunotherapeutic studies, highlighting the importance of these approaches for future treatment strategies for CBM.
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26
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Wang Y, Wang M, Shan A, Feng X. Avian host defense cathelicidins: structure, expression, biological functions, and potential therapeutic applications. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6434-6445. [PMID: 33248558 PMCID: PMC7704953 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDP) are multifunctional effectors of the innate immune system, which has antimicrobial and pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. Although there is a very sophisticated superposition of adaptive immune systems in vertebrates, this system is still essential. As an important family of HDP, cathelicidins are also known for their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. It has been found in humans and other species, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, and some kind of fish. Among them, cathelicidins in birds were described for the first time in 2005. This review focuses on the structure, biological activities, expression, and regulation of avian cathelicidin, especially main effects of host defense cathelicidin on potential therapeutic applications. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for cathelicidin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of cathelicidin as novel therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjun Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Tian C, Chen K, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Huang J, Wang JM. The G-Protein Coupled Formyl Peptide Receptors and Their Role in the Progression of Digestive Tract Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820973280. [PMID: 33251986 PMCID: PMC7705772 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820973280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a causative factor of many cancers, although it
originally acts as a protective host response to the loss of tissue homeostasis.
Many inflammatory conditions predispose susceptible cells, most of which are of
epithelial origin, to neoplastic transformation. There is a close correlation
between digestive tract (DT) cancer and chronic inflammation, such as esophageal
adenocarcinoma associated with Barrett’s esophagus, helicobacter
pylori infection as the cause of stomach cancer, hepatitis leading
to liver cirrhosis and subsequent cancer, and colon cancer linking to
inflammatory bowel diseases and schistosomiasis. A prominent
feature of malignant transformation of DT tract epithelial cells is their
adoption of somatic gene mutations resulting in abnormal expression of proteins
that endow the cells with unlimited proliferation as well as increased motility
and invasive capabilities. Many of these events are mediated by Gi-protein
coupled chemoattractant receptors (GPCRs) including formyl peptide receptors
(FPRs in human, Fprs in mice). In this article, we review the current
understanding of FPRs (Fprs) and their function in DT cancer types as well as
their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimeng Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer Basic Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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28
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Chéneau C, Kremer EJ. Adenovirus-Extracellular Protein Interactions and Their Impact on Innate Immune Responses by Human Mononuclear Phagocytes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121351. [PMID: 33255892 PMCID: PMC7760109 DOI: 10.3390/v12121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight how, in a syngeneic system, human mononuclear phagocytes respond to environments containing human adenovirus (HAdV) and soluble extracellular proteins that influence their innate immune response. Soluble extracellular proteins, including immunoglobulins, blood clotting factors, proteins of the complement system, and/or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can exert direct effects by binding to a virus capsid that modifies interactions with pattern recognition receptors and downstream signaling. In addition, the presence, generation, or secretion of extracellular proteins can indirectly influence the response to HAdVs via the activation and recruitment of cells at the site of infection.
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29
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Yang X, Niu L, Pan Y, Feng X, Liu J, Guo Y, Pan C, Geng F, Tang X. LL-37-Induced Autophagy Contributed to the Elimination of Live Porphyromonas gingivalis Internalized in Keratinocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:561761. [PMID: 33178622 PMCID: PMC7593823 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.561761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the most important pathogens of periodontitis, is closely associated with the aggravation and recurrence of periodontitis and systemic diseases. Antibacterial peptide LL-37, transcribed from the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene, exhibits a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and regulates the immune system. In this study, we demonstrated that LL-37 reduced the number of live P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner via an antibiotic-protection assay. LL-37 promoted autophagy of HaCaT cells internalized with P. gingivalis. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) weakened the inhibitory effect of LL-37 on the number of intracellular P. gingivalis. A cluster of orthologous groups (COGs) and a gene ontology (GO) functional analysis were used to individually assign 65 (10%) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to an "Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport" cluster and 306 (47.08%) DEGs to metabolic processes including autophagy. Autophagy-related genes, a tripartite motif-containing 22 (TRIM22), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3) were identified as potentially involved in LL-37-induced autophagy. Finally, bioinformatics software was utilized to construct and predict the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of CAMP-TRIM22/LAMP3-Autophagy. The findings indicated that LL-37 can reduce the quantity of live P. gingivalis internalized in HaCaT cells by promoting autophagy in these cells. The transcriptome sequencing and analysis also revealed the potential molecular pathway of LL-37-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xianghui Feng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center of Science Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunling Pan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengxue Geng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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30
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Takahashi T, Yamasaki K. Psoriasis and Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186791. [PMID: 32947991 PMCID: PMC7555190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by crosstalk between various cells such as T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as β-defensin, S100, and cathelicidin are secreted from these cells and activate the innate immune system through various mechanisms to induce inflammation, thus participating in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In particular, these antimicrobial peptides enhance the binding of damage-associated molecular patterns such as self-DNA and self-RNA to their receptors and promote the secretion of interferon from activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells and keratinocytes to promote inflammation in psoriasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complexes of self-DNA and proteins including LL-37 released from neutrophils in psoriatic skin, induce Th17. Activated myeloid dendritic cells secrete a mass of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-23 in psoriasis, which is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of T cells that produce IL-17. AMPs enhance the production of some of Th17 and Th1 cytokines and modulate receptors and cellular signaling in psoriasis. Inflammation induced by DAMPs, including self-DNA and RNA released due to microinjuries or scratches, and the enhanced recognition of DAMPs by AMPs, may be involved in the mechanism underlying the Köbner phenomenon in psoriasis.
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Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic endothelial cells through the ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6841-6854. [PMID: 32886325 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
LL-37, the only member of the cathelicidin family of cationic antimicrobial peptides in humans has been shown to exhibit a wide variety of biological actions in addition to its antimicrobial activity. However, the lymphangiogenic effect of LL-37 has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we examined the effects of LL-37 on lymphangiogenesis and evaluated the underlying molecular mechanisms. LL-37 treatment significantly increased the migration and tube-like formation of human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (HDLECs) and promoted the expression of lymphangiogenic factor in HDLECs. Treatment with LL-37 increased phosphorylation of ERK and Akt proteins in HDLECs, and pretreatment with ERK and Akt inhibitors significantly blocked the LL-37-induced HDLEC migration and tube-like formation. Furthermore, to investigate the involvement of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) signaling in LL-37-induced lymphangiogenesis, HDLECs were treated with an FPRL1 antagonist. Pretreatment with the FPRL1 antagonist inhibited LL-37-induced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt proteins and attenuated LL-37-induced HDLEC migration and tube-like formation. These data indicated that LL-37 induces lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic endothelial cells via FPRL1, and the activation of the ERK and Akt-dependent signaling pathways.
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Golla RM, Mishra B, Dang X, Lakshmaiah Narayana J, Li A, Xu L, Wang G. Resistome of Staphylococcus aureus in Response to Human Cathelicidin LL-37 and Its Engineered Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1866-1881. [PMID: 32343547 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is notoriously known for its rapid development of resistance to conventional antibiotics. S. aureus can alter its membrane composition to reduce the killing effect of antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To obtain a more complete picture, this study identified the resistance genes of S. aureus in response to human cathelicidin LL-37 peptides by screening the Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library. In total, 24 resistant genes were identified. Among them, six mutants, including the one with the known membrane-modifying gene (mprF) disabled, became more membrane permeable to the LL-37 engineered peptide 17BIPHE2 than the wild type. Mass spectrometry analysis detected minimal lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (lysylPG) from the mprF mutant of S. aureus JE2, confirming loss-of-function of this gene. Moreover, multiple mutants showed reduced surface adhesion and biofilm formation. In addition, four S. aureus mutants were unable to infect wax moth Galleria mellonella. There appears to be a connection between the ability of bacterial attachment/biofilm formation and infection. These results underscore the multiple functional roles of the identified peptide-response genes in bacterial growth, infection, and biofilm formation. Therefore, S. aureus utilizes a set of resistant genes to weave a complex molecular network to handle the danger posed by cationic LL-37. It appears that different genes are involved depending on the nature of antimicrobials. These resistant genes may offer a novel avenue to designing more potent antibiotics that target the Achilles heels of S. aureus USA300, a community-associated pathogen of great threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha M. Golla
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Xiangli Dang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Jayaram Lakshmaiah Narayana
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
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Asadi A, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Sharifi I, Firouzeh N. Murine cathelicidin: as a host defensive response against Leishmania major infection. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:633-638. [PMID: 32801517 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious global challenge with neither efficacious prophylactic vaccine nor effective and safe therapeutic measures. Cathelicidins, members of antimicrobial peptides family, are small proteins of innate immunity system, which represent a protective barrier against a number of potential pathogens in living organisms. The murine cathelicidin or cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is expressed by a variety of cells or tissues, and highly resembles to human cathelicidin (LL-37). It is naturally expressed at a low concentration in adolescent age, but extensively increases during cutaneous infections. Despite its important role, it has less been investigated in parasitic infections. Among all cells, macrophages and skin cells are the two important cells that directly have a relationship with Leishmania major parasites. The present study aimed to show whether cathelicidins protect their hosts following cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major parasites. Both in vitro and in vivo models of L. major infection were established by exposing of J744 cell line (murine macrophages) and BALB/c mice with the stationary phase of L. major promastigotes for 24 h and 7 days. The findings revealed that both macrophages and skin cells significantly (p < 0.05) expressed a high level of CRAMP gene and peptide after challenging with L. major parasites. Thus, our data suggest a protective role for cathelicidins against infections caused by L. major parasites. This experimental model could be considered as a novel potential vaccine candidate for planning future control strategy against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Asadi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Firouzeh
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Patras KA, Coady A, Babu P, Shing SR, Ha AD, Rooholfada E, Brandt SL, Geriak M, Gallo RL, Nizet V. Host Cathelicidin Exacerbates Group B Streptococcus Urinary Tract Infection. mSphere 2020; 5:e00932-19. [PMID: 32321824 PMCID: PMC7178553 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00932-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes frequent urinary tract infection (UTI) in susceptible populations, including individuals with type 2 diabetes and pregnant women; however, specific host factors responsible for increased GBS susceptibility in these populations are not well characterized. Here, we investigate cathelicidin, a cationic antimicrobial peptide, known to be critical for defense during UTI with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). We observed a loss of antimicrobial activity of human and mouse cathelicidins against GBS and UPEC in synthetic urine and no evidence for increased cathelicidin resistance in GBS urinary isolates. Furthermore, we found that GBS degrades cathelicidin in a protease-dependent manner. Surprisingly, in a UTI model, cathelicidin-deficient (Camp-/-) mice showed decreased GBS burdens and mast cell recruitment in the bladder compared to levels in wild-type (WT) mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of mast cells reduced GBS burdens and histamine release in WT but not Camp-/- mice. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice had increased bladder cathelicidin production and mast cell recruitment at 24 h postinfection with GBS compared to levels in nondiabetic controls. We propose that cathelicidin is an important immune regulator but ineffective antimicrobial peptide against GBS in urine. Combined, our findings may in part explain the increased frequency of GBS UTI in diabetic and pregnant individuals.IMPORTANCE Certain populations such as diabetic individuals are at increased risk for developing urinary tract infections (UTI), although the underlying reasons for this susceptibility are not fully known. Additionally, diabetics are more likely to become infected with certain types of bacteria, such as group B Streptococcus (GBS). In this study, we find that an antimicrobial peptide called cathelicidin, which is thought to protect the bladder from infection, is ineffective in controlling GBS and alters the type of immune cells that migrate to the bladder during infection. Using a mouse model of diabetes, we observe that diabetic mice are more susceptible to GBS infection even though they also have more infiltrating immune cells and increased production of cathelicidin. Taken together, our findings identify this antimicrobial peptide as a potential contributor to increased susceptibility of diabetic individuals to GBS UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Patras
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alison Coady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Priyanka Babu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel R Shing
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Albert D Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emma Rooholfada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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35
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Lowry MB, Guo C, Zhang Y, Fantacone ML, Logan IE, Campbell Y, Zhang W, Le M, Indra AK, Ganguli-Indra G, Xie J, Gallo RL, Koeffler HP, Gombart AF. A mouse model for vitamin D-induced human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105552. [PMID: 31783153 PMCID: PMC7089838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans and other primates, 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 regulates the expression of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene via toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that activates the vitamin D pathway. Mice and other mammals lack the vitamin D response element (VDRE) in their CAMP promoters. To elucidate the biological importance of this pathway, we generated transgenic mice that carry a genomic DNA fragment encompassing the entire human CAMP gene and crossed them with Camp knockout (KO) mice. We observed expression of the human transgene in various tissues and innate immune cells. However, in mouse CAMP transgenic macrophages, TLR activation in the presence of 25(OH)D3 did not induce expression of either CAMP or CYP27B1 as would normally occur in human macrophages, reinforcing important species differences in the actions of vitamin D. Transgenic mice did show increased resistance to colonization by Salmonella typhimurium in the gut. Furthermore, the human CAMP gene restored wound healing in the skin of Camp KO mice. Topical application of 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 to the skin of CAMP transgenic mice induced CAMP expression and increased killing of Staphylococcus aureus in a wound infection model. Our model can help elucidate the biological importance of the vitamin D-cathelicidin pathway in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm B Lowry
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chunxiao Guo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Nutrition Graduate Program, School of Biological & Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mary L Fantacone
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Isabelle E Logan
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yan Campbell
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mai Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery, Transplant & Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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36
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Chen YL, Gomes T, Hardman CS, Vieira Braga FA, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Salimi M, Gray N, Duncan DA, Reynolds G, Johnson D, Salio M, Cerundolo V, Barlow JL, McKenzie AN, Teichmann SA, Haniffa M, Ogg G. Re-evaluation of human BDCA-2+ DC during acute sterile skin inflammation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20190811. [PMID: 31845972 PMCID: PMC7062525 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce type I interferon (IFN-I) and are traditionally defined as being BDCA-2+CD123+. pDCs are not readily detectable in healthy human skin, but have been suggested to accumulate in wounds. Here, we describe a CD1a-bearing BDCA-2+CD123int DC subset that rapidly infiltrates human skin wounds and comprises a major DC population. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that these cells are largely activated DCs acquiring features compatible with lymph node homing and antigen presentation, but unexpectedly express both BDCA-2 and CD123, potentially mimicking pDCs. Furthermore, a third BDCA-2-expressing population, Axl+Siglec-6+ DCs (ASDC), was also found to infiltrate human skin during wounding. These data demonstrate early skin infiltration of a previously unrecognized CD123intBDCA-2+CD1a+ DC subset during acute sterile inflammation, and prompt a re-evaluation of previously ascribed pDC involvement in skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare S. Hardman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felipe A. Vieira Braga
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University of Gdańsk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicki Gray
- Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - David Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jillian L. Barlow
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Dermatology and National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Interleukin-17A and Keratinocytes in Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041275. [PMID: 32070069 PMCID: PMC7072868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The excellent clinical efficacy of anti-interleukin 17A (IL-17A) biologics on psoriasis indicates a crucial pathogenic role of IL-17A in this autoinflammatory skin disease. IL-17A accelerates the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. Keratinocytes produce a myriad of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL20. Antimicrobial peptides enhance skin inflammation. IL-17A is capable of upregulating the production of these chemokines and antimicrobial peptides in keratinocytes. CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 recruit neutrophils and CCL20 chemoattracts IL-17A-producing CCR6+ immune cells, which further contributes to forming an IL-17A-rich milieu. This feed-forward pathogenic process results in characteristic histopathological features, such as epidermal hyperproliferation, intraepidermal neutrophilic microabscess, and dermal CCR6+ cell infiltration. In this review, we focus on IL-17A and keratinocyte interaction regarding psoriasis pathogenesis.
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38
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Fu L, Jin P, Hu Y, Lu H, Su L. KR‑12‑a6 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via BMP/SMAD signaling. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:61-68. [PMID: 31939626 PMCID: PMC6896396 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the increased resistance to antibiotics in the clinic and the ideal antibacterial properties of KR‑12, the effects of KR‑12‑a6, an important analogue of KR‑12, on the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were investigated. Osteogenic differentiation‑associated experiments were conducted in hBMSCs, and KR‑12‑a6 was used as an additional stimulating factor during osteogenic induction. Quantitative analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining, and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis of the expression of osteogenesis‑associated genes were performed to determine the effects of KR‑12‑a6 on the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. LDN‑212854 was selected to selectively suppress BMP/SMAD signaling. Western blotting was performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The intensity of ALP and alizarin red staining gradually increased with increasing KR‑12‑a6 concentrations. KR‑12‑a6 induced the strongest staining at 40 µg/ml, whereas 60 µg/ml and 80 µg/ml concentrations did not further increase the intensity of staining. The mRNA expression levels of RUNX2 and ALP increased in a dose‑dependent manner as early as 3 days post‑KR‑12‑a6 treatment. The mRNA expression of COL1A1, BSP and BMP2 exhibited significant upregulation from day 7 post‑KR‑12‑a6 treatment. In contrast, the mRNA levels of OSX, OCN and OPN were enhanced dramatically at day 14 following KR‑12‑a6 stimulation. Additionally, KR‑12‑a6 significantly promoted the phosphorylation of Smad1/5. Furthermore, LDN‑212854 suppressed the activation of Smad1/5 and inhibited the upregulation of several osteogenic differentiation‑associated genes in KR‑12‑a6‑treated hBMSCs. KR‑12‑a6 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via BMP/SMAD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqing Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Peicheng Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Hougen Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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39
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Mei C, Yang W, Wei X, Wu K, Huang D. The Unique Microbiome and Innate Immunity During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2886. [PMID: 31921149 PMCID: PMC6929482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful pregnancy depends on not only the tolerance of the fetal immune system by the mother but also resistance against the threat of hazardous microorganisms. Infection with pathogenic microorganisms during pregnancy may lead to premature delivery, miscarriage, growth restriction, neonatal morbidity, and other adverse outcomes. Moreover, the host also has an intact immune system to avoid these adverse outcomes. It is important to note the presence of normal bacteria in the maternal reproductive tract and the principal role of the maternal-placental-fetal interaction in antimicrobial immunity. Previous studies mainly focused on maternal infection during pregnancy. However, this review summarizes the new views on the study of the maternal microbiome and expounds the innate immune defense mechanism of the maternal vagina and decidua as well as how cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts recognize and kill bacteria in the placenta. Fetal immune systems, thought to be weak, also exhibit an immune defense function that is indispensable for maintaining the safety of the fetus. The skin, lungs, and intestines of the fetus during pregnancy constitute the main immune barriers. These findings will provide a new understanding of the effects of normal microbial flora and how the host resists harmful microbes during pregnancy. We believe that it may also contribute to the reference on the clinical prevention and treatment of gestational infection to avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Mei
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kejia Wu
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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40
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LL-37: Review of antimicrobial profile against sensitive and antibiotic-resistant human bacterial pathogens. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Crauwels P, Bank E, Walber B, Wenzel UA, Agerberth B, Chanyalew M, Abebe M, König R, Ritter U, Reiling N, van Zandbergen G. Cathelicidin Contributes to the Restriction of Leishmania in Human Host Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2697. [PMID: 31824492 PMCID: PMC6883804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In cutaneous Leishmaniasis the parasitic control in human host macrophages is still poorly understood. We found an increased expression of the human cathelicidin CAMP in skin lesions of Ethiopian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vitamin D driven, Cathelicidin-type antimicrobial peptides (CAMP) play an important role in the elimination of invading microorganisms. Recombinant cathelicidin was able to induce cell-death characteristics in Leishmania in a dose dependent manner. Using human primary macrophages, we demonstrated pro-inflammatory macrophages (hMDM1) to express a higher level of human cathelicidin, both on gene and protein level, compared to anti-inflammatory macrophages (hMDM2). Activating the CAMP pathway using Vitamin D in hMDM1 resulted in a cathelicidin-mediated-Leishmania restriction. Finally, a reduction of cathelicidin in hMDM1, using a RNA interference (RNAi) approach, increased Leishmania parasite survival. In all, these data show the human cathelicidin to contribute to the innate immune response against Leishmaniasis in a human primary cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Crauwels
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany.,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Bank
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bianca Walber
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Ulf Alexander Wenzel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Menberework Chanyalew
- Research and Innovation Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Research and Innovation Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Renate König
- Research Group "Host-Pathogen Interactions", Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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42
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Agha NH, Baker FL, Kunz HE, Spielmann G, Mylabathula PL, Rooney BV, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Laughlin MS, Markofski MM, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. Salivary antimicrobial proteins and stress biomarkers are elevated during a 6-month mission to the International Space Station. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:264-275. [PMID: 31751178 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00560.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the international space community plans for manned missions to Mars, spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation has been identified as a potential risk to the health and safety of the flight crew. There is a need to determine whether salivary antimicrobial proteins, which act as a first line of innate immune defense against multiple pathogens, are altered in response to long-duration (>6 mo) missions. We collected 7 consecutive days of whole and sublingual saliva samples from eight International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers and seven ground-based control subjects at nine mission time points, ~180 and ~60 days before launch (L-180/L-60), on orbit at flight days ~10 and ~90 (FD10/FD90) and ~1 day before return (R-1), and at R+0, R+18, R+33, and R+66 days after returning to Earth. We found that salivary secretory (s)IgA, lysozyme, LL-37, and the cortisol-to-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio were elevated in the ISS crew before (L-180) and during (FD10/FD90) the mission. "Rookie" crewmembers embarking on their first spaceflight mission had lower levels of salivary sIgA but increased levels of α-amylase, lysozyme, and LL-37 during and after the mission compared with the "veteran" crew who had previously flown. Latent herpesvirus reactivation was distinct to the ~6-mo mission crewmembers who performed extravehicular activity ("spacewalks"). Crewmembers who shed at least one latent virus had higher cortisol levels than those who did not shed. We conclude that long-duration spaceflight alters the concentration and/or secretion of several antimicrobial proteins in saliva, some of which are related to crewmember flight experience, biomarkers of stress, and latent viral reactivation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation may jeopardize future exploration-class missions. Salivary antimicrobial proteins act as a first line of innate immune defense. We report here that several of these proteins are elevated in astronauts during an International Space Station mission, particularly in those embarking on their first space voyage. Astronauts who shed a latent herpesvirus also had higher concentrations of salivary cortisol compared with those who did not shed. Stress-relieving countermeasures are needed to preserve immunity and prevent viral reactivation during prolonged voyages into deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Forrest L Baker
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hawley E Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Preteesh L Mylabathula
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,GeoControl Systems, Incorporated, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Satish K Mehta
- JesTech, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Duane L Pierson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Fondren Orthopedic Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian E Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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43
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Al-Farsi HM, Al-Adwani S, Ahmed S, Vogt C, Ambikan AT, Leber A, Al-Jardani A, Al-Azri S, Al-Muharmi Z, Toprak MS, Giske CG, Bergman P. Effects of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 and Innate Effector Mechanisms in Colistin-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae With mgrB Insertions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2632. [PMID: 31803163 PMCID: PMC6870453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colistin is a polypeptide antibiotic drug that targets lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Inactivation of the mgrB-gene is a common mechanism behind colistin-resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn). Since colistin is a cyclic polypeptide, it may exhibit cross-resistance with the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, and with other innate effector mechanisms, but previous results are inconclusive. Objective To study potential cross-resistance between colistin and LL-37, as well as with other innate effector mechanisms, and to compare virulence of colistin-resistant and susceptible Kpn strains. Materials/Methods Carbapenemase-producing Kpn from Oman (n = 17) were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing. Susceptibility to colistin and LL-37 was studied. The surface charge was determined by zeta-potential measurements and the morphology of treated bacteria was analyzed with electron microscopy. Bacterial survival was assessed in human whole blood and serum, as well as in a zebrafish infection-model. Results Genome-analysis revealed insertion-sequences in the mgrB gene, as a cause of colistin resistance in 8/17 isolates. Colistin-resistant (Col-R) isolates were found to be more resistant to LL-37 compared to colistin-susceptible (Col-S) isolates, but only at concentrations ≥50 μg/ml. There was no significant difference in surface charge between the isolates. The morphological changes were similar in both Col-R and Col-S isolates after exposure to LL-37. Finally, no survival difference between the Col-R and Col-S isolates was observed in whole blood or serum, or in zebrafish embryos. Conclusion Cross-resistance between colistin and LL-37 was observed at elevated concentrations of LL-37. However, Col-R and Col-S isolates exhibited similar survival in serum and whole blood, and in a zebrafish infection-model, suggesting that cross-resistance most likely play a limited role during physiological conditions. However, it cannot be ruled out that the observed cross-resistance could be relevant in conditions where LL-37 levels reach high concentrations, such as during infection or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hissa M Al-Farsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salma Al-Adwani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Vogt
- Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Leber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amina Al-Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saleh Al-Azri
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Zakariya Al-Muharmi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muhammet S Toprak
- Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian G Giske
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Infectious Disease Clinic, The Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Diallyl disulfide inhibits ethanol-induced pulmonary cell vitamin D and antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin depletion. Alcohol 2019; 80:99-108. [PMID: 30580017 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol has been found to affect pulmonary cells by interfering with vitamin D metabolism and pulmonary defense mechanisms. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms of ethanol's disruptive influence on the vitamin D pathway and inhibition of anti-microbial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37). Bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2Bs), primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs), primary human alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs), and human monocyte cells (THP-1s) were used in this study. These cells were cultured and exposed to different treatment groups: medium-only control, ethanol (70 mM) only, diallyl disulfide (DADS) (10 μM) -only, and a co-exposure of ethanol (70 mM) and DADS (10 μM) for 10 or 24 h. Calcidiol (50 ng/mL) and calcitriol (0.05 ng/mL) dose-response studies were conducted for 48 h. After incubation, cells were trypsinized, lysed, and centrifuged, and the cellular lysate was prepared for assay. Protein was quantified, and levels of inactive vitamin D [25(OH)D3], active vitamin D [1, 25(OH)2 D3], and anti-microbial peptides (cathelicidin/LL-37) in the samples were assayed using commercially available ELISA kits. In the ethanol-exposed group, cellular lysate concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and LL-37 were significantly reduced by 30%, and 40% in BEAS-2B cells, and 35% and 80% in HPAEpi cells respectively. Overall 1, 25(OH)2D3 cellular lysate levels were lower but followed a similar trend as the 25(OH)D3 response. LL-37 levels in primary bronchial, alveolar cells, and ThP-1 cells were statistically reduced in ethanol-exposed groups (60%, 80%, and 65%, respectively) when compared with control. Following the addition of DADS, levels of LL-37 were recovered to within control levels for all three cell types. This study establishes two clinically relevant observations: that the exposure of pulmonary epithelial and monocyte cells to physiologically relevant levels of excessive ethanol selectively disrupts the activation of pulmonary vitamin D and inhibits the presence of anti-microbial peptide (LL-37) in vitro, and the co-exposure of DADS significantly attenuates ethanol-induced intracellular LL-37 depletion.
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45
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Comparison of DOTA and NODAGA as chelates for 68Ga-labelled CDP1 as novel infection PET imaging agents. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Misra P, Singh S. Site specific microbiome of Leishmania parasite and its cross-talk with immune milieu. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:79-88. [PMID: 31678358 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota consists of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms found in all multicellular organisms. These micro-organisms are found in or on many parts of the body, including the intestinal tract, skin, mouth, and the reproductive tract. This review focuses on interplay of site specific microbiota, vector microbiota along with immune response and severity of Leishmaniasis. Herein, we have reviewed and summarized the counter effect of microbiome post infection with the Leishmania parasite. We have studied skin microbiome along with the gut microbiome of sand-fly which is the vector for transmission of this disease. Our major focus was to understand the skin and gut microbiome during Leishmania infection,their interaction and effect on immunological responses generated during the infection.Moreover, systems biology approach is envisioned to enumerate bacterial species in skin microbiota and Phlebotmus gut microbiota during Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Misra
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
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47
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Characterization, expression profiling, and functional analysis of a Populus trichocarpa defensin gene and its potential as an anti-Agrobacterium rooting medium additive. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15359. [PMID: 31653915 PMCID: PMC6814764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse antimicrobial properties of defensins have attracted wide scientific interest in recent years. Also, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including cecropins, histatins, defensins, and cathelicidins, have recently become an antimicrobial research hotspot for their broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. In addition, defensins play important roles in plant growth, development, and physiological metabolism, and demonstrate tissue specificity and regulation in response to pathogen attack or abiotic stress. In this study, we performed molecular cloning, characterization, expression profiling, and functional analysis of a defensin from Populus trichocarpa. The PtDef protein was highly expressed in the prokaryotic Escherichia coli system as a fusion protein (TrxA–PtDef). The purified protein exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal functions. We then applied PtDef to rooting culture medium as an alternative exogenous additive to cefotaxime. PtDef expression levels increased significantly following both biotic and abiotic treatment. The degree of leaf damage observed in wild-type (WT) and transgenic poplars indicates that transgenic poplars that overexpress the PtDef gene gain enhanced disease resistance to Septotis populiperda. To further study the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathways, SA- and JA-related and pathogenesis-related genes were analyzed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; there were significant differences in these pathways between transgenic and WT poplars. The defensin from Populus trichocarpa showed significant activity of anti-bacteria and anti-fungi. According to the results of qRT-PCR and physiological relevant indicators, the applied PtDef to rooting culture medium was chosen as an alternative exogenous additive to cefotaxime. Overexpressing the PtDef gene in poplar improve the disease resistance to Septotis populiperda.
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48
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Liggins MC, Li F, Zhang LJ, Dokoshi T, Gallo RL. Retinoids Enhance the Expression of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide during Reactive Dermal Adipogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1589-1597. [PMID: 31420464 PMCID: PMC9233297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A subset of dermal fibroblasts undergo rapid differentiation into adipocytes in response to infection and acutely produce the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene Camp Vitamin A and other retinoids inhibit adipogenesis yet can show benefit to skin disorders, such as cystic acne, that are exacerbated by bacteria. We observed that retinoids potently increase and sustain the expression of Camp in preadipocytes undergoing adipogenesis despite inhibition of markers of adipogenesis, such as Adipoq, Fabp4, and Rstn Retinoids increase cathelicidin in both mouse and human preadipocytes, but this enhancement of antimicrobial peptide expression did not occur in keratinocytes or a sebocyte cell line. Preadipocytes undergoing adipogenesis more effectively inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus when exposed to retinoic acid. Whole transcriptome analysis identified hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) as a mechanism through which retinoids mediate this response. These observations uncouple the lipid accumulation element of adipogenesis from the innate immune response and uncover a mechanism, to our knowledge previously unsuspected, that may explain therapeutic benefits of retinoids in some skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Liggins
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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49
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Chin JS, Madden L, Chew SY, Becker DL. Drug therapies and delivery mechanisms to treat perturbed skin wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:2-18. [PMID: 30959068 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute wound healing is an orderly process of four overlapping events: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. A drug delivery system with a temporal control of release could promote each of these events sequentially. However, acute wound healing normally proceeds very well in healthy individuals and there is little need to promote it. In the elderly and diabetics however, healing is often slow and wounds can become chronic and we need to promote their healing. Targeting the events of acute wound healing would not be appropriate for a chronic wound, which have stalled in the proinflammatory phase. They also have many additional problems such as poor circulation, low oxygen, high levels of leukocytes, high reactive oxygen species, high levels of proteolytic enzymes, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, bacterial infection and high pH. The future challenge will be to tackle each of these negative factors to create a wound environment conducive to healing.
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50
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Ahmed A, Siman-Tov G, Hall G, Bhalla N, Narayanan A. Human Antimicrobial Peptides as Therapeutics for Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080704. [PMID: 31374901 PMCID: PMC6722670 DOI: 10.3390/v11080704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful in vivo infection following pathogen entry requires the evasion and subversion of multiple immunological barriers. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the first immune pathways upregulated during infection by multiple pathogens, in multiple organs in vivo. In humans, there are many classes of AMPs exhibiting broad antimicrobial activities, with defensins and the human cathelicidin LL-37 being the best studied examples. Whereas historically the efficacy and therapeutic potential of AMPs against bacterial infection has been the primary focus of research, recent studies have begun to elucidate the antiviral properties of AMPs as well as their role in regulation of inflammation and chemoattraction. AMPs as therapeutic tools seem especially promising against emerging infectious viral pathogens for which no approved vaccines or treatments are currently available, such as dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). In this review, we summarize recent studies elucidating the efficacy and diverse mechanisms of action of various classes of AMPs against multiple viral pathogens, as well as the potential use of human AMPs in novel antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslaa Ahmed
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Gavriella Siman-Tov
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Grant Hall
- United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Nishank Bhalla
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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