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Stenger TD, Miller JS. Therapeutic approaches to enhance natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356666. [PMID: 38545115 PMCID: PMC10966407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, due to their pivotal role in immune surveillance and tumor clearance. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic approaches designed to augment NK cell cytotoxicity. We analyze a wide range of strategies, including cytokine-based treatment, monoclonal antibodies, and NK cell engagers, and discuss criteria that must be considered when selecting an NK cell product to combine with these strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and limitations associated with each therapeutic strategy, as well as the potential for combination therapies to maximize NK cell cytotoxicity while minimizing adverse effects. By exploring the wealth of research on this topic, this literature review aims to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to develop and implement novel therapeutic strategies that harness the full potential of NK cells in the fight against cancer. Enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity holds great promise in the evolving landscape of immunotherapy, and this review serves as a roadmap for understanding the current state of the field and the future directions in NK cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terran D. Stenger
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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2
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Lee H, Park SH, Shin EC. IL-15 in T-Cell Responses and Immunopathogenesis. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e11. [PMID: 38455459 PMCID: PMC10917573 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-15 belongs to the common gamma chain cytokine family and has pleiotropic immunological functions. IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine essential for the development and maintenance of NK cells and memory CD8+ T cells. In addition, IL-15 plays a critical role in the activation, effector functions, tissue residency, and senescence of CD8+ T cells. IL-15 also activates virtual memory T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. Recently, IL-15 has been highlighted as a major trigger of TCR-independent activation of T cells. This mechanism is involved in T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis in diverse diseases, including viral infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. Deeper understanding of IL-15-mediated T-cell responses and their underlying mechanisms could optimize therapeutic strategies to ameliorate host injury by T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent advancements in comprehending the role of IL-15 in relation to T cell responses and immunopathogenesis under various host conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Lee
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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3
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Martin-Salgado M, Ochoa-Echeverría A, Mérida I. Diacylglycerol kinases: A look into the future of immunotherapy. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:100999. [PMID: 37949728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer still represents the second leading cause of death right after cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer provoked around 10 million deaths in 2020, with lung and colon tumors accounting for the deadliest forms of cancer. As tumor cells become resistant to traditional therapeutic approaches, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for tumor control. T lymphocytes are key players in immune responses against tumors. Immunosurveillance allows identification, targeting and later killing of cancerous cells. Nevertheless, tumors evolve through different strategies to evade the immune response and spread in a process called metastasis. The ineffectiveness of traditional strategies to control tumor growth and expansion has led to novel approaches considering modulation of T cell activation and effector functions. Program death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed promising results in the early 90s and nowadays are still being exploited together with other drugs for several cancer types. Other negative regulators of T cell activation are diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA). In T cells, DGKα and DGKζ limit the PLCγ/Ras/ERK axis thus attenuating DAG mediated signaling and T cell effector functions. Upregulation of either of both isoforms results in impaired Ras activation and anergy induction, whereas germline knockdown mice showed enhanced antitumor properties and more effective immune responses against pathogens. Here we review the mechanisms used by DGKs to ameliorate T cell activation and how inhibition could be used to reinvigorate T cell functions in cancer context. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved upon T cell activation will help to improve current therapies with DAG promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Salgado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Ane Ochoa-Echeverría
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain.
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4
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Luo M, Gong W, Zhang Y, Li H, Ma D, Wu K, Gao Q, Fang Y. New insights into the stemness of adoptively transferred T cells by γc family cytokines. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:347. [PMID: 38049832 PMCID: PMC10694921 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-based adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has exhibited excellent antitumoral efficacy exemplified by the clinical breakthrough of chimeric antigen receptor therapy (CAR-T) in hematologic malignancies. It relies on the pool of functional T cells to retain the developmental potential to serially kill targeted cells. However, failure in the continuous supply and persistence of functional T cells has been recognized as a critical barrier to sustainable responses. Conferring stemness on infused T cells, yielding stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM) characterized by constant self-renewal and multilineage differentiation similar to pluripotent stem cells, is indeed necessary and promising for enhancing T cell function and sustaining antitumor immunity. Therefore, it is crucial to identify TSCM cell induction regulators and acquire more TSCM cells as resource cells during production and after infusion to improve antitumoral efficacy. Recently, four common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) family cytokines, encompassing interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21, have been widely used in the development of long-lived adoptively transferred TSCM in vitro. However, challenges, including their non-specific toxicities and off-target effects, have led to substantial efforts for the development of engineered versions to unleash their full potential in the induction and maintenance of T cell stemness in ACT. In this review, we summarize the roles of the four γc family cytokines in the orchestration of adoptively transferred T cell stemness, introduce their engineered versions that modulate TSCM cell formation and demonstrate the potential of their various combinations. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Luo
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjian Gong
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuewen Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huayi Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Brammer JE, Ballen K, Sokol L, Querfeld C, Nakamura R, Mishra A, McLaughlin EM, Feith D, Azimi N, Waldmann TA, Tagaya Y, Loughran T. Effective treatment with the selective cytokine inhibitor BNZ-1 reveals the cytokine dependency of T-LGL leukemia. Blood 2023; 142:1271-1280. [PMID: 37352612 PMCID: PMC10613725 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL) is a clonal proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that can result in severe neutropenia, anemia, and bone marrow failure. Strong evidence from patients and mouse models demonstrate the critical role of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in T-LGLL pathogenesis. BNZ-1 is a pegylated peptide that selectively inhibits the binding of IL-15 and other γc cytokines to their cellular receptor complex, which has demonstrated efficacy in ex vivo T-LGLL cells and transgenic mice in preclinical studies. We conducted a phase 1/2 trial of BNZ-1 in patients with T-LGLL who had hematocytopenias (anemia or neutropenia) and required therapy. Clinical responses were assessed using hematologic parameters (improvement in hematocytopenias) based on response criteria from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 5998 T-LGLL trial. BNZ-1 demonstrated clinical partial responses in 20% of patients with T-LGLL with minimal toxicity and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Furthermore, T-LGL leukemic cells showed significantly increased apoptosis in response to BNZ-1 treatment as early as day 2, including in clinical nonresponders, with changes that remained statistically different from baseline throughout treatment (P < .005). We report first-in-human proof that T-LGL leukemic cells are dependent on IL-15 and that intervention with IL-15 inhibition with BNZ-1 in patients with T-LGLL shows therapeutic effects, which carries important implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03239392.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Brammer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Karen Ballen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Lubomir Sokol
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa Bay, FL
| | | | | | - Anjali Mishra
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Cancer Biology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric M. McLaughlin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - David Feith
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Thomas A. Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute for Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thomas Loughran
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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Sudholz H, Delconte RB, Huntington ND. Interleukin-15 cytokine checkpoints in natural killer cell anti-tumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102364. [PMID: 37451129 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has progressed to first and second-line treatments in several cancer types, transforming patient outcomes. While these treatments target T cell checkpoints, such as PD-1, LAG3 and CTLA-4, their efficacy can be compromised through adaptive resistance whereby tumors acquire mutations in genes regulating neoantigen presentation by MHC-I [93]. ICI-responsive tumor types such as advanced metastatic melanoma typically have a high mutational burden and immune infiltration; however, most patients still do not benefit from ICI monotherapy for a number of reasons [94]. This highlights the need for novel immunotherapy strategies that evoke the immune control of tumor cells with low neoantigen/MHC-I expression, overcome immune suppressive tumor microenvironments and promote tumor inflammation. In this regard, targeting natural killer (NK) cells may offer a solution to some of these bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Sudholz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, Victoria 3039, Australia.
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Zhang Y, Tan W, Sultonova RD, Nguyen DH, Zheng JH, You SH, Rhee JH, Kim SY, Khim K, Hong Y, Min JJ. Synergistic cancer immunotherapy utilizing programmed Salmonella typhimurium secreting heterologous flagellin B conjugated to interleukin-15 proteins. Biomaterials 2023; 298:122135. [PMID: 37148758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of appropriately designed immunotherapeutic bacteria is an appealing approach to tumor therapy because the bacteria specifically target tumor tissue and deliver therapeutic payloads. The present study describes the engineering of an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in ppGpp biosynthesis (SAM) that could secrete Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B (FlaB) conjugated to human (hIL15/FlaB) and mouse (mIL15/FlaB) interleukin-15 proteins in the presence of L-arabinose (L-ara). These strains, named SAMphIF and SAMpmIF, respectively, secreted fusion proteins that retained bioactivity of both FlaB and IL15. SAMphIF and SAMpmIF inhibited the growth of MC38 and CT26 subcutaneous (sc) tumors in mice and increased mouse survival rate more efficiently than SAM expressing FlaB alone (SAMpFlaB) or IL15 alone (SAMpmIL15 and SAMphIL15), although SAMpmIF had slightly greater antitumor activity than SAMphIF. The mice treated with these bacteria showed enhanced macrophage phenotype shift, from M2-like to M1-like, as well as greater proliferation and activation of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK, and NKT cells in tumor tissues. After tumor eradication by these bacteria, ≥50% of the mice show no evidence of tumor recurrence upon rechallenge with the same tumor cells, indicating that they had acquired long-term immune memory. Treatment of mice of 4T1 and B16F10 highly malignant sc tumors with a combination of these bacteria and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 antibody, significantly suppressed tumor metastasis and increased mouse survival rate. Taken together, these findings suggest that SAM secreting IL15/FlaB is a novel therapeutic candidate for bacterial-mediated cancer immunotherapy and that its antitumor activity is enhanced by combination with anti-PD-L1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenzhi Tan
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, China
| | - Rukhsora D Sultonova
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh-Huy Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | | | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Koemchhoy Khim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Zhang Y, Su J. Interleukin-2 family cytokines: An overview of genes, expression, signaling and functional roles in teleost. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104645. [PMID: 36696924 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-2 (IL-2) family cytokines include IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, which share γ chain (γc) subunit in receptors. The IL-2 family cytokines have unique biological effects that regulate differentiation, survival and activation of multiple lymphocyte lineages. Deficiency of IL-2 family signaling pathway in mammals prevents CD4+ T cells from developing effector functions and CD8+ T cells from developing immunological memory. In the present review, we addressed available information from teleost IL-2 family cytokines and discussed implications in teleost immunity. Also, we described and discussed their expression profiles, receptors, signaling transductions and functions. In teleost, IL-2 family has 5 members (IL-2, IL-4/13, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21) without IL-9, and their receptors share a common γc subunit and include other 6 subunits (IL-2Rβ1/2, IL-4Rα1/2, IL-13Rα1/2, IL-7Rα, IL-15Rα, and IL-21Rα1/2). Some paralogues have changes in domain structure and show differential expression, modulation, functions. IL-2 family cytokines constitutively express in many immune associated tissues and are largely induced after pathogenic microbial stimulation. In general, there are relatively conserved functions in the IL-2 family throughout vertebrates, and many of the key IL-2 family members are important in lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, development, inflammation from fishes to mammals. This review will give an update on the effective information of teleost IL-2 family cytokines. Thus, it will provide a source of reference for other researchers/readers and inspire further interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Mortier E, Maillasson M, Quéméner A. Counteracting Interleukin-15 to Elucidate Its Modes of Action in Physiology and Pathology. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:2-22. [PMID: 36651845 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 belongs to the common gamma-dependent cytokine family, along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21. IL-15 is crucial for the homeostasis of Natural Killer (NK) and memory CD8 T cells, and to fight against cancer progression. However, dysregulations of IL-15 expression could occur and participate in the emergence of autoimmune inflammatory diseases as well as hematological malignancies. It is therefore important to understand the different modes of action of IL-15 to decrease its harmful action in pathology without affecting its beneficial effects in the immune system. In this review, we present the different approaches used by researchers to inhibit the action of IL-15, from most broad to the most selective. Indeed, it appears that it is important to selectively target the mode of action of the cytokine rather than the cytokine itself as they are involved in numerous biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
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Kim D, Kim M, Kim TW, Choe YH, Noh HS, Jeon HM, Kim H, Lee Y, Hur G, Lee KM, Shin K, Lee SI, Lee SH. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells regulate differentiation and function of CD4 T cells via CD25. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20200795. [PMID: 35315876 PMCID: PMC8943836 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells (LN-FRCs) provide functional structure to LNs and play important roles in interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. However, the direct impact of LN-FRCs on naive CD4+ T cell differentiation has not been explored. Here, we show that T cell zone FRCs of LNs (LN-TRCs) express CD25, the α chain of the IL-2 receptor heterotrimer. Moreover, LN-TRCs trans-present IL-2 to naive CD4+ T cells through CD25, thereby facilitating early IL-2-mediated signaling. CD25-deficient LN-TRCs exhibit attenuated STAT5 phosphorylation in naive CD4+ T cells during T cell differentiation, promoting T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation and Th17 response-related gene expression. In experimental autoimmune disease models, disease severity was elevated in mice lacking CD25 in LN-TRCs. Therefore, our results suggest that CD25 expression on LN-TRCs regulates CD4+ T cell differentiation by modulating early IL-2 signaling of neighboring, naive CD4+ T cells, influencing the overall properties of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongeon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Mingyo Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong-ho Choe
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hae Sook Noh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - HyunSeok Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Youngeun Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gayeong Hur
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- R&D Division, GenoFocus Inc., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kihyuk Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Sang-il Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyo Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Interleukin-15 augments NK cell-mediated ADCC of alemtuzumab in patients with CD52+ T-cell malignancies. Blood Adv 2022; 7:384-394. [PMID: 35475910 PMCID: PMC9898617 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) monotherapy substantially increases the number and activity of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells but has not produced clinical responses. In a xenograft mouse model, IL-15 enhanced the NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the anti-CD52 antibody alemtuzumab and led to significantly more durable responses than alemtuzumab alone. To evaluate whether IL-15 potentiates ADCC in humans, we conducted a phase 1 single-center study of recombinant human IL-15 and alemtuzumab in patients with CD52-positive mature T-cell malignances. We gave IL-15 subcutaneously 5 days per week for 2 weeks in a 3 + 3 dose escalation scheme (at 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/kg), followed by standard 3 times weekly alemtuzumab IV for 4 weeks. There were no dose-limiting toxicities or severe adverse events attributable to IL-15 in the 11 patients treated. The most common adverse events were lymphopenia (100%), alemtuzumab-related infusion reactions (90%), anemia (90%), and neutropenia (72%). There were 3 partial and 2 complete responses, with an overall response rate of 45% and median duration of response 6 months. Immediately after 10 days of IL-15, there was a median 7.2-fold increase in NK cells and 2.5-fold increase in circulating CD8+ T cells, whereas the number of circulating leukemic cells decreased by a median 38% across all dose levels. Treatment with IL-15 was associated with increased expression of NKp46 and NKG2D, markers of NK-cell activation, and increased ex vivo ADCC activity of NK cells, whereas inhibitory receptors PD1 and Tim3 were decreased. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02689453.
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12
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Yoshida S, Fujimoto T, Takahashi T, Sugimoto K, Akasaka H, Tanaka M, Huang Y, Yasunobe Y, Xie K, Ohnishi Y, Minami T, Takami Y, Yamamoto K, Rakugi H. IL-15RA regulates IL-15 localization and protein expression in skeletal muscle cells. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:222-232. [PMID: 35100657 DOI: 10.1113/ep090205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How are the dynamics of IL-15 and its receptors altered during the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes, and how is IL-15 regulated? What is the main finding and its importance? ABSTRACT Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a myokine in the Interleukin-2 (IL-2) family that is generated in the skeletal muscle during exercise. The functional effect of IL-15 involves muscle regeneration and metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle. Reports have indicated that the mechanism of Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (IL-15RA) regulates IL-15 localization in immune cells. However, the dynamic of IL-15 and its receptors, which regulate the IL-15 pathway in skeletal muscle differentiation, have not yet been clarified. This study investigated the mechanism of IL-15 regulation using a mouse skeletal muscle cell line, C2C12 cells. We found that the mRNA expression of IL-15, Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Beta (IL-2RB) (CD122), and Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Gamma (IL-2RG) (CD132) increased, but that IL-15RA exhibits different kinetics as differentiation progresses. We also found that IL-15, mainly localized in the cytosol, preassembled with IL-15RA in the cytosol and fused to the plasma membrane. Moreover, IL-15RA increased IL-15 protein levels. Our findings suggest that genes comprising the IL-15 signaling complex are enhanced with the differentiation of myotubes and that IL-15RA regulates the protein kinetics of IL-15 signaling in skeletal muscle. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Yoshida
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Toshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- Department of General and Geriatric Medicine, Kawasaki Medical University, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, 530-0043, Japan
| | - Yibin Huang
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yasunobe
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keyu Xie
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuri Ohnishi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Minami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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13
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Becker-Hapak MK, Shrestha N, McClain E, Dee MJ, Chaturvedi P, Leclerc GM, Marsala LI, Foster M, Schappe T, Tran J, Desai S, Neal CC, Pence P, Wong P, Wagner JA, Russler-Germain DA, Zhu X, Spanoudis CM, Gallo VL, Echeverri CA, Ramirez LL, You L, Egan JO, Rhode PR, Jiao JA, Muniz GJ, Jeng EK, Prendes CA, Sullivan RP, Berrien-Elliott MM, Wong HC, Fehniger TA. A Fusion Protein Complex that Combines IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 Signaling to Induce Memory-Like NK Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1071-1087. [PMID: 34244297 PMCID: PMC8416787 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a promising cellular therapy for cancer, with challenges in the field including persistence, functional activity, and tumor recognition. Briefly, priming blood NK cells with recombinant human (rh)IL-12, rhIL-15, and rhIL-18 (12/15/18) results in memory-like NK cell differentiation and enhanced responses against cancer. However, the lack of available, scalable Good Manufacturing Process (GMP)-grade reagents required to advance this approach beyond early-phase clinical trials is limiting. To address this challenge, we developed a novel platform centered upon an inert tissue factor scaffold for production of heteromeric fusion protein complexes (HFPC). The first use of this platform combined IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 receptor engagement (HCW9201), and the second adds CD16 engagement (HCW9207). This unique HFPC expression platform was scalable with equivalent protein quality characteristics in small- and GMP-scale production. HCW9201 and HCW9207 stimulated activation and proliferation signals in NK cells, but HCW9207 had decreased IL-18 receptor signaling. RNA sequencing and multidimensional mass cytometry revealed parallels between HCW9201 and 12/15/18. HCW9201 stimulation improved NK cell metabolic fitness and resulted in the DNA methylation remodeling characteristic of memory-like differentiation. HCW9201 and 12/15/18 primed similar increases in short-term and memory-like NK cell cytotoxicity and IFNγ production against leukemia targets, as well as equivalent control of leukemia in NSG mice. Thus, HFPCs represent a protein engineering approach that solves many problems associated with multisignal receptor engagement on immune cells, and HCW9201-primed NK cells can be advanced as an ideal approach for clinical GMP-grade memory-like NK cell production for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ethan McClain
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Lynne I Marsala
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark Foster
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Tran
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Sweta Desai
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Carly C Neal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Patrick Pence
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Pamela Wong
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Saint Louis, Missouri.
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14
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient antigen-presenting cells that serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. These cells are broadly involved in cellular and humoral immune responses by presenting antigens to initiate T cell reactions, cytokine and chemokine secretion, T cell differentiation and expansion, B cell activation and regulation, and the mediation of immune tolerance. The functions of DCs depend on their activation status, which is defined by the stages of maturation, phenotype differentiation, and migration ability, among other factors. IL-6 is a soluble mediator mainly produced by a variety of immune cells, including DCs, that exerts pleiotropic effects on immune and inflammatory responses through interaction with specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. Here, we review the role of IL-6, when generated in an inflammatory context or as derived from DCs, in modulating the biologic function and activation status of DCs and emphasize the importance of searching for novel strategies to target the IL-6/IL-6 signaling pathway as a means to diminish the inflammatory activity of DCs in immune response or to prime the immunogenic activity of DCs in immunosuppressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Xu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cheng
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan-Pan Shang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Qing Yang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Exploring the Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Implications of Interleukin 2 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2493-2512. [PMID: 32833154 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 is essential for the expansion of regulatory T cells, and low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 has improved the clinical manifestations of diverse autoimmune diseases in preliminary studies. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of interleukin 2 and its receptor, present preliminary experiences with low-dose interleukin 2 in the treatment of diverse autoimmune diseases, and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic intervention in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Interleukin 2 is critical for the thymic selection, peripheral expansion, induction, and survival of regulatory T cells, and it is also a growth factor for activated T cells and natural killer cells. Interleukin 2 activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 after binding with its trimeric receptor on regulatory T cells. Immune suppressor activity is increased; anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 is released; pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma is inhibited; and activation-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is upregulated. Preliminary experiences with cyclic injections of low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 in diverse autoimmune diseases have demonstrated increased numbers of circulating regulatory T cells, preserved regulatory function, improved clinical manifestations, and excellent tolerance. Similar improvements have been recognized in one of two patients with refractory autoimmune hepatitis. In conclusion, interferon 2 has biological actions that favor the immune suppressor functions of regulatory T cells, and low-dose regimens in preliminary studies encourage its rigorous investigation in autoimmune hepatitis.
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16
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Zhang XY, Cui ZW, Zhou YY, Chen DD, Zhang YA. Neutrophil functions can be regulated by IL-35, which is mainly expressed in IL-15Rα + cells in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104103. [PMID: 33857470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
IL-35 plays a key role in regulatory T (Treg) and regulatory B (Breg) cell functions in mammals. CD25 has been demonstrated as one of the markers of Treg cells, and CD19+CD25hiCD71hi cells have been verified as a type of Breg cells in humans. These results indicate that there is a close relationship between IL-35 and CD25+ cells. In mammals, CD25 (alias IL-2Rα) has been identified as having high affinity and specificity for IL-2 binding, and is closely linked and structurally related to IL-15Rα, which having high affinity for IL-15 binding. In teleost, IL-15Rα can bind to both IL-2 and IL-15, with higher affinity to IL-15 than IL-2, and has been termed a CD25-like molecule in some research studies. To date, no studies of IL-35 and IL-15Rα have been documented in fish. In this work, five isoforms of IL-15Rα were cloned from grass carp, and a monoclonal antibody to the protein was developed. The results of flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that grass carp IL-35 subunit genes EBI3a and IL-12p35 were mainly expressed in IL-15Rα+ cells, while the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in IL-15Rα+ and IL-15Rα- cells were insignificant. Recombinant grass carp IL-35 (rgcIL-35) could increase the proportion of IL-15Rα+ cells in leukocytes, and a certain proportion of IL-15Rα+ cells also appeared in myeloid cell subset II after stimulation with rgcIL-35. Meanwhile, the migration, phagocytic ability, and bactericidal ability of grass carp neutrophils were significantly decreased after stimulation with certain concentrations of rgcIL-35. Moreover, neutrophil apoptosis could be significantly inhibited by rgcIL-35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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17
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Alinezhadbalalami N, Graybill PM, Imran KM, Verbridge SS, Allen IC, Davalos RV. Generation of Tumor-activated T cells using electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107886. [PMID: 34303065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a crucial step in almost all cancer immunotherapeutic methods. Current techniques for expansion of tumor-reactive CTLs present major limitations. This study introduces a novel method to effectively produce and expand tumor-activated CTLs using high-voltage pulsed electric fields. We hypothesize that utilizing high-voltage pulsed electric fields may be an ideal method to activate and expand CTLs due to their non-thermal celldeath mechanism. Tumor cells were subjected to high-frequency irreversible electroporation (HFIRE) with various electric field magnitudes (1250, 2500 V/cm) and pulse widths (1, 5, and 10 µs), or irreversible electroporation (IRE) at 1250 V/cm. The treated tumor cells were subsequently cocultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells along with antigen-presenting cells. We show that tumor-activated CTLs can be produced and expanded when exposed to treated tumor cells. Our results suggest that CTLs are more effectively expanded when pulsed with HFIRE conditions that induce significant cell death (longer pulse widths and higher voltages). Activated CD8+ T cells demonstrate cytotoxicity to untreated tumor cells suggesting effector function of the activated CTLs. The activated CTLs produced with our technique could be used for clinical applications with the goal of targeting and eliminating the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Alinezhadbalalami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Philip M Graybill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Khan Mohammad Imran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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18
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Fu YK, Tan Y, Wu B, Dai YT, Xu XG, Pan MM, Chen ZW, Qiao N, Wu J, Jiang L, Lu J, Chen B, Rein A, Izraeli S, Sun XJ, Huang JY, Huang QH, Chen Z, Chen SJ. Gata2-L359V impairs primitive and definitive hematopoiesis and blocks cell differentiation in murine chronic myelogenous leukemia model. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:568. [PMID: 34078881 PMCID: PMC8173010 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
GATA2, a key transcription factor in hematopoiesis, is frequently mutated in hematopoietic malignancies. How the GATA2 mutants contribute to hematopoiesis and malignant transformation remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that Gata2-L359V mutation impeded hematopoietic differentiation in murine embryonic and adult hematopoiesis and blocked murine chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell differentiation. We established a Gata2-L359V knockin mouse model in which the homozygous Gata2-L359V mutation caused major defects in primitive erythropoiesis with an accumulation of erythroid precursors and severe anemia, leading to embryonic lethality around E11.5. During adult life, the Gata2-L359V heterozygous mice exhibited a notable decrease in bone marrow (BM) recovery under stress induction with cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil. Using RNA sequencing, it was revealed that homozygous Gata2-L359V suppressed genes related to embryonic hematopoiesis in yolk sac, while heterozygous Gata2-L359V dysregulated genes related to cell cycle and proliferation in BM Lin-Sca1+c-kit+ cells. Furthermore, through chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and transactivation experiments, we found that this mutation enhanced the DNA-binding capacity and transcriptional activities of Gata2, which was likely associated with the altered expression of some essential genes during embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. In mice model harboring BCR/ABL, single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrated that Gata2-L359V induced additional gene expression profile abnormalities and partially affected cell differentiation at the early stage of myelomonocytic lineage, evidenced by the increase of granulocyte-monocyte progenitors and monocytosis. Taken together, our study unveiled that Gata2-L359V mutation induces defective hematopoietic development and blocks the differentiation of CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kai Fu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.415869.7Present Address: Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Tan
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences and SJTU School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ting Dai
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Xu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Meng Pan
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Niu Qiao
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Avigail Rein
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Division of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xiao-Jian Sun
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Yan Huang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Huang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Qaria MA, Qumar S, Sepe LP, Ahmed N. Cholesterol glucosylation-based survival strategy in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12777. [PMID: 33368895 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major chronic health problem, infecting more than half of the population worldwide. H. pylori infection is linked with various clinical complications ranging from gastritis to gastric cancer. The resolution of gastritis and peptic ulcer appears to be linked with the eradication of H. pylori. However, resistance to antibiotics and eradication failure rates are reaching alarmingly high levels. This calls for urgent action in finding alternate methods for H. pylori eradication. Here, we discuss the recently identified mechanism of H. pylori known as cholesterol glucosylation, mediated by the enzyme cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase, encoded by the gene cgt. Cholesterol glucosylation serves several functions that include promoting immune evasion, enhancing antibiotic resistance, maintaining the native helical morphology, and supporting functions of prominent virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Consequently, strategies aiming at inhibition of the cholesterol glucosylation process have the potential to attenuate the potency of H. pylori infection and abrogate H. pylori immune evasion capabilities. Knockout of H. pylori cgt results in unsuccessful colonization and elimination by the host immune responses. Moreover, blocking cholesterol glucosylation can reverse antibiotic susceptibility in H. pylori. In this work, we review the main roles of cholesterol glucosylation in H. pylori and evaluate whether this mechanism can be targeted for the development of alternate methods for eradication of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shamsul Qumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ludovico P Sepe
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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20
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Giudice V, Cardamone C, Triggiani M, Selleri C. Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Overlapping Diseases with a Common Cytokine Signature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020705. [PMID: 33445786 PMCID: PMC7828244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes are a heterogenous group of non-malignant hematologic diseases characterized by single- or multi-lineage cytopenia(s) with either inherited or acquired pathogenesis. Aberrant T or B cells or innate immune responses are variously involved in the pathophysiology of BMF, and hematological improvement after standard immunosuppressive or anti-complement therapies is the main indirect evidence of the central role of the immune system in BMF development. As part of this immune derangement, pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in shaping the immune responses and in sustaining inflammation during marrow failure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cytokine signatures in BMF syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Cardamone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089-672810
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
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21
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Yang Y, Lundqvist A. Immunomodulatory Effects of IL-2 and IL-15; Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123586. [PMID: 33266177 PMCID: PMC7761238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I cytokine family members interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 play important roles in the homeostasis of innate and adaptive immunity. Although IL-2 and IL-15 receptor complexes activate similar signal transduction cascades, triggering of these receptors results in different functional activities in lymphocytes. While IL-2 expands regulatory T cells and CD4+ helper T cells, IL-15 supports the development of central memory T cells and NK cells. Recent data have provided evidence that IL-2 and IL-15 differ in their ability to activate T and NK cells to resist various forms of immune suppression. The diverse roles of these two cytokines have on immune cells lead to critical therapeutic implications for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the distinct roles of IL-2 and IL-15 in activating various functions in T and NK cells with a particular focus on the signals that participate in the resistance of tumor-derived immune suppressive factors. Furthermore, we summarize current clinical applications of IL-2 and IL-15 in metastatic malignancies, either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents, and highlight the future trends for research on these cytokine-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Respiratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 310009, China;
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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22
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Yang C, Malarkannan S. Transcriptional Regulation of NK Cell Development by mTOR Complexes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:566090. [PMID: 33240877 PMCID: PMC7683515 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.566090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for multiple cellular processes. The unique roles of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or mTOR2 in regulating immune functions are emerging. NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of innate immunity, and their development and effector functions require metabolic reprogramming. Recent studies demonstrate that in NK cells, conditionally disrupting the formation of mTORC1 or mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) alters their development significantly. Transcriptomic profiling of NK cells at the single-cell level demonstrates that mTORC1 was critical for the early developmental progression, while mTORC2 regulated the terminal maturation. In this review, we summarize the essential roles of mTOR complexes in NK development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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23
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Allard-Chamard H, Mishra HK, Nandi M, Mayhue M, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Interleukin-15 in autoimmunity. Cytokine 2020; 136:155258. [PMID: 32919253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines, which use receptor complexes containing the common gamma (γc) chain for signaling. IL-15 plays important roles in innate and adaptative immune responses and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. The IL-15 receptor consists of 3 subunits namely, the ligand-binding IL-15Rα chain, the β chain (also used by IL-2) and the γc chain. IL-15 uses a unique signaling pathway whereby IL-15 associates with IL-15Rα during biosynthesis, and this complex is 'trans-presented' to responder cells that expresses the IL-2/15Rβγc receptor complex. IL-15 is subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, and evidence also suggests that IL-15 cis-signaling can occur under certain conditions. IL-15 has been implicated in the pathology of various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and psoriasis. Studies with pre-clinical models have shown the beneficial effects of targeting IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity. Unlike therapies targeting other cytokines, anti-IL-15 therapies have not yet been successful in humans. We discuss the complexities of IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity and explore potential immunotherapeutic approaches to target the IL-15 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Hemant K Mishra
- Vet & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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24
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Waldmann TA, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. Interleukin-15 (dys)regulation of lymphoid homeostasis: Implications for therapy of autoimmunity and cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132622. [PMID: 31821442 PMCID: PMC7037239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 supports NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cell function, and dysregulated IL-15 is associated with many autoimmune diseases. Striking IL-15–driven increases in NK and CD8 T cells in patients highlight the potential for combination therapy of cancers. IL-15, a pleiotropic cytokine, stimulates generation of NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cells. IL-15 disorders play pathogenetic roles in organ-specific autoimmune diseases including celiac disease. Diverse approaches are developed to block IL-15 action. IL-15 administered to patients with malignancy yielded dramatic increases in NK numbers and modest increases in CD8 T cells. Due to immunological checkpoints, to achieve major cancer therapeutic efficacy, IL-15 will be used in combination therapy, and combination trials with checkpoint inhibitors, with anti-CD40 to yield tumor-specific CD8 T cells, and with anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase ADCC and antitumor efficacy, have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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25
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Transcriptional Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Development and Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061591. [PMID: 32560225 PMCID: PMC7352776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system. Their ability to mediate anti-tumor cytotoxicity and produce cytokines is well-established. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of human or murine NK cells are not fully understood. Knowledge is being gained about the environmental cues, the receptors that sense the cues, signaling pathways, and the transcriptional programs responsible for the development of NK cells. Specifically, a complex network of transcription factors (TFs) following microenvironmental stimuli coordinate the development and maturation of NK cells. Multiple TFs are involved in the development of NK cells in a stage-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understandings of TFs involved in the regulation of NK cell development, maturation, and effector function, in the aspects of their mechanisms, potential targets, and functions.
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26
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Bendickova K, Fric J. Roles of IL-2 in bridging adaptive and innate immunity, and as a tool for cellular immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:427-437. [PMID: 32480431 PMCID: PMC7384134 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mir0420-055r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-2 was initially characterized as a T cell growth factor in the 1970s, and has been studied intensively ever since. Decades of research have revealed multiple and diverse roles for this potent cytokine, indicating a unique linking role between adaptive and innate arms of the immune system. Here, we review the literature showing that IL-2 is expressed in a plethora of cell types across the immune system, where it has indispensable functions in orchestrating cellular interactions and shaping the nature and magnitude of immune responses. Emerging from the basic research that has revealed the molecular mechanisms and the complexity of the biologic actions of IL-2, several immunotherapeutic approaches have now focused on manipulating the levels of this cytokine in patients. These strategies range from inhibition of IL-2 to achieve immunosuppression, to the application of IL-2 as a vaccine adjuvant and in cancer therapies. This review will systematically summarize the major findings in the field and identify key areas requiring further research in order to realize the potential of IL-2 in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bendickova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fric
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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El Hajj H, Tsukasaki K, Cheminant M, Bazarbachi A, Watanabe T, Hermine O. Novel Treatments of Adult T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1062. [PMID: 32547515 PMCID: PMC7270167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy secondary to chronic infection with the human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) retrovirus. ATL carries a dismal prognosis. ATL classifies into four subtypes (acute, lymphoma, chronic, and smoldering) which display different clinical features, prognosis and response to therapy, hence requiring different clinical management. Smoldering and chronic subtypes respond well to antiretroviral therapy using the combination of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN) with a significant prolongation of survival. Conversely, the watch and wait strategy or chemotherapy for these indolent subtypes allies with a poor long-term outcome. Acute ATL is associated with chemo-resistance and dismal prognosis. Lymphoma subtypes respond better to intensive chemotherapy but survival remains poor. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) results in long-term survival in roughly one third of transplanted patients but only a small percentage of patients can make it to transplant. Overall, current treatments of aggressive ATL are not satisfactory. Prognosis of refractory or relapsed patients is dismal with some encouraging results when using lenalidomide or mogamulizumab. To overcome resistance and prevent relapse, preclinical or pilot clinical studies using targeted therapies such as arsenic/IFN, monoclonal antibodies, epigenetic therapies are promising but warrant further clinical investigation. Anti-ATL vaccines including Tax peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, induced Tax-specific CTL responses in ATL patients. Finally, based on the progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ATL, and the risk-adapted treatment approaches to different ATL subtypes, treatment strategies of ATL should take into account the host immune responses and the host microenvironment including HTLV-1 infected non-malignant cells. Herein, we will provide a summary of novel treatments of ATL in vitro, in vivo, and in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kunihiro Tsukasaki
- Department of Hematology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Morgane Cheminant
- INSERM UMR 1163 and CNRS URL 8254, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olivier Hermine
- INSERM UMR 1163 and CNRS URL 8254, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
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28
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Waldmann TA, Dubois S, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. IL-15 in the Combination Immunotherapy of Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:868. [PMID: 32508818 PMCID: PMC7248178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We completed clinical trials of rhIL-15 by bolus, subcutaneous, and continuous intravenous infusions (CIV). IL-15 administered by CIV at 2 mcg/kg/day yielded a 38-fold increase in 10- day number of circulating NK cells, a 358-fold increase in CD56bright NK cells and a 5.8-fold increase in CD8 T cells. However, IL-15 preparations administered as monotherapy were ineffective, due to actions of immunological checkpoints and due to the lack of tumor specific targeting by NK cells. To circumvent checkpoints, trials of IL-15 in combination with other anticancer agents were initiated. Tumor-bearing mice receiving IL-15 with antibodies to CTLA-4 and PD-L1 manifested marked prolongation of survival compared to mice receiving IL-15 with either agent alone. In translation, a phase I trial was initiated involving IL-15 (rhIL-15), nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with malignancy (NCT03388632). In rhesus macaques CIV IL-15 at 20 μg/kg/day for 10 days led to an 80-fold increase in number of circulating effector memory CD8 T cells. However, administration of γc cytokines such as IL-15 led to paralysis/depression of CD4 T-cells that was mediated through transient expression of SOCS3 that inhibited the STAT5 signaling pathway. This lost CD4 helper role could be restored alternatively by CD40 agonists. In the TRAMP-C2 prostate tumor model the combination of IL-15 with agonistic anti-CD40 produced additive effects in terms of numbers of TRAMP-C2 tumor specific Spas/SCNC/9H tetramer positive CD8 T cells expressed and tumor responses. A clinical trial is being initiated for patients with cancer using an intralesional anti-CD40 in combination with CIV rhIL-15. To translate IL-15-mediated increases in NK cells, we investigated combination therapy of IL-15 with anticancer monoclonal antibodies including rituximab in mouse models of EL-4 lymphoma transfected with human CD20 and with alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H) in a xenograft model of adult T cell leukemia (ATL). IL-15 enhanced the ADCC and therapeutic efficacy of both antibodies. These results provided the scientific basis for trials of IL-15 combined with alemtuzumab (anti-CD52) for patients with ATL (NCT02689453), with obinutuzumab (anti-CD20) for patients with CLL (NCT03759184), and with avelumab (anti-PD-L1) in patients with T-cell lymphoma (NCT03905135) and renal cancer (NCT04150562). In the first trial, there was elimination of circulating ATL and CLL leukemic cells in select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sigrid Dubois
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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29
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Tan C, Waldmann TA. Bench-to-bedside translation of interleukin-15 for immunotherapy: principles and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:895-898. [PMID: 32357804 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1764933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi , Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Ke XL, Zhang DF, Li QY, Liu ZG, Gao FY, Lu MX, Yang H. Digital gene expression analysis in the liver of ScpB-vaccinated and Streptococcus agalactiae-challenged Nile tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:249-257. [PMID: 31470139 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, streptococcal diseases have severely threatened the development of tilapia aquaculture, but effective prevention and control methods have not yet been established. To understand the immune responses of vaccinated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), digital gene expression (DGE) technology was applied in this study to detect the gene expression profile of the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) liver in response to ScpB (Streptococcal C5a peptidase from group B Streptococcus, ScpB) vaccination and a Streptococcus agalactiae-challenge. The control and the ScpB-vaccinated Nile tilapia yielded a total of 25,788,734 and 27,088,598 clean reads, respectively. A total of 1234 significant differentially expressed unigenes were detected (P < 0.05), of which 236 were significantly up-regulated, and 269 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05, |fold|>2, FDR<0.05). Of the differentially expressed gene, the identified genes which were enriched using databases of GO and KEGG could be categorized into a total of 67 functional groups and were mapped to 153 signaling pathways including 15 immune-related pathways. The differentially expressed genes (TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR9, MyD88, C3, IL-1β, IL-10) were detected in the expression profiles, and this was subsequently verified via quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The results of this study can serve as a basis for future research not only on the molecular mechanism of S. agalactiae invasion, but also on the anti-S. agalactiae mechanism in targeted tissues of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Ke
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - De-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Qing-Yong Li
- Fisheries Research & Extension Center of Huizhou, Huizhou, 516002, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Feng-Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Mai-Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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31
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Hwang J, Choi D, Han S, Choi J, Hong J. An assessment of the toxicity of polypropylene microplastics in human derived cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:657-669. [PMID: 31158627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by plastic waste is a growing global problem. Discarded plastic products and debris (microplastic particles) in the oceans detrimentally affect marine ecosystems and may impact human. Humans are exposed to plastic debris via the consumption of seafood and drinking water, contact with food packaging, or inhalation of particles. The accumulation of microplastic particles in humans has potential health risks such as cytotoxicity, hypersensitivity, unwanted immune response, and acute response like hemolysis. We investigated the cellular responses of secondary polypropylene microplastics (PP particles) of approximately ~20 μm and 25-200 μm in different condition and size to normal cells, immune cells, blood cells, and murine immune cells by cytokine analysis, ROS assay, polarization assay and proliferation assay. We found that PP particles showed low cytotoxicity effect in size and concentration manner, however, a high concentration, small sized, DMSO method of PP particles stimulated the immune system and enhanced potential hypersensitivity to PP particles via an increase in the levels of cytokines and histamines in PBMCs, Raw 264.7 and HMC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangsun Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Daheui Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seora Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Berraondo P, Sanmamed MF, Ochoa MC, Etxeberria I, Aznar MA, Pérez-Gracia JL, Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, Ponz-Sarvise M, Castañón E, Melero I. Cytokines in clinical cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:6-15. [PMID: 30413827 PMCID: PMC6325155 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based on the discovery of the potent anti-tumour activities of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in animal models, clinical research led to the approval of recombinant interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 for the treatment of several malignancies, even if efficacy was only modest. These early milestones in immunotherapy have been followed by the recent addition to clinical practice of antibodies that inhibit immune checkpoints, as well as chimeric antigen receptor T cells. A renewed interest in the anti-tumour properties of cytokines has led to an exponential increase in the number of clinical trials that explore the safety and efficacy of cytokine-based drugs, not only as single agents, but also in combination with other immunomodulatory drugs. These second-generation drugs under clinical development include known molecules with novel mechanisms of action, new targets, and fusion proteins that increase half-life and target cytokine activity to the tumour microenvironment or to the desired effector immune cells. In addition, the detrimental activity of immunosuppressive cytokines can be blocked by antagonistic antibodies, small molecules, cytokine traps or siRNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of the novel trends in the cytokine immunotherapy field that are yielding therapeutic agents for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Berraondo
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology and immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María C Ochoa
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria A Aznar
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez-Gracia
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology and immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María E Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology and immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology and immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Castañón
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology and immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Oncology and immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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IL-15 enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells and macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10915-E10924. [PMID: 30373815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811615115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the host immune system to attack malignant cells. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a pivotal mechanism of antitumor action of clinically employed antitumor antibodies. IL-15 administered to patients with metastatic malignancy by continuous i.v. infusion at 2 μg/kg/d for 10 days was associated with a 38-fold increase in the number and activation status of circulating natural killer (NK) cells and activation of macrophages which together are ADCC effectors. We investigated combination therapy of IL-15 with rituximab in a syngeneic mouse model of lymphoma transfected with human CD20 and with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in a xenograft model of human adult T cell leukemia (ATL). IL-15 greatly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of both rituximab and alemtuzumab in tumor models. The additivity/synergy was shown to be associated with augmented ADCC. Both NK cells and macrophages were critical elements in the chain of interacting effectors involved in optimal therapeutic responses mediated by rituximab with IL-15. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that NK cells interact with macrophages to augment the NK-cell activation and expression of FcγRIV and the capacity of these cells to become effectors of ADCC. The present study supports clinical trials of IL-15 combined with tumor-directed monoclonal antibodies.
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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35
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Abel AM, Yang C, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Natural Killer Cells: Development, Maturation, and Clinical Utilization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1869. [PMID: 30150991 PMCID: PMC6099181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate anti-tumor and anti-viral responses, and therefore possess promising clinical utilization. NK cells do not express polymorphic clonotypic receptors and utilize inhibitory receptors (killer immunoglobulin-like receptor and Ly49) to develop, mature, and recognize “self” from “non-self.” The essential roles of common gamma cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in the commitment and development of NK cells are well established. However, the critical functions of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-18, IL-27, and IL-35 in the transcriptional-priming of NK cells are only starting to emerge. Recent studies have highlighted multiple shared characteristics between NK cells the adaptive immune lymphocytes. NK cells utilize unique signaling pathways that offer exclusive ways to genetically manipulate to improve their effector functions. Here, we summarize the recent advances made in the understanding of how NK cells develop, mature, and their potential translational use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Abel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Center of Excellence in Prostate Cancer, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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36
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Kim KW, Kim HJ, Kim BM, Kwon YR, Kim HR, Kim YJ. Epigenetic modification of mesenchymal stromal cells enhances their suppressive effects on the Th17 responses of cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:208. [PMID: 30092847 PMCID: PMC6085688 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate if epigenetically modified human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) can regulate the Th17-related immune responses. Methods We tested epigenetic drug combinations at various doses and selected the four combinations that resulted in maximal interleukin (IL)-10 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene expression in hMSCs. We examined the effects of epigenetically modified hMSCs (epi-hMSCs) on CD4+ T-cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine secretion under Th0- and Th17-polarizing conditions using mixed lymphocyte reactions and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We determined Th17 cytokine levels and the percentage of Th17 cells among synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients by ELISA and flow cytometry. Results Epi-hMSCs inhibited the development of IL-17-producing cells in culture. The percentages of IL-17+ and interferon (IFN)-γ+ cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were lower under both the Th0 and Th17 conditions in the presence of epi-hMSCs than in the presence of no or untreated hMSCs. Epi-hMSC-treated RA patient SFMCs secreted lower levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ than RA patient SFMCs cultured without hMSCs or with untreated hMSCs. Conclusions An optimal combination of hypomethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors can enhance the immunomodulatory potential of hMSCs, which may be useful for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Woon Kim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Joung Kim
- Laboratory of Hematological Disease and Transplant Immunology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Rim Kwon
- Laboratory of Hematological Disease and Transplant Immunology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Hematological Disease and Transplant Immunology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Seoul St. Mary's Hematology Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Rodríguez-Álvarez Y, Cabrales-Rico A, Perera-Pintado A, Prats-Capote A, Garay-Pérez HE, Reyes-Acosta O, Pérez-García E, Chico-Capote A, Santos-Savio A. In vitro and in vivo characterization of an interleukin-15 antagonist peptide by metabolic stability, 99m Tc-labeling, and biological activity assays. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3078. [PMID: 29656472 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is an inflammatory cytokine that constitutes a validated therapeutic target in some immunopathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previously, we identified an IL-15 antagonist peptide named [K6T]P8, with potential therapeutic application in RA. In the current work, the metabolic stability of this peptide in synovial fluids from RA patients was studied. Moreover, [K6T]P8 peptide was labeled with 99m Tc to investigate its stability in human plasma and its biodistribution pattern in healthy rats. The biological activity of [K6T]P8 peptide and its dimer was evaluated in CTLL-2 cells, using 3 different additives to improve the solubility of these peptides. The half-life of [K6T]P8 in human synovial fluid was 5.88 ± 1.73 minutes, and the major chemical modifications included peptide dimerization, cysteinylation, and methionine oxidation. Radiolabeling of [K6T]P8 with 99m Tc showed a yield of approximately 99.8%. The 99m Tc-labeled peptide was stable in a 30-fold molar excess of cysteine and in human plasma, displaying a low affinity to plasma proteins. Preliminary biodistribution studies in healthy Wistar rats suggested a slow elimination of the peptide through the renal and hepatic pathways. Although citric acid, sucrose, and Tween 80 enhanced the solubility of [K6T]P8 peptide and its dimer, only the sucrose did not interfere with the in vitro proliferation assay used to assess their biological activity. The results here presented, reinforce nonclinical characterization of the [K6T]P8 peptide, a potential agent for the treatment of RA and other diseases associated with IL-15 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Ania Cabrales-Rico
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | | | - Anais Prats-Capote
- Center for Clinical Research, Avenue 34, PO Box 6162, Havana, 11300, Cuba
| | - Hilda E Garay-Pérez
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Osvaldo Reyes-Acosta
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Erik Pérez-García
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Araceli Chico-Capote
- Rheumatology Department, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, San Lazaro 701, PO Box 6122, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Alicia Santos-Savio
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
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38
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Baumann NS, Torti N, Welten SPM, Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Pallmer K, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Ikuta K, Ludewig B, Oxenius A. Tissue maintenance of CMV-specific inflationary memory T cells by IL-15. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006993. [PMID: 29652930 PMCID: PMC5919076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces an atypical CD8 T cell response, termed inflationary, that is characterised by accumulation and maintenance of high numbers of effector memory like cells in circulation and peripheral tissues—a feature being successfully harnessed for vaccine purposes. Although stability of this population depends on recurrent antigen encounter, the requirements for prolonged survival in peripheral tissues remain unknown. Here, we reveal that murine CMV-specific inflationary CD8 T cells are maintained in an antigen-independent manner and have a half-life of 12 weeks in the lung tissue. This half-life is drastically longer than the one of phenotypically comparable inflationary effector cells. IL-15 alone, and none of other common γ-cytokines, was crucial for survival of inflationary cells in peripheral organs. IL-15, mainly produced by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and being trans-presented, promoted inflationary T cell survival by increasing expression of Bcl-2. These results indicate that inflationary CD8 T cells are not just simply effector-like cells, rather they share properties of both effector and memory CD8 T cells and they appear to be long-lived cells compared to the effector cells from acute virus infections. A majority of the human population is infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), which results in lifelong persistence due to viral latency. CMV induces remarkably strong and sustained effector memory-like CD8 T cell responses in circulation and peripheral tissues, also referred to as memory CD8 T cell "inflation". In tissues, these effector memory-like cells contribute to immunosurveillance and early control of CMV reactivation events. Due to the high numbers and effector-like functional properties of inflationary CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, CMV-based vectors are gaining substantial interest in the context of T cell based vaccines that protect peripheral tissues against infections or tumors. Here, we investigated how the stable peripheral pool of inflationary CD8 T cells is maintained and show that inflationary CD8 T cells are long-lived T cells and have a markedly prolonged half-life compared to effector CD8 T cells. In peripheral organs such as lung, IL-15 cytokine is pivotal in promoting maintenance of inflationary cells by inducing expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. We show that IL-15 is mainly expressed by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and that IL-15 is trans-presented to the inflationary CD8 T cells in vivo. Thus, CMV-driven inflationary CD8 T cell responses represent a unique T cell subset in peripheral tissues that is regulated differently compared to TRM CD8 T cells emerging after vaccination or acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P. M. Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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39
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Park JY, Ligons DL, Park JH. Out-sourcing for Trans-presentation: Assessing T Cell Intrinsic and Extrinsic IL-15 Expression with Il15 Gene Reporter Mice. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e13. [PMID: 29503743 PMCID: PMC5833120 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is a cytokine of the common γ-chain family that is critical for natural killer (NK), invariant natural killer T (iNKT), and CD8 memory T cell development and homeostasis. The role of IL-15 in regulating effector T cell subsets, however, remains incompletely understood. IL-15 is mostly expressed by stromal cells, myeloid cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Whether T cells themselves can express IL-15, and if so, whether such T cell-derived IL-15 could play an autocrine role in T cells are interesting questions that were previously addressed but answered with mixed results. Recently, three independent studies described the generation of IL-15 reporter mice which facilitated the identification of IL-15-producing cells and helped to clarify the role of IL-15 both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the findings of these studies and place them in context of recent reports that examined T cell-intrinsic IL-15 expression during CD4 effector T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Davinna L Ligons
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lin JX, Du N, Li P, Kazemian M, Gebregiorgis T, Spolski R, Leonard WJ. Critical functions for STAT5 tetramers in the maturation and survival of natural killer cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1320. [PMID: 29105654 PMCID: PMC5673064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is essential for the development and maintenance of natural killer (NK) cells. IL-15 activates STAT5 proteins, which can form dimers or tetramers. We previously found that NK cell numbers are decreased in Stat5a-Stat5b tetramer-deficient double knockin (DKI) mice, but the mechanism was not investigated. Here we show that STAT5 dimers are sufficient for NK cell development, whereas STAT5 tetramers mediate NK cell maturation and the expression of maturation-associated genes. Unlike the defective proliferation of Stat5 DKI CD8+ T cells, Stat5 DKI NK cells have normal proliferation to IL-15 but are susceptible to death upon cytokine withdrawal, with lower Bcl2 and increased active caspases. These findings underscore the importance of STAT5 tetramers in maintaining NK cell homoeostasis. Moreover, defective STAT5 tetramer formation could represent a cause of NK cell immunodeficiency, and interrupting STAT5 tetramer formation might serve to control NK leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1674, USA.
| | - Ning Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1674, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1674, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1674, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Tesfay Gebregiorgis
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1674, USA
| | - Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1674, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1674, USA.
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41
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Wu Y, Tian Z, Wei H. Developmental and Functional Control of Natural Killer Cells by Cytokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:930. [PMID: 28824650 PMCID: PMC5543290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in combating infections and tumors and as such are tempting for adoptive transfer therapy. However, they are not homogeneous but can be divided into three main subsets, including cytotoxic, tolerant, and regulatory NK cells, with disparate phenotypes and functions in diverse tissues. The development and functions of such NK cells are controlled by various cytokines, such as fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL), kit ligand (KL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, transforming growth factor-β, and common-γ chain family cytokines, which operate at different stages by regulating distinct signaling pathways. Nevertheless, the specific roles of each cytokine that regulates NK cell development or that shapes different NK cell functions remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to describe the characteristics of each cytokine and the existing protocols to expand NK cells using different combinations of cytokines and feeder cells. A comprehensive understanding of the role of cytokines in NK cell development and function will aid the generation of better efficacy for adoptive NK cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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42
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Kennelly KP, Holmes TM, Wallace DM, O'Farrelly C, Keegan DJ. Early Subretinal Allograft Rejection Is Characterized by Innate Immune Activity. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:983-1000. [PMID: 28105976 DOI: 10.3727/096368917x694697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful subretinal transplantation is limited by considerable early graft loss despite pharmacological suppression of adaptive immunity. We postulated that early innate immune activity is a dominant factor in determining graft survival and chose a nonimmunosuppressed mouse model of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transplantation to explore this. Expression of almost all measured cytokines by DH01 RPE cells increased significantly following graft preparation, and the neutrophil chemoattractant KC/GRO/CINC was most significantly increased. Subretinal allografts of DH01 cells (C57BL/10 origin) into healthy, nonimmunosuppressed C57BL/6 murine eyes were harvested and fixed at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days postoperatively and subsequently cryosectioned and stained. Graft cells were detected using SV40 large T antigen (SV40T) immunolabeling and apoptosis/necrosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Sections were also immunolabeled for macrophage (CD11b and F4/80), neutrophil (Gr1 Ly-6G), and T-lymphocyte (CD3-ɛ) infiltration. Images captured with an Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope were analyzed using the Imaris software. The proportion of the subretinal bolus comprising graft cells (SV40T+) was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced between postoperative day (POD) 3 (90 ± 4%) and POD 7 (20 ± 7%). CD11b+, F4/80+, and Gr1 Ly-6G+ cells increased significantly (p < 0.05) from POD 1 and predominated over SV40T+ cells by POD 7. Colabeling confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated graft engulfment by neutrophils and macrophages at POD 7, and reconstruction of z-stacked confocal images confirmed SV40T inside Gr1 Ly-6G+ cells. Expression of CD3-ɛ was low and did not differ significantly between time points. By POD 28, no graft cells were detectable and few inflammatory cells remained. These studies reveal, for the first time, a critical role for innate immune mechanisms early in subretinal graft rejection. The future success of subretinal transplantation will require more emphasis on techniques to limit innate immune-mediated graft loss, rather than focusing exclusively on suppression of the adaptive immune response.
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43
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Chabot S, Alvarez F, Amrani A, Djilali-Saiah I. Novel model of double transgenic mouse results in autoimmune diabetes in males. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:397-404. [PMID: 27683954 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1203907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the type of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells that initiate autoimmune diabetes (AID) is a critical step in designing appropriate strategies for the early detection of beta cell-directed autoimmunity and its progression to diabetes. We generated a novel double transgenic (Tg) mouse model on the naturally diabetes resistant C57Bl/6 background, co-expressing two transgenes including a specific TCR anti-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein (LCMV-NP) carried by CD8+ T cells and LCMV-NP (as neo-self antigen) expressed by pancreatic beta cells. The resulting double Tg mouse showed partial thymic deletion of the NP-specific CD8+ T cells. The escaping autoreactive NP-specific CD8+ T cells joining the periphery were activated and gained effector functions. Both male and female mice mounted anti-NP antibodies, but only one-fourth adult males spontaneously developed AID. Significant upregulation of the CD44 and CD122 markers as compared to healthy male and female mice characterized the phenotype of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells in diabetic male mice. We also show that only 10% of these CD8+ T cells expressed programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1). Together, these results suggest that in our double Tg mouse model, Ag-specific effector CD44+CD122+PD-1-CD8+ T cell subpopulation is associated with the pathogenesis of AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Chabot
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology , Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology , Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada , and
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- d Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , QC , Canada
| | - Idriss Djilali-Saiah
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada
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44
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Ng S, Deng J, Chinnadurai R, Yuan S, Pennati A, Galipeau J. Stimulation of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Tumor Immunity by an IL15/TGFβ-Neutralizing Fusion Protein. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5683-5695. [PMID: 27488533 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of immune cytokines used for cancer therapy is hampered by elements of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment such as TGFβ. Here we demonstrate that FIST15, a recombinant chimeric protein composed of the T-cell-stimulatory cytokine IL15, the sushi domain of IL15Rα and a TGFβ ligand trap, can overcome immunosuppressive TGFβ to effectively stimulate the proliferation and activation of natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells with potent antitumor properties. FIST15-treated NK and CD8+ T cells produced more IFNγ and TNFα compared with treatment with IL15 and a commercially available TGFβ receptor-Fc fusion protein (sTβRII) in the presence of TGFβ. Murine B16 melanoma cells, which overproduce TGFβ, were lysed by FIST15-treated NK cells in vitro at doses approximately 10-fold lower than NK cells treated with IL15 and sTβRII. Melanoma cells transduced to express FIST15 failed to establish tumors in vivo in immunocompetent murine hosts and could only form tumors in beige mice lacking NK cells. Mice injected with the same cells were also protected from subsequent challenge by unmodified B16 melanoma cells. Finally, mice with pre-established B16 melanoma tumors responded to FIST15 treatment more strongly compared with tumors treated with control cytokines. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for the use of FIST15 as a new class of biological therapeutics that can coordinately neutralize the effects of immunosuppressive TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment while empowering tumor immunity. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5683-95. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Ng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jiusheng Deng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raghavan Chinnadurai
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shala Yuan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrea Pennati
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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45
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Read KA, Powell MD, McDonald PW, Oestreich KJ. IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15: Multistage regulators of CD4(+) T helper cell differentiation. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:799-808. [PMID: 27423815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a class of environmental factors that are critical drivers of immune cell development. Cytokines of the common gamma-chain family, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, have been the subject of intense experimental scrutiny and have well-defined roles as regulators of diverse immune cell types including CD4(+) T helper cells. Because of their pleiotropic effects on T-cell development and function, researchers and clinicians have attempted to harness the capabilities of these cytokines for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these cytokines on CD4(+) T cell development and briefly discuss how these immunomodulatory cytokines are being used in efforts to treat human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Powell
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA.
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46
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Khaziri N, Mohammadi M, Aliyari Z, Soleimani Rad J, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Nozad Charoudeh H. Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells Have a Potential to Produce NK Cells Using IL2Rg Cytokines. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:5-8. [PMID: 27123412 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although bone marrow represents the main site for NK cell development and also distinct thymic-dependentNK cell pathway was identified, the cytokines effect on the NK cell generation from cord blood is unclear. Studies were identified the role of cytokines in the regulation of bone marrow and thymic NK cells. Previous studies reported that IL15 are critical for bone marrow dependent and IL7 is important for thymic NK cells. It is remain unclear the cytokines influence on the expantion of NK cells in cord blood mononuclear cells. METHODS We evaluated cultured cord blood mononuclear cells suplememnted with combinations of cytokines using FACS in distinct time points. In this study, we presented the role of IL2, IL7 and IL15 as members of the common gamma receptor -chain (Il2rg) on the expansion NK cells from cord blood cells. RESULTS By investigating cord blood mononuclear cells in vitro , we demonstrated that IL2 and IL15 are important for expansion of NK cells. IL2 in comparision with IL15 has more influences in NK cell expansion. In contrast IL-7 is dispensable for NK cell generation in cord blood. CONCLUSION Thus,IL-2Rg cytokines play complementary roles and are indispensable for homeostasis of NK cell development in cord blood. Probably these cytokines could help to use NK beneficials in engrafment of transplanted cells and Anti tumor activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Khaziri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Momeneh Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aliyari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nozad Charoudeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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47
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Khaziri N, Mohammadi M, Aliyari Z, Soleimani Rad J, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Nozad Charoudeh H. Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells Have a Potential to Produce NK Cells Using IL2Rg Cytokines. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:5-8. [PMID: 27123412 PMCID: PMC4845556 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although bone marrow represents the main site for NK cell development and also distinct thymic-dependentNK cell pathway was identified, the cytokines effect on the NK cell generation from cord blood is unclear. Studies were identified the role of cytokines in the regulation of bone marrow and thymic NK cells. Previous studies reported that IL15 are critical for bone marrow dependent and IL7 is important for thymic NK cells. It is remain unclear the cytokines influence on the expantion of NK cells in cord blood mononuclear cells. METHODS We evaluated cultured cord blood mononuclear cells suplememnted with combinations of cytokines using FACS in distinct time points. In this study, we presented the role of IL2, IL7 and IL15 as members of the common gamma receptor -chain (Il2rg) on the expansion NK cells from cord blood cells. RESULTS By investigating cord blood mononuclear cells in vitro , we demonstrated that IL2 and IL15 are important for expansion of NK cells. IL2 in comparision with IL15 has more influences in NK cell expansion. In contrast IL-7 is dispensable for NK cell generation in cord blood. CONCLUSION Thus,IL-2Rg cytokines play complementary roles and are indispensable for homeostasis of NK cell development in cord blood. Probably these cytokines could help to use NK beneficials in engrafment of transplanted cells and Anti tumor activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Khaziri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Momeneh Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aliyari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nozad Charoudeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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48
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High level expression and purification of active recombinant human interleukin-15 in Pichia pastoris. J Immunol Methods 2016; 428:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Waldmann TA. The shared and contrasting roles of IL2 and IL15 in the life and death of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:219-27. [PMID: 25736261 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
IL2 and IL15, members of the 4α-helix bundle family of cytokines, play pivotal roles in the control of the life and death of lymphocytes. Although their heterotrimeric receptors have two receptor subunits in common, these two cytokines have contrasting roles in adaptive immune responses. The unique role of IL2 through maintenance of fitness of regulatory T cells and activation-induced cell death is the elimination of self-reactive T cells to prevent autoimmunity. In contrast with IL2, IL15 is dedicated to the prolonged maintenance of memory T-cell responses to invading pathogens. Blockade of IL2 and IL15 using monoclonal antibodies has been reported to be of value in the treatment of patients with leukemia, autoimmune disorders, and in the prevention of allograft rejection. IL2 has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with malignant renal cell cancer and metastatic malignant melanoma. Clinical trials involving recombinant human IL15 given by bolus infusions have been completed, and studies assessing subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusions are under way in patients with metastatic malignancy. Furthermore, clinical trials are being initiated that employ the combination of IL15 with IL15Rα(+/-) IgFc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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50
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Nata T, Basheer A, Cocchi F, van Besien R, Massoud R, Jacobson S, Azimi N, Tagaya Y. Targeting the binding interface on a shared receptor subunit of a cytokine family enables the inhibition of multiple member cytokines with selectable target spectrum. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22338-51. [PMID: 26183780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common γ molecule (γc) is a shared signaling receptor subunit used by six γc-cytokines. These cytokines play crucial roles in the differentiation of the mature immune system and are involved in many human diseases. Moreover, recent studies suggest that multiple γc-cytokines are pathogenically involved in a single disease, thus making the shared γc-molecule a logical target for therapeutic intervention. However, the current therapeutic strategies seem to lack options to treat such cases, partly because of the lack of appropriate neutralizing antibodies recognizing the γc and, more importantly, because of the inherent and practical limitations in the use of monoclonal antibodies. By targeting the binding interface of the γc and cytokines, we successfully designed peptides that not only inhibit multiple γc-cytokines but with a selectable target spectrum. Notably, the lead peptide inhibited three γc-cytokines without affecting the other three or non-γc-cytokines. Biological and mutational analyses of our peptide provide new insights to our current understanding on the structural aspect of the binding of γc-cytokines the γc-molecule. Furthermore, we provide evidence that our peptide, when conjugated to polyethylene glycol to gain stability in vivo, efficiently blocks the action of one of the target cytokines in animal models. Collectively, our technology can be expanded to target various combinations of γc-cytokines and thereby will provide a novel strategy to the current anti-cytokine therapies against immune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Nata
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | - Fiorenza Cocchi
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Richard van Besien
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Raya Massoud
- the Section of Neuroimmunology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20890
| | - Steven Jacobson
- the Section of Neuroimmunology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20890
| | | | - Yutaka Tagaya
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
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