1
|
López-Ortega O, Moreno-Corona NC, Cruz-Holguin VJ, Garcia-Gonzalez LD, Helguera-Repetto AC, Romero-Valdovinos M, Arevalo-Romero H, Cedillo-Barron L, León-Juárez M. The Immune Response in Adipocytes and Their Susceptibility to Infection: A Possible Relationship with Infectobesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116154. [PMID: 35682832 PMCID: PMC9181511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current obesity pandemic has been expanding in both developing and developed countries. This suggests that the factors contributing to this condition need to be reconsidered since some new factors are arising as etiological causes of this disease. Moreover, recent clinical and experimental findings have shown an association between the progress of obesity and some infections, and the functions of adipose tissues, which involve cell metabolism and adipokine release, among others. Furthermore, it has recently been reported that adipocytes could either be reservoirs for these pathogens or play an active role in this process. In addition, there is abundant evidence indicating that during obesity, the immune system is exacerbated, suggesting an increased susceptibility of the patient to the development of several forms of illness or death. Thus, there could be a relationship between infection as a trigger for an increase in adipose cells and the impact on the metabolism that contributes to the development of obesity. In this review, we describe the findings concerning the role of adipose tissue as a mediator in the immune response as well as the possible role of adipocytes as infection targets, with both roles constituting a possible cause of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orestes López-Ortega
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Nidia Carolina Moreno-Corona
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Victor Javier Cruz-Holguin
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis Didier Garcia-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Mirza Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Sección XVI, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Haruki Arevalo-Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Microbiología Molecular, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Jalpa de Méndez 86205, Mexico;
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barron
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreno Santillán DD, Lama TM, Gutierrez Guerrero YT, Brown AM, Donat P, Zhao H, Rossiter SJ, Yohe LR, Potter JH, Teeling EC, Vernes SC, Davies KTJ, Myers E, Hughes GM, Huang Z, Hoffmann F, Corthals AP, Ray DA, Dávalos LM. Large-scale genome sampling reveals unique immunity and metabolic adaptations in bats. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6449-6467. [PMID: 34146369 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comprising more than 1,400 species, bats possess adaptations unique among mammals including powered flight, unexpected longevity, and extraordinary immunity. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique adaptations includes DNA repair, metabolism and immunity. However, analyses have been limited to a few divergent lineages, reducing the scope of inferences on gene family evolution across the Order Chiroptera. We conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic study of 37 bat species, one generated in this study, encompassing a large number of lineages, with a particular emphasis on multi-gene family evolution across immune and metabolic genes. In agreement with previous analyses, we found lineage-specific expansions of the APOBEC3 and MHC-I gene families, and loss of the proinflammatory PYHIN gene family. We inferred more than 1,000 gene losses unique to bats, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammasome pathways such as epithelial defence receptors, the natural killer gene complex and the interferon-gamma induced pathway. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed genes lost in bats are involved in defence response against pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. Gene family evolution and selection analyses indicate bats have evolved fundamental functional differences compared to other mammals in both innate and adaptive immune system, with the potential to enhance antiviral immune response while dampening inflammatory signalling. In addition, metabolic genes have experienced repeated expansions related to convergent shifts to plant-based diets. Our analyses support the hypothesis that, in tandem with flight, ancestral bats had evolved a unique set of immune adaptations whose functional implications remain to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya M Lama
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Yocelyn T Gutierrez Guerrero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexis M Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Paul Donat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Huabin Zhao
- Department of Ecology, Tibetan Centre for Ecology and Conservation at WHU-TU, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Earth & Planetary Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua H Potter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonja C Vernes
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,School of Biology, The University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Kalina T J Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugene Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graham M Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zixia Huang
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Angelique P Corthals
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York, USA
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Consortium for Inter- Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park EJ, Myint PK, Ito A, Appiah MG, Darkwah S, Kawamoto E, Shimaoka M. Integrin-Ligand Interactions in Inflammation, Cancer, and Metabolic Disease: Insights Into the Multifaceted Roles of an Emerging Ligand Irisin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588066. [PMID: 33195249 PMCID: PMC7649757 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane proteins that mediate cellular adhesion and migration to neighboring cells or the extracellular matrix, which is essential for cells to undertake diverse physiological and pathological pathways. For integrin activation and ligand binding, bidirectional signaling across the cell membrane is needed. Integrins aberrantly activated under pathologic conditions facilitate cellular infiltration into tissues, thereby causing inflammatory or tumorigenic progressions. Thus, integrins have emerged to the forefront as promising targets for developing therapeutics to treat autoimmune and cancer diseases. In contrast, it remains a fact that integrin-ligand interactions are beneficial for improving the health status of different tissues. Among these ligands, irisin, a myokine produced mainly by skeletal muscles in an exercise-dependent manner, has been shown to bind to integrin αVβ5, alleviating symptoms under unfavorable conditions. These findings may provide insights into some of the underlying mechanisms by which exercise improves quality of life. This review will discuss the current understanding of integrin-ligand interactions in both health and disease. Likewise, we not only explain how diverse ligands play different roles in mediating cellular functions under both conditions via their interactions with integrins, but also specifically highlight the potential roles of the emerging ligand irisin in inflammation, cancer, and metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Phyoe Kyawe Myint
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ito
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Michael G Appiah
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Samuel Darkwah
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rana BMJ, Jou E, Barlow JL, Rodriguez-Rodriguez N, Walker JA, Knox C, Jolin HE, Hardman CS, Sivasubramaniam M, Szeto A, Cohen ES, Scott IC, Sleeman MA, Chidomere CI, Cruz Migoni S, Caamano J, Jorgensen HF, Carobbio S, Vidal-Puig A, McKenzie ANJ. A stromal cell niche sustains ILC2-mediated type-2 conditioning in adipose tissue. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1999-2009. [PMID: 31248899 PMCID: PMC6719433 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), type-2 cytokines, and eosinophils have all been implicated in sustaining adipose tissue homeostasis. However, the interplay between the stroma and adipose-resident immune cells is less well understood. We identify that white adipose tissue-resident multipotent stromal cells (WAT-MSCs) can act as a reservoir for IL-33, especially after cell stress, but also provide additional signals for sustaining ILC2. Indeed, we demonstrate that WAT-MSCs also support ICAM-1-mediated proliferation and activation of LFA-1-expressing ILC2s. Consequently, ILC2-derived IL-4 and IL-13 feed back to induce eotaxin secretion from WAT-MSCs, supporting eosinophil recruitment. Thus, MSCs provide a niche for multifaceted dialogue with ILC2 to sustain a type-2 immune environment in WAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Batika M J Rana
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Jou
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jillian L Barlow
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jennifer A Walker
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Knox
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen E Jolin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare S Hardman
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Aydan Szeto
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Suzanne Cohen
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian C Scott
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew A Sleeman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chiamaka I Chidomere
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sara Cruz Migoni
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jorge Caamano
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helle F Jorgensen
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Obesity represents the single most important risk factor for early disability and death in developed societies, and the incidence of obesity remains at staggering levels. CNS systems that modulate energy intake and expenditure in response to changes in body energy stores serve to maintain constant body adiposity; the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and its receptor (LEPR) represent crucial regulators of these systems. As in the case of insulin resistance, a variety of mechanisms (including feedback inhibition, inflammation, gliosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress) have been proposed to interfere with leptin action and impede the systems that control body energy homeostasis to promote or maintain obesity, although the relative importance and contribution of each of these remain unclear. However, LEPR signalling may be increased (rather than impaired) in common obesity, suggesting that any obesity-associated defects in leptin action must result from lesions somewhere other than the initial LEPR signal. It is also possible that increased LEPR signalling could mediate some of the obesity-associated changes in hypothalamic function.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pierce AA, Duwaerts CC, Siao K, Mattis AN, Goodsell A, Baron JL, Maher JJ. CD18 deficiency improves liver injury in the MCD model of steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183912. [PMID: 28873429 PMCID: PMC5584926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and macrophages are important constituents of the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. These innate immune cells express CD18, an adhesion molecule that facilitates leukocyte activation. In the context of fatty liver, activation of infiltrated leukocytes is believed to enhance hepatocellular injury. The objective of this study was to determine the degree to which activated innate immune cells promote steatohepatitis by comparing hepatic outcomes in wild-type and CD18-mutant mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet. After 3 weeks of MCD feeding, hepatocyte injury, based on serum ALT elevation, was 40% lower in CD18-mutant than wild-type mice. Leukocyte infiltration into the liver was not impaired in CD18-mutant mice, but leukocyte activation was markedly reduced, as shown by the lack of evidence of oxidant production. Despite having reduced hepatocellular injury, CD18-mutant mice developed significantly more hepatic steatosis than wild-type mice after MCD feeding. This coincided with greater hepatic induction of pro-inflammatory and lipogenic genes as well as a modest reduction in hepatic expression of adipose triglyceride lipase. Overall, the data indicate that CD18 deficiency curbs MCD-mediated liver injury by limiting the activation of innate immune cells in the liver without compromising intrahepatic cytokine activation. Reduced liver injury occurs at the expense of increased hepatic steatosis, which suggests that in addition to damaging hepatocytes, infiltrating leukocytes may influence lipid homeostasis in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Pierce
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline C. Duwaerts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Siao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aras N. Mattis
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda Goodsell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jody L. Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn J. Maher
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bosse M, Lopes MS, Madsen O, Megens HJ, Crooijmans RPMA, Frantz LAF, Harlizius B, Bastiaansen JWM, Groenen MAM. Artificial selection on introduced Asian haplotypes shaped the genetic architecture in European commercial pigs. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 282:20152019. [PMID: 26702043 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early pig farmers in Europe imported Asian pigs to cross with their local breeds in order to improve traits of commercial interest. Current genomics techniques enabled genome-wide identification of these Asian introgressed haplotypes in modern European pig breeds. We propose that the Asian variants are still present because they affect phenotypes that were important for ancient traditional, as well as recent, commercial pig breeding. Genome-wide introgression levels were only weakly correlated with gene content and recombination frequency. However, regions with an excess or absence of Asian haplotypes (AS) contained genes that were previously identified as phenotypically important such as FASN, ME1, and KIT. Therefore, the Asian alleles are thought to have an effect on phenotypes that were historically under selection. We aimed to estimate the effect of AS in introgressed regions in Large White pigs on the traits of backfat (BF) and litter size. The majority of regions we tested that retained Asian deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) showed significantly increased BF from the Asian alleles. Our results suggest that the introgression in Large White pigs has been strongly determined by the selective pressure acting upon the introgressed AS. We therefore conclude that human-driven hybridization and selection contributed to the genomic architecture of these commercial pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Bosse
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WD, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos S Lopes
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WD, The Netherlands Topigs Norsvin Research Center, Beuningen 6640AA, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WD, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WD, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laurent A F Frantz
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WD, The Netherlands
| | | | - John W M Bastiaansen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WD, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wolf D, Bukosza N, Engel D, Poggi M, Jehle F, Anto Michel N, Chen YC, Colberg C, Hoppe N, Dufner B, Boon L, Blankenbach H, Hilgendorf I, von Zur Muhlen C, Reinöhl J, Sommer B, Marchini T, Febbraio MA, Weber C, Bode C, Peter K, Lutgens E, Zirlik A. Inflammation, but not recruitment, of adipose tissue macrophages requires signalling through Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) in diet-induced obesity (DIO). Thromb Haemost 2016; 117:325-338. [PMID: 27853810 DOI: 10.1160/th16-07-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell accumulation is a prerequisite for adipose tissue inflammation. The leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18, αMβ2) is a classic adhesion receptor critically regulating inflammatory cell recruitment. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a genetic deficiency and a therapeutic modulation of Mac-1 regulate adipose tissue inflammation in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). C57Bl6/J mice genetically deficient (Mac-1-/-) or competent for Mac-1 (WT) consumed a high fat diet for 20 weeks. Surprisingly, Mac-1-/- mice presented with increased diet-induced weight gain, decreased insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and in the liver in insulin-clamps, insulin secretion deficiency and elevated glucose levels in fasting animals, and dyslipidaemia. Unexpectedly, accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) was unaffected, while gene expression indicated less inflamed adipose tissue and macrophages in Mac-1-/- mice. In contrast, inflammatory gene expression at distant locations, such as in skeletal muscle, was not changed. Treatment of ATMs with an agonistic anti-Mac-1 antibody, M1/70, induced pro-inflammatory genes in cell culture. In vivo, treatment with M1/70 induced a hyper-inflammatory phenotype with increased expression of IL-6 and MCP-1, whereas accumulation of ATMs did not change. Finally, inhibition of Mac-1's adhesive interaction to CD40L by the peptide inhibitor cM7 did not affect myeloid cell accumulation in adipose tissue. We present the surprising finding that adhesive properties of the leukocyte integrin Mac-1 are not required for macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. Instead, Mac-1 modulates inflammatory gene expression in macrophages. These findings question the net effect of integrin blockade in cardio-metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karlheinz Peter
- Prof. Dr. Karlheinz Peter, Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P. O. Box 6492. St. Kilda Road Central, Melbourne, Victoria 8008, Australia, Tel.: +61 3 8532 1490, Fax: +61 3 8532 1100, E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Integrins comprise a large family of αβ heterodimeric cell adhesion receptors that are expressed on all cells except red blood cells and that play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and function. The leukocyte integrins, which include members of the β
1, β
2, β
3, and β
7 integrin family, are critical for innate and adaptive immune responses but also can contribute to many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases when dysregulated. This review focuses on the β
2 integrins, the principal integrins expressed on leukocytes. We review their discovery and role in host defense, the structural basis for their ligand recognition and activation, and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Amin Arnaout
- Leukocyte Biology & Inflammation Program, Structural Biology Program, Nephrology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Teoh CM, Tan SSL, Tran T. Integrins as Therapeutic Targets for Respiratory Diseases. Curr Mol Med 2016; 15:714-34. [PMID: 26391549 PMCID: PMC5427774 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150921105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of transmembrane heterodimeric proteins that constitute the main receptors for extracellular matrix components. Integrins were initially thought to be primarily involved in the maintenance of cell adhesion and tissue integrity. However, it is now appreciated that integrins play important roles in many other biological processes such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell shape and polarity. Lung cells express numerous combinations and permutations of integrin heterodimers. The complexity and diversity of different integrin heterodimers being implicated in different lung diseases present a major challenge for drug development. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of integrins from studies in cell culture to integrin knockout mouse models and provide an update of results from clinical trials for which integrins are therapeutic targets with a focus on respiratory diseases (asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T Tran
- Department of Physiology, MD9, 2 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
CD11b regulates obesity-induced insulin resistance via limiting alternative activation and proliferation of adipose tissue macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E7239-48. [PMID: 26669445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500396113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation is accompanied by the accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), which is believed to predispose obese individuals to insulin resistance. CD11b (integrin αM) is highly expressed on monocytes and macrophages and is critical for their migration and function. We found here that high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance was significantly reduced in CD11b-deficient mice. Interestingly, the recruitment of monocytes to adipose tissue is impaired when CD11b is deficient, although the cellularity of ATMs in CD11b-deficient mice is higher than that in wild-type mice. We further found that the increase in ATMs is caused mainly by their vigorous proliferation in the absence of CD11b. Moreover, the proliferation and alternative activation of ATMs are regulated by the IL-4/STAT6 axis, which is inhibited by CD11b through the activity of phosphatase SHP-1. Thus, CD11b plays a critical role in obesity-induced insulin resistance by limiting the proliferation and alternative activation of ATMs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kogelman LJA, Zhernakova DV, Westra HJ, Cirera S, Fredholm M, Franke L, Kadarmideen HN. An integrative systems genetics approach reveals potential causal genes and pathways related to obesity. Genome Med 2015; 7:105. [PMID: 26482556 PMCID: PMC4617184 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a multi-factorial health problem in which genetic factors play an important role. Limited results have been obtained in single-gene studies using either genomic or transcriptomic data. RNA sequencing technology has shown its potential in gaining accurate knowledge about the transcriptome, and may reveal novel genes affecting complex diseases. Integration of genomic and transcriptomic variation (expression quantitative trait loci [eQTL] mapping) has identified causal variants that affect complex diseases. We integrated transcriptomic data from adipose tissue and genomic data from a porcine model to investigate the mechanisms involved in obesity using a systems genetics approach. Methods Using a selective gene expression profiling approach, we selected 36 animals based on a previously created genomic Obesity Index for RNA sequencing of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Differential expression analysis was performed using the Obesity Index as a continuous variable in a linear model. eQTL mapping was then performed to integrate 60 K porcine SNP chip data with the RNA sequencing data. Results were restricted based on genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms, detected differentially expressed genes, and previously detected co-expressed gene modules. Further data integration was performed by detecting co-expression patterns among eQTLs and integration with protein data. Results Differential expression analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed 458 differentially expressed genes. The eQTL mapping resulted in 987 cis-eQTLs and 73 trans-eQTLs (false discovery rate < 0.05), of which the cis-eQTLs were associated with metabolic pathways. We reduced the eQTL search space by focusing on differentially expressed and co-expressed genes and disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms to detect obesity-related genes and pathways. Building a co-expression network using eQTLs resulted in the detection of a module strongly associated with lipid pathways. Furthermore, we detected several obesity candidate genes, for example, ENPP1, CTSL, and ABHD12B. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to perform an integrated genomics and transcriptomics (eQTL) study using, and modeling, genomic and subcutaneous adipose tissue RNA sequencing data on obesity in a porcine model. We detected several pathways and potential causal genes for obesity. Further validation and investigation may reveal their exact function and association with obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0229-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette J A Kogelman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Daria V Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Haja N Kadarmideen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meakin PJ, Morrison VL, Sneddon CC, Savinko T, Uotila L, Jalicy SM, Gabriel JL, Kang L, Ashford MLJ, Fagerholm SC. Mice Lacking beta2-Integrin Function Remain Glucose Tolerant in Spite of Insulin Resistance, Neutrophil Infiltration and Inflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138872. [PMID: 26405763 PMCID: PMC4583187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta2-integrins are important in leukocyte trafficking and function, and are regulated through the binding of cytoplasmic proteins, such as kindlin-3, to their intracellular domain. Here, we investigate the involvement of beta2-integrins in the regulation of metabolic disease using mice where the kindlin-3 binding site in the beta2-integrin cytoplasmic tail has been mutated (TTT/AAA-beta2-integrin knock-in (KI) mice), leading to expressed but dysfunctional beta2-integrins and significant neutrophilia in vivo. Beta2-integrin KI mice fed on a high fat diet showed normal weight gain, and normal accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver, but increased neutrophil numbers especially in WAT. In addition, beta2-integrin KI mice fed on a high fat diet showed significantly increased peripheral insulin resistance in response to high-fat feeding. However, this was associated with improved glucose disposal following glucose load. Interestingly, beta2-integrin KI neutrophils produced more elastase in vitro, in response to stimulation. Beta2-integrin KI mice displayed variability of tissue inflammatory status, with liver and WAT exhibiting little or no difference in inflammation compared to high fat fed controls, whereas skeletal muscle demonstrated a raised inflammatory profile in association with higher elastase levels and diminished signalling through the IRS1-PKB pathway. In conclusion, although expression of dysfunctional beta2-integrins increased neutrophil production and infiltration into tissue, skeletal muscle was the most affected tissue exhibiting evidence of higher neutrophil activity and insulin resistance. Thus, beta2-integrins modulate glucose homeostasis during high fat feeding predominantly through actions on skeletal muscle to affect metabolic phenotype in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Meakin
- Divison of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky L. Morrison
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claire C. Sneddon
- Divison of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Terhi Savinko
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Uotila
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susan M. Jalicy
- Divison of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie L. Gabriel
- Divison of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Li Kang
- Divison of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. J. Ashford
- Divison of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SCF); (MLJA)
| | - Susanna C. Fagerholm
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (SCF); (MLJA)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pillon NJ, Azizi PM, Li YE, Liu J, Wang C, Chan KL, Hopperton KE, Bazinet RP, Heit B, Bilan PJ, Lee WL, Klip A. Palmitate-induced inflammatory pathways in human adipose microvascular endothelial cells promote monocyte adhesion and impair insulin transcytosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E35-44. [PMID: 25944880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00611.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with inflammation and immune cell recruitment to adipose tissue, muscle and intima of atherosclerotic blood vessels. Obesity and hyperlipidemia are also associated with tissue insulin resistance and can compromise insulin delivery to muscle. The muscle/fat microvascular endothelium mediates insulin delivery and facilitates monocyte transmigration, yet its contribution to the consequences of hyperlipidemia is poorly understood. Using primary endothelial cells from human adipose tissue microvasculature (HAMEC), we investigated the effects of physiological levels of fatty acids on endothelial inflammation and function. Expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules was measured by RT-qPCR. Signaling pathways were evaluated by pharmacological manipulation and immunoblotting. Surface expression of adhesion molecules was determined by immunohistochemistry. THP1 monocyte interaction with HAMEC was measured by cell adhesion and migration across transwells. Insulin transcytosis was measured by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Palmitate, but not palmitoleate, elevated the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). HAMEC had markedly low fatty acid uptake and oxidation, and CD36 inhibition did not reverse the palmitate-induced expression of adhesion molecules, suggesting that inflammation did not arise from palmitate uptake/metabolism. Instead, inhibition of TLR4 to NF-κB signaling blunted palmitate-induced ICAM-1 expression. Importantly, palmitate-induced surface expression of ICAM-1 promoted monocyte binding and transmigration. Conversely, palmitate reduced insulin transcytosis, an effect reversed by TLR4 inhibition. In summary, palmitate activates inflammatory pathways in primary microvascular endothelial cells, impairing insulin transport and increasing monocyte transmigration. This behavior may contribute in vivo to reduced tissue insulin action and enhanced tissue infiltration by immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Pillon
- Cell Biology Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paymon M Azizi
- Cell Biology Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yujin E Li
- Cell Biology Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Cell Biology Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changsen Wang
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenny L Chan
- Cell Biology Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chatzigeorgiou A, Seijkens T, Zarzycka B, Engel D, Poggi M, van den Berg S, van den Berg S, Soehnlein O, Winkels H, Beckers L, Lievens D, Driessen A, Kusters P, Biessen E, Garcia-Martin R, Klotzsche-von Ameln A, Gijbels M, Noelle R, Boon L, Hackeng T, Schulte KM, Xu A, Vriend G, Nabuurs S, Chung KJ, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN, Gerdes N, de Winther M, Block NL, Schally AV, Weber C, Bornstein SR, Nicolaes G, Chavakis T, Lutgens E. Blocking CD40-TRAF6 signaling is a therapeutic target in obesity-associated insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2686-91. [PMID: 24492375 PMCID: PMC3932883 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400419111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays an instrumental role in obesity and insulin resistance. Here, we unravel the role of the costimulatory molecule CD40 and its signaling intermediates, TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), in diet-induced obesity (DIO). Although not exhibiting increased weight gain, male CD40(-/-) mice in DIO displayed worsened insulin resistance, compared with wild-type mice. This worsening was associated with excessive inflammation of adipose tissue (AT), characterized by increased accumulation of CD8(+) T cells and M1 macrophages, and enhanced hepatosteatosis. Mice with deficient CD40-TRAF2/3/5 signaling in MHCII(+) cells exhibited a similar phenotype in DIO as CD40(-/-) mice. In contrast, mice with deficient CD40-TRAF6 signaling in MHCII(+) cells displayed no insulin resistance and showed a reduction in both AT inflammation and hepatosteatosis in DIO. To prove the therapeutic potential of inhibition of CD40-TRAF6 in obesity, DIO mice were treated with a small-molecule inhibitor that we designed to specifically block CD40-TRAF6 interactions; this compound improved insulin sensitivity, reduced AT inflammation, and decreased hepatosteatosis. Our study reveals that the CD40-TRAF2/3/5 signaling pathway in MHCII(+) cells protects against AT inflammation and metabolic complications associated with obesity whereas CD40-TRAF6 interactions in MHCII(+) cells aggravate these complications. Inhibition of CD40-TRAF6 signaling by our compound may provide a therapeutic option in obesity-associated insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul-Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tom Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Zarzycka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Engel
- Department of Pathology, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjorie Poggi
- Department of Pathology, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1062, and Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Susan van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van den Berg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Lievens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Biessen
- Department of Pathology, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Garcia-Martin
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Klotzsche-von Ameln
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Randolph Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03766
- Medical Research Council Centre of Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros BV, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Martin Schulte
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gert Vriend
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6295 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Nabuurs
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6295 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Lead Pharma Medicine, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kyoung-Jin Chung
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Menno de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Norman L. Block
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Hematology–Oncology, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Hematology–Oncology, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gerry Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul-Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Czyzyk TA, Andrews JL, Coskun T, Wade MR, Hawkins ED, Lockwood JF, Varga G, Sahr AE, Chen Y, Brozinick JT, Kikly K, Statnick MA. Genetic ablation of myelin protein zero-like 3 in mice increases energy expenditure, improves glycemic control, and reduces hepatic lipid synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E282-92. [PMID: 23715724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00228.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity continues to be a global health problem, and thus it is imperative that new pathways regulating energy balance be identified. Recently, it was reported: (Hayashi K, Cao T, Passmore H, Jourdan-Le Saux C, Fogelgren B, Khan S, Hornstra I, Kim Y, Hayashi M, Csiszar K. J Invest Dermatol 123: 864-871, 2004) that mice carrying a missense mutation in myelin protein zero-like 3 (Mpzl3rc) have reduced body weight. To determine how Mpzl3 controls energy balance in vivo, we generated mice deficient in myelin protein zero-like 3 (Mpzl3-KO). Interestingly, KO mice were hyperphagic yet had reduced body weight and fat mass. Moreover, KO mice were highly resistant to body weight and fat mass gain after exposure to a high-fat, energy-dense diet. These effects on body weight and adiposity were driven, in part, by a pronounced increase in whole body energy expenditure levels in KO mice. KO mice also had reduced blood glucose levels during an intraperitoneal glucose challenge and significant reductions in circulating insulin levels suggesting an increase in insulin sensitivity. In addition, there was an overall increase in oxidative capacity and contractile force in skeletal muscle isolated from KO mice. Hepatic triglyceride levels were reduced by 92% in livers of KO mice, in part due to a reduction in de novo lipid synthesis. Interestingly, Mpzl3 mRNA expression in liver was increased in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, KO mice exhibited an increase in insulin-stimulated Akt signaling in the liver, further demonstrating that Mpzl3 can regulate insulin sensitivity in this tissue. We have determined that Mpzl3 has a novel physiological role in controlling body weight regulation, energy expenditure, glycemic control, and hepatic triglyceride synthesis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Traci A Czyzyk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Robker RL, Collins RG, Beaudet AL, Mersmann HJ, Smith CW. Leukocyte Migration in Adipose Tissue of Mice Null for ICAM-1 and Mac-1 Adhesion Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:936-40. [PMID: 15229332 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the leukocyte adhesion receptors ICAM-1 and Mac-1, regulators of immune cell migration, have an intrinsic role within adipose tissue by 1) analyzing the expression of ICAM-1 in adipose tissue, 2) identifying leukocyte populations within adipose tissue, and 3) determining whether ICAM-1 and Mac-1 mutant mice exhibit abnormal numbers of adipose tissue leukocytes. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Wild-type, ICAM-1(-/-), and Mac-1(-/-) mice were fed a long-term high-fat diet. ICAM-1 expression was analyzed by Northern blot and immunohistochemistry. Leukocytes within adipose tissue were identified by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS ICAM-1 was expressed in adipose tissue and localized to the vascular endothelium. Macrophages and lymphocytes were prevalent within the stromal-vascular cell fraction of adipose tissue, and gender-specific differences were observed, with adipose tissue from female mice containing significantly more macrophages than tissue from male mice. Numbers of leukocytes in ICAM-1(-/-) and Mac-1(-/-) mice were not different from wild-types, however, indicating that these adhesion receptors are not required for leukocyte migration into adipose tissue. DISCUSSION Our results documented leukocyte populations within adipose tissue, which may be involved in the development of heightened inflammation that is characteristic of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Robker
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Snyder EE, Walts B, Pérusse L, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2003 Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:369-439. [PMID: 15044658 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This is the tenth update of the human obesity gene map, incorporating published results up to the end of October 2003 and continuing the previous format. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from human genome-wide scans and animal crossbreeding experiments, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers is reviewed. Transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity are also incorporated (N = 55). As of October 2003, 41 Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. QTLs reported from animal models currently number 183. There are 208 human QTLs for obesity phenotypes from genome-wide scans and candidate regions in targeted studies. A total of 35 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to five studies. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 272 studies reporting positive associations with 90 candidate genes. Fifteen such candidate genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, more than 430 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Snyder
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808-4124, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Snyder EE, Bouchard C. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2004 Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:381-490. [PMID: 15833932 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the eleventh update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2004. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2004, 173 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 10 different genes have been reported, and 49 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 166 genes which, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 221. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we have now 204 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 50 genome-wide scans. A total of 38 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to four studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably with 358 findings of positive associations with 113 candidate genes. Among them, 18 genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, >600 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and genomic and other relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérusse
- Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Urbanek M, Hayes MG, Lee H, Freathy RM, Lowe LP, Ackerman C, Jafari N, Dyer AR, Cox NJ, Dunger DB, Hattersley AT, Metzger BE, Lowe WL. The role of inflammatory pathway genetic variation on maternal metabolic phenotypes during pregnancy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32958. [PMID: 22479352 PMCID: PMC3316547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since mediators of inflammation are associated with insulin resistance, and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes, we hypothesized that genetic variation in members of the inflammatory gene pathway impact glucose levels and related phenotypes in pregnancy. We evaluated this hypothesis by testing for association between genetic variants in 31 inflammatory pathway genes in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) cohort, a large multiethnic multicenter study designed to address the impact of glycemia less than overt diabetes on pregnancy outcome. Results Fasting, 1-hour, and 2-hour glucose, fasting and 1-hour C-peptide, and HbA1c levels were measured in blood samples obtained from HAPO participants during an oral glucose tolerance test at 24-32 weeks gestation. We tested for association between 458 SNPs mapping to 31 genes in the inflammatory pathway and metabolic phenotypes in 3836 European ancestry and 1713 Thai pregnant women. The strongest evidence for association was observed with TNF alpha and HbA1c (rs1052248; 0.04% increase per allele C; p-value = 4.4×10−5), RETN and fasting plasma glucose (rs1423096; 0.7 mg/dl decrease per allele A; p-value = 1.1×10−4), IL8 and 1 hr plasma glucose (rs2886920; 2.6 mg/dl decrease per allele T; p-value = 1.3×10−4), ADIPOR2 and fasting C-peptide (rs2041139; 0.55 ug/L decrease per allele A; p-value = 1.4×10−4), LEPR and 1-hour C-peptide (rs1171278; 0.62 ug/L decrease per allele T; p-value = 2.4×10−4), and IL6 and 1-hour plasma glucose (rs6954897; −2.29 mg/dl decrease per allele G, p-value = 4.3×10−4). Conclusions Based on the genes surveyed in this study the inflammatory pathway is unlikely to have a strong impact on maternal metabolic phenotypes in pregnancy although variation in individual members of the pathway (e.g. RETN, IL8, ADIPOR2, LEPR, IL6, and TNF alpha,) may contribute to metabolic phenotypes in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margrit Urbanek
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sato C, Shikata K, Hirota D, Sasaki M, Nishishita S, Miyamoto S, Kodera R, Ogawa D, Tone A, Kataoka HU, Wada J, Kajitani N, Makino H. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 deficiency is protective against obesity-related insulin resistance. Diabetes 2011; 60:189-99. [PMID: 20971965 PMCID: PMC3012171 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An inflammatory process is involved in the mechanism of obesity-related insulin resistance. Recent studies indicate that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a major chemokine that promotes monocyte infiltration into adipose tissues; however, the adhesion pathway in adipose tissues remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the adhesion molecules that mediate monocyte infiltration into adipose tissue. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a DNA microarray to compare the gene expression profiles in epididymal white adipose tissues (eWAT) between db/db mice and C57/BL6 mice each fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a low-fat diet (LFD). We investigated the change of insulin resistance and inflammation in eWAT in P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) homozygous knockout (PSGL-1⁻(/)⁻) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice fed HFD. RESULTS DNA microarray analysis revealed that PSGL-1, a major ligand for selectins, is upregulated in eWAT from both db/db mice and WT mice fed HFD. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry showed that PSGL-1 is expressed on both endothelial cells and macrophages in eWAT of obese mice. PSGL-1⁻(/)⁻ mice fed HFD showed a remarkable reduction of macrophage accumulation and expression of proinflammatory genes, including MCP-1 in eWAT. Moreover, adipocyte hypertrophy, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and hepatic fatty change were improved in PSGL-1⁻(/) ⁻mice compared with WT mice fed HFD. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PSGL-1 is a crucial adhesion molecule for the recruitment of monocytes into adipose tissues in obese mice, making it a candidate for a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of obesity-related insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikage Sato
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shikata
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
- Corresponding author: Kenichi Shikata,
| | - Daisho Hirota
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Motofumi Sasaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishishita
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryo Kodera
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Tone
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitomi Usui Kataoka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kajitani
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Makino
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Kido Y, Ogawa D, Shikata K, Sasaki M, Nagase R, Okada S, Usui Kataoka H, Wada J, Makino H. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 plays a critical role in glomerulosclerosis after subtotal nephrectomy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010; 15:212-9. [PMID: 21181224 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-010-0388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperfiltration in the glomeruli have been considered to be an important cause of glomerular injury; however, the role of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis is not known. METHODS To elucidate the effects of ICAM-1 depletion on hyperfiltration-induced glomerular disorder, we used subtotally nephrectomized ICAM-1(+/+) and ICAM-1(-/-) mice. We evaluated macrophage infiltration, mesangial matrix expansion, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and type IV collagen accumulation in glomeruli. RESULTS Macrophage infiltration into the glomeruli and mesangial matrix expansion coincident with increased expression of both ICAM-1 and TGF-β, and accumulation of type IV collagen were ameliorated in subtotally nephrectomized ICAM-1(-/-) mice compared to ICAM-1(+/+) mice. ICAM-1 depletion significantly reduced hyperfiltration-induced glomerular injury after renal ablation. CONCLUSIONS Our present findings suggest that glomerular hyperfiltration is the leading cause of glomerulosclerosis, and it is mediated, at least in part, by ICAM-1 expression and macrophage infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kido
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Caspar-Bauguil S, Cousin B, Bour S, Casteilla L, Penicaud L, Carpéné C. Adipose tissue lymphocytes: types and roles. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 65:423-36. [PMID: 20358356 DOI: 10.1007/bf03185938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Besides adipocytes, specialized in lipid handling and involved in energy balance regulation, white adipose tissue (WAT) is mainly composed of other cell types among which lymphocytes represent a non-negligible proportion. Different types of lymphocytes (B, alphabetaT, gammadeltaT, NK and NKT) have been detected in WAT of rodents or humans, and vary in their relative proportion according to the fat pad anatomical location. The lymphocytes found in intra-abdominal, visceral fat pads seem representative of innate immunity, while those present in subcutaneous fat depots are part of adaptive immunity, at least in mice. Both the number and the activity of the different lymphocyte classes, except B lymphocytes, are modified in obesity. Several of these modifications in the relative proportions of the lymphocyte classes depend on the degree of obesity, or on leptin concentration, or even fat depot anatomical location. Recent studies suggest that alterations of lymphocyte number and composition precede the macrophage increase and the enhanced inflammatory state of WAT found in obesity. Lymphocytes express receptors to adipokines while several proinflammatory chemokines are produced in WAT, rendering intricate crosstalk between fat and immune cells. However, the evidences and controversies available so far are in favour of an involvement of lymphocytes in the control of the number of other cells in WAT, either adipocytes or immune cells and of their secretory and metabolic activities. Therefore, immunotherapy deserves to be considered as a promising approach to treat the endocrino-metabolic disorders associated to excessive fat mass development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Caspar-Bauguil
- UPS, UMR 5241, Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bour S, Caspar-Bauguil S, Iffiú-Soltész Z, Nibbelink M, Cousin B, Miiluniemi M, Salmi M, Stolen C, Jalkanen S, Casteilla L, Pénicaud L, Valet P, Carpéné C. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 deficiency reduces leukocyte infiltration into adipose tissue and favors fat deposition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1075-83. [PMID: 19218346 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and leukocyte infiltration in white adipose tissue (WAT) and is linked to diabetic complications. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1), is a membrane protein that is highly expressed in adipocytes and is also present on the endothelial cell surface where it is involved in leukocyte extravasation. We studied fat deposition and leukocyte infiltration in WAT of mice with a null mutation in the amine oxidase copper-containing-3 (AOC3) gene encoding SSAO/VAP-1. Both epididymal and inguinal WATs were larger in 6-month-old AOC3-KO males than in age-matched wild-type controls. However, WAT from AOC3-KO mice contained lower CD45 mRNA levels and fewer CD45(+) leukocytes. Subpopulation analyses revealed a diminished infiltration of WAT by T cells, macrophages, natural killer, and natural killer T cells. A decrease in leukocyte content in WAT was also detected in female AOC3-KO mice as early as 2 months of age, whereas increased fat mass was evident by 6 months of age. Reduced CD45(+) populations in WAT of AOC3-KO mice was not rescued by human SSAO/VAP-1 expression on adipocytes under the control of aP2, suggesting the importance of vascular AOC3 in leukocyte entrance into fat. Our results indicate that SSAO/VAP-1 is instrumental for the presence of leukocytes in WAT. Therefore, AOC3-KO mice present a unique model of mild obesity, characterized by increased WAT devoid of low-grade inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Bour
- INSERM U858, équipe 3, I2MR,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, CHU Rangueil, Bât. L4, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rafiq S, Melzer D, Weedon MN, Lango H, Saxena R, Scott LJ, Palmer CNA, Morris AD, McCarthy MI, Ferrucci L, Hattersley AT, Zeggini E, Frayling TM. Gene variants influencing measures of inflammation or predisposing to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008; 51:2205-13. [PMID: 18853133 PMCID: PMC2662689 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There are strong associations between measures of inflammation and type 2 diabetes, but the causal directions of these associations are not known. We tested the hypothesis that common gene variants known to alter circulating levels of inflammatory proteins, or known to alter autoimmune-related disease risk, influence type 2 diabetes risk. METHODS We selected 46 variants: (1) eight variants known to alter circulating levels of inflammatory proteins, including those in the IL18, IL1RN, IL6R, MIF, PAI1 (also known as SERPINE1) and CRP genes; and (2) 38 variants known to predispose to autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. We tested the associations of these variants with type 2 diabetes using a meta-analysis of 4,107 cases and 5,187 controls from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, the Diabetes Genetics Initiative, and the Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM studies. We followed up associated variants (p < 0.01) in a further set of 3,125 cases and 3,596 controls from the UK. RESULTS We found no evidence that inflammatory or autoimmune disease variants are associated with type 2 diabetes (at p <or= 0.01). The OR observed between the variant altering IL-18 levels, rs2250417, and type 2 diabetes (OR 1.00 [95% CI 0.99-1.03]), is much lower than that expected given (1) the effect of the variant on IL-18 levels (0.28 SDs per allele); and (2) estimates, based on other studies, of the correlation between IL-18 levels and type 2 diabetes risk (approximate OR 1.15 [95% CI 1.09-1.21] per 0.28 SD increase in IL-18 levels). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study provided no evidence that variants known to alter measures of inflammation, autoimmune or inflammatory disease risk, including type 1 diabetes, alter type 2 diabetes risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rafiq
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Magdalen Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Animal obesity models differ widely in type and extent of obesity. They are either based on environmental factors (e.g., high-fat diet-induced obesity), spontaneous mutants (i.e., ob/ob mice), genetically engineered animals (e.g., mice with melanocortin receptor subtype-4 gene disruption (knock-out), or mechanical intervention (e.g., chemical lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus). This unit reviews available rodent models to study obesity and attempts to highlight the greatest utility for each model.
Collapse
|
28
|
Awaya T, Yokosaki Y, Yamane K, Usui H, Kohno N, Eboshida A. Gene-environment association of an ITGB2 sequence variant with obesity in ethnic Japanese. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1463-6. [PMID: 18369341 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the integrin alphaMbeta2 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18) develop an obese phenotype on western diet rich in fat. However, no association has been found between variations in the human genes encoding the integrin alphaMbeta2 and obesity. This study was aimed to investigate the association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs235326) in the gene encoding human integrin beta2 subunit (ITGB2) with obesity. Our subject cohort comprised 651 people of Japanese ethnicity, of which 274 were Japanese Americans living in Hawaii, and the remaining 377 were native Japanese, two populations in the same genetic background with or without westernized life style. We genotyped the rs235326 polymorphism using a TaqMan assay. In the Japanese-American population, the risk of obesity was found to be 3.29-fold higher (a 95% confidence interval of 1.25-8.67, P = 0.02) in TT homozygotes than in C carriers, using a recessive model and logistic regression analysis that had been adjusted for age. This association was not found in native Japanese individuals. These results indicate that the rs235326 polymorphism in the ITGB2 gene is associated with obesity in Japanese living in the United States whose diet has become "westernized."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Awaya
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ley K. The Microcirculation in Inflammation. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
30
|
Abstract
In recent years, the general concept has emerged that chronic low-grade inflammation can be the condition linking excessive development of adipose tissue (AT) and obesity-associated pathologies such as type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Moreover, the evidence that the growth of the fat mass was associated with an accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) has raised the hypothesis that the development of an inflammatory process within the growing fat mass is a primary event involved in the genesis of systemic metabolic and vascular alterations. As ATM originate from the bone marrow/blood compartment, enhanced macrophage recruitment to growing AT is suspected. However, the mechanisms responsible for attracting the blood cells and their entry into the fat mass remain to be clearly defined. The present review highlights the key role of endothelial cells in the control of the inflammatory process and describes the potential involvement of AT-endothelial cells as well as the factors involved in the regulation of their phenotype in the 'inflamed fat tissue'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sengenès
- Inserm, Equipe Avenir, Unité de Recherches sur les Obésités, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Obesity induces an inflammation state that is implicated in many clinically important complications, including insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the cause and the molecular participants in this process remain incompletely defined, adipose tissue has a central role. Obesity-induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules, typified by TNF-alpha was recognized more than a dozen years ago, and since then more than two dozen other pro-inflammatory molecules induced by obesity have been identified. More recently a critical role for immune cells, specifically mononuclear phagocytes, in generating the obesity-induced inflammation has been identified. Defining the molecular and cellular components of obesity-induced inflammation offers the potential of identifying therapeutic targets that can ameliorate the complications associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Ferrante
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Weight gain and obesity are major risk factors for conditions and diseases ranging from insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus to atherosclerosis and the sequelae of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A chronic, subacute state of inflammation often accompanies the accumulation of excess lipid in adipose tissue and liver (hepatic steatosis), evidenced by changes in both inflammatory cells and biochemical markers of inflammation. These changes can be seen in the involved tissues and systemically, in terms of elevated circulating levels of inflammatory markers. The link between obesity and inflammation has therefore raised the important question of whether obesity-induced inflammation plays a pathogenic role in the development and progression of these disorders. We review the rapidly expanding body of animal and clinical data that support potential roles for inflammation in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kempf K, Rose B, Herder C, Kleophas U, Martin S, Kolb H. Inflammation in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Impact of dietary glucose. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1084:30-48. [PMID: 17151291 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1372.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition combined with a lack of exercise is the main cause for the rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. It seems accepted that adipositis (macrophage infiltration and inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity) and systemic low grade inflammation affect the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, modern weight reduction programs additionally focus on strategies to attenuate the inflammation state. Exercise is one major factor, which contributes to the reduction of both the incidence of T2DM and inflammation, and the immunomodulatory effects of exercise are supported by similarly beneficial effects of dietary changes. In this context, glucose is the most extensively studied nutrient and current investigations focus on postprandial glucose-induced inflammation, one possible reason why hyperglycemia is detrimental. Indeed, glucose may modulate the mRNA expression and serum concentrations of immune parameters but these alterations rapidly normalize in normoglycemic subjects. In case of an impaired metabolic state, however, postprandial hyperglycemia increases magnitude and duration of systemic inflammatory responses, which probably promotes the development of T2DM and of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kempf
- German Diabetes Clinic, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wamhoff BR, Sinha S, Owens GK. Conditional mouse models to study developmental and pathophysiological gene function in muscle. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007:441-68. [PMID: 17203666 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-35109-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This chapter will review conditional mouse model systems that have been developed to study gene function in skeletal, cardiac, and vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo with an emphasis on the utility of these models for investigating developmental and pathophysiological gene function in muscle. In general, these systems have utilized muscle-specific/selective promoter-enhancers in conjunction with site-specific DNA recombinases, e.g., Cre-loxP, and fusion proteins with these recombinases that confer temporal control, such as tamoxifen-inducible CreER systems. A major focus of this chapter will be to discuss unique challenges of studying Cre-mediated mutagenesis/gene targeting in these muscle types during development and in the adult animal, some of which are inherent of the muscle cell type being studied. For example, unlike cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, the vascular SMC is extremely plastic and able to undergo rapid phenotypic modulation to various environmental cues in vivo. Thus, employing SMC marker gene promoter enhancers for conditional gene targeting in SMCs must take into account the possibility and/or certainty that the particular SMC promoter enhancers used may or may not be transcriptionally active in SMCs of a vessel wall under normal and some pathophysiological conditions. Moreover, individual floxed loci within the same muscle cell type and tissue have different degrees of sensitivity to Cre, most likely dependent on the chromatin state of that particular gene, i.e., closed/condensed state or open/active state. Thus, Cre recombination may be ineffective for specific floxed gene DNA. Lastly, rigorous efforts must be made to confirm the degree of recombination in a tissue, taking into full account the multicellularity of the tissue, to understand the extent of the physiological effect in that organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Wamhoff
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, The University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Medical Research Building 5, Room 1226, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brake DK, Smith EO, Mersmann H, Smith CW, Robker RL. ICAM-1 expression in adipose tissue: effects of diet-induced obesity in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1232-9. [PMID: 16807303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00008.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been linked to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, with elevated markers of systemic inflammation. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation. In human obesity, elevated expression of the soluble form of ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) is positively correlated with abdominal fat deposition. Increases in adiposity have also been correlated with macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue. Here we investigate adipose tissue production and transcriptional regulation of ICAM-1 in a mouse model of dietary obesity. After feeding mice a high-fat diet, ICAM-1 expression in serum and adipose tissue was analyzed by ELISA, Northern blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, and flow cytometry. After 6 mo on the high-fat diet, sICAM-1 levels significantly correlated with body weight and abdominal fat mass. ICAM-1 mRNA was expressed in adipose tissue of mice, with significantly higher levels in males than females. After only 3 wk, there were adipose tissue-specific increases in mRNAs for ICAM-1, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in male mice. Analysis of the stromal-vascular fraction of male adipose tissue revealed CD11b-negative cells with increased surface ICAM-1 and CD34. We also found two populations of F4/80+, CD11b+, ICAM-1+ cells, one of which also expressed CD14 and CD11c and was increased in response to a high-fat diet. These results indicate that within 3 wk on a high-fat diet, male mice exhibited significant increases in pro-inflammatory factors and immune cell infiltration in adipose tissue that may represent links between obesity and its associated inflammatory complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danett K Brake
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Pérusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:529-644. [PMID: 16741264 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the 12th update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2005. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTL) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2005, 176 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 11 different genes have been reported, 50 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 244 genes that, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 408. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we now have 253 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 61 genome-wide scans. A total of 52 genomic regions harbor QTLs supported by two or more studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably, with 426 findings of positive associations with 127 candidate genes. A promising observation is that 22 genes are each supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Babic AM, Wang HW, Lai MJ, Daniels TG, Felbinger TW, Burger PC, Stricker-Krongrad A, Wagner DD. ICAM-1 and beta2 integrin deficiency impairs fat oxidation and insulin metabolism during fasting. Mol Med 2006; 10:72-9. [PMID: 15706402 PMCID: PMC1431368 DOI: 10.2119/2004-00038.wagner] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and beta2 integrins play critical roles in immune responses. ICAM-1 may also participate in regulation of energy balance because ICAM-1-deficient mice become obese on a high-fat diet. We show that mice deficient in these adhesion receptors are unable to respond to fasting by up-regulation of fatty acid oxidation. Normal mice, when fasted, exhibit reduced circulating neutrophil counts and increased ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil recruitment in liver. Mice lacking ICAM-1 or beta2 integrins fail to show these responses--instead they become hypoglycemic with steatotic livers. Fasting ICAM-1-deficient mice reduce insulin more slowly than wild-type mice. This produces fasting hyperinsulinemia that prevents activation of adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase in muscles and liver, which results in decreased import of long chain fatty acids into mitochondria. Thus, we show a new role for immune cells and their adhesion receptors in regulating metabolic response to fasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar M Babic
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Clinical Pathology/Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret J Lai
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
| | - Thomas G Daniels
- Metabolic Diseases Physiology and Pharmacology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massuchusetts, USA
| | - Thomas W Felbinger
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter C Burger
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alain Stricker-Krongrad
- Metabolic Diseases Physiology and Pharmacology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massuchusetts, USA
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Denisa D. Wagner, The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, 800 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: 617-278-3344; fax: 617-278-3368; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Caspar-Bauguil S, Cousin B, Galinier A, Segafredo C, Nibbelink M, André M, Casteilla L, Pénicaud L. Adipose tissues as an ancestral immune organ: Site-specific change in obesity. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3487-92. [PMID: 15953605 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Close relationships have been demonstrated between adipose tissue and the inflammatory/immune system. Furthermore, obesity is increasingly considered as a state of chronic inflammation. Cytofluorometric analysis reveals the presence of significant levels of lymphocytes in the stroma-vascular fraction of white adipose tissues. In epididymal (EPI) fat, lymphocytes display an "ancestral" immune system phenotype (up to 70% of natural killer (NK), gammadelta+ T and NKT cells among all lymphocytes) whereas the inguinal (ING) immune system presents more adaptive characteristics (high levels of alphabeta+ T and B cells). The percentage of NK cells in EPI fat was decreased in obese mice fed with a high-fat diet, whereas gammadelta positive cells were significantly increased in ING fat. These data support the notion that adipose tissue may elaborate immunological mechanisms to regulate its functions which might be altered in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Caspar-Bauguil
- UMR 5018 CNRS-UPS, IFR 31, CHU Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Subclinical, low-grade systemic inflammation has been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and in those at increased risk of the disease. This may be more than an epiphenomenon. Alleles of genes encoding immune/inflammatory mediators are associated with the disease, and the two major environmental factors the contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes-diet and physical activity-have a direct impact on levels of systemic immune mediators. In animal models, targeting of immune genes enhanced or suppressed the development of obesity or diabetes. Obesity is associated with the infiltration and proinflammatory activity of macrophages in adipose tissue, and immune mediators may be important regulators of insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, ectopic lipid storage and beta cell dysfunction or death. Intervention studies targeting these pathways would help to determine the contribution of an activated innate immune system to the development of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kolb
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Institute at the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang HW, Babic AM, Mitchell HA, Liu K, Wagner DD. Elevated soluble ICAM-1 levels induce immune deficiency and increase adiposity in mice. FASEB J 2005; 19:1018-20. [PMID: 15817637 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3094fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels have been found in many pathological conditions, including obesity. To determine the effects of elevated sICAM-1 on immune responses and metabolism, we generated a transgenic mouse model overexpressing the extracellular domain of mouse ICAM-1 in the liver. The mice, showing 10-fold higher sICAM-1 levels than wild-type mice, presented elevated neutrophil count. Despite this, after intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate, neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity was reduced, and the delayed macrophage recruitment was also affected in the transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Inhibition of contact hypersensitivity response in the sICAM-1 transgenic mice was comparable to ICAM-1-deficient mice and characterized by significantly less ear swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration than in wild-type mice. sICAM-1transgenic mice were more susceptible to weight gain on a Western-type diet than wild-type mice, and older animals showed excessive fat accumulation, again reminiscent of ICAM-1-deficient mice. Together, these data indicate that sICAM-1 interferes with ICAM-1-mediated cell-cell interactions, which could produce immune-suppressant effects and alteration of metabolism in persons with high levels of this soluble adhesion receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Wang
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Owens GK, Kumar MS, Wamhoff BR. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:767-801. [PMID: 15269336 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2495] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms/processes that control differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) during normal development and maturation of the vasculature, as well as how these mechanisms/processes are altered in vascular injury or disease. A major challenge in understanding differentiation of the vascular SMC is that this cell can exhibit a wide range of different phenotypes at different stages of development, and even in adult organisms the cell is not terminally differentiated. Indeed, the SMC is capable of major changes in its phenotype in response to changes in local environmental cues including growth factors/inhibitors, mechanical influences, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and various inflammatory mediators. There has been much progress in recent years to identify mechanisms that control expression of the repertoire of genes that are specific or selective for the vascular SMC and required for its differentiated function. One of the most exciting recent discoveries was the identification of the serum response factor (SRF) coactivator gene myocardin that appears to be required for expression of many SMC differentiation marker genes, and for initial differentiation of SMC during development. However, it is critical to recognize that overall control of SMC differentiation/maturation, and regulation of its responses to changing environmental cues, is extremely complex and involves the cooperative interaction of many factors and signaling pathways that are just beginning to be understood. There is also relatively recent evidence that circulating stem cell populations can give rise to smooth muscle-like cells in association with vascular injury and atherosclerotic lesion development, although the exact role and properties of these cells remain to be clearly elucidated. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of our knowledge in this area and to attempt to identify some of the key unresolved challenges and questions that require further study.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Owens
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Univ. of Virginia School of Medicine, 415 Lane Rd., Medical Research Building 5, Rm. 1220, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Increasing experimental evidence indicates that several factors that influence metabolism also play a role in the regulation of immune responses. Dissection of the interface connecting the metabolic and immune systems has recently gained wide interest. Particular focus has been on certain cytokines [interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)], hormones (leptin and insulin), neuropeptides (corticotropin-releasing hormone and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), immune-related proteins (zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein and attractin and/or mahogany), transcription factors (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors) and glucose metabolism. A better knowledge of the intricate network of interactions among energy regulation, immune surveillance and vital organ functions could in the near future lead to valuable strategies for therapeutic intervention in several immune-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Matarese
- Institute of Endocrinology/Oncology Research, c/o Department of Biology and Molecular-Cellular Pathology, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hope SA, Meredith IT. Cellular adhesion molecules and cardiovascular disease. Part II. Their association with conventional and emerging risk factors, acute coronary events and cardiovascular risk prediction. Intern Med J 2004; 33:450-62. [PMID: 14511199 DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2003.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of cellular adhesion molecules in the patho-genesis of atherosclerosis has now been clearly demonstrated. Plasma levels of adhesion molecules, which have been shed from the cell surface, have also been associated with the presence of clinical atherosclerotic disease, cardiovascular risk factors and acute coronary syndromes. However, there is little consensus in the literature, including between the large well-designed population studies. This may be explained either by unrecognized confounding factors or, alternatively, by the unpredictable relationship between cell surface expression and activity of cellular adhesion molecules and their shedding into the plasma under different circumstances. Probably for the latter reasons, there is at present little evidence that the measurement of circulating adhesion molecules is likely to offer any additional benefit for individual patients above the assessment of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in the assessment of either the extent of, or future risk from, cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Hope
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ewing P, Wilke A, Brockhoff G, Andreesen R, Eissner G, Holler E, Gerbitz A. Isolation and transplantation of allogeneic pulmonary endothelium derived from GFP transgenic mice. J Immunol Methods 2004; 283:307-15. [PMID: 14659921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of primary endothelial cells from murine tissues has long been a challenge and remains a difficult task. Using GFP transgenic C57/BL6 mice as donors, we describe a reliable method to isolate pulmonary endothelial cells by flow cytometry after staining with DiI-Ac-low density lipoprotein (LDL). After mechanical dissociation of murine lung tissue and enzymatic digestion, adherent cells can be quickly stained and sorted by flow cytometry. The isolated cells express endothelial cell markers such as CD31, MECA32 and CD106 and stained positive for Isolectin B4. After 50-fold expansion using standard endothelial growth media, cells could be transplanted into lethally irradiated allogeneic hosts and were detectable using fluorescence microscopy up to 24-h post-transplantation in pulmonary tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ewing
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Okada S, Shikata K, Matsuda M, Ogawa D, Usui H, Kido Y, Nagase R, Wada J, Shikata Y, Makino H. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice are resistant against renal injury after induction of diabetes. Diabetes 2003; 52:2586-93. [PMID: 14514644 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.10.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Several mechanisms, including activation of protein kinase C, advanced glycation end products, and overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. However, the significance of inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular complications is poorly understood. Accumulation of macrophages and overexpression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and chemokines are prominent in diabetic human kidney tissues. We previously demonstrated that intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 mediates macrophage infiltration into the diabetic kidney. In the present study, to investigate the role of ICAM-1 in diabetic nephropathy, we induced diabetes in ICAM-1-deficient (ICAM-1(-/-)) mice and ICAM-1(+/+) mice with streptozotocin and examined the renal pathology over a period of 6 months. The infiltration of macrophages was markedly suppressed in diabetic ICAM-1(-/-) mice compared with that of ICAM-1(+/+) mice. Urinary albumin excretion, glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion were significantly lower in diabetic ICAM-1(-/-) mice than in diabetic ICAM-1(+/+) mice. Moreover, expressions of TGF-beta and type IV collagen in glomeruli were also suppressed in diabetic ICAM-1(-/-) mice. These results suggest that ICAM-1 is critically involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Okada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Escobar-Morreale HF, Villuendas G, Botella-Carretero JI, Sancho J, San Millán JL. Obesity, and not insulin resistance, is the major determinant of serum inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers in pre-menopausal women. Diabetologia 2003; 46:625-33. [PMID: 12739017 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2002] [Revised: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increased serum inflammatory markers have been found in obesity and insulin-resistant states, and could play a causative role in insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The polycystic ovary syndrome represents a human model of insulin resistance because both lean and obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients are insulin-resistant compared with non-hyperandrogenic women. We evaluated whether obesity, insulin resistance, or both, are related to the increased concentrations of inflammatory markers in pre-menopausal women. METHODS We compared 35 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and 28 healthy women, paired for BMI, prevalence of obesity and smoking. Measurements included serum inflammatory markers, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, serum glucose, insulin, lipid and hormone concentrations, and insulin sensitivity index. RESULTS The insulin sensitivity index was reduced in polycystic ovary syndrome patients compared with controls. However, no differences were observed between both groups in C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble type 2 tumour necrosis factor receptor, and soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. When considering patients and controls as a whole, C-reactive protein and interleukin 6, were increased in obese subjects compared with lean women. Inverse correlations existed between insulin sensitivity index and C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble type 2 tumour necrosis factor receptor, and soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. Only the weak correlation with C-reactive protein persisted after controlling for BMI. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Obesity, and not insulin resistance, is the major determinant of serum inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers in pre-menopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Escobar-Morreale
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar KM 9'1, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chagnon YC, Rankinen T, Snyder EE, Weisnagel SJ, Pérusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2002 update. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:313-67. [PMID: 12634430 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the ninth update of the human obesity gene map, incorporating published results through October 2002 and continuing the previous format. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from human genome-wide scans and various animal crossbreeding experiments, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers is reviewed. For the first time, transgenic and knockout murine models exhibiting obesity as a phenotype are incorporated (N = 38). As of October 2002, 33 Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and the causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for 23 of these syndromes. QTLs reported from animal models currently number 168; there are 68 human QTLs for obesity phenotypes from genome-wide scans. Additionally, significant linkage peaks with candidate genes have been identified in targeted studies. Seven genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to five studies. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 222 studies reporting positive associations with 71 candidate genes. Fifteen such candidate genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. More than 300 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvon C Chagnon
- Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Laval University Robert-Giffard Research Center, Beauport, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Williamson DE, Coleman K, Bacanu SA, Devlin BJ, Rogers J, Ryan ND, Cameron JL. Heritability of fearful-anxious endophenotypes in infant rhesus macaques: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53:284-91. [PMID: 12586447 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research efforts to discover the genetic underpinnings of anxiety and depression is challenging because of the etiologic heterogeneity inherent to these disorders. These efforts might be aided by the study of related behavioral phenotypes in model organisms, such as monkeys. METHODS Eighty-five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from the Oregon National Primate Research Center were drawn from a standard matriarchal colony and tested for behavioral response in four testing paradigms designed to elicit fearful-anxious reactions. Heritabilities were estimated using variance component-based quantitative genetic analyses with much of the genetic information arising from paternal half-sibs. RESULTS Individual behaviors reflecting increased distress responses (e.g., vocalizations and teeth grinding) and behavioral inhibition (e.g., latency to leave mother, latency to inspect novel fruit) showed significant heritability, even though a small number of monkeys were assessed. Exploratory factor analyses identified seven clusters of behaviors across tests, some of which were found to be heritable. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that several specific fearful-anxious behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys are heritable within this colony. Accordingly, these phenotypes, which are believed to represent the genetic liability for anxiety and depression, are good candidates for further genetic investigation in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J. Control of body weight: a physiologic and transgenic perspective. Diabetologia 2003; 46:143-72. [PMID: 12627314 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2003] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarre, Avda. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Many genetic manipulations have created models of obesity, leanness or resistance to dietary obesity in mice, often providing insights into molecular mechanisms that affect energy balance, and new targets for anti-obesity drugs. Since many genes can affect energy balance in mice, polymorphisms in many genes may also contribute to obesity in humans, and there may be many causes of primary leptin resistance. Secondary leptin resistance (due to high leptin levels) can be investigated by combining the ob mutation with other obesity genes. Some transgenic mice have failed to display the expected phenotype, or have even been obese when leanness was expected. Compensatory changes in the expression of other genes during development, or opposing influences of the gene on energy balance, especially in global knockout mice, may offer explanations for such findings. Obesity has been separated from insulin resistance in some transgenic strains, providing new insights into the mechanisms that usually link these phenotypes. It has also been shown that in some transgenic mice, obesity develops without hyperphagia, or leanness without hypophagia, demonstrating that generalised physiological explanations for obesity in individual humans may be inappropriate. Possibly the most important transgenic model of obesity so far created is the Type 1 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase over-expressing mouse, since this models the metabolic syndrome in humans. The perspectives into obesity offered by transgenic mouse models should assist clinical researchers in the design and interpretation of their studies in human obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|