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Yu W, Sharma S, Rao E, Rowat AC, Gimzewski JK, Han D, Rao J. Cancer cell mechanobiology: a new frontier for cancer research. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2022; 2:10-17. [PMID: 39035217 PMCID: PMC11256617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of physical and mechanical features of cancer cells, or cancer cell mechanobiology, is a new frontier in cancer research. Such studies may enhance our understanding of the disease process, especially mechanisms associated with cancer cell invasion and metastasis, and may help the effort of developing diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic drug targets. Cancer cell mechanobiological changes are associated with the complex interplay of activation/inactivation of multiple signaling pathways, which can occur at both the genetic and epigenetic levels, and the interactions with the cancer microenvironment. It has been shown that metastatic tumor cells are more compliant than morphologically similar benign cells in actual human samples. Subsequent studies from us and others further demonstrated that cell mechanical properties are strongly associated with cancer cell invasive and metastatic potential, and thus may serve as a diagnostic marker of detecting cancer cells in human body fluid samples. In this review, we provide a brief narrative of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer cell mechanobiology, the technological platforms utilized to study cancer cell mechanobiology, the status of cancer cell mechanobiological studies in various cancer types, and the potential clinical applications of cancer cell mechanobiological study in cancer early detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amy C. Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James K. Gimzewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dong Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Gupta R, Kumar G, Jain BP, Chandra S, Goswami SK. Ectopic expression of 35 kDa and knocking down of 78 kDa SG2NAs induce cytoskeletal reorganization, alter membrane sialylation, and modulate the markers of EMT. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:633-648. [PMID: 33083950 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
SG2NA is a protein of the striatin family that organizes STRIPAK complexes. It has splice variants expressing differentially in tissues. Its 78 kDa isoform regulates cell cycle, maintains homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum, and prevents oxidative injuries. The 35 kDa variant is devoid of the signature WD-40 repeats in the carboxy terminal, and its function is unknown. We expressed it in NIH 3T3 cells that otherwise express 78 kDa variant only. These cells (35 EE) have altered morphology, faster rate of migration, and enhanced growth as measured by the MTT assay. Similar phenotypes were also seen in cells where the endogenous 78 kDa isoform was downregulated by siRNA (78 KD). Proteomic analyses showed that several cancer-associated proteins are modulated in both 35 EE and 78 KD cells. The 35 EE cells have diffused actin fibers, distinctive ultrastructure, reduced sialylation, and increased expression of MMP2 & 9. The 78 KD cells also had diffused actin fibers and an upregulated expression of MMP2. In both cells, markers epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) viz, E- & N-cadherins, β-catenin, slug, vimentin, and ZO-1 were modulated partially in tune with the EMT process. Since NIH 3T3 cells are mesenchymal, we also expressed 35 kDa SG2NA in MCF-7 cells of epithelial origin. In these cells (MCF-7-35), the actin fibers were also diffused and the modulation of the markers was more in tune with the EMT process. However, unlike in 35 EE cells, in MCF-7-35 cells, membrane sialylation rather increased. We infer that ectopic expression of 35 kDa and downregulation of 78 kDa SG2NAs partially induce transformed phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Buddhi Prakash Jain
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845401, Bihar, India
| | - Sunandini Chandra
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shyamal K Goswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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3
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Sokolova EA, Vodeneev VA, Deyev SM, Balalaeva IV. 3D in vitro models of tumors expressing EGFR family receptors: a potent tool for studying receptor biology and targeted drug development. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:99-111. [PMID: 30205170 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas overexpressing EGFR family receptors are of high clinical importance, because the receptors have prognostic value and are used as molecular targets for anticancer therapy. Insufficient drug efficacy necessitates further in-depth research of the receptor biology and improvement in preclinical stages of drug evaluation. Here, we review the currently used advanced 3D in vitro models of tumors, including tumor spheroids, models in natural and synthetic matrices, tumor organoids and microfluidic-based models, as a potent tool for studying EGFR biology and targeted drug development. We are especially focused on factors that affect the biology of tumor cells, causing modification in the expression and basic phosphorylation of the receptors, crosstalk with other signaling pathways and switch between downstream cascades, resulting ultimately in the resistance to antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Sokolova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Vodeneev
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Sergey M Deyev
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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4
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Yu W, Sharma S, Gimzewski JK, Rao J. Nanocytology as a potential biomarker for cancer. Biomark Med 2017; 11:213-216. [PMID: 28240098 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Yu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shivani Sharma
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James K Gimzewski
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Simon N, FitzGerald D. Immunotoxin Therapies for the Treatment of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Dependent Cancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050137. [PMID: 27153091 PMCID: PMC4885052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers rely on enhanced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to drive proliferation and survival pathways. Development of therapeutics to target EGFR signaling has been of high importance, and multiple examples have been approved for human use. However, many of the current small molecule or antibody-based therapeutics are of limited effectiveness due to the inevitable development of resistance and toxicity to normal tissues. Recombinant immunotoxins are therapeutic molecules consisting of an antibody or receptor ligand joined to a protein cytotoxin, combining the specific targeting of a cancer-expressed receptor with the potent cell killing of cytotoxic enzymes. Over the decades, many bacterial- or plant-based immunotoxins have been developed with the goal of targeting the broad range of cancers reliant upon EGFR overexpression. Many examples demonstrate excellent anti-cancer properties in preclinical development, and several EGFR-targeted immunotoxins have progressed to human trials. This review summarizes much of the past and current work in the development of immunotoxins for targeting EGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David FitzGerald
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Jahed M, Ebadi N, Mivehchi M, Majidizadeh T, Shahshanipour M, Asgari M, Ghadakzadeh S, Hosseini SA. MGMT hypermethylation and BCL-2 overexpression associated with superficial bladder cancer and recurrence. Cancer Biomark 2016; 16:627-32. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jahed
- Varamin - Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Nader Ebadi
- Varamin - Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | | | - Tayebeh Majidizadeh
- Department of Genetic Disease, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Shahshanipour
- Department of Urology, Hasheminejad Clinical Research Developing Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Asgari
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad Clinical Research Developing Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghadakzadeh
- Department of Genetic Disease, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Hosseini
- Department of Genetic Disease, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children Hospital/Harvard Medical School, and Claritas Genomics Inc, MA, USA
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Hurst RE, Hauser PJ, You Y, Bailey-Downs LC, Bastian A, Matthews SM, Thorpe J, Earle C, Bourguignon LYW, Ihnat MA. Identification of novel drugs to target dormant micrometastases. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:404. [PMID: 25971923 PMCID: PMC4434572 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-specific survival has changed remarkably little over the past half century, mainly because metastases that are occult at diagnosis and generally resistant to chemotherapy subsequently develop months, years or even decades following definitive therapy. Targeting the dormant micrometastases responsible for these delayed or occult metastases would represent a major new tool in cancer patient management. Our hypothesis is that these metastases develop from micrometastatic cells that are suppressed by normal extracellular matrix (ECM). METHODS A new screening method was developed that compared the effect of drugs on the proliferation of cells grown on a normal ECM gel (small intestine submucosa, SISgel) to cells grown on plastic cell culture plates. The desired endpoint was that cells on SISgel were more sensitive than the same cells grown as monolayers. Known cancer chemotherapeutic agents show the opposite pattern. RESULTS Screening 13,000 compounds identified two leads with low toxicity in mice and EC50 values in the range of 3-30 μM, depending on the cell line, and another two leads that were too toxic to mice to be useful. In a novel flank xenograft method of suppressed/dormant cells co-injected with SISgel into the flank, the lead compounds significantly eliminated the suppressed cells, whereas conventional chemotherapeutics were ineffective. Using a 4T1 triple negative breast cancer model, modified for physiological metastatic progression, as predicted, both lead compounds reduced the number of large micrometastases/macrometastases in the lung. One of the compounds also targeted cancer stem cells (CSC) isolated from the parental line. The CSC also retained their stemness on SISgel. Mechanistic studies showed a mild, late apoptotic response and depending on the compound, a mild arrest either at S or G2/M in the cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS In summary we describe a novel, first in class set of compounds that target micrometastatic cells and prevent their reactivation to form recurrent tumors/macrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hurst
- Departments of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S. L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S. L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,DormaTarg, Inc., 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Suite 118, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Paul J Hauser
- Departments of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S. L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,DormaTarg, Inc., 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Suite 118, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Youngjae You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S. L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Lora C Bailey-Downs
- DormaTarg, Inc., 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Suite 118, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Anja Bastian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S. L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Stephen M Matthews
- DormaTarg, Inc., 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Suite 118, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Jessica Thorpe
- DormaTarg, Inc., 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Suite 118, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Christine Earle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and the VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Lilly Y W Bourguignon
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and the VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Michael A Ihnat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 S. L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,DormaTarg, Inc., 940 S.L. Young Blvd, Suite 118, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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8
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Hurst RE, Hauser PJ, Kyker KD, Heinlen JE, Hodde JP, Hiles MC, Kosanke SD, Dozmorov M, Ihnat MA. Suppression and activation of the malignant phenotype by extracellular matrix in xenograft models of bladder cancer: a model for tumor cell "dormancy". PLoS One 2013; 8:e64181. [PMID: 23717563 PMCID: PMC3663841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem in cancer research is the lack of a tractable model for delayed metastasis. Herein we show that cancer cells suppressed by SISgel, a gel-forming normal ECM material derived from Small Intestine Submucosa (SIS), in flank xenografts show properties of suppression and re-activation that are very similar to normal delayed metastasis and suggest these suppressed cells can serve as a novel model for developing therapeutics to target micrometastases or suppressed cancer cells. Co-injection with SISgel suppressed the malignant phenotype of highly invasive J82 bladder cancer cells and highly metastatic JB-V bladder cancer cells in nude mouse flank xenografts. Cells could remain viable up to 120 days without forming tumors and appeared much more highly differentiated and less atypical than tumors from cells co-injected with Matrigel. In 40% of SISgel xenografts, growth resumed in the malignant phenotype after a period of suppression or dormancy for at least 30 days and was more likely with implantation of 3 million or more cells. Ordinary Type I collagen did not suppress malignant growth, and tumors developed about as well with collagen as with Matrigel. A clear signal in gene expression over different cell lines was not seen by transcriptome microarray analysis, but in contrast, Reverse Phase Protein Analysis of 250 proteins across 4 cell lines identified Integrin Linked Kinase (ILK) signaling that was functionally confirmed by an ILK inhibitor. We suggest that cancer cells suppressed on SISgel could serve as a model for dormancy and re-awakening to allow for the identification of therapeutic targets for treating micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hurst
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America.
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9
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Friedrich MG, Schwaibold H, Wintzer O, Pichlmeier U, Huland H. p53 in noncancerous bladder mucosa as a marker of disease recurrence in patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2012; 3:125-31. [PMID: 21227117 DOI: 10.1016/s1078-1439(98)00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence and clinical relevance of p53 nuclear overexpression in histologically benign bladder mucosa in patients with superficial transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder to look for "premalignant" lesions as the source of tumor recurrence. p53 Accumulation in representative tumor and normal-looking bladder mucosa was studied in 53 patients with Ta and T1 TCC. Histologically normal bladder specimens from 20 prostate cancer patients served as controls. We used a biotin streptavidine-peroxidase system to stain deparaffinized tissue sections with the p53 monoclonal antibody DO7. Specimens from 42 (79%) of the 53 TCC patients stained for p53 in the tumor area. There was no statistically significant difference between pTa and pT1 lesions (pTa, 71.4%; pT1, 87.5%), and staining correlated weakly with tumor grade (G1, 62%; G2, 82%; G3, 100%). Evaluation of histologically normal bladder mucosa showed positive p53 staining in 13 (24.5%) of the 53 patients. Disease recurred in 20 patients. Among them, 12 had positive staining in the normal bladder mucosa. Although p53 expression in tumor areas showed only slight correlation with tumor recurrence (p = 0.043, Cochran-Armitage test), p53 accumulation in healthy bladder mucosa correlated strongly with disease recurrence (p < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). p53 Overexpression in histologically normal bladder mucosa in patients with TCC might identify premalignant alterations in tumor-surrounding areas. Our data suggest that p53 accumulation in histologically benign bladder mucosa of TCC patients is a possible marker of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Friedrich
- Clinic of Urology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Cross SE, Jin YS, Lu QY, Rao J, Gimzewski JK. Green tea extract selectively targets nanomechanics of live metastatic cancer cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:215101. [PMID: 21451222 PMCID: PMC3151463 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/21/215101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Green tea extract (GTE) is known to be a potential anticancer agent (Yang et al 2009 Nat. Rev. Cancer 9 429-39) with various biological activities (Lu et al 2005 Clin. Cancer Res. 11 1675-83; Yang et al 1998 Carcinogenesis 19 611-6) yet the precise mechanism of action is still unclear. The biomechanical response of GTE treated cells taken directly from patient's body samples was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Binnig et al 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 930). We found significant increase in stiffness of GTE treated metastatic tumor cells, with a resulting value similar to untreated normal mesothelial cells, whereas mesothelial cell stiffness after GTE treatment is unchanged. Immunofluorescence analysis showed an increase in cytoskeletal-F-actin in GTE treated tumor cells, suggesting GTE treated tumor cells display mechanical, structural and morphological features similar to normal cells, which appears to be mediated by annexin-I expression, as determined by siRNA analysis of an in vitro cell line model. Our data indicates that GTE selectively targets human metastatic cancer cells but not normal mesothelial cells, a finding that is significantly advantageous compared to conventional chemotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Cross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qing-Yi Lu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - JianYu Rao
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James K. Gimzewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics Satellite (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
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Huang D, Casale GP, Tian J, Lele SM, Pisarev VM, Simpson MA, Hemstreet GP. Udp-glucose dehydrogenase as a novel field-specific candidate biomarker of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:315-27. [PMID: 19676054 PMCID: PMC2794918 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes the oxidation of UDP-glucose to yield UDP-glucuronic acid, a precursor for synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans that promote aggressive prostate cancer (PC) progression. The purpose of our study was to determine if the UGDH expression in normal appearing acini (NAA) from cancerous glands is a candidate biomarker for PC field disease/effect assayed by quantitative fluorescence imaging analysis (QFIA). A polyclonal antibody to UGDH was titrated to saturation binding and fluorescent microscopic images acquired from fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue slices were quantitatively analyzed. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by Western blot analysis and competitive inhibition of tissue labeling with the recombinant UGDH. Reproducibility of the UGDH measurements was high within and across analytical runs. Quantification of UGDH by QFIA and Reverse-Phase Protein Array analysis were strongly correlated (r = 0.97), validating the QFIA measurements. Analysis of cancerous acini (CA) and NAA from PC patients vs. normal acini (NA) from noncancerous controls (32 matched pairs) revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences, with CA (increased) vs. NA, NAA (decreased) vs. NA and CA (increased) vs. NAA. Areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.59-0.83) for NAA and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.59-0.83) for CA (both vs. NA). These results support the UGDH content in prostatic acini as a novel candidate biomarker that may complement the development of a multi-biomarker panel for detecting PC within the tumor adjacent field on a histologically normal biopsy specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Huang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - George P. Casale
- Urologic Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Jun Tian
- Urologic Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Subodh M. Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Vladimir M. Pisarev
- Urologic Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - George P. Hemstreet
- Urologic Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A
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12
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Chen NH, Liu JW, Zhong JJ. Ganoderic Acid Me Inhibits Tumor Invasion Through Down-Regulating Matrix Metalloproteinases 2/9 Gene Expression. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:212-6. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.sc0080019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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13
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Huang D, Casale GP, Tian J, Wehbi NK, Abrahams NA, Kaleem Z, Smith LM, Johansson SL, Elkahwaji JE, Hemstreet GP. Quantitative fluorescence imaging analysis for cancer biomarker discovery: application to beta-catenin in archived prostate specimens. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1371-81. [PMID: 17623804 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surprising disparity between the number of protein-encoding genes ( approximately 30,000) in the human genome and the number of proteins ( approximately 300,000) in the human proteome has inspired the development of translational proteomics aimed at protein expression profiling of disease states. Translational proteomics, which offers the promise of early disease detection and individualized therapy, requires new methods for the analysis of clinical specimens. We have developed quantitative fluorescence imaging analysis (QFIA) for accurate, reproducible quantification of proteins in slide-mounted tissues. The method has been validated for the analysis of beta-catenin in archived prostate specimens fixed in formalin. QFIA takes advantage of the linearity of fluorescence antibody signaling for tissue epitope content, a feature validated for beta-catenin in methacarn-fixed prostate specimens analyzed by reverse-phase protein array analysis and QFIA (r = 0.97). QFIA of beta-catenin in formaldehyde-fixed tissues correlated directly with beta-catenin content (r = 0.86). Application of QFIA in a cross-sectional study of biopsies from 42 prostate cancer (PC) cases and 42 matched controls identified beta-catenin as a potential field marker for PC. Receiver operating characteristic plots revealed that beta-catenin expression in the normal-appearing acini of cancerous glands identified 42% (95% confidence intervals, 26-57%) of cancer cases, with 88% (95% confidence intervals, 80-96%) specificity. The marker may contribute to a PC biomarker panel. In conclusion, we report the development and validation of a new method for fluorescence quantification of proteins in archived tissues and its application to archived specimens for an evaluation of beta-catenin expression as a biomarker for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Huang
- Department of Surgery, Urologic Surgery Section, 982360 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-2360, USA
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Hauser PJ, Han Z, Sindhwani P, Hurst RE. Sensitivity of bladder cancer cells to curcumin and its derivatives depends on the extracellular matrix. Anticancer Res 2007; 27:737-40. [PMID: 17465196 PMCID: PMC2604907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Because the response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents depends upon the supporting extracellular matrix (ECM), the response in vivo may not be reproduced in 2-dimensional cell culture. The dose-response to curcumin and two derivatives by bladder cancer cells grown on both normal (SISgel) and cancer-derived ECM (Matrigel) and on plastic were contrasted. Cells grown on Matrigel were resistant to curcumins, but cells growing on SISgel, which mimic cancer cells suppressed by normal ECM, were nearly as sensitive as cells grown on plastic. SV40-immortalized urothelial cells, which are models for premalignant cells, were the most sensitive, but even aggressive cell lines were nearly as sensitive when grown on SISgel as on plastic. Curcumin response depends highly on the supporting ECM, and cells grown on plastic poorly models cells growing on natural ECM. Curcumin could prove an effective chemopreventive for bladder cancer recurrence when administered intravesically post-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hauser
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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15
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Golijanin DJ, Kakiashvili D, Madeb RR, Messing EM, Lerner SP. Chemoprevention of bladder cancer. World J Urol 2007; 24:445-72. [PMID: 17048030 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-006-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dragan J Golijanin
- Urology Department, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, P.O. Box 656, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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16
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Jin Y, Iwata KK, Belldegrun A, Figlin R, Pantuck A, Zhang ZF, Lieberman R, Rao J. Effect of an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor on actin remodeling in an in vitro bladder cancer carcinogenesis model. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1754-63. [PMID: 16891461 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of actin remodeling is a marker of malignant-associated field defect and a potential surrogate biomarker for chemoprevention trials. We tested erlotinib, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), on actin remodeling in a bladder carcinogenic model consisting of untransformed HUC-PC cells and transformed MC-T11 cells, both derived from the same normal human urothelial clone immortalized by SV40. Erlotinib had a selective growth inhibitory and actin remodeling effect on MC-T11 cells over HUC-PC cells, as examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and immunofluorescence labeling with laser scan cytometer analysis, respectively. The IC(50) of untransformed HUC-PC cells was significantly higher than that of transformed MC-T11 cells (P < 0.05, t test). The actin remodeling effect was more prominent at lower dosage levels (1/8-1/4 of IC(50)), which was accompanied by an increased cell adhesion and decreased motility. At higher dosage levels (1/2 of IC(50)), erlotinib induced a decreased adhesion and anoikis (detachment-associated apoptosis). The transformed MC-T11, but not HUC-PC, showed a weak constitutive EGFR phosphorylation activity, which was inhibited by erlotinib in a dose-response manner. However, on epidermal growth factor stimulation, both cell lines showed a similar dose-response inhibitory effect on phosphorylated EGFR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; P44/P42) activities, and MAPK inhibitor PD98059 showed no specific effect on erlotinib-induced actin remodeling, suggesting that pathways other than MAPK (P44/P42) may be responsible for erlotinib-induced actin remodeling. The findings provide evidence to support erlotinib-based bladder cancer chemoprevention and using actin remodeling as a marker for erlotinib-based intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 951732, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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17
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Zhang W, Yang YC, Zhang BN, Pan QJ, Hart SD, Duvall K, Zhang ZF, Rao JY. Biomarker analysis on breast ductal lavage cells in women with and without breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:359-64. [PMID: 16477639 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that morphology based analysis of ductal lavage specimens failed to detect many cancers in women with breast cancer. Such an observation raises doubts about the potential role of ductal lavage in an individual's risk assessment and early detection of breast cancer. We hypothesize that biomarker-based analysis using markers of malignancy field defects including DNA 5c exceeding rate (DNA 5cER) and G-actin might provide a more reliable test for breast cancer risk. The study was performed in 2 phases, the training and validation phase. For the training phase, 36 Chinese women were recruited (13 with breast cancer, 8 with intraductal papilloma and 15 with benign breast diseases). The validation phase included 10 women with cancer and 7 women without cancer. Ductal lavage samples were processed by the ThinPrep technique and evaluated by morphology followed by biomarker analysis using laser scan cytometry (LSC) for G-actin and DNA5cER. In the training phase, biomarker analysis was performed on the 67% (24 of 36) of samples that had over 100 epithelial cells. The sensitivity of DNA5cER was 90% with a specificity of 100%, and G-actin was 100% and 93%, respectively. By contrast, the sensitivity and specificity obtained by cytology alone were 67% and 93%, respectively. Similar results were obtained from the small validation study. Quantitative analysis of biomarkers for G-actin and DNA5cER is feasible and useful in distinguishing benign from malignant breast disease on archived ductal lavage slides. Further studies are warranted to determine the value of these biomarkers in prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Tumor Marker Center, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Andersen JB, Aaboe M, Borden EC, Goloubeva OG, Hassel BA, Ørntoft TF. Stage-associated overexpression of the ubiquitin-like protein, ISG15, in bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1465-71. [PMID: 16641915 PMCID: PMC2361278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the most prevalent malignancies, and is characterised by frequent tumour recurrences and localised inflammation, which may promote tissue invasion and metastasis. Microarray analysis was used to compare gene expression in normal bladder urothelium with that in tumours at different stages of progression. The innate immune response gene, interferon-stimulated gene 15 kDa (ISG15, GIP2), was highly expressed at all stages of bladder cancer as compared to normal urothelium. Western blotting revealed a tumour-associated expression of ISG15 protein. ISG15 exhibited a stage-associated expression, with significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of ISG15 protein in muscle-invasive T2-T4 tumours, compared with normal urothelium. Although ISG15 is involved in the primary immune response, ISG15 expression did not correlate with bladder inflammation. However, immunohistochemical staining revealed expression of ISG15 protein in both cancer cells and stromal immune cells. Interestingly, a significant fraction of ISG15 protein was localised to the nuclei of tumour cells, whereas no nuclear ISG15 staining was observed in ISG15-positive stromal cells. Taken together, our findings identify ISG15 as a novel component of bladder cancer-associated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Andersen
- University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 West Baltimore Street, 9th floor BRB, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - M Aaboe
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - E C Borden
- The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - O G Goloubeva
- University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 West Baltimore Street, 9th floor BRB, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - B A Hassel
- University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 West Baltimore Street, 9th floor BRB, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, 655 West Baltimore Street, 9th floor BRB, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 West Baltimore Street, 9th floor BRB, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. E-mail:
| | - T F Ørntoft
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
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Kawamoto K, Enokida H, Gotanda T, Kubo H, Nishiyama K, Kawahara M, Nakagawa M. p16INK4a and p14ARF methylation as a potential biomarker for human bladder cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339:790-6. [PMID: 16316628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Promoter hypermethylation is one of the putative mechanisms underlying the inactivation of negative cell-cycle regulators. We examined whether the methylation status of p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF), genes located upstream of the RB and p53 pathway, is a useful biomarker for the staging, clinical outcome, and prognosis of human bladder cancer. Using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), we examined the methylation status of p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) in 64 samples from 45 bladder cancer patients (34 males, 11 females). In 19 patients with recurrent bladder cancer, we examined paired tissue samples from their primary and recurrent tumors. The methylation status of representative samples was confirmed by bisulfite DNA sequencing analysis. The median follow-up duration was 34.3 months (range 27.0-100.1 months). The methylation rate for p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) was 17.8% and 31.1%, respectively, in the 45 patients. The incidence of p16(INKa) and p14(ARF) methylation was significantly higher in patients with invasive (>or=pT2) than superficial bladder cancer (pT1) (p=0.006 and p=0.001, respectively). No MSP bands for p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) were detected in the 8 patients with superficial, non-recurrent tumors. In 19 patients with tumor recurrence, the p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) methylation status of the primary and recurrent tumors was similar. Of the 22 patients who had undergone cystectomy, 8 (36.4%) manifested p16(INKa) methylation; p16(INK4a) was not methylated in 23 patients without cystectomy (p=0.002). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with p14(ARF) methylation had a significantly poorer prognosis than those without (p=0.029). This is the first study indicating that MSP analysis of p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) genes is a useful biomarker for the pathological stage, clinical outcome, and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kawamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-08520, Japan
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20
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Lu QY, Jin YS, Pantuck A, Zhang ZF, Heber D, Belldegrun A, Brooks M, Figlin R, Rao J. Green tea extract modulates actin remodeling via Rho activity in an in vitro multistep carcinogenic model. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1675-83. [PMID: 15746073 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of actin polymerization and loss of actin filaments is a marker of cellular dedifferentiation and early malignant transformation. To study this phenomenon, an in vitro human urothelial model consisting of two cell lines, HUC-PC and MC-T11, were incorporated into the study design. These two cell lines have different malignant transformation potential. The effect of green tea extract (GTE), a potential anticancer agent, on actin remodeling was investigated. Upon exposure to the carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), the untransformed HUC-PC undergoes malignant transformation whereas the transformed MC-T11 progresses from noninvasive to invasive tumor. GTE induces actin polymerization in MC-T11 cells in a dose-responsive manner, but this effect is less obvious in the untransformed, more differentiated HUC-PC cells, which natively have higher actin polymerization status. In contrast, GTE antagonizes carcinogen 4-ABP induced actin depolymerization and stress fiber disruption in HUC-PC cells. In MC-T11 cells, GTE inhibits 4-ABP induced motility by increasing cell adhesion and focal adhesion complex formation. The effect of GTE on actin remodeling seems to be mediated by the stimulation of small GTP-binding protein Rho activity, because C3 exoenzyme, a specific inhibitor for Rho, blocks GTE-mediated Rho activation and stress fiber formation in MC-T11 cells. This study shows that GTE exerts an effect on cytoskeletal actin remodeling and provides further support for the use of GTE as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yi Lu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Lu QY, Jin YS, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Heber D, Go VLW, Li FP, Rao JY. Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit growth and induce actin polymerization in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Lett 2004; 216:9-20. [PMID: 15500944 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate chemopreventive effects of Ganoderma lucidum using a unique in vitro human urothelial cell (HUC) model consisted of HUC-PC cells and MTC-11 cells. Ethanol and water extracts of fruiting bodies and spores of the G. lucidum were used to examine growth inhibition, actin polymerization status, and impact of actin remodeling on cell migration and adhesion. Results showed that ethanol extracts had a stronger growth inhibition effect than water extracts. Cell cycle analysis showed that the growth inhibition effect was associated with G2/M arrest. At non-cytotoxic concentrations (40-80 microg/ml), these extracts induced actin polymerization, which in turn inhibited carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl induced migration in both cell lines. The increased actin polymerization was associated with increased stress fibers and focal adhesion complex formation, however, expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and focal adhesion kinase (total and phospholated) were unchanged, which suggests that other mechanisms may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yi Lu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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22
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Abstract
Although the current system of classifying bladder cancer by stage and histological grade is very useful, it is still difficult to predict the natural progression of the disease either with or without therapy. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are currently the gold standards in the monitoring and diagnosis of bladder cancer. Classical urine cytology is, however, at least in the diagnosis of G1-tumors, characterized by a relatively low sensitivity. In the last few years, the molecular biological investigation of the basic mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis has provided a host of markers which are of potential diagnostic value for bladder cancer. We provide a current, comprehensive review of the literature on bladder tumor markers and summarize their diagnostic and prognostic potential. At present, no diagnostic marker with a comparable sensitivity and specificity to cystoscopy exists, given that cystoscopy has never been evaluated. The combined analysis of several tumor markers seems to be the most promising approach as an adjunct to cystoscopy. Moreover, the increasing simplification of test systems will increase their acceptance by clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kausch
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck
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23
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Palapattu GS, Reiter RE. Monoclonal antibody therapy for genitourinary oncology: promise for the future. J Urol 2002; 168:2615-23. [PMID: 12441996 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic or recurrent cancer continues to be the bane of the urological oncologist. Despite recent improvements in therapeutic strategies and outcomes for clinically localized disease overall survival in patients with the majority of metastatic and recurrent genitourinary malignancies remains relatively unchanged. Modern advances in the field of immunotherapy hold the promise of providing the clinical urologist/oncologist with new tools to fight urological cancer. In this review we discuss the various mAb based strategies currently under investigation for urological oncology as well as the lessons learned from similar approaches in other fields. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the literature on mAb based immunotherapy with a particular emphasis on target antigens, mAb design and potential applications in the field of urology. RESULTS Early trials with mAb therapy for solid tumor oncology met with limited success due to difficulty with mAb design and production, the development of host immunological responses against murine monoclonal antibodies (that is human anti-mouse antibodies), suboptimal target antigen selection, and poor monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and tumor tissue penetration. Recent advances in the fields of immunology and oncology have sought to circumvent these obstacles. Today several preliminary studies have shown the effectiveness and usefulness of mAb based strategies for urological oncology. CONCLUSIONS The field of mAb based immunotherapy continues to evolve. New discoveries in this burgeoning area of cancer therapy show promise for the future.
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Rao J, Seligson D, Visapaa H, Horvath S, Eeva M, Michel K, Pantuck A, Belldegrun A, Palotie A. Tissue microarray analysis of cytoskeletal actin-associated biomarkers gelsolin and E-cadherin in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:1247-57. [PMID: 12216092 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations of expression of the cytoskeletal proteins Gelsolin and E-cadherin have been implicated in urothelial carcinoma tumorigenesis. However, it is not clear how these altered expressions associate with tumor progression, nor is it clear how these protein markers provide prognostic value for urothelial carcinomas. METHODS Primary urothelial carcinoma tissue microarrays were constructed for 146 patients with urothelial carcinoma. Where available, four replicate tissue samples of invasive tumor, adjacent dysplastic and in situ lesions, and benign tumors were arrayed for each case, resulting in a total of 1208 tissue spots. Immunohistochemical staining for Gelsolin, E-cadherin, p53, and Ki67 (MIB-1) was performed on the arrays. For each marker, the maximum staining intensity (Max), the percentage of positive staining (Pos), and the product of both Max and Pos (MaxPos) were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the benign fields, the expression of both cytoskeletal proteins decreased in premalignant and malignant lesions. For Gelsolin, decreased MaxPos was seen in premalignant and preinvasive lesions. However, with an increase in tumor grade and stage, there was a gradual increase in Gelsolin (P < 0.05 for both). E-cadherin expression decreases mainly in high-grade lesions (carcinoma in situ and Grade 3 tumors). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that Gelsolin Max was a strong independent predictor for the probability of tumor recurrence and for early tumor recurrence in high-grade or high-stage tumors, as well as a strong indicator for tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Gelsolin and E-cadherin have distinctive expression patterns. Gelsolin, but not E-cadherin, provides independent prognostic information for high-grade urothelial carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- JianYu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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26
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Steidl C, Simon R, Bürger H, Brinkschmidt C, Hertle L, Böcker W, Terpe HJ. Patterns of chromosomal aberrations in urinary bladder tumours and adjacent urothelium. J Pathol 2002; 198:115-20. [PMID: 12210071 DOI: 10.1002/path.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is often characterized by recurrent and multifocal growth, and tumours are frequently accompanied by precancerous alterations of the surrounding urothelium. These findings have led to the hypothesis that cells from areas of genetically aberrant but morphologically non-cancerous or even unremarkable mucosa may be the source of bladder carcinomas. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed using ten probes targeting five different chromosomes that are known to be frequently altered in bladder cancer (centromere 1, 8, 9, 11, 17 and 1p36, 8p23, 9p21, 11q13, 17p13) on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 11 superficial bladder cancers. Copy number changes of the tumours were compared to those in the urothelium adjacent to the tumour. Eleven of 11 (100%) tumours and eight of 11 (73%) samples of adjacent urothelium showed copy number changes of at least one chromosome. The occurrence of similar patterns of chromosomal aberrations in the tumours and their associated urothelium supports the hypothesis of a clonal relationship. It is concluded that FISH analysis targeting five different chromosomes is more sensitive than conventional histology for distinguishing between neoplastic and normal cells of the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steidl
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology and Department of Urology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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27
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Hurst RE, Bonner RB. Mapping of the distribution of significant proteins and proteoglycans in small intestinal submucosa by fluorescence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2002; 12:1267-79. [PMID: 11853391 DOI: 10.1163/156856201753395798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because small intestine submucosa (SIS) is a bioscaffold for tissue regeneration, we describe a method to analyze the material for growth peptides and for structural molecules. Immunofluorescence methods are described for relative quantification of abundant structural proteins. Additionally, a quantitative technique for comparison of the content of less abundant proteins in SIS was developed using the tyramide signal amplification (TSA) system that is applicable to paraffin-preserved tissue blocks. Frozen sections generally shredded when cut thinly enough to permit entry and washout of reagents. Five micrometer sections cut from paraffin blocks were immunolabeled for collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), FGF2, TGFbeta, and VEGF. Images of tissue sections were acquired by a linear image camera and quantified by densitometry after thresholding the signal to minimize nonspecific fluorescence. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the immunofluorescence methods. HSPG was widely distributed but concentrated in vessels. FGF2 was distributed diffusely and was associated with fibrous structures. VEGF was distributed mainly around vessels. TGFbeta was barely detectable above background. Collagen fibrils were distinctly present, and with a two-color fluorescence system, the distribution of components relative to collagen can be assessed. The anatomic structure of SIS is likely to play an important role in the regeneration of tissues, and factors in remnant vessels may facilitate penetration of the matrix along these avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hurst
- Department of Urology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
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28
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Kassis J, Radinsky R, Wells A. Motility is rate-limiting for invasion of bladder carcinoma cell lines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34:762-75. [PMID: 11950593 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Induced migration of tumor cells is generally considered to be one critical step in cancer progression to the invasive and metastatic stage. The implicit caveat of studies that show this is that other, unknown, signaling pathways and biophysical events are actually the operative rate-limiting steps, and not motility per se. Thus, to examine the hypothesis that motility is a single, but overall rate-limiting function required for invasion, disparate motility processes need be blocked with concordant effects on tumor invasion. Recently, we and others have described two signaling pathways that are critical to growth factor-induced motility but not mitogenesis. The key molecular switches are phospholipase C-gamma (PLCgamma) and calpain for cytoskeletal reorganization and rear detachment, respectively. We examined this hypothesis in a highly invasive tumor, bladder carcinoma. Three different human tumor cell lines, 253J-B-V, UMUC and T-24, were tested for invasiveness in vitro by transmigration of a Matrigel barrier. Inhibiting PLCgamma with the pharmacologic agent U73122 or the molecular dominant-negative PLCz construct reduced both invasiveness and motility. The same was noted when calpain was blocked using calpain inhibitor I (ALLN). These results demonstrate that one interventional target for limiting invasion is not necessarily an individual motility pathway but rather cell migration per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jareer Kassis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Pittsburgh VAMC & Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S713 Scaife, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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29
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Wehbi NK, Dugger AL, Bonner RB, Pitha JV, Hurst RE, Hemstreet GP. Pan-Cadherin as a High Level Phenotypic Biomarker for Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nizar K. Wehbi
- From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Occupational and Environmental Health, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medical Service and Social Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ashley L. Dugger
- From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Occupational and Environmental Health, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medical Service and Social Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca B. Bonner
- From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Occupational and Environmental Health, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medical Service and Social Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jan V. Pitha
- From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Occupational and Environmental Health, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medical Service and Social Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert E. Hurst
- From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Occupational and Environmental Health, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medical Service and Social Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - George P. Hemstreet
- From the Departments of Urology, Pathology, Occupational and Environmental Health, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medical Service and Social Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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30
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Pan-Cadherin as a High Level Phenotypic Biomarker for Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200205000-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Cheng L, Gu J, Ulbright TM, MacLennan GT, Sweeney CJ, Zhang S, Sanchez K, Koch MO, Eble JN. Precise microdissection of human bladder carcinomas reveals divergent tumor subclones in the same tumor. Cancer 2002; 94:104-10. [PMID: 11815965 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bladder carcinoma is thought to arise from a field change that affects the entire urothelium. Whether independently transformed urothelial cell populations exist in the same patient is uncertain. METHODS We studied the clonality of urinary bladder carcinoma in 18 female patients who underwent cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. None had multiple tumors. Tumor samples were obtained from different areas of the same tumor. Sixty-seven tumor samples were analyzed. Tumor genomic DNA was microdissected and extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides. The clonality of urothelial tumors was evaluated on the basis of a polymorphism of the X chromosome-linked human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) locus. The technique is dependent on digestion of DNA with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme HhaI, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of HUMARA locus, and detection of methylation of this locus. With this method, only the methylated HUMARA allele is selectively amplified by PCR. RESULTS Eleven of 18 patients were informative. Nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome was found in 9 of the 11 informative patients (82%). Seven patients showed different patterns of nonrandom X chromosome inactivation for tumor samples obtained from different regions of the same tumor. Two patients showed the same pattern of nonrandom X chromosome inactivation in all samples. CONCLUSIONS Some muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas may arise from independently transformed progenitor urothelial cells, supporting the "field effect" theory for bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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COMPARATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUES OF URINARY CYTOLOGY, URINARY BLADDER CANCER ANTIGEN, CYFRA 21-1 AND NMP22 FOR EVALUATING SYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS AT RISK FOR BLADDER CANCER. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200105000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SÁNCHEZ-CARBAYO M, URRUTIA M, SILVA J, ROMANÍ R, DE BUITRAGO JGONZÁLEZ, NAVAJO J. COMPARATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUES OF URINARY CYTOLOGY, URINARY BLADDER CANCER ANTIGEN, CYFRA 21-1 AND NMP22 FOR EVALUATING SYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS AT RISK FOR BLADDER CANCER. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. SÁNCHEZ-CARBAYO
- From the Servicio de Bioquímica and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. URRUTIA
- From the Servicio de Bioquímica and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J.M. SILVA
- From the Servicio de Bioquímica and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. ROMANÍ
- From the Servicio de Bioquímica and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J.M. GONZÁLEZ DE BUITRAGO
- From the Servicio de Bioquímica and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J.A. NAVAJO
- From the Servicio de Bioquímica and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Hemstreet GP, Rao J, Hurst RE, Bonner RB, Mellott JE, Rooker GM. Biomarkers in monitoring for efficacy of immunotherapy and chemoprevention of bladder cancer with dimethylsulfoxide. CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION 2001; 23:163-71. [PMID: 10101598 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1500.1999.09917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study correlated biomarkers expressed in tumor and epithelial field with clinical response and recurrence. Of 25 bladder cancer patients, 11 received 6 weeks of intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and 14 were treated weekly with intravesical dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 4 weeks to further modulate biomarker expression. G-actin, DNA aneuploidy, and p300 tumor antigen were evaluated by quantitative fluorescence image analysis on uroepithelial cells from bladder wash samples prior to and immediately following treatment. Excluding patients who did not respond to BCG (and who had persistently abnormal p300 and DNA markers), recurrence correlated with persistent abnormal G-actin findings. Of patients who were G-actin negative following therapy, only 25% recurred during follow-up in contrast to 67% in patients who were positive (p < 0.03 by Fisher's exact test). The odds ratio for recurrence was 6.00 (95% confidence interval: 1.3-28.6). Cytosolic G-actin levels can be an important intermediate end point marker for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Hemstreet
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
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Grossman HB, Schmitz-Dräger B, Fradet Y, Tribukait B. Use of markers in defining urothelial premalignant and malignant conditions. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001:94-104. [PMID: 11144908 DOI: 10.1080/003655900750169347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Markers have revealed the presence of phenotypically abnormal areas in histologically benign urothelium in bladders containing transitional cell carcinomas. This finding strongly suggests that at least some bladder cancers are associated with changes in the field and that markers can detect these lesions before they reach a grossly malignant stage. Markers have been used clinically for the detection of cancer in patients who are under regular surveillance for recurrence of bladder cancer. Much less information is available regarding the use of markers to detect bladder cancer without a prior history of the disease and for the prediction of which tumors are biologically more aggressive. However, ongoing clinical trials are addressing the latter issue. The type of specimen and its preparation will determine what type of markers can be analyzed. Although marker performance is based upon sensitivity and specificity, the prevalence of bladder cancer in the population being tested will dramatically affect the positive predictive value of an assay. Markers with high positive predictive value are indicators for interventions, such as biopsy, while markers with high negative specific values are useful for avoiding interventions. Cytology is used to detect occult high-grade neoplasms such as carcinoma in situ. While not yet clinically validated, tests with high negative predictive value could be used to decrease the frequency of cystoscopic evaluation. Markers must be validated by testing them prospectively using previously defined cut-off values. Furthermore, markers that will be used to alter treatment should be tested prospectively to determine the safety and cost-effectiveness of this strategy. Recommendations for future work include: (1) evaluation of markers in patients with dysplasia defined by the current pathologic classification; (2) evaluation of markers as indicators of tumor recurrence; (3) evaluation of markers as indicators of tumor progression; and (4) evaluation of markers in chemoprevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Grossman
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030-4095, USA
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Cordon-Cardo C, Cote RJ, Sauter G. Genetic and molecular markers of urothelial premalignancy and malignancy. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001:82-93. [PMID: 11144907 DOI: 10.1080/003655900750169338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular genetic changes reported in bladder tumors can be classified as primary and secondary aberrations. Primary molecular alterations may be defined as those directly related to the genesis of cancer. These are frequently found as the sole abnormality and are often associated with particular tumors. There are characteristic primary abnormalities involved in th production of low-grade/well-differentiated neoplasms, which destabilize cellular proliferation but have little effect on cellula "social" interactions or differentiation, as well as the rate of cell death or apoptosis. Other molecular events lead to high-grad neoplasms which disrupt growth control, including the cell cycle and apoptosis, and which have a major impact on biological behavior. A primary target leading to low-grade papillary superficial bladder tumors resides on chromosome 9, while p53 gene alterations are commonly seen in flat carcinoma in situ. Other molecular alterations must be elucidated, as many non-invasive neoplasms have neither chromosome 9 nor p53 alterations. Novel approaches utilizing tissue microdissection techniques an molecular genetic assays are needed to shed further light on this subject. Secondary genetic or epigenetic abnormalities may be fortuitous, or may determine the biological behavior of the tumor. Multiple molecular abnormalities are identified in most human cancers studied, including bladder neoplasms. The accumulation, rather than the order, of these genetic alterations may be the critical factor that grants synergistic activity. In this regard, it is noteworthy that many of the genes that are altered act upon the two recognized critical growth and senescenc pathways, TP53 and RB. These particular molecular aberrations may be especially important to evaluate for their use in the management of bladder cancer because of their commonality in progressive forms of the disease. Thus, clinical trials are underway to explore their use in specific situations, particularly in the surgical management of locally advanced disease, and to determine whether adjuvant chemotherapy in such patients may be of benefit. The use of molecular alterations in the management of non-invasive bladder neoplasms remains to be firmly established. Our knowledge of molecular alterations important in bladder cancer progression is far from complete, and further study is necessary to further elucidate cruci pathways involved in progression and therapeutic response. As per preneoplastic conditions, difficulties in identifying and interpreting the significance of phenotypic changes have imposed certain limitations, as has an evolving nomenclature and issues of reproducibility in interpreting morphologica criteria. Nevertheless, molecular alterations involving chromosome 9q and the INK4A locus in papillary superficial tumors vs changes in chromosomes 14q and 8q, p53 and RB in flat carcinoma in situ lesions may indicate a molecular basis for early events that lead to varying pathways in urothelial tumorigenesis. Studies aimed at revealing the clinical relevance of genet instability, as well as molecular or epigenetic alterations, in urothelium and preneoplastic lesions of otherwise morphologicall normal appearance are needed to further advance knowledge in the field. Clinical advances in bladder cancer will be facilitated by novel animal models paralleling the human disease. Molecular diagnostics, particularly specific antigen expression, fluorescence in situ hybridization and microsatellite analyses, have show great promise as screening and follow-up methodologies, and may supplement urine cytology in the diagnosis and characterization of new and recurrent disease. In addition, the use of high-throughput genomic/proteomic assays, linked to comprehensive databases, and coupled with robust bioinformatics will be key elements in elucidating the components of regulatory and signaling pathways involved in bladder tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Hemstreet GP, Yin S, Ma Z, Bonner RB, Bi W, Rao JY, Zang M, Zheng Q, Bane B, Asal N, Li G, Feng P, Hurst RE, Wang W. Biomarker risk assessment and bladder cancer detection in a cohort exposed to benzidine. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:427-36. [PMID: 11259468 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.6.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer screening with highly sensitive, specific biomarkers that reflect molecular phenotypic alterations is an attractive strategy for cancer control. We examined whether biomarker profiles could be used for risk assessment and cancer detection in a cohort of Chinese workers occupationally exposed to benzidine and at risk for bladder cancer. METHODS The cohort consisted of 1788 exposed and 373 nonexposed workers, followed from 1991 through 1997. We assayed urothelial cells from voided urine samples for DNA ploidy (expressed as the 5C-exceeding rate [DNA 5CER]), the bladder tumor-associated antigen p300, and a cytoskeletal protein (G-actin). Workers were stratified into different risk groups (high, moderate, and low risk) at each examination based on a predefined biomarker profile. For workers who developed bladder cancer, tumor risk assessment was analyzed from samples collected 6-12 months before the cancer diagnosis. The associations between risk group and subsequent development of bladder cancer were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and logistic analysis, after adjustment. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Twenty-eight bladder cancers were diagnosed in exposed workers and two in nonexposed workers. For risk assessment, DNA 5CER had 87.5% sensitivity, 86.5% specificity, an odds ratio (OR) of 46.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.1 to 867.0), and a risk ratio (RR) of 16.2 (95% CI = 7.1 to 37.0); p300 had 50.0% sensitivity, 97.9% specificity, an OR of 40.0 (95% CI = 9.0 to 177.8), and an RR of 37.9 (95% CI = 16.8 to 85.3). The risk of developing bladder cancer was 19.6 (95% CI = 8.0 to 47.9) times higher in workers positive for either the DNA 5CER or p300 biomarkers than in workers negative for both biomarkers and 81.4 (95% CI = 33.3 to 199.3) times higher in workers positive for both biomarkers. G-actin was a poor marker of individual risk. CONCLUSIONS Occupationally exposed workers at risk for bladder cancer can be individually stratified, screened, monitored, and diagnosed based on predefined molecular biomarker profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Hemstreet
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA.
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Simoneau M, LaRue H, Aboulkassim TO, Meyer F, Moore L, Fradet Y. Chromosome 9 deletions and recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: identification of four regions of prognostic interest. Oncogene 2000; 19:6317-23. [PMID: 11175346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 28 chromosome 9 microsatellite markers was assessed on 139 Ta/T1 bladder tumors. LOH at one or more loci was detected in 67 tumors, 62 presenting subchromosomal deletions. One hundred and thirty-three of these patients have now been followed for up to 8 years. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential biological significance of chromosome 9 deletions in superficial bladder tumors at initial diagnosis. High grade was associated with LOH (P=0.004). Large tumors carried more frequently 9p deletions (P=0.022). Female patients had more chromosome 9q LOH than male patients did (P=0.010). Chromosome 9 LOH at all loci was associated with an elevated risk of recurrence but four regions were associated with a particularly high risk of recurrence. Multivariate analysis taking into account grade, stage, size and number of tumors showed that tumors deleted in the regions 9ptr-p22, 9q22.3, 9q33, and 9q34 recurred significantly more rapidly than those without deletions (Recurrence rate ratio=2.32, 2.53, 2.52 and 2.43 respectively). Log-rank statistics comparing Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the same chromosomal regions confirmed the correlation (P=0.0002, 0.010, 0.002 and 0.009 respectively). Only four patients progressed to muscle-invasive disease. They all had extensive deletions on 9q but none had deletions at 9ptr-p22. This study suggests a link between chromosome 9 anomalies and recurrence of superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simoneau
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
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Jung I, Messing E. Molecular mechanisms and pathways in bladder cancer development and progression. Cancer Control 2000; 7:325-34. [PMID: 10895126 DOI: 10.1177/107327480000700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basis for bladder cancer development and progression is complex and involves genetic abnormalities. These abnormalities yield phenotypic changes that allow normal transitional cells to become cancerous and finally acquire the "malignant phenotype." METHODS The authors review the most common genetic alterations in bladder cancer and the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in the conversion of normal transitional cell into malignant transitional cancer cells. RESULTS There are several potential genetic changes of the urothelium that eventually cause bladder cancer initiation and tumor progression. Some of these alterations are also found in other malignancies suggesting that key common pathways exist in the development of cancer. CONCLUSIONS As the roles of certain genes or proteins are further elucidated, a better understanding of cancer development can aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jung
- Department of Urology at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA
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Liebert M, Gebhardt D, Wood C, Chen IL, Ellard J, Amancio D, Grossman HB. Urothelial differentiation and bladder cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 462:437-48. [PMID: 10599446 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4737-2_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Liebert
- Department of Urology, University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77098, USA
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Abstract
Cancer progression to the invasive and metastatic stage represents the most formidable barrier to successful treatment. To develop rational therapies, we must determine the molecular bases of these transitions. Cell motility is one of the defining characteristics of invasive tumors, enabling tumors to migrate into adjacent tissues or transmigrate limiting basement membranes and extracellular matrices. Invasive tumor cells have been demonstrated to present dysregulated cell motility in response to extracellular signals from growth factors and cytokines. Recent findings suggest that this growth factor receptor-mediated motility is one of the most common aberrations in tumor cells leading to invasiveness and represents a cellular behavior distinct from-adhesion-related haptokinetic and haptotactic migration. This review focuses on the emerging understanding of the biochemical and biophysical foundations of growth factor-induced cell motility and tumor cell invasiveness, and the implications for development of targeted agents, with particular emphasis on signaling from the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptors, as these have most often been associated with tumor invasion. The nascent models highlight the roles of various intracellular signaling pathways including phospholipase C-gamma (PLC gamma), phosphatidylinositol (PI)3'-kinase, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and actin cytoskeleton-related events. Development of novel agents against tumor invasion will require not only a detailed appreciation of the biochemical regulatory elements of motility but also a paradigm shift in our approach to and assessment of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Wiener HG, Remkes GW, Schatzl G, Susani M, Breitenecker G. Quick-staining urinary cytology and bladder wash image analysis with an integrated risk classification. Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19991025)87:5<263::aid-cncr5>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sánchez-Carbayo M, Herrero E, Megías J, Mira A, Soria F. Initial evaluation of the new urinary bladder cancer rapid test in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 1999; 54:656-61. [PMID: 10510924 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the new noninvasive urinary bladder cancer (UBC) rapid test in selected urine voided samples for the detection of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, and to assess the differential sensitivity of the biomarker regarding the most relevant histologic and clinical parameters of bladder cancer. METHODS Two hundred sixty-seven subjects were entered into the study and classified into five groups: 111 patients with active TCC of the bladder (group 1); 76 follow-up patients with TCC free from disease as confirmed by cystoscopy (group 2); 25 patients with other benign urologic diseases (group 3); 25 patients with other malignant pathologic conditions (group 4); and 30 healthy subjects (group 5). The UBC rapid test was measured by an immunochromatographic method that qualitatively detects the presence of fragments of cytokeratins 8 and 18 in the urine. UBC rapid test differences regarding stage, grade, tumor size, pattern of growth, focality, and recurrence were also evaluated. RESULTS The sensitivity in group 1 was 78.4% and the specificity in group 2 was 97.4%. Positive and negative predictive values in groups 1 and 2 were 97.4% and 79.0%, respectively, with a global accuracy of 86.1%. False-positive rates were 20.0% and 44.0% for groups 3 and 4, respectively. The sensitivities of the UBC rapid test were associated with the histologic and clinical characteristics of bladder cancer, but not enough to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The UBC rapid test appears to be a promising noninvasive adjunct that might guide the urologist in the decision to perform cytoscopy for the detection of TCC of the bladder. Further studies appear to be merited to assess its potential diagnostic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sánchez-Carbayo
- Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Spain
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INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW URINARY BLADDER CANCER ANTIGEN TEST AS A TUMOR MARKER FOR TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199904000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SANCHEZ-CARBAYO MARTA, HERRERO ENRIQUE, MEGIAS JULIAN, MIRA ANTONIO, ESPASA ANTONIA, CHINCHILLA VIRTUDES, SORIA FEDERICO. INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW URINARY BLADDER CANCER ANTIGEN TEST AS A TUMOR MARKER FOR TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)61604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MARTA SANCHEZ-CARBAYO
- From the Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Analisis Clinicos and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - ENRIQUE HERRERO
- From the Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Analisis Clinicos and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - JULIAN MEGIAS
- From the Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Analisis Clinicos and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - ANTONIO MIRA
- From the Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Analisis Clinicos and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - ANTONIA ESPASA
- From the Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Analisis Clinicos and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - VIRTUDES CHINCHILLA
- From the Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Analisis Clinicos and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - FEDERICO SORIA
- From the Laboratorio de Marcadores Tumorales, Servicio de Analisis Clinicos and Servicio de Urologia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Hurst RE, Waliszewski P, Waliszewska M, Bonner RB, Benbrook DM, Dar A, Hemstreet GP. Complexity, Retinoid-Responsive Gene Networks, and Bladder Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 462:449-67. [PMID: 10599447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4737-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis involves inactivation or subversion of the normal controls of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, these controls are robust, redundant, and interlinked at the gene expression levels, regulation of mRNA lifetimes, transcription, and recycling of proteins. One of the central systems of control of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis is retinoid signaling. The hRAR alpha nuclear receptor occupies a central position with respect to induction of gene transcription in that when bound to appropriate retinoid ligands, its homodimers and heterodimers with hRXR alpha regulate the transcription of a number of retinoid-responsive genes. These include genes in other signaling pathways, so that the whole forms a complex network. In this study we showed that simple, cause-effect interpretations in terms of hRAR alpha gene transcription being the central regulatory event would not describe the retinoid-responsive gene network. A set of cultured bladder-derived cells representing different stages of bladder tumorigenesis formed a model system. It consisted of 2 immortalized bladder cell lines (HUC-BC and HUC-PC), one squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCaBER), one papilloma line (RT4), and 4 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC-Sup, 5637, T24, J82) of varying stages and grades. This set of cells were used to model the range of behaviors of bladder cancers. Relative gene expression before (constitutive) and after treatment with 10 microM all-trans-retinoic acid (aTRA) was measured for androgen and estrogen receptor; a set of genes involved with retinoid metabolism and action, hRAR alpha nd beta, hRXR alpha and beta CRBP, CRABP I and II; and for signaling genes that are known to be sensitive to retinoic acid, EGFR, cytokine MK, ICAM I and transglutaminase. The phenotype for inhibition of proliferation and for apoptotic response to both aTRA and the synthetic retinoid 4-HPR was determined. Transfection with a CAT-containing plasmid containing an aTRA-sensitive promoter was used to determine if the common retinoic acid responsive element (RARE)-dependent pathway for retinoid regulation of gene expression was active. Each of the genes selected is known from previous studies to react to aTRA in a certain way, either by up- or down-regulation of the message and protein. A complex data set not readily interpretable by simple cause and effect was observed. While all cell lines expressed high levels of the mRNAs for hRXR alpha and beta that were not altered by treatment with exogenous aTRA, constitutive and stimulated responses of the other genes varied widely among the cell lines. For example, CRABP I was not expressed by J82, T24, 5637 and RT4, but was expressed at low levels that did not change in SCaBER and at moderate levels that decreased, increased, or decreased sharply in HUC-BC, TCC-Sup and HUC-PC, respectively. The expression of hRAR alpha, which governs the expression of many retinoid-sensitive genes, was expressed at moderate to high levels in all cell lines, but in some it was sharply upregulated (TCC-Sup, HUC-PC and J82), remained constant (5637 and HUC-BC), or was down-regulated (SCaBER, T24 and RT4). The phenotypes for inhibition of proliferation showed no obvious relationship to the expression of any single gene, but cell lines that were inhibited by aTRA (HUC-BC and TCC-Sup) were not sensitive to 4-HPR, and vice versa. One line (RT4) was insensitive to either retinoid. Transfection showed very little retinoid-stimulated transfection of the CAT reporter gene with RT4 or HUC-PC. About 2-fold enhancement transactivation was observed with SCaBER, HUC-BC, J82 and T24 cells and 3-8 fold with 5637, TCC-Sup cells. In HUC-BC, a G to T point mutation was found at position 606 of the hRAR alpha gene. This mutation would substitute tyrosine for asparagine in a highly conserved domain. These data indicate that retinoid signaling is probably a frequent target of inactivation in bladder carcinogenesis. (ABSTRAC
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hurst
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Barsky SH, Roth MD, Kleerup EC, Simmons M, Tashkin DP. Histopathologic and molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:1198-205. [PMID: 9719080 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.16.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking has been observed to cause molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium that antedate the development of lung carcinoma. The rising prevalence of marijuana and cocaine use among young adults in the United States prompted us to investigate whether similar molecular and histopathologic alterations occur in habitual smokers of marijuana and/or cocaine who may or may not also smoke tobacco. METHODS Bronchoscopy was performed in 104 healthy volunteer subjects, including 28 nonsmokers and 76 smokers of one or more of the following substances: marijuana, tobacco, and/or cocaine. Bronchial mucosa biopsy specimens and brushings were analyzed for histopathologic changes, for immunohistopathologic expression of intermediate or surrogate end-point markers that are linked to an increased risk of cancer (Ki-67 [a marker of cell proliferation], epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, Her-2/neu [also known as erbB-2 and ERBB2], globular actin, and abnormal DNA ploidy). Reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS Smokers of any one substance or of two or more substances exhibited more alterations than nonsmokers in five to nine of the 10 histopathologic parameters investigated (all P < .05), and they exhibited more molecular abnormalities than nonsmokers. Differences between smokers and nonsmokers were statistically significant (all P < or = .01) for Ki-67, epidermal growth factor receptor, globular actin, and DNA ploidy. There was general agreement between the presence of molecular abnormalities and histopathologic alterations; however, when disagreement occurred, the molecular abnormalities (e.g., Ki-67 and epidermal growth factor receptor) were more frequently altered (all P < or = .01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that smoking marijuana and/or cocaine, like tobacco smoking, exerts field cancerization effects on bronchial epithelium, which may place smokers of these substances at increased risk for the subsequent development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Barsky
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Klein A, Zemer R, Buchumensky V, Klaper R, Nissenkorn I. Expression of cytokeratin 20 in urinary cytology of patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980115)82:2<355::aid-cncr16>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kolibaba KS, Druker BJ. Protein tyrosine kinases and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1333:F217-48. [PMID: 9426205 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K S Kolibaba
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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