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Slavin BV, Nayak VV, Boczar D, Bergamo ET, Slavin BR, Yarholar LM, Torroni A, Coelho PG, Witek L. Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE) of the Craniofacial Skeleton, Part II: Translational Potential of 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Defect Repair. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:261-267. [PMID: 37622526 PMCID: PMC10836599 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing and 3-dimensional (3D) printing techniques have revolutionized the approach to bone tissue engineering for the repair of craniomaxillofacial skeletal defects. Ample research has been performed to gain a fundamental understanding of the optimal 3D-printed scaffold design and composition to facilitate appropriate bone formation and healing. Benchtop and preclinical, small animal model testing of 3D-printed bioactive ceramic scaffolds augmented with pharmacological/biological agents have yielded promising results given their potential combined osteogenic and osteoinductive capacity. However, other factors must be evaluated before newly developed constructs may be considered analogous alternatives to the "gold standard" autologous graft for defect repair. More specifically, the 3D-printed bioactive ceramic scaffold's long-term safety profile, biocompatibility, and resorption kinetics must be studied. The ultimate goal is to successfully regenerate bone that is comparable in volume, density, histologic composition, and mechanical strength to that of native bone. In vivo studies of these newly developed bone tissue engineering in translational animal models continue to make strides toward addressing regulatory and clinically relevant topics. These include the use of skeletally immature animal models to address the challenges posed by craniomaxillofacial defect repair in pediatric patients. This manuscript reviews the most recent preclinical animal studies seeking to assess 3D-printed ceramic scaffolds for improved repair of critical-sized craniofacial bony defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasudev V Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Daniel Boczar
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Edmara Tp Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Benjamin R Slavin
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Lauren M Yarholar
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Andrea Torroni
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY
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Wang L, Piao Y, Guo F, Wei J, Chen Y, Dai X, Zhang X. Current progress of pig models for liver cancer research. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115256. [PMID: 37536038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical trials play critical roles in assessing the safety and efficiency of novel therapeutic strategies for human diseases including live cancer. However, most therapeutic strategies that were proved to be effective in preclinical cancer models failed in human clinical trials due to the lack of appropriate disease animal models. Therefore, it is of importance and urgent to develop a precise animal model for preclinical cancer research. Liver cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers with low 5-year survival rate. Recently, porcine attracted increasing attentions as animal model in biomedical research. Porcine liver cancer model may provide a promising platform for biomedical research due to their similarities to human being in body size, anatomical characteristics, physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and discussed the advantages and disadvantages, rationale, current status and progress of pig models for liver cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuexian Piao
- Invasive Technology Nursing Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fucheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiarui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yurong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Garrido A, Guardiola M, Neira LM, Sont R, Córdova H, Cuatrecasas M, Flisikowski K, Troya J, Sanahuja J, Winogrodzki T, Belda I, Meining A, Fernández-Esparrach G. Preclinical Evaluation of a Microwave-Based Accessory Device for Colonoscopy in an In Vivo Porcine Model with Colorectal Polyps. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3122. [PMID: 37370732 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Colonoscopy is currently the most effective way of detecting colorectal cancer and removing polyps, but it has some drawbacks and can miss up to 22% of polyps. Microwave imaging has the potential to provide a 360° view of the colon and addresses some of the limitations of conventional colonoscopy. This study evaluates the feasibility of a microwave-based colonoscopy in an in vivo porcine model. METHODS A prototype device with microwave antennas attached to a conventional endoscope was tested on four healthy pigs and three gene-targeted pigs with mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. The first four animals were used to evaluate safety and maneuverability and compatibility with endoscopic tools. The ability to detect polyps was tested in a series of three gene-targeted pigs. RESULTS the microwave-based device did not affect endoscopic vision or cause any adverse events such as deep mural injuries. The microwave system was stable during the procedures, and the detection algorithm showed a maximum detection signal for adenomas compared with healthy mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Microwave-based colonoscopy is feasible and safe in a preclinical model, and it has the potential to improve polyp detection. Further investigations are required to assess the device's efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Henry Córdova
- Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie der Nutztiere, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Joel Troya
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Josep Sanahuja
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Winogrodzki
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie der Nutztiere, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Meining
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Glòria Fernández-Esparrach
- MiWEndo Solutions S.L., 08014 Barcelona, Spain
- Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Schaaf CR, Polkoff KM, Carter A, Stewart AS, Sheahan B, Freund J, Ginzel J, Snyder JC, Roper J, Piedrahita JA, Gonzalez LM. A LGR5 reporter pig model closely resembles human intestine for improved study of stem cells in disease. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22975. [PMID: 37159340 PMCID: PMC10446885 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300223r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISCs) are responsible for intestinal epithelial barrier renewal; thereby, ISCs play a critical role in intestinal pathophysiology research. While transgenic ISC reporter mice are available, advanced translational studies lack a large animal model. This study validates ISC isolation in a new porcine Leucine Rich Repeat Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 (LGR5) reporter line and demonstrates the use of these pigs as a novel colorectal cancer (CRC) model. We applied histology, immunofluorescence, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, flow cytometry, gene expression quantification, and 3D organoid cultures to whole tissue and single cells from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of LGR5-H2B-GFP and wild-type pigs. Ileum and colon LGR5-H2B-GFP, healthy human, and murine biopsies were compared by mRNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). To model CRC, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation was induced by CRISPR/Cas9 editing in porcine LGR5-H2B-GFP colonoids. Crypt-base, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing cells co-localized with ISC biomarkers. LGR5-H2B-GFPhi cells had significantly higher LGR5 expression (p < .01) and enteroid forming efficiency (p < .0001) compared with LGR5-H2B-GFPmed/lo/neg cells. Using FISH, similar LGR5, OLFM4, HOPX, LYZ, and SOX9 expression was identified between human and LGR5-H2B-GFP pig crypt-base cells. LGR5-H2B-GFP/APCnull colonoids had cystic growth in WNT/R-spondin-depleted media and significantly upregulated WNT/β-catenin target gene expression (p < .05). LGR5+ ISCs are reproducibly isolated in LGR5-H2B-GFP pigs and used to model CRC in an organoid platform. The known anatomical and physiologic similarities between pig and human, and those shown by crypt-base FISH, underscore the significance of this novel LGR5-H2B-GFP pig to translational ISC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia R. Schaaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kathryn M. Polkoff
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Amber Carter
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Amy S. Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Breanna Sheahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - John Freund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Joshua Ginzel
- Department of SurgeryDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Joshua C. Snyder
- Department of SurgeryDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jatin Roper
- Department of Medicine, Division of GastroenterologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jorge A. Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xia Y, Sun J. Bacterial translocation and barrier dysfunction enhance colonic tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2023; 35:100847. [PMID: 36334333 PMCID: PMC9640348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the development of colon cancer, the intestinal dysbiosis and disruption of barrier function are common manifestations. In the current study, we hypothesized that host factors, e.g., vitamin D receptor deficiency or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation, contribute to the enhanced dysbiosis and disrupted barrier in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Using the human CRC database, we found enhanced tumor-invading bacteria and reduced colonic VDR expression, which was correlated with a reduction of Claudin-10 mRNA and protein. In the colon of VDRΔIEC mice, deletion of intestinal epithelial VDR led to lower protein of tight junction protein Claudin-10. Lacking VDR and a reduction of Claudin-10 are associated with an increased number of tumors in the mice without myeloid VDR. Intestinal permeability was significantly increased in the mice with myeloid VDR conditional deletion. Further, mice with conditional colonic APC mutation showed reduced mucus layer, enhanced bacteria in tumors, and loss of Claudin-10. Our data from human samples and colon cancer models provided solid evidence- on the host factor regulation of bacterial translocation and dysfunction on barriers in colonic tumorigenesis. Studies on the host factor regulation of microbiome and barriers could be potentially applied to risk assessment, early detection, and prevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center Chicago, IL (537), USA.
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In vitro genome editing activity of Cas9 in somatic cells after random and transposon-based genomic Cas9 integration. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279123. [PMID: 36584049 PMCID: PMC9803249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its close resemblance, the domesticated pig has proven to be a diverse animal model for biomedical research and genome editing tools have contributed to developing porcine models for several human diseases. By employing the CRISPR-Cas9 system, porcine embryos or somatic cells can be genetically modified to generate the desired genotype. However, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of modified somatic cells and embryo manipulation are challenging, especially if the desired genotype is detrimental to the embryo. Direct in vivo edits may facilitate the production of genetically engineered pigs by integrating Cas9 into the porcine genome. Cas9 expressing cells were generated by either random integration or transposon-based integration of Cas9 and used as donor cells in SCNT. In total, 15 animals were generated that carried a transposon-based Cas9 integration and two pigs a randomly integrated Cas9. Cas9 expression was confirmed in muscle, tonsil, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, oral mucosa, and liver in two boars. Overall, Cas9 expression was higher for transposon-based integration, except in tonsils and liver. To verify Cas9 activity, fibroblasts were subjected to in vitro genome editing. Isolated fibroblasts were transfected with guide RNAs (gRNA) targeting different genes (GGTA1, B4GALNT2, B2M) relevant to xenotransplantation. Next generation sequencing revealed that the editing efficiencies varied (2-60%) between the different target genes. These results show that the integrated Cas9 remained functional, and that Cas9 expressing pigs may be used to induce desired genomic modifications to model human diseases or further evaluate in vivo gene therapy approaches.
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Repetitive non-typhoidal Salmonella exposure is an environmental risk factor for colon cancer and tumor growth. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100852. [PMID: 36543099 PMCID: PMC9798023 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During infection, Salmonella hijacks essential host signaling pathways. These molecular manipulations disrupt cellular integrity and may induce oncogenic transformation. Systemic S. Typhi infections are linked to gallbladder cancer, whereas severe non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are associated with colon cancer (CC). These diagnosed infections, however, represent only a small fraction of all NTS infections as many infections are mild and go unnoticed. To assess the overall impact of NTS infections, we performed a retrospective serological study on NTS exposure in patients with CC. The magnitude of exposure to NTS, as measured by serum antibody titer, is significantly positively associated with CC. Repetitively infecting mice with low NTS exposure showed similar accelerated tumor growth to that observed after high NTS exposure. At the cellular level, NTS preferably infects (pre-)transformed cells, and each infection round exponentially increases the rate of transformed cells. Thus, repetitive exposure to NTS associates with CC risk and accelerates tumor growth.
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Wei J, Zhang W, Li J, Jin Y, Qiu Z. Application of the transgenic pig model in biomedical research: A review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1031812. [PMID: 36325365 PMCID: PMC9618879 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1031812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large animal model has gradually become an essential part of preclinical research studies, relating to exploring the disease pathological mechanism, genic function, pharmacy, and other subjects. Although the mouse model has already been widely accepted in clinical experiments, the need for finding an animal model with high similarity compared with a human model is urgent due to the different body functions and systems between mice and humans. The pig is an optimal choice for replacement. Therefore, enhancing the production of pigs used for models is an important part of the large animal model as well. Transgenic pigs show superiority in pig model creation because of the progress in genetic engineering. Successful cases of transgenic pig models occur in the clinical field of metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and genetic diseases. In addition, the choice of pig breed influences the effort and efficiency of reproduction, and the mini pig has relative obvious advantages in pig model production. Indeed, pig models in these diseases provide great value in studies of their causes and treatments, especially at the genetic level. This review briefly outlines the method used to create transgenic pigs and species of producing transgenic pigs and provides an overview of their applications on different diseases and limitations for present pig model developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ye Jin
- *Correspondence: Ye Jin, ; Zhidong Qiu,
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Leonova EI, Reshetnikov VV, Sopova JV. CRISPR/Cas-edited pigs for personalized medicine: more than preclinical test-system. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.83872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel CRISPR-Cas-based genome editing tools made it feasible to introduce a variety of precise genomic modifications in the pig genome, including introducing multiple edits simultaneously, inserting long DNA sequences into specifically targeted loci, and performing nucleotide transitions and transversions. Pigs serve as a vital agricultural resource and animal model in biomedical studies, given their advantages over the other models. Pigs share high similarities to humans regarding body/organ size, anatomy, physiology, and a metabolic profile. The pig genome can be modified to carry the same genetic mutations found in humans to replicate inherited diseases to provide preclinical trials of drugs. Moreover, CRISPR-based modification of pigs antigen profile makes it possible to offer porcine organs for xenotransplantation with minimal transplant rejection responses. This review summarizes recent advances in endonuclease-mediated genome editing tools and research progress of genome-edited pigs as personalized test-systems for preclinical trials and as donors of organs with human-fit antigen profile.
Graphical abstract:
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Saur D, Schnieke A. Porcine cancer models for clinical translation. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:375-376. [PMID: 35302113 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Saur
- Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Schaaf CR, Gonzalez LM. Use of Translational, Genetically Modified Porcine Models to Ultimately Improve Intestinal Disease Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878952. [PMID: 35669174 PMCID: PMC9164269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For both human and veterinary patients, non-infectious intestinal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. To improve treatment of intestinal disease, large animal models are increasingly recognized as critical tools to translate the basic science discoveries made in rodent models into clinical application. Large animal intestinal models, particularly porcine, more closely resemble human anatomy, physiology, and disease pathogenesis; these features make them critical to the pre-clinical study of intestinal disease treatments. Previously, large animal model use has been somewhat precluded by the lack of genetically altered large animals to mechanistically investigate non-infectious intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, cystic fibrosis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, recent advances and increased availability of gene editing technologies has led to both novel use of large animal models in clinically relevant intestinal disease research and improved testing of potential therapeutics for these diseases.
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12
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Troya J, Krenzer A, Flisikowski K, Sudarevic B, Banck M, Hann A, Puppe F, Meining A. New concept for colonoscopy including side optics and artificial intelligence. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 95:794-798. [PMID: 34929183 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adenoma detection rate is the crucial parameter for colorectal cancer screening. Increasing the field of view with additional side optics has been reported to detect flat adenomas hidden behind folds. Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) has also recently been introduced to detect more adenomas. We therefore aimed to combine both technologies in a new prototypic colonoscopy concept. METHODS A 3-dimensional-printed cap including 2 microcameras was attached to a conventional endoscope. The prototype was applied in 8 gene-targeted pigs with mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. The first 4 animals were used to train an AI system based on the images generated by microcameras. Thereafter, the conceptual prototype for detecting adenomas was tested in a further series of 4 pigs. RESULTS Using our prototype, we detected, with side optics, adenomas that might have been missed conventionally. Furthermore, the newly developed AI could detect, mark, and present adenomas visualized with side optics outside of the conventional field of view. CONCLUSIONS Combining AI with side optics might help detect adenomas that otherwise might have been missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Troya
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Krenzer
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Systems, Institute for Computer Science, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie der Nutztiere, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Boban Sudarevic
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Banck
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Systems, Institute for Computer Science, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hann
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Puppe
- Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Systems, Institute for Computer Science, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Meining
- Interventional and Experimental Endoscopy (InExEn), Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Hou N, Du X, Wu S. Advances in pig models of human diseases. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:141-152. [PMID: 35343091 PMCID: PMC9043727 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human diseases play a critical role in medical research. Pigs are anatomically and physiologically more like humans than are small rodents such as mice, making pigs an attractive option for modeling human diseases. Advances in recent years in genetic engineering have facilitated the rapid rise of pig models for use in studies of human disease. In the present review, we summarize the current status of pig models for human cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and various genetic diseases. We also discuss areas that need to be improved. Animal models of human diseases play a critical role in medical research. Advances in recent years in genetic engineering have facilitated the rapid rise of pig models for use in studies of human disease. In the present review, we summarize the current status of pig models for human cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, various genetic diseases and xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naipeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xuguang Du
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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14
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Boettcher AN, Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Tuggle CK. Swine models for translational oncological research: an evolving landscape and regulatory considerations. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:230-240. [PMID: 34476572 PMCID: PMC8888764 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Swine biomedical models have been gaining in popularity over the last decade, particularly for applications in oncology research. Swine models for cancer research include pigs that have severe combined immunodeficiency for xenotransplantation studies, genetically modified swine models which are capable of developing tumors in vivo, as well as normal immunocompetent pigs. In recent years, there has been a low success rate for the approval of new oncological therapeutics in clinical trials. The two leading reasons for these failures are either due to toxicity and safety issues or lack of efficacy. As all therapeutics must be tested within animal models prior to clinical testing, there are opportunities to expand the ability to assess efficacy and toxicity profiles within the preclinical testing phases of new therapeutics. Most preclinical in vivo testing is performed in mice, canines, and non-human primates. However, swine models are an alternative large animal model for cancer research with similarity to human size, genetics, and physiology. Additionally, tumorigenesis pathways are similar between human and pigs in that similar driver mutations are required for transformation. Due to their larger size, the development of orthotopic tumors is easier than in smaller rodent models; additionally, porcine models can be harnessed for testing of new interventional devices and radiological/surgical approaches as well. Taken together, swine are a feasible option for preclinical therapeutic and device testing. The goals of this resource are to provide a broad overview on regulatory processes required for new therapeutics and devices for use in the clinic, cross-species differences in oncological therapeutic responses, as well as to provide an overview of swine oncology models that have been developed that could be used for preclinical testing to fulfill regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Animal Sciences, Illinois, United States
| | - Christopher K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, 806 Stange Road, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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15
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Spencer TE, Wells KD, Lee K, Telugu BP, Hansen PJ, Bartol FF, Blomberg L, Schook LB, Dawson H, Lunney JK, Driver JP, Davis TA, Donovan SM, Dilger RN, Saif LJ, Moeser A, McGill JL, Smith G, Ireland JJ. Future of biomedical, agricultural, and biological systems research using domesticated animals. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:629-638. [PMID: 35094055 PMCID: PMC9189970 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased knowledge of reproduction and health of domesticated animals is integral to sustain and improve global competitiveness of U.S. animal agriculture, understand and resolve complex animal and human diseases, and advance fundamental research in sciences that are critical to understanding mechanisms of action and identifying future targets for interventions. Historically, federal and state budgets have dwindled and funding for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) competitive grants programs remained relatively stagnant from 1985 through 2010. This shortage in critical financial support for basic and applied research, coupled with the underappreciated knowledge of the utility of non-rodent species for biomedical research, hindered funding opportunities for research involving livestock and limited improvements in both animal agriculture and animal and human health. In 2010, the National Institutes of Health and USDA NIFA established an interagency partnership to promote the use of agriculturally important animal species in basic and translational research relevant to both biomedicine and agriculture. This interagency program supported 61 grants totaling over $107 million with 23 awards to new or early-stage investigators. This article will review the success of the 9-year Dual Purpose effort and highlight opportunities for utilizing domesticated agricultural animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Correspondence: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. Tel: +15738823467; E-mail:
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bhanu P Telugu
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Frank F Bartol
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - LeAnn Blomberg
- The Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Harry Dawson
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Teresa A Davis
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- The Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Adam Moeser
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - George Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Ireland
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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16
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Ehrenfeld M, Schrade A, Flisikowska T, Perl M, Hirsch ND, Sichler A, Geyer L, Flisikowski K, Wilhelm D, Schober SJ, Johannes L, Schnieke A, Janssen KP. Tumor targeting with bacterial Shiga toxin B-subunit in genetic porcine models for colorectal cancer and osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:686-699. [PMID: 35086950 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB) is non-toxic and has low immunogenicity. Its receptor, the glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77, is overexpressed on the cell surface of human colorectal cancer (CRC). We tested whether genetic porcine models, closely resembling human anatomy and pathophysiology, can be used to exploit the tumor targeting potential of STxB. In accordance with findings on human CRC, the pig model APC1311 bound STxB in colorectal tumors, but not in normal colon or jejunum, except for putative enteroendocrine cells. In primary tumor cells from endoscopic biopsies, STxB was rapidly taken up along the retrograde intracellular route to the Golgi, whereas normal colon organoids did not bind or internalize STxB. Next, we tested a porcine model (TP53LSL-R167H) for osteosarcoma, a tumor entity with a dismal prognosis and insufficient treatment options, hitherto not known to express Gb3. Pig osteosarcoma strongly bound StxB and expressed the Gb3-synthase A4GALT. Primary osteosarcoma cells, but not normal osteoblasts, rapidly internalized fluorescently labelled STxB along the retrograde route to the Golgi. Importantly, six out of eight human osteosarcoma cell lines expressed A4GALT mRNA and showed prominent intracellular uptake of STxB. The physiological role of A4GALT was tested by Crispr/Cas9-mutagenesis in porcine LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells and RNA interference in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. A4GALT-deficiency or knock-down abolished STxB uptake and led to significantly reduced cell migration and proliferation, hinting towards a putative tumor-promoting role of Gb3. Thus, pig models are suitable tools for STxB-based tumor targeting, and may allow "reverse-translational" predictions on human tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ehrenfeld
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Anna Schrade
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg
| | - Noah-David Hirsch
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Anna Sichler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Laura Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Dirk Wilhelm
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Sebastian Johannes Schober
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Technical University of Munich
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institute Curie
| | | | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
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17
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Hendricks-Wenger A, Nagai-Singer MA, Uh K, Vlaisavljevich E, Lee K, Allen IC. Employing Novel Porcine Models of Subcutaneous Pancreatic Cancer to Evaluate Oncological Therapies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:883-895. [PMID: 35094364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompromised mice are commonly utilized to study pancreatic cancer and other malignancies. The ability to xenograft tumors in either subcutaneous or orthotopic locations provides a robust model to study diverse biological features of human malignancies. However, there is a dire need for large animal models that better recapitulate human anatomy in terms of size and physiology. These models will be critical for biomedical device development, surgical optimization, and drug discovery. Here, we describe the generation and application of immunocompromised pigs lacking RAG2 and IL2RG as a novel model for human xenograft studies. These SCID-like pigs closely resemble NOD scid gamma mice and are receptive to human tumor tissue, cell lines, and organoid xenografts. However, due to their immunocompromised nature, these immunocompromised animals require housing and maintenance under germfree conditions. In this protocol, we describe the use of these pigs in a subcutaneous tumor injection study with human PANC1 cells. The tumors demonstrate a steady, linear growth curve, reaching 1.0 cm within 30 days post injection. The model described here is focused on subcutaneous injections behind the ear. However, it is readily adaptable for other locations and additional human cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Margaret A Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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18
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Lunney JK, Van Goor A, Walker KE, Hailstock T, Franklin J, Dai C. Importance of the pig as a human biomedical model. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd5758. [PMID: 34818055 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Angelica Van Goor
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Kristen E Walker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Taylor Hailstock
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jasmine Franklin
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Chaohui Dai
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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19
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Flisikowski K, Perleberg C, Niu G, Winogrodzki T, Bak A, Liang W, Grodziecki A, Zhang Y, Pausch H, Flisikowska T, Klinger B, Perkowska A, Kind A, Switonski M, Janssen KP, Saur D, Schnieke A. Wild-type APC Influences the Severity of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:669-671.e3. [PMID: 34774804 PMCID: PMC8777002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Perleberg
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany; Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guanglin Niu
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Winogrodzki
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Agnieszka Bak
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Wei Liang
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Alessandro Grodziecki
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Yue Zhang
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | | | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Bernhard Klinger
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Anna Perkowska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alexander Kind
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Translational Cancer Research and Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Kalla D, Flisikowski K, Yang K, Sangüesa LB, Kurome M, Kessler B, Zakhartchenko V, Wolf E, Lickert H, Saur D, Schnieke A, Flisikowska T. The Missing Link: Cre Pigs for Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2021; 11:755746. [PMID: 34692545 PMCID: PMC8531543 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.755746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cre/loxP system is a powerful tool for the generation of animal models with precise spatial and temporal gene expression. It has proven indispensable in the generation of cancer models with tissue specific expression of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Consequently, Cre-transgenic mice have become an essential prerequisite in basic cancer research. While it is unlikely that pigs will ever replace mice in basic research they are already providing powerful complementary resources for translational studies. But, although conditionally targeted onco-pigs have been generated, no Cre-driver lines exist for any of the major human cancers. To model human pancreatic cancer in pigs, Cre-driver lines were generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated insertion of codon-improved Cre (iCre) into the porcine PTF1A gene, thus guaranteeing tissue and cell type specific function which was proven using dual fluorescent reporter pigs. The method used can easily be adapted for the generation of other porcine Cre-driver lines, providing a missing tool for modeling human cancers in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kalla
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Beltran Sangüesa
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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21
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Li H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang H, Cui A, Zhao J, Ji W, Chen YG. Establishment of porcine and monkey colonic organoids for drug toxicity study. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:32. [PMID: 34599392 PMCID: PMC8486901 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pig and monkey are widely used models for exploration of human diseases and evaluation of drug efficiency and toxicity, but high cost limits their uses. Organoids have been shown to be promising models for drug test as they reasonably preserve tissue structure and functions. However, colonic organoids of pig and monkey are not yet established. Here, we report a culture medium to support the growth of porcine and monkey colonic organoids. Wnt signaling and PGE2 are important for long-term expansion of the organoids, and their withdrawal results in lineage differentiation to mature cells. Furthermore, we observe that porcine colonic organoids are closer to human colonic organoids in terms of drug toxicity response. Successful establishment of porcine and monkey colonic organoids would facilitate the mechanistic investigation of the homeostatic regulation of the intestine of these animals and is useful for drug development and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Along Cui
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
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22
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Porcine pancreatic ductal epithelial cells transformed with KRAS G12D and SV40T are tumorigenic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13436. [PMID: 34183736 PMCID: PMC8238942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe our initial studies in the development of an orthotopic, genetically defined, large animal model of pancreatic cancer. Primary pancreatic epithelial cells were isolated from pancreatic duct of domestic pigs. A transformed cell line was generated from these primary cells with oncogenic KRAS and SV40T. The transformed cell lines outperformed the primary and SV40T immortalized cells in terms of proliferation, population doubling time, soft agar growth, transwell migration and invasion. The transformed cell line grew tumors when injected subcutaneously in nude mice, forming glandular structures and staining for epithelial markers. Future work will include implantation studies of these tumorigenic porcine pancreatic cell lines into the pancreas of allogeneic and autologous pigs. The resultant large animal model of pancreatic cancer could be utilized for preclinical research on diagnostic, interventional, and therapeutic technologies.
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23
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Segatto NV, Bender CB, Seixas FK, Schachtschneider K, Schook L, Robertson N, Qazi A, Carlino M, Jordan L, Bolt C, Collares T. Perspective: Humanized Pig Models of Bladder Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681044. [PMID: 34079821 PMCID: PMC8165235 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common neoplasia worldwide and holds expensive treatment costs due to its high recurrence rates, resistance to therapy and the need for lifelong surveillance. Thus, it is necessary to improve the current therapy options and identify more effective treatments for BC. Biological models capable of recapitulating the characteristics of human BC pathology are essential in evaluating the effectiveness of new therapies. Currently, the most commonly used BC models are experimentally induced murine models and spontaneous canine models, which are either insufficient due to their small size and inability to translate results to clinical basis (murine models) or rarely spontaneously observed BC (canine models). Pigs represent a potentially useful animal for the development of personalized tumors due to their size, anatomy, physiology, metabolism, immunity, and genetics similar to humans and the ability to experimentally induce tumors. Pigs have emerged as suitable biomedical models for several human diseases. In this sense, the present perspective focuses on the genetic basis for BC; presents current BC animal models available along with their limitations; and proposes the pig as an adequate animal to develop humanized large animal models of BC. Genetic alterations commonly found in human BC can be explored to create genetically defined porcine models, including the BC driver mutations observed in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, PTEN, RB1, HRAS, and TP53 genes. The development of such robust models for BC has great value in the study of pathology and the screening of new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Vieira Segatto
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonemann Bender
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kommling Seixas
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Kyle Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Aisha Qazi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Maximillian Carlino
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Luke Jordan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Courtni Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Tiago Collares
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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24
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A protease-activated, near-infrared fluorescent probe for early endoscopic detection of premalignant gastrointestinal lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2008072118. [PMID: 33443161 PMCID: PMC7817203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is currently being actively developed for surgical guidance; however, it remains underutilized for diagnostic and endoscopic surveillance of incipient colorectal cancer in high-risk patients. Here we demonstrate the utility and potential for clinical translation of a fluorescently labeled cathepsin-activated chemical probe to highlight gastrointestinal lesions. This probe stays optically dark until it is activated by proteases produced by tumor-associated macrophages and accumulates within the lesions, enabling their detection using an endoscope outfitted with a fluorescence detector. We evaluated the probe in multiple murine models and a human-scale porcine model of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. The probe provides fluorescence-guided surveillance of gastrointestinal lesions and augments histopathological analysis by highlighting areas of dysplasia as small as 400 µm, which were visibly discernible with significant tumor-to-background ratios, even in tissues with a background of severe inflammation and ulceration. Given these results, we anticipate that this probe will enable sensitive fluorescence-guided biopsies, even in the presence of highly inflamed colorectal tissue, which will improve early diagnosis to prevent gastrointestinal cancers.
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25
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Zhang J, Qin X, Deng Y, Lu J, Li Z, Feng Y, Yan X, Chen M, Gao L, Xu Y, Shi D, Lu F. Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Enhances Mesenchymal Characteristics of Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:127-138. [PMID: 33861638 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from livestock are valuable resources for animal reproduction and veterinary therapeutics. Previous studies have shown that BMSCs were prone to malignant transformation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in vitro, which can cause many barriers to further application of BMSCs. The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway has been widely studied as the most important signaling pathway involved in regulating mesenchymal features of BMSCs. However, the effects of the TGF-β signaling pathway on mesenchymal characteristics of buffalo BMSCs (bBMSCs) remain unclear. In the present study, the impacts of the growth factor, TGF-β1, on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and karyotype of bBMSCs were tested. Besides, the effects of TGF-β1 on pluripotency, mesenchymal markers, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene expression of bBMSCs were also examined. Results showed that the suitable concentration and time of TGF-β1 treatment (2 ng/mL and 24 hours) promoted cell proliferation and significantly reduced cell apoptosis (p < 0.05) in bBMSCs. The cell migration capacity and normal karyotype rate of bBMSCs were significantly (p < 0.05) improved under TGF-β1 treatment. The expression levels of pluripotency-related genes (Sox2 and Nanog) and mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and Fn1) were significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated under TGF-β1 treatment. Furthermore, TGF-β1 activated the EMT process, thereby contributing to significantly enhancing the expression levels of EMT-related genes (Snail and Slug) (p < 0.05), which in turn improved maintenance of the mesenchymal nature in bBMSCs. Finally, bBMSCs underwent self-transformation more easily and efficiently and exhibited more characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells under TGF-β1 treatment. This study provides theoretical guidance for elucidating the detailed mechanism of the TGF-β signaling pathway in mesenchymal feature maintenance of bBMSCs and is of significance to establish a stable culture system of bBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiling Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaka Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengda Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Mengjia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lv Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ye Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Fenghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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26
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Rieblinger B, Sid H, Duda D, Bozoglu T, Klinger R, Schlickenrieder A, Lengyel K, Flisikowski K, Flisikowska T, Simm N, Grodziecki A, Perleberg C, Bähr A, Carrier L, Kurome M, Zakhartchenko V, Kessler B, Wolf E, Kettler L, Luksch H, Hagag IT, Wise D, Kaufman J, Kaufer BB, Kupatt C, Schnieke A, Schusser B. Cas9-expressing chickens and pigs as resources for genome editing in livestock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022562118. [PMID: 33658378 PMCID: PMC7958376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022562118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified animals continue to provide important insights into the molecular basis of health and disease. Research has focused mostly on genetically modified mice, although other species like pigs resemble the human physiology more closely. In addition, cross-species comparisons with phylogenetically distant species such as chickens provide powerful insights into fundamental biological and biomedical processes. One of the most versatile genetic methods applicable across species is CRISPR-Cas9. Here, we report the generation of transgenic chickens and pigs that constitutively express Cas9 in all organs. These animals are healthy and fertile. Functionality of Cas9 was confirmed in both species for a number of different target genes, for a variety of cell types and in vivo by targeted gene disruption in lymphocytes and the developing brain, and by precise excision of a 12.7-kb DNA fragment in the heart. The Cas9 transgenic animals will provide a powerful resource for in vivo genome editing for both agricultural and translational biomedical research, and will facilitate reverse genetics as well as cross-species comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Rieblinger
- Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hicham Sid
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Denise Duda
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tarik Bozoglu
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine I, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Romina Klinger
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Antonina Schlickenrieder
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Kamila Lengyel
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nina Simm
- Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alessandro Grodziecki
- Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Carolin Perleberg
- Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine I, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Lutz Kettler
- Zoology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Harald Luksch
- Zoology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ibrahim T Hagag
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Wise
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt B Kaufer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian Kupatt
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine I, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
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27
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Wylensek D, Hitch TCA, Riedel T, Afrizal A, Kumar N, Wortmann E, Liu T, Devendran S, Lesker TR, Hernández SB, Heine V, Buhl EM, M D'Agostino P, Cumbo F, Fischöder T, Wyschkon M, Looft T, Parreira VR, Abt B, Doden HL, Ly L, Alves JMP, Reichlin M, Flisikowski K, Suarez LN, Neumann AP, Suen G, de Wouters T, Rohn S, Lagkouvardos I, Allen-Vercoe E, Spröer C, Bunk B, Taverne-Thiele AJ, Giesbers M, Wells JM, Neuhaus K, Schnieke A, Cava F, Segata N, Elling L, Strowig T, Ridlon JM, Gulder TAM, Overmann J, Clavel T. A collection of bacterial isolates from the pig intestine reveals functional and taxonomic diversity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6389. [PMID: 33319778 PMCID: PMC7738495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the gut microbiota of pigs is still scarce, despite the importance of these animals for biomedical research and agriculture. Here, we present a collection of cultured bacteria from the pig gut, including 110 species across 40 families and nine phyla. We provide taxonomic descriptions for 22 novel species and 16 genera. Meta-analysis of 16S rRNA amplicon sequence data and metagenome-assembled genomes reveal prevalent and pig-specific species within Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, and several new genera described in this study. Potentially interesting functions discovered in these organisms include a fucosyltransferase encoded in the genome of the novel species Clostridium porci, and prevalent gene clusters for biosynthesis of sactipeptide-like peptides. Many strains deconjugate primary bile acids in in vitro assays, and a Clostridium scindens strain produces secondary bile acids via dehydroxylation. In addition, cells of the novel species Bullifex porci are coccoidal or spherical under the culture conditions tested, in contrast with the usual helical shape of other members of the family Spirochaetaceae. The strain collection, called ‘Pig intestinal bacterial collection’ (PiBAC), is publicly available at www.dsmz.de/pibac and opens new avenues for functional studies of the pig gut microbiota. The authors present a public collection of 117 bacterial isolates from the pig gut, including the description of 38 novel taxa. Interesting functions discovered in these organisms include a new fucosyltransferease and sactipeptide-like molecules encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wylensek
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas C A Hitch
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedel
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Afrizal Afrizal
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Esther Wortmann
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tianzhe Liu
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Till R Lesker
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sara B Hernández
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Heine
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul M D'Agostino
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabio Cumbo
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marzena Wyschkon
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torey Looft
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Valeria R Parreira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Birte Abt
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heidi L Doden
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - João M P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Weihenstephan School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Laura Navarro Suarez
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anthony P Neumann
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Food Technolgy and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center of Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja J Taverne-Thiele
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Giesbers
- Electron Microscopy Center, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Weihenstephan School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tobias A M Gulder
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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28
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Antao AM, Karapurkar JK, Lee DR, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. Disease modeling and stem cell immunoengineering in regenerative medicine using CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3649-3665. [PMID: 33304462 PMCID: PMC7710510 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas systems are popular genome editing tools that belong to a class of programmable nucleases and have enabled tremendous progress in the field of regenerative medicine. We here outline the structural and molecular frameworks of the well-characterized type II CRISPR system and several computational tools intended to facilitate experimental designs. The use of CRISPR tools to generate disease models has advanced research into the molecular aspects of disease conditions, including unraveling the molecular basis of immune rejection. Advances in regenerative medicine have been hindered by major histocompatibility complex-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, which pose a major barrier to cell- or tissue-based transplantation. Based on progress in CRISPR, including in recent clinical trials, we hypothesize that the generation of universal donor immune-engineered stem cells is now a realistic approach to tackling a multitude of disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Mike Antao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.,CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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29
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Harman RM, Das SP, Bartlett AP, Rauner G, Donahue LR, Van de Walle GR. Beyond tradition and convention: benefits of non-traditional model organisms in cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 40:47-69. [PMID: 33111160 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional laboratory model organisms are indispensable for cancer research and have provided insight into numerous mechanisms that contribute to cancer development and progression in humans. However, these models do have some limitations, most notably related to successful drug translation, because traditional model organisms are often short-lived, small-bodied, genetically homogeneous, often immunocompromised, are not exposed to natural environments shared with humans, and usually do not develop cancer spontaneously. We propose that assimilating information from a variety of long-lived, large, genetically diverse, and immunocompetent species that live in natural environments and do develop cancer spontaneously (or do not develop cancer at all) will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of human cancers. These non-traditional model organisms can also serve as sentinels for environmental risk factors that contribute to human cancers. Ultimately, expanding the range of animal models that can be used to study cancer will lead to improved insights into cancer development, progression and metastasis, tumor microenvironment, as well as improved therapies and diagnostics, and will consequently reduce the negative impacts of the wide variety of cancers afflicting humans overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sanjna P Das
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Arianna P Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gat Rauner
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Leanne R Donahue
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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30
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Gordon AC, White SB, Yang Y, Gates VL, Procissi D, Harris KR, Zhang Z, Lyu T, Huang X, Dreher MR, Omary RA, Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Larson AC. Feasibility of Combination Intra-arterial Yttrium-90 and Irinotecan Microspheres in the VX2 Rabbit Model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2020; 43:1528-1537. [PMID: 32533312 PMCID: PMC7529870 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-020-02538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the combination of 90Y radioembolization (Y90) and drug-eluting bead irinotecan (DEBIRI) microspheres in the VX2 rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An initial dose finding study was performed in 6 White New Zealand rabbits to identify a therapeutic but subcurative dose of Y90. In total, 29 rabbits were used in four groups: Y90 treatment (n = 8), DEBIRI treatment (n = 6), Y90 + DEBIRI treatment (n = 7), and an untreated control group (n = 8). Hepatic toxicity was evaluated at baseline, 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks. MRI tumor volume (TV) and enhancing tumor volume were assessed baseline and 2 weeks. Tumor area and necrosis were evaluated on H&E for pathology. RESULTS Infused activities of 84.0-94.4 MBq (corresponding to 55.1-72.7 Gy) were selected based on the initial dose finding study. Infusion of DEBIRI after Y90 was technically feasible in all cases (7/7). Overall, 21/29 animals survived to 2 weeks, and the remaining animals had extrahepatic disease on necropsy. Liver transaminases were elevated with Y90, DEBIRI, and Y90 + DEBIRI compared to control at 24 h, 72 h, and 1 week post-treatment and returned to baseline by 2 weeks. By TV, Y90 + DEBIRI was the only treatment to show statistically significant reduction at 2 weeks compared to the control group (p = 0.012). The change in tumor volume (week 2-baseline) for both Y90 + DEBIRI versus control (p = 0.002) and Y90 versus control (p = 0.014) was significantly decreased. There were no statistically significant differences among groups on pathology. CONCLUSION Intra-arterial Y90 + DEBIRI was safe and demonstrated enhanced antitumor activity in rabbit VX2 tumors. This combined approach warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Sarah B White
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yihe Yang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vanessa L Gates
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen R Harris
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tianchu Lyu
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | - Reed A Omary
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Riad Salem
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery-Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert J Lewandowski
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery-Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew C Larson
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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31
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Sikorska A, Stachowiak M, Flisikowska T, Stachecka J, Flisikowski K, Switonski M. Polymorphisms of CSF1R and WISP1 genes are associated with severity of familial adenomatous polyposis in APC 1311 pigs. Gene 2020; 759:144988. [PMID: 32717306 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) in humans significantly increases the risk of development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Germline mutations in the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene are responsible for FAP. Despite having the same causative mutation, the severity of the disease differs from patient to patient. The porcine FAP model carrying a truncating APC1311 mutation, orthologous to the dominant human mutation that leads to severe form of the disease (APC1309), mirrors the severity of polyposis. Earlier RNAseq studies have revealed the differential expression of WISP1 and CSF1R in samples derived from low-grade (LG-IEN) and more advanced high-grade (HG-IEN) colon polyps of APC1311/+ pigs. The grade of dysplasia was correlated with the severity of polyposis in APC1311/+ pigs characterized by a low (LP) and high (HP) numbers of polyps. The goal of this work was to find DNA variants that regulate the expression of CSF1R and WISP1 in LP and HP pigs. In total, 32 and 36 polymorphisms in CSF1R and WISP1 were found, respectively. Of these, the genotype frequency of four silent SNPs in the coding region of WISP1 differed significantly between LP and HP lines. In silico analysis revealed an elevated minimum free energy (MFE) for three of these SNPs, suggesting their role in mRNA structure stability. Furthermore, four polymorphisms in the promoter region of CSF1R, cosegregating as a common haplotype, were associated with polyp number in APC1311/+ pigs. A secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) assay showed, however, that these variants have no direct effect on the activity of the CSF1R promoter. Concluding, our study identified polymorphisms in CSF1R and WISP1 that are potentially associated with the severity of polyposis in APC1311/+ pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Sikorska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmannstr. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Joanna Stachecka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmannstr. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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Hryhorowicz M, Lipiński D, Hryhorowicz S, Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Ryczek N, Zeyland J. Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060670. [PMID: 32575461 PMCID: PMC7349405 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hryhorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Szymon Hryhorowicz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Natalia Ryczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
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33
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Zhang J, Lei C, Deng Y, Ahmed JZ, Shi D, Lu F. Hypoxia Enhances Mesenchymal Characteristics Maintenance of Buffalo Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:167-177. [PMID: 32453601 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from livestock are valuable resources for veterinary therapeutics and animal reproduction. Previous studies have shown that hypoxic conditions were beneficial in maintaining the mesenchymal feature of BMSCs. However, the effects of hypoxia on buffalo BMSCs (bBMSCs) remain unclear. In this study, the effects of hypoxic conditions on cell morphology, migration, polarity, and karyotype of bBMSCs were examined. The results showed that hypoxia (5% oxygen) enhanced colony formation and stress fiber synthesis of bBMSCs. Under the hypoxic culture conditions, the migration capacity and normal karyotype rate of bBMSCs were significantly improved (p < 0.05), which resulted in weakened cell polarity and enhanced karyotype stability in bBMSCs. In addition, it was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in the expression levels of HIF-TWIST signaling pathway axis-related genes (Hif-1, Hif-2, Twist, Snail, Slug, Fn1, N-cadherin, Collal). The HIF-TWIST axis of bBMSCs was also activated in hypoxia. Finally, it was more effective and easier to maintain the mesenchymal feature of bBMSCs in hypoxic conditions. These findings not only provide theoretical guidance to elucidate the detailed regulation mechanism of hypoxia on mesenchymal nature maintenance of bBMSCs, but also provide positive support to further establish the stable in vitro culture system of bBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jam Zaheer Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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Robertson N, Schook LB, Schachtschneider KM. Porcine cancer models: potential tools to enhance cancer drug trials. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:893-902. [PMID: 32378979 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1757644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amount of time and money invested into cancer drug research, development, and clinical trials has continually increased over the past few decades. Despite record high cancer drug approval rates, cancer remains a leading cause of death. This suggests the need for more effective tools to help bring novel therapies to clinical practice in a timely manner. AREAS COVERED In this review, current issues associated with clinical trials are discussed, specifically focusing on poor accrual rates and time for trial completion. In addition, details regarding preclinical studies required before advancing to clinical trials are discussed, including advantages and limitations of current preclinical animal cancer models and their relevance to human cancer trials. Finally, new translational porcine cancer models (Oncopig Cancer Model (OCM)) are presented as potential co-clinical trial models. EXPERT OPINION In order to address issues impacting the poor success rate of oncology clinical trials, we propose the incorporation of the transformative OCM 'co-clinical trial' pathway into the cancer drug approval process. Due to the Oncopig's high homology to humans and similar tumor phenotypes, their utilization can provide improved preclinical prediction of both drug safety and efficacy prior to investing significant time and money in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Robertson
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
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35
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Swayden M, Soubeyran P, Iovanna J. Upcoming Revolutionary Paths in Preclinical Modeling of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1443. [PMID: 32038993 PMCID: PMC6987422 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, PDAC remains the cancer having the worst prognosis with mortality rates constantly on the rise. Efficient cures are still absent, despite all attempts to understand the aggressive physiopathology underlying this disease. A major stumbling block is the outdated preclinical modeling strategies applied in assessing effectiveness of novel anticancer therapeutics. Current in vitro preclinical models have a low fidelity to mimic the exact architectural and functional complexity of PDAC tumor found in human set, due to the lack of major components such as immune system and tumor microenvironment with its associated chemical and mechanical signals. The existing PDAC preclinical platforms are still far from being reliable and trustworthy to guarantee the success of a drug in clinical trials. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to innovate novel in vitro preclinical models that mirrors with precision tumor-microenvironment interface, pressure of immune system, and molecular and morphological aspects of the PDAC normally experienced within the living organ. This review outlines the traditional preclinical models of PDAC namely 2D cell lines, genetically engineered mice, and xenografts, and describing the present famous approach of 3D organoids. We offer a detailed narration of the pros and cons of each model system. Finally, we suggest the incorporation of two off-center newly born techniques named 3D bio-printing and organs-on-chip and discuss the potentials of swine models and in silico tools, as powerful new tools able to transform PDAC preclinical modeling to a whole new level and open new gates in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Swayden
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Soubeyran
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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36
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Kalla D, Kind A, Schnieke A. Genetically Engineered Pigs to Study Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E488. [PMID: 31940967 PMCID: PMC7013672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen groundbreaking advances in cancer research. Genetically engineered animal models, mainly in mice, have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in cancer. However, mice are not ideal for translating basic research into studies closer to the clinic. There is a need for complementary information provided by non-rodent species. Pigs are well suited for translational biomedical research as they share many similarities with humans such as body and organ size, aspects of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology and can provide valuable means of developing and testing novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Porcine oncology is a new field, but it is clear that replication of key oncogenic mutation in pigs can usefully mimic several human cancers. This review briefly outlines the technology used to generate genetically modified pigs, provides an overview of existing cancer models, their applications and how the field may develop in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.K.); (A.K.)
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37
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Rogalla S, Flisikowski K, Gorpas D, Mayer AT, Flisikowska T, Mandella MJ, Ma X, Casey KM, Felt SA, Saur D, Ntziachristos V, Schnieke A, Contag CH, Gambhir SS, Harmsen S. Biodegradable fluorescent nanoparticles for endoscopic detection of colorectal carcinogenesis. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2019; 29:1904992. [PMID: 33041743 PMCID: PMC7546531 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201904992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early and comprehensive endoscopic detection of colonic dysplasia - the most clinically significant precursor lesion to colorectal adenocarcinoma - provides an opportunity for timely, minimally-invasive intervention to prevent malignant transformation. Here, the development and evaluation of biodegradable near-infrared fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSN) is described that have the potential to improve adenoma detection during fluorescence-assisted white-light colonoscopic surveillance in rodent and human-scale models of colorectal carcinogenesis. FSNs are biodegradable (t1/2 of 2.7 weeks), well-tolerated, and enable detection and delineation of adenomas as small as 0.5 mm2 with high tumor-to-background ratios. Furthermore, in the human-scale, APC 1311/+ porcine model, the clinical feasibility and benefit of using FSN-guided detection of colorectal adenomas using video-rate fluorescence-assisted white-light endoscopy is demonstrated. Since nanoparticles of similar size (e.g., 100-150-nm) or composition (i.e., silica, silica/gold hybrid) have already been successfully translated to the clinic, and, clinical fluorescent/white light endoscopy systems are becoming more readily available, there is a viable path towards clinical translation of the proposed strategy for early colorectal cancer detection and prevention in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rogalla
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology & Hepatology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dimitris Gorpas
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Researcg Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technische Universität München, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Aaron T. Mayer
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael J. Mandella
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Researcg Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technische Universität München, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Kerriann M. Casey
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen A. Felt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Researcg Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technische Universität München, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Corresponding Authors: Prof. C. H. Contag , Prof. S. S. Gambhir , and Dr. S. Harmsen
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Corresponding Authors: Prof. C. H. Contag , Prof. S. S. Gambhir , and Dr. S. Harmsen
| | - Stefan Harmsen
- Corresponding Authors: Prof. C. H. Contag , Prof. S. S. Gambhir , and Dr. S. Harmsen
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38
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Overgaard NH, Fan TM, Schachtschneider KM, Principe DR, Schook LB, Jungersen G. Of Mice, Dogs, Pigs, and Men: Choosing the Appropriate Model for Immuno-Oncology Research. ILAR J 2019; 59:247-262. [PMID: 30476148 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays dual roles in response to cancer. The host immune system protects against tumor formation via immunosurveillance; however, recognition of the tumor by immune cells also induces sculpting mechanisms leading to a Darwinian selection of tumor cell variants with reduced immunogenicity. Cancer immunoediting is the concept used to describe the complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system. This concept, commonly referred to as the three E's, is encompassed by 3 distinct phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Despite impressive results in the clinic, cancer immunotherapy still has room for improvement as many patients remain unresponsive to therapy. Moreover, many of the preclinical results obtained in the widely used mouse models of cancer are lost in translation to human patients. To improve the success rate of immuno-oncology research and preclinical testing of immune-based anticancer therapies, using alternative animal models more closely related to humans is a promising approach. Here, we describe 2 of the major alternative model systems: canine (spontaneous) and porcine (experimental) cancer models. Although dogs display a high rate of spontaneous tumor formation, an increased number of genetically modified porcine models exist. We suggest that the optimal immuno-oncology model may depend on the stage of cancer immunoediting in question. In particular, the spontaneous canine tumor models provide a unique platform for evaluating therapies aimed at the escape phase of cancer, while genetically engineered swine allow for elucidation of tumor-immune cell interactions especially during the phases of elimination and equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana H Overgaard
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | | | - Daniel R Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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39
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Chen PR, Redel BK, Spate LD, Ji T, Salazar SR, Prather RS. Glutamine supplementation enhances development of in vitro-produced porcine embryos and increases leucine consumption from the medium. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:938-948. [PMID: 29860318 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Improper composition of culture medium contributes to reduced viability of in vitro-produced embryos. Glutamine (Gln) is a crucial amino acid for preimplantation embryos as it supports proliferation and is involved in many different biosynthetic pathways. Previous transcriptional profiling revealed several upregulated genes related to Gln transport and metabolism in in vitro-produced porcine blastocysts compared to in vivo-produced counterparts, indicating a potential deficiency in the culture medium. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of Gln supplementation on in vitro-produced porcine embryo development, gene expression, and metabolism. Cleaved embryos were selected and cultured in MU2 medium supplemented with 1 mM Gln (control), 3.75 mM Gln (+Gln), 3.75 mM GlutaMAX (+Max), or 3.75 mM alanine (+Ala) until day 6. Embryos cultured with +Gln or +Max had increased development to the blastocyst stage and total number of nuclei compared to the control (P < 0.05). Moreover, expression of misregulated transcripts involved in glutamine and glutamate transport and metabolism was corrected when embryos were cultured with +Gln or +Max. Metabolomics analysis revealed increased production of glutamine and glutamate into the medium by embryos cultured with +Max and increased consumption of leucine by embryos cultured with +Gln or +Max. As an indicator of cellular health, mitochondrial membrane potential was increased when embryos were cultured with +Max which was coincident with decreased apoptosis in these blastocysts. Lastly, two embryo transfers by using embryos cultured with +Max resulted in viable piglets, confirming that this treatment is consistent with in vivo developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bethany K Redel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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40
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Washington K, Zemper AED. Apc-related models of intestinal neoplasia: a brief review for pathologists. SURGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42047-019-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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41
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Perkowska A, Flisikowska T, Perleberg C, Flisikowski K, Stachowiak M, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Saur D, Kind A, Schnieke A, Switonski M. The expression of TAP1 candidate gene, but not its polymorphism and methylation, is associated with colonic polyp formation in a porcine model of human familial adenomatous polyposis. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:306-313. [PMID: 30950765 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1590377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the dysfunction of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene causes hereditary familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The severity of polyposis varies between individuals, but genetic basis for this is in large part unknown. This variability also occurs in our porcine model of FAP, based on an APC1311 mutation (orthologous to human APC1309). Since loss of TAP1 function can lead to CRC in humans, we searched for germline polymorphisms in APC1311/+ pigs with low (LP) and high (HP) levels of polyposis, as well as in wild-type pigs representing six breeds and a commercial line. The distribution of 40 identified polymorphic variants was similar in the LP and HP pigs. In contrast, the TAP1 transcript level was significantly higher in normal colon mucosa of HP pigs than in LP pigs. Moreover, six SNPs showed significant effects on TAP1 promoter activity, but no correlation with severity of polyposis was observed. Analysis of DNA methylation in the promoter region showed that one CpG site differed significantly between LP and HP pigs. We conclude that TAP1 genotype may not itself be associated with polyposis, but our findings concerning its expression suggest a role in the development of polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Perkowska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Carolin Perleberg
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dieter Saur
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Bailey KL, Carlson MA. Porcine Models of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:144. [PMID: 30915276 PMCID: PMC6423062 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. The 5-year survival rate for metastatic pancreatic cancer is only 8%. There remains a need for improved early diagnosis and therapy for pancreatic cancer. Murine models are the current standard for preclinical study of pancreatic cancer. However, mice may not accurately reflect human biology because of a variety of differences between the two species. Remarkably, only 5-8% of anti-cancer drugs that have emerged from preclinical studies and entered clinical studies have ultimately been approved for clinical use. The cause of this poor approval rate is multi-factorial, but may in part be due to use of murine models that have limited accuracy with respect to human disease. Murine models also have limited utility in the development of diagnostic or interventional technology that require a human-sized model. So, at present, there remains a need for improved animal models of pancreatic cancer. The rationale for a porcine model of pancreatic cancer is (i) to enable development of diagnostic/therapeutic devices for which murine models have limited utility; and (ii) to have a highly predictive preclinical model in which anti-cancer therapies can be tested and optimized prior to a clinical trial. Recently, pancreatic tumors were induced in transgenic Oncopigs and porcine pancreatic ductal cells were transformed that contain oncogenic KRAS and p53-null mutations. Both techniques to induce pancreatic tumors in pigs are undergoing further refinement and expansion. The Oncopig currently is commercially available, and it is conceivable that other porcine models of pancreatic cancer may be available for general use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Bailey
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Department of Surgery and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Surgery, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States,*Correspondence: Mark A. Carlson
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Programmable Molecular Scissors: Applications of a New Tool for Genome Editing in Biotech. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:212-238. [PMID: 30641475 PMCID: PMC6330515 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing is an advanced technique that enables precise modification of the nucleic acid sequences in a genome. Genome editing is typically performed using tools, such as molecular scissors, to cut a defined location in a specific gene. Genome editing has impacted various fields of biotechnology, such as agriculture; biopharmaceutical production; studies on the structure, regulation, and function of the genome; and the creation of transgenic organisms and cell lines. Although genome editing is used frequently, it has several limitations. Here, we provide an overview of well-studied genome-editing nucleases, including single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and CRISPR-Cas9 RNA-guided nucleases (CRISPR-Cas9). To this end, we describe the progress toward editable nuclease-based therapies and discuss the minimization of off-target mutagenesis. Future prospects of this challenging scientific field are also discussed.
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Tanihara F, Hirata M, Nguyen NT, Le QA, Hirano T, Takemoto T, Nakai M, Fuchimoto DI, Otoi T. Generation of a TP53-modified porcine cancer model by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene modification in porcine zygotes via electroporation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206360. [PMID: 30352075 PMCID: PMC6198999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 (which encodes p53) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers. In this study, we generated TP53-mutant pigs by gene editing via electroporation of the Cas9 protein (GEEP), a process that involves introducing the Cas9 protein and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting exon 3 and intron 4 of TP53 into in vitro-fertilized zygotes. Zygotes modified by the sgRNAs were transferred to recipients, two of which gave birth to a total of 11 piglets. Of those 11 piglets, 9 survived. Molecular genetic analysis confirmed that 6 of 9 live piglets carried mutations in TP53, including 2 piglets with no wild-type (WT) sequences and 4 genetically mosaic piglets with WT sequences. One mosaic piglet had 142 and 151 bp deletions caused by a combination of the two sgRNAs. These piglets were continually monitored for 16 months and three of the genome-edited pigs (50%) exhibited various tumor phenotypes that we presumed were caused by TP53 mutations. Two mutant pigs with no WT sequences developed mandibular osteosarcoma and nephroblastoma. The mosaic pig with a deletion between targeting sites of two sgRNAs exhibited malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Tumor phenotypes of TP53 mosaic mutant pigs have not been previously reported. Our results indicated that the mutations caused by gene editing successfully induced tumor phenotypes in both TP53 mosaic- and bi-allelic mutant pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanihara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Maki Hirata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nhien Thi Nguyen
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Quynh Anh Le
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirano
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takemoto
- Division of Embryology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakai
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dai-ichiro Fuchimoto
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Elevated expression of p53 in early colon polyps in a pig model of human familial adenomatous polyposis. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:485-491. [PMID: 30145695 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary predisposition to formation of colon polyps that can progress to colorectal cancer (CRC). The severity of polyposis varies substantially within families bearing the same germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor gene. The progressive step-wise accumulation of genetic events in tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes leads to oncogenic transformation, with driver alterations in the tumour protein p53 (TP53) gene playing a key role in advanced stage CRC. We analysed groups of pigs carrying a truncating mutation in APC (APC1311/+; orthologous to human APC1309/+) to study the influence of TP53 polymorphisms and expression on the frequency of polyp formation and polyp progression in early-stage FAP. Five generations of APC1311/+ pigs were examined by colonoscopy for polyposis severity and development. A total of 19 polymorphisms were found in 5'-flanking, coding, and 3' untranslated regions of TP53. The distribution of TP53 genotypes did not differ between APC1311/+ pigs with low (LP) and high (HP) number of colon polyps. p53 mRNA expression was analysed in distally located normal mucosa samples of wild-type pigs, APC1311/+ LP and HP pigs, and also in distally located polyp samples histologically classified as low-grade (LG-IEN) and high-grade intraepithelial dysplastic (HG-IEN) from APC1311/+ pigs. p53 mRNA expression was found to be significantly elevated in HG-IEN compared to LG-IEN samples (p = 0.012), suggesting a role for p53 in the early precancerous stages of polyp development.
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Hinrichs A, Kessler B, Kurome M, Blutke A, Kemter E, Bernau M, Scholz AM, Rathkolb B, Renner S, Bultmann S, Leonhardt H, de Angelis MH, Nagashima H, Hoeflich A, Blum WF, Bidlingmaier M, Wanke R, Dahlhoff M, Wolf E. Growth hormone receptor-deficient pigs resemble the pathophysiology of human Laron syndrome and reveal altered activation of signaling cascades in the liver. Mol Metab 2018; 11:113-128. [PMID: 29678421 PMCID: PMC6001387 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laron syndrome (LS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder in humans caused by loss-of-function mutations of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene. To establish a large animal model for LS, pigs with GHR knockout (KO) mutations were generated and characterized. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 technology was applied to mutate exon 3 of the GHR gene in porcine zygotes. Two heterozygous founder sows with a 1-bp or 7-bp insertion in GHR exon 3 were obtained, and their heterozygous F1 offspring were intercrossed to produce GHR-KO, heterozygous GHR mutant, and wild-type pigs. Since the latter two groups were not significantly different in any parameter investigated, they were pooled as the GHR expressing control group. The characterization program included body and organ growth, body composition, endocrine and clinical-chemical parameters, as well as signaling studies in liver tissue. RESULTS GHR-KO pigs lacked GHR and had markedly reduced serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels and reduced IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) activity but increased IGFBP2 levels. Serum GH concentrations were significantly elevated compared with control pigs. GHR-KO pigs had a normal birth weight. Growth retardation became significant at the age of five weeks. At the age of six months, the body weight of GHR-KO pigs was reduced by 60% compared with controls. Most organ weights of GHR-KO pigs were reduced proportionally to body weight. However, the weights of liver, kidneys, and heart were disproportionately reduced, while the relative brain weight was almost doubled. GHR-KO pigs had a markedly increased percentage of total body fat relative to body weight and displayed transient juvenile hypoglycemia along with decreased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Analysis of insulin receptor related signaling in the liver of adult fasted pigs revealed increased phosphorylation of IRS1 and PI3K. In agreement with the loss of GHR, phosphorylation of STAT5 was significantly reduced. In contrast, phosphorylation of JAK2 was significantly increased, possibly due to the increased serum leptin levels and increased hepatic leptin receptor expression and activation in GHR-KO pigs. In addition, increased mTOR phosphorylation was observed in GHR-KO liver samples, and phosphorylation studies of downstream substrates suggested the activation of mainly mTOR complex 2. CONCLUSION GHR-KO pigs resemble the pathophysiology of LS and are an interesting model for mechanistic studies and treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Maren Bernau
- Livestock Center of the Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, St.-Hubertus-Str. 12, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Armin M Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, St.-Hubertus-Str. 12, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bultmann
- Human Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Human Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Cell Signaling Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Werner F Blum
- University Children`s Hospital, University of Giessen, Feulgenstr.12, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Perleberg C, Kind A, Schnieke A. Genetically engineered pigs as models for human disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/1/dmm030783. [PMID: 29419487 PMCID: PMC5818075 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified animals are vital for gaining a proper understanding of disease mechanisms. Mice have long been the mainstay of basic research into a wide variety of diseases but are not always the most suitable means of translating basic knowledge into clinical application. The shortcomings of rodent preclinical studies are widely recognised, and regulatory agencies around the world now require preclinical trial data from nonrodent species. Pigs are well suited to biomedical research, sharing many similarities with humans, including body size, anatomical features, physiology and pathophysiology, and they already play an important role in translational studies. This role is set to increase as advanced genetic techniques simplify the generation of pigs with precisely tailored modifications designed to replicate lesions responsible for human disease. This article provides an overview of the most promising and clinically relevant genetically modified porcine models of human disease for translational biomedical research, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We briefly summarise the technologies involved and consider the future impact of recent technical advances. Summary: An overview of porcine models of human disease, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We summarise the technologies involved and potential future impact of recent technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Perleberg
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Segatto NV, Remião MH, Schachtschneider KM, Seixas FK, Schook LB, Collares T. The Oncopig Cancer Model as a Complementary Tool for Phenotypic Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:894. [PMID: 29259556 PMCID: PMC5723300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The screening of potential therapeutic compounds using phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) is being embraced once again by researchers and pharmaceutical companies as an approach to enhance the development of new effective therapeutics. Before the genomics and molecular biology era and the consecutive emergence of targeted-drug discovery approaches, PDD was the most common platform used for drug discovery. PDD, also known as phenotypic screening, consists of screening potential compounds in either in vitro cellular or in vivo animal models to identify compounds resulting in a desirable phenotypic change. Using this approach, the biological targets of the compounds are not taken into consideration. Suitable animal models are crucial for the continued validation and discovery of new drugs, as compounds displaying promising results in phenotypic in vitro cell-based and in vivo small animal model screenings often fail in clinical trials. Indeed, this is mainly a result of differential anatomy, physiology, metabolism, immunology, and genetics between humans and currently used pre-clinical small animal models. In contrast, pigs are more predictive of therapeutic treatment outcomes in humans than rodents. In addition, pigs provide an ideal platform to study cancer due to their similarities with humans at the anatomical, physiological, metabolic, and genetic levels. Here we provide a mini-review on the reemergence of PDD in drug development, highlighting the potential of porcine cancer models for improving pre-clinical drug discovery and testing. We also present precision medicine based genetically defined swine cancer models developed to date and their potential as biomedical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Segatto
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mariana H. Remião
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana K. Seixas
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Tiago Collares
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Callesen MM, Árnadóttir SS, Lyskjaer I, Ørntoft MBW, Høyer S, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Liu Y, Li R, Callesen H, Rasmussen MH, Berthelsen MF, Thomsen MK, Schweiger PJ, Jensen KB, Laurberg S, Ørntoft TF, Elverløv-Jakobsen JE, Andersen CL. A genetically inducible porcine model of intestinal cancer. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1616-1629. [PMID: 28881081 PMCID: PMC5664002 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic porcine cancer models bring novel possibilities for research. Their physical similarities with humans enable the use of surgical procedures and treatment approaches used for patients, which facilitates clinical translation. Here, we aimed to develop an inducible oncopig model of intestinal cancer. Transgenic (TG) minipigs were generated using somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. The pigs encode two TG cassettes: (a) an Flp recombinase‐inducible oncogene cassette containing KRAS‐G12D, cMYC, SV40LT – which inhibits p53 – and pRB and (b) a 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (4‐OHT)‐inducible Flp recombinase activator cassette controlled by the intestinal epithelium‐specific villin promoter. Thirteen viable transgenic minipigs were born. The ability of 4‐OHT to activate the oncogene cassette was confirmed in vitro in TG colonic organoids and ex vivo in tissue biopsies obtained by colonoscopy. In order to provide proof of principle that the oncogene cassette could also successfully be activated in vivo, three pigs were perorally treated with 400 mg tamoxifen for 2 × 5 days. After two months, one pig developed a duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma with a lymph node metastasis. Molecular analysis of the carcinoma and metastasis confirmed activation of the oncogene cassette. No tumor formation was observed in untreated TG pigs or in the remaining two treated pigs. The latter indicates that tamoxifen delivery can probably be improved. In summary, we have generated a novel inducible oncopig model of intestinal cancer, which has the ability to form metastatic disease already two months after induction. The model may be helpful in bridging the gap between basic research and clinical usage. It opens new venues for longitudinal studies of tumor development and evolution, for preclinical assessment of new anticancer regimens, for pharmacology and toxicology assessments, as well as for studies into biological mechanisms of tumor formation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten M Callesen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Iben Lyskjaer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Høyer
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Ying Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Mads H Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pawel J Schweiger
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Laurberg
- Surgical Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Torben F Ørntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Claus L Andersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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50
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Stachowiak M, Flisikowska T, Bauersachs S, Perleberg C, Pausch H, Switonski M, Kind A, Saur D, Schnieke A, Flisikowski K. Altered microRNA profiles during early colon adenoma progression in a porcine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96154-96160. [PMID: 29221194 PMCID: PMC5707088 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are dysregulated in various cancers including colorectal cancer, and are potential useful biomarkers of disease development. We used next generation sequencing to investigate miRNA expression profiles in low- and high-grade intraepithelial dysplastic polyps from pigs carrying a mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor (APC1311 , orthologous to human APC1309 ) that model an inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis. We identified several miRNAs and their isomiRs significantly (P < 0.05) differentially expressed between low and high-grade intraepithelial dysplastic polyps. Of these, ssc-let-7e, ssc-miR-98, ssc-miR-146a-5p, ssc-miR-146b, ssc-miR-183 and ssc-miR-196a were expressed at higher level and ssc-miR-126-3p at lower level in high-grade intraepithelial dysplastic polyps. Functional miRNA target analysis revealed significant (P < 0.001) over-representation of cancer-related pathways, including 'microRNAs in cancer', 'proteoglycans in cancer', 'pathways in cancer' and 'colorectal cancer'. This is the first study to reveal miRNAs associated with premalignant transformation of colon polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Physiology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Current address: University of Zurich, Clinic for Animal Reproduction Medicine, Genetics and Functional Genomics Group, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Perleberg
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hubert Pausch
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Genomics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar II, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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