1
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Stevenson DS. Modelling the structure and evolution of cultural information as quasispecies. Biosystems 2024; 235:105104. [PMID: 38128874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel mode of cultural evolution whereby some forms of transmission may be modelled as quasispecies. The model incorporates the effect of high rates of error in certain forms of communication; while also building on the structural similarities between biological molecules and written language. Firstly, both written language and key biological molecules, such as RNA and proteins, are modular. Within these molecules, structural domains may be recombined, while retaining their function. Likewise, sentences are structured as combinations of clauses, in which each clause contains a domain of information. The clausal structure permits the recombination of information to adopt different meanings, while allowing each unit to retain its identity. Secondly, by virtue of intrinsically-high error rates, we show that some, but not all, aspects of communicated culture information exists as rapidly evolving clouds within the population. These clouds of cultural information behave as quasispecies, which we model with varying mutation rates and suitable selection coefficients. We then integrate these ideas with the application of Shannon Diversity Index to produce a more holistic view of culture that is centred on the evolution of its information. Re-imagining culture, as evolving clouds of information, unifies the mode in which information is stored culturally and biologically, and opens up new avenues of comparative analysis.
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2
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Zeng Y, Xia F, Guo C, Hu C, Li Y, Wang X, Wu Q, Chen Z, Lu J, Wang Z. Virological Characteristics of Five SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Including Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5. Viruses 2023; 15:2394. [PMID: 38140635 PMCID: PMC10747097 DOI: 10.3390/v15122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) show increasing transmissibility and infectivity and induce substantial injuries to human health and the ecology. Therefore, it is vital to understand the related features for controlling infection. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 WIV04 (prototype) and five VOCs (Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 variants) were inoculated in Vero cells to observe their growth activities. Apart from evaluating the environmental stability at different temperatures, residual virus titers and infectivity at different temperatures (4 °C, room temperature (RT) and 37 °C) were measured over 7 days. The experiment also assessed the infectivity for different incubation durations. The growth capacity assay suggested that the WIV04, Beta and Delta variants replicated efficiently in Vero cells compared with Omicron Variants, and BA.2 replicated more efficiently in Vero cells than BA.1 and BA.5. In addition, all variants exhibited longer survivals at 4 °C and could remain infectious after 7 days, compared to RT' survival after 5 days and at 37 °C after 1 day. The virus infection assay indicated that the Omicron variant had a weaker ability to infect cells compared to the WIV04, Beta and Delta strains, and a longer infection time was required for these strains, except for BA.2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jia Lu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (C.G.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zejun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (C.G.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (Q.W.); (Z.C.)
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3
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Idrees S, Paudel KR, Sadaf T, Hansbro PM. How different viruses perturb host cellular machinery via short linear motifs. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1113-1128. [PMID: 38054205 PMCID: PMC10694346 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The virus interacts with its hosts by developing protein-protein interactions. Most viruses employ protein interactions to imitate the host protein: A viral protein with the same amino acid sequence or structure as the host protein attaches to the host protein's binding partner and interferes with the host protein's pathways. Being opportunistic, viruses have evolved to manipulate host cellular mechanisms by mimicking short linear motifs. In this review, we shed light on the current understanding of mimicry via short linear motifs and focus on viral mimicry by genetically different viral subtypes by providing recent examples of mimicry evidence and how high-throughput methods can be a reliable source to study SLiM-mediated viral mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Idrees
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and the University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and the University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tayyaba Sadaf
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and the University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and the University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Valipour M, Irannejad H, Keyvani H. An Overview on Anti-COVID-19 Drug Achievements and Challenges Ahead. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1248-1265. [PMID: 37705590 PMCID: PMC10496143 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of several coronavirus pandemics/epidemics during the last two decades (SARS-CoV-1 in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019) indicates that humanity will face increasing challenges from coronaviruses in the future. The emergence of new strains with similar transmission characteristics as SARS-CoV-2 and mortality rates similar to SARS-CoV-1 (∼10% mortality) or MERS-CoV (∼35% mortality) in the future is a terrifying possibility. Therefore, getting enough preparations to face such risks is an inevitable necessity. The present study aims to review the drug achievements and challenges in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 with a combined perspective derived from pharmacology, pharmacotherapy, and medicinal chemistry insights. Appreciating all the efforts made during the past few years, there is strong evidence that the desired results have not yet been achieved and research in this area should still be pursued seriously. By expressing some pessimistic possibilities and concluding that the drug discovery and pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 have not been successful so far, this short essay tries to draw the attention of responsible authorities to be more prepared against future coronavirus epidemics/pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Razi
Drug Research Center, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran 1134845764, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department
of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1134845764, Iran
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5
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Biancolella M, Colona VL, Luzzatto L, Watt JL, Mattiuz G, Conticello SG, Kaminski N, Mehrian-Shai R, Ko AI, Gonsalves GS, Vasiliou V, Novelli G, Reichardt JKV. COVID-19 annual update: a narrative review. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:68. [PMID: 37488607 PMCID: PMC10367267 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Three and a half years after the pandemic outbreak, now that WHO has formally declared that the emergency is over, COVID-19 is still a significant global issue. Here, we focus on recent developments in genetic and genomic research on COVID-19, and we give an outlook on state-of-the-art therapeutical approaches, as the pandemic is gradually transitioning to an endemic situation. The sequencing and characterization of rare alleles in different populations has made it possible to identify numerous genes that affect either susceptibility to COVID-19 or the severity of the disease. These findings provide a beginning to new avenues and pan-ethnic therapeutic approaches, as well as to potential genetic screening protocols. The causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, is still in the spotlight, but novel threatening virus could appear anywhere at any time. Therefore, continued vigilance and further research is warranted. We also note emphatically that to prevent future pandemics and other world-wide health crises, it is imperative to capitalize on what we have learnt from COVID-19: specifically, regarding its origins, the world's response, and insufficient preparedness. This requires unprecedented international collaboration and timely data sharing for the coordination of effective response and the rapid implementation of containment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vito Luigi Colona
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Luzzatto
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- University of Florence, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Lee Watt
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | | | - Silvestro G Conticello
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruty Mehrian-Shai
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 2 Sheba Road, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
- Instituto Gonçalo MonizFundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gregg S Gonsalves
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 89557, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia
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6
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Qin L, Ding S, He Z. Compositional biases and evolution of the largest plant RNA virus order Patatavirales. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124403. [PMID: 37076075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Patatavirales is the largest order of plant RNA viruses and exclusively contains the family Potyviridae, accounting for 30 % of all known plant viruses. The composition bias of animal RNA viruses and several plant RNA viruses has been determined. However, the comprehensive nucleic acid composition, codon pair usage patterns, dinucleotide preference and codon pair preference of plant RNA viruses have not been investigated to date. In this study, integrated analysis and discussion of the nucleic acid composition, codon usage patterns, dinucleotide composition and codon pair bias of potyvirids were performed using 3732 complete genome coding sequences. The nucleic acid composition of potyvirids was significantly enriched in A/U. Interestingly, the A/U-rich nucleotide composition of Patatavirales is essential for determining the preferred A-ended and U-ended codons and the overexpression of UpG and CpA dinucleotides. The codon usage patterns and codon pair bias of potyvirids were significantly correlated with their nucleic acid composition. Additionally, the codon usage pattern, dinucleotide composition and codon-pair bias of potyvirids are more dependent on the classification of the virus compared with their hosts. Our analysis provides a better understanding of future research on the origin and evolution patterns of the order Patatavirales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No.48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shiwen Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No.48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhen He
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No.48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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7
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Roa-Linares VC, Escudero-Flórez M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Gallego-Gómez JC. Host Cell Targets for Unconventional Antivirals against RNA Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030776. [PMID: 36992484 PMCID: PMC10058429 DOI: 10.3390/v15030776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the importance of RNA-based viruses. The most prominent members of this group are SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), EBOV (Ebola virus), DENV (dengue virus), HCV (hepatitis C virus), ZIKV (Zika virus), CHIKV (chikungunya virus), and influenza A virus. With the exception of retroviruses which produce reverse transcriptase, the majority of RNA viruses encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerases which do not include molecular proofreading tools, underlying the high mutation capacity of these viruses as they multiply in the host cells. Together with their ability to manipulate the immune system of the host in different ways, their high mutation frequency poses a challenge to develop effective and durable vaccination and/or treatments. Consequently, the use of antiviral targeting agents, while an important part of the therapeutic strategy against infection, may lead to the selection of drug-resistant variants. The crucial role of the host cell replicative and processing machinery is essential for the replicative cycle of the viruses and has driven attention to the potential use of drugs directed to the host machinery as therapeutic alternatives to treat viral infections. In this review, we discuss small molecules with antiviral effects that target cellular factors in different steps of the infectious cycle of many RNA viruses. We emphasize the repurposing of FDA-approved drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Finally, we postulate that the ferruginol analog (18-(phthalimide-2-yl) ferruginol) is a potential host-targeted antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky C Roa-Linares
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Manuela Escudero-Flórez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C Gallego-Gómez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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8
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Zhao M, Plough LV, Behringer DC, Bojko J, Kough AS, Alper NW, Xu L, Schott EJ. Cross-Hemispheric Genetic Diversity and Spatial Genetic Structure of Callinectes sapidus Reovirus 1 (CsRV1). Viruses 2023; 15:v15020563. [PMID: 36851777 PMCID: PMC9962310 DOI: 10.3390/v15020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The movement of viruses in aquatic systems is rarely studied over large geographic scales. Oceanic currents, host migration, latitude-based variation in climate, and resulting changes in host life history are all potential drivers of virus connectivity, adaptation, and genetic structure. To expand our understanding of the genetic diversity of Callinectes sapidus reovirus 1 (CsRV1) across a broad spatial and host life history range of its blue crab host (Callinectes sapidus), we obtained 22 complete and 96 partial genomic sequences for CsRV1 strains from the US Atlantic coast, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic coast of South America. Phylogenetic analyses of CsRV1 genomes revealed that virus genotypes were divided into four major genogroups consistent with their host geographic origins. However, some CsRV1 sequences from the US mid-Atlantic shared high genetic similarity with the Gulf of Mexico genotypes, suggesting potential human-mediated movement of CsRV1 between the US mid-Atlantic and Gulf coasts. This study advances our understanding of how climate, coastal geography, host life history, and human activity drive patterns of genetic structure and diversity of viruses in marine animals and contributes to the capacity to infer broadscale host population connectivity in marine ecosystems from virus population genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Zhao
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Louis V. Plough
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Donald C. Behringer
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Andrew S. Kough
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Haerther Center for Conservation Research, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Nathaniel W. Alper
- Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 20027, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Eric J. Schott
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
In this review, the relevance of selenium (Se) to viral disease will be discussed paying particular attention to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Se, the active centre in selenoproteins has an ongoing history of reducing the incidence and severity of viral infections. Host Se deficiency increased the virulence of RNA viruses such as influenza A and coxsackievirus B3, the latter of which is implicated in the development of Keshan disease in north-east China. Significant clinical benefits of Se supplementation have been demonstrated in HIV-1, in liver cancer linked to hepatitis B, and in Chinese patients with hantavirus that was successfully treated with oral sodium selenite. China is of particular interest because it has populations that have both the lowest and the highest Se status in the world. We found a significant association between COVID-19 cure rate and background Se status in Chinese cities; the cure rate continued to rise beyond the Se intake required to optimise selenoproteins, suggesting an additional mechanism. Se status was significantly higher in serum samples from surviving than non-surviving COVID-19 patients. As regards mechanism, SARS-CoV-2 may interfere with the human selenoprotein system; selenoproteins are important in scavenging reactive oxygen species, controlling immunity, reducing inflammation, ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We found that SARS-CoV-2 significantly suppressed mRNA expression of GPX4, of the ER selenoproteins, SELENOF, SELENOM, SELENOK and SELENOS and down-regulated TXNRD3. Based on the available data, both selenoproteins and redox-active Se species (mimicking ebselen, an inhibitor of the main SARS-CoV-2 protease that enables viral maturation within the host) could employ their separate mechanisms to attenuate virus-triggered oxidative stress, excessive inflammatory responses and immune-system dysfunction, thus improving the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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10
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Wang W, Hu Y, Li B, Wang H, Shen J. Applications of nanobodies in the prevention, detection, and treatment of the evolving SARS-CoV-2. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115401. [PMID: 36592707 PMCID: PMC9801699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global health and economy are deeply influenced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its newly emerging variants. Nanobodies with nanometer-scale size are promising for the detection and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants because they are superior to conventional antibodies in terms of cryptic epitope accessibility, tissue penetration, cost, formatting adaptability, and especially protein stability, which enables their aerosolized specific delivery to lung tissues. This review summarizes the progress in the prevention, detection, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 using nanobodies, as well as strategies to combat the evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. Generally, highly efficient generation of potent broad-spectrum nanobodies targeting conserved epitopes or further construction of multivalent formats targeting non-overlapping epitopes can promote neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants and suppress immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Bohan Li
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Huanan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 990th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China
| | - Jinhua Shen
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
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11
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Hill HJ, Uppal T, Hau D, Pandit SG, Arias-Umana J, Foster AJ, Gorzalski A, Pflughoeft KJ, Burnham-Marusich AR, Reed DE, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, Gumbleton L, Verma SC, AuCoin DP. Comparison of a Prototype SARS-CoV-2 Lateral Flow IMMUNOASSAY with the BinaxNOW TM COVID-19 Antigen CARD. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122609. [PMID: 36560613 PMCID: PMC9786212 DOI: 10.3390/v14122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. From the onset of the pandemic, rapid antigen tests have quickly proved themselves to be an accurate and accessible diagnostic platform. The initial (and still most commonly used antigen tests) for COVID-19 diagnosis were constructed using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid protein (NP). These mAbs are able to bind SARS-CoV-2 NP due to high homology between the two viruses. However, since first being identified in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has continuously mutated, and a multitude of variants have appeared. These mutations have an elevated risk of leading to possible diagnostic escape when using tests produced with SARS-CoV-derived mAbs. Here, we established a library of 18 mAbs specific to SARS-CoV-2 NP and used two of these mAbs (1CV7 and 1CV14) to generate a prototype antigen-detection lateral flow immunoassay (LFI). A side-by-side analysis of the 1CV7/1CV14 LFI and the commercially available BinaxNOWTM COVID-19 Antigen CARD was performed. Results indicated the 1CV7/1CV14 LFI outperformed the BinaxNOWTM test in the detection of BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.5 Omicron sub-variants when testing remnant RT-PCR positive patient nasopharyngeal swabs diluted in viral transport media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydon J. Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sujata G. Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jose Arias-Umana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Abigail J. Foster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dana E. Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | | | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - David P. AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- DxDiscovery Incorporated, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Evolution of Animal South American RVA Told by the NSP4 Gene E12 Genotype. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112506. [PMID: 36423115 PMCID: PMC9698066 DOI: 10.3390/v14112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) possesses a genome of 11 double-stranded (ds) RNA segments, and each segment encodes one protein, with the exception of segment 11. NSP4 is a non-structural multifunctional protein encoded by segment 10 that defines the E-genotype. From the 31 E-genotypes described, genotype E12 has been described in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil in RVA strains infecting different animal species and humans. In this work, we studied the evolutionary relationships of RVA strains carrying the E12 genotype in South America using phylogenetic and phylodynamic approaches. We found that the E12 genotype has a South American origin, with a guanaco (Lama guanicoe) strain as natural host. Interestingly, all the other reported RVA strains carrying the E12 genotype in equine, bovine, caprine, and human strains are related to RVA strains of camelid origin. The evolutionary path and genetic footprint of the E12 genotype were reconstructed starting with the introduction of non-native livestock species into the American continent with the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The imported animal species were in close contact with South American camelids, and the offspring were exposed to the native RVA strains brought from Europe and the new RVA circulating in guanacos, resulting in the emergence of new RVA strains in the current lineages' strongly species-specific adaption. In conclusion, we proposed the NSP4 E12 genotype as a genetic geographic marker in the RVA strains circulating in different animal species in South America.
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13
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Xu S, Sun M. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness during Omicron BA.2 pandemic in Shanghai: A cross-sectional study based on EMR. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31763. [PMID: 36397325 PMCID: PMC9665889 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale vaccination against the spread and mutation of COVID-19 is being implemented in many countries. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of certain vaccines (87.35% inactivated), mainly Sinovac - CoronaVac and Sinopharm (Beijing) - BBIBP-CorV, during the Omicron BA.2 pandemic by cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in a cabin hospital of Shanghai, China. A total of 1194 Covid-19 patients infected with Omicron BA.2 were enrolled and epidemiological survey information was collected from the subjects through electronic medical records and questionnaires, from March 23th to April 1st in 2022. Vaccine effectiveness was reflected by the occurrence of multi-dimensional symptoms while adjusting for confounding variables. In the unstandardized vaccinated group, the Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness of Omicron BA.2 in the male group was higher than in the female group (P = .0171). In the standardized vaccinated group, vaccine effectiveness in [20, 40) age group was higher than in other age groups (P = .0002). Adjusting for gender and age, Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness of Omicron BA.2 at the specific level was 87.42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72.35-94.28, P < .0001), and 62.65% (95% CI, 1.47-85.84, P = .047) in the unstandardized vaccinated and the standardized vaccinated group, respectively. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness of Omicron BA.2 was not apparent at the general level but remained effective for the specific symptom. Further development for the Covid-19 vaccine is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Site Xu
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Sun
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * Correspondence: Mu Sun, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China (e-mail: )
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14
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Abavisani M, Rahimian K, Kodori M, Khayami R, Mollapour Sisakht M, Mahmanzar M, Meshkat Z. In silico analysis of the substitution mutations and evolutionary trends of the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in Asia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1299-1307. [PMID: 36474565 PMCID: PMC9699957 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.66649.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To address a highly mutable pathogen, mutations must be evaluated. SARS-CoV-2 involves changing infectivity, mortality, and treatment and vaccination susceptibility resulting from mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the Asian and worldwide samples of amino-acid sequences (AASs) for envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S) proteins from the announcement of the new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) up to January 2022. Sequence alignment to the Wuhan-2019 virus permits tracking mutations in Asian and global samples. Furthermore, we explored the evolutionary tendencies of structural protein mutations and compared the results between Asia and the globe. RESULTS The mutation analyses indicated that 5.81%, 70.63%, 26.59%, and 3.36% of Asian S, E, M, and N samples did not display any mutation. Additionally, the most relative mutations among the S, E, M, and N AASs occurred in the regions of 508 to 635 AA, 7 to 14 AA, 66 to 88 AA, and 164 to 205 AA in both Asian and total samples. D614G, T9I, I82T, and R203M were inferred as the most frequent mutations in S, E, M, and N AASs. Timeline research showed that substitution mutation in the location of 614 among Asian and total S AASs was detected from January 2020. CONCLUSION N protein was the most non-conserved protein, and the most prevalent mutations in S, E, M, and N AASs were D614G, T9I, I82T, and R203M. Screening structural protein mutations is a robust approach for developing drugs, vaccines, and more specific diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abavisani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Karim Rahimian
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University
| | | | - Reza Khayami
- Non communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mollapour Sisakht
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadamin Mahmanzar
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Corresponding author: Zahra Meshkat. Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-38002313; +98-51-38012453;
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15
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Hu G, Dong Y, Zhang Z, Fan X, Ren F. Effect of In Vitro Culture of Long Shoot Tip on Variant Structure and Titer of Grapevine Viruses. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151907. [PMID: 35893611 PMCID: PMC9330417 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shoot tip culture is a very effective approach for studying plant viruses. In this study, we evaluated the numbers, diversity, and titer of grapevine viruses in in vitro grapevine plants after long shoot tip culture. Six virus-infected grapevine cultivars (Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Gernischt, Cabernet Sauvignon, Wink, Victoria, and Merlot) collected from six regions of China were used as the research materials. Approximately 1.5 cm long shoot tips were used for meristem culture. The average survival rate of the six grapevine cultivars was 45.7%. Merlot collected from Beijing showed the highest survival rate (80.0%). Regeneration was not achieved in Cabernet Gernischt collected from Liaoning province and Cabernet Sauvignon from Tianjin due to bacterial and fungal contamination. Virus detection conducted in the surviving regenerated plants showed that the virus infection status, including the viral numbers and the species present in plants grown in vitro, was the same as that in corresponding in vivo plants. Moreover, the analysis of sequence diversity and the mutation frequency in grapevine viruses in vitro indicated that the structure of grapevine viruses was stable in long shoot tip culture after four sub-culture passages. Further, the relative viral titer of in vitro grapevine plants was much higher than that of in vivo plants. These results aid in the investigation of viruses in woody plants.
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16
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He Z, Qin L, Xu X, Ding S. Evolution and host adaptability of plant RNA viruses: Research insights on compositional biases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2600-2610. [PMID: 35685354 PMCID: PMC9160401 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
During recent decades, many new emerging or re-emerging RNA viruses have been found in plants through the development of deep-sequencing technology and big data analysis. These findings largely changed our understanding of the origin, evolution and host range of plant RNA viruses. There is evidence that their genetic composition originates from viruses, and host populations play a key role in the evolution and host adaptability of plant RNA viruses. In this mini-review, we describe the state of our understanding of the evolution of plant RNA viruses in view of compositional biases and explore how they adapt to the host. It appears that adenine rich (A-rich) coding sequences, low CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies and lower codon usage patterns were found in the vast majority of plant RNA viruses. The codon usage pattern of plant RNA viruses was influenced by both natural selection and mutation pressure, and natural selection mostly from hosts was the dominant factor. The codon adaptation analyses support that plant RNA viruses probably evolved a dynamic balance between codon adaptation and deoptimization to maintain efficient replication cycles in multiple hosts with various codon usage patterns. In the future, additional combinations of computational and experimental analyses of the nucleotide composition and codon usage of plant RNA viruses should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lang Qin
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shiwen Ding
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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17
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Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. A Detailed Overview of Immune Escape, Antibody Escape, Partial Vaccine Escape of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Emerging Variants With Escape Mutations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801522. [PMID: 35222380 PMCID: PMC8863680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations, having the immune escape property. Simultaneously, the vaccination drive against this virus is in progress worldwide. However, vaccine evasion has been noted by some of the newly emerging variants. Our review provides an overview of the emerging variants' immune escape and vaccine escape ability. We have illustrated a broad view related to viral evolution, variants, and immune escape ability. Subsequently, different immune escape approaches of SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed. Different innate immune escape strategies adopted by the SARS-CoV-2 has been discussed like, IFN-I production dysregulation, cytokines related immune escape, immune escape associated with dendritic cell function and macrophages, natural killer cells and neutrophils related immune escape, PRRs associated immune evasion, and NLRP3 inflammasome associated immune evasion. Simultaneously we have discussed the significant mutations related to emerging variants and immune escape, such as mutations in the RBD region (N439K, L452R, E484K, N501Y, K444R) and other parts (D614G, P681R) of the S-glycoprotein. Mutations in other locations such as NSP1, NSP3, NSP6, ORF3, and ORF8 have also been discussed. Finally, we have illustrated the emerging variants' partial vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA/Oxford-AstraZeneca/BBIBP-CorV/ZF2001/Moderna mRNA/Johnson & Johnson vaccine) escape ability. This review will help gain in-depth knowledge related to immune escape, antibody escape, and partial vaccine escape ability of the virus and assist in controlling the current pandemic and prepare for the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
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18
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Perez-Gomez R. The Development of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: The Gene Makes the Disease. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:58. [PMID: 34940505 PMCID: PMC8705434 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged towards the end of 2019 that caused a severe respiratory disease in humans called COVID-19. It led to a pandemic with a high rate of morbidity and mortality that is ongoing and threatening humankind. Most of the mutations occurring in SARS-CoV-2 are synonymous or deleterious, but a few of them produce improved viral functions. The first known mutation associated with higher transmissibility, D614G, was detected in early 2020. Since then, the virus has evolved; new mutations have occurred, and many variants have been described. Depending on the genes affected and the location of the mutations, they could provide altered infectivity, transmissibility, or immune escape. To date, mutations that cause variations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been among the most studied because of the protein's role in the initial virus-cell contact and because it is the most variable region in the virus genome. Some concerning mutations associated with an impact on viral fitness have been described in the Spike protein, such as D614G, N501Y, E484K, K417N/T, L452R, and P681R, among others. To understand the impact of the infectivity and antigenicity of the virus, the mutation landscape of SARS-CoV-2 has been under constant global scrutiny. The virus variants are defined according to their origin, their genetic profile (some characteristic mutations prevalent in the lineage), and the severity of the disease they produce, which determines the level of concern. If they increase fitness, new variants can outcompete others in the population. The Alpha variant was more transmissible than previous versions and quickly spread globally. The Beta and Gamma variants accumulated mutations that partially escape the immune defenses and affect the effectiveness of vaccines. Nowadays, the Delta variant, identified around March 2021, has spread and displaced the other variants, becoming the most concerning of all lineages that have emerged. The Delta variant has a particular genetic profile, bearing unique mutations, such as T478K in the spike protein and M203R in the nucleocapsid. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the different mutations that have appeared in SARS-CoV-2, mainly on the spike protein. It analyzes their impact on the protein function and, subsequently, on the level of concern of different variants and their importance in the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Perez-Gomez
- Translational Genomics Group, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia y Biomedicina BIOTECMED, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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19
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Campos-Ferreira D, Visani V, Córdula C, Nascimento G, Montenegro L, Schindler H, Cavalcanti I. COVID-19 challenges: From SARS-CoV-2 infection to effective point-of-care diagnosis by electrochemical biosensing platforms. Biochem Eng J 2021; 176:108200. [PMID: 34522158 PMCID: PMC8428033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified a new zoonotic virus, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for causing the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Since then, there has been a collaborative trend between the scientific community and industry. Multidisciplinary research networks try to understand the whole SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and its relationship with the different grades of severity presented by COVID-19. The scientific community has gathered all the data in the quickly developed vaccines that offer a protective effect for all variants of the virus and promote new diagnostic alternatives able to have a high standard of efficiency, added to shorter response analysis time and portability. The industry enters in the context of accelerating the path taken by science until obtaining the final product. In this review, we show the principal diagnostic methods developed during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, when we observe the diagnostic tools section of an efficient infection outbreak containment report and the features required for such tools, we could observe a highlight of electrochemical biosensing platforms. Such devices present a high standard of analytical performance, are low-cost tools, easy to handle and interpret, and can be used in the most remote and low-resource regions. Therefore, probably, they are the ideal point-of-care diagnostic tools for pandemic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Campos-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami – LIKA/ UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, CEP: 506070-901 Recife, PE, Brazil,Corresponding author
| | - V. Visani
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami – LIKA/ UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, CEP: 506070-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - C. Córdula
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami – LIKA/ UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, CEP: 506070-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - G.A. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami – LIKA/ UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, CEP: 506070-901 Recife, PE, Brazil,Centro Acadêmico do Agreste - CAA/UFPE, Av. Marielle Franco, s/n - Km 59 - Bairro Nova Caruaru, CEP: 55.014-900 Caruaru, PE, Brazil
| | - L.M.L. Montenegro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Pesquisas Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, CEP: 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - H.C. Schindler
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Pesquisas Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, CEP: 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - I.M.F. Cavalcanti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami – LIKA/ UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, CEP: 506070-901 Recife, PE, Brazil,Centro Acadêmico de Vitória – CAV/UFPE, R. Alto do Reservatório, CEP: 55 612-440 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
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20
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Merges D, Dal Grande F, Greve C, Otte J, Schmitt I. Virus diversity in metagenomes of a lichen symbiosis (Umbilicaria phaea): complete viral genomes, putative hosts and elevational distributions. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6637-6650. [PMID: 34697892 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viruses can play critical roles in symbioses by initiating horizontal gene transfer, affecting host phenotypes, or expanding their host's ecological niche. However, knowledge of viral diversity and distribution in symbiotic organisms remains elusive. Here we use deep-sequenced metagenomic DNA (PacBio Sequel II; two individuals), paired with a population genomics approach (Pool-seq; 11 populations, 550 individuals) to understand viral distributions in the lichen Umbilicaria phaea. We assess (i) viral diversity in lichen thalli, (ii) putative viral hosts (fungi, algae, bacteria) and (iii) viral distributions along two replicated elevation gradients. We identified five novel viruses, showing 28%-40% amino acid identity to known viruses. They tentatively belong to the families Caulimoviridae, Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridae. Our analysis suggests that the Caulimovirus is associated with green algal photobionts (Trebouxia) of the lichen, and the remaining viruses with bacterial hosts. We did not detect viral sequences in the mycobiont. Caulimovirus abundance decreased with increasing elevation, a pattern reflected by a specific algal lineage hosting this virus. Bacteriophages showed population-specific patterns. Our work provides the first comprehensive insights into viruses associated with a lichen holobiont and suggests an interplay of viral hosts and environment in structuring viral distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Merges
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carola Greve
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Nchinda GW, Al-Atoom N, Coats MT, Cameron JM, Waffo AB. Uniqueness of RNA Coliphage Qβ Display System in Directed Evolutionary Biotechnology. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040568. [PMID: 33801772 PMCID: PMC8067240 DOI: 10.3390/v13040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology involves the surface genetic engineering of phages to expose desirable proteins or peptides whose gene sequences are packaged within phage genomes, thereby rendering direct linkage between genotype with phenotype feasible. This has resulted in phage display systems becoming invaluable components of directed evolutionary biotechnology. The M13 is a DNA phage display system which dominates this technology and usually involves selected proteins or peptides being displayed through surface engineering of its minor coat proteins. The displayed protein or peptide’s functionality is often highly reduced due to harsh treatment of M13 variants. Recently, we developed a novel phage display system using the coliphage Qβ as a nano-biotechnology platform. The coliphage Qβ is an RNA phage belonging to the family of Leviviridae, a long investigated virus. Qβ phages exist as a quasispecies and possess features making them comparatively more suitable and unique for directed evolutionary biotechnology. As a quasispecies, Qβ benefits from the promiscuity of its RNA dependent RNA polymerase replicase, which lacks proofreading activity, and thereby permits rapid variant generation, mutation, and adaptation. The minor coat protein of Qβ is the readthrough protein, A1. It shares the same initiation codon with the major coat protein and is produced each time the ribosome translates the UGA stop codon of the major coat protein with the of misincorporation of tryptophan. This misincorporation occurs at a low level (1/15). Per convention and definition, A1 is the target for display technology, as this minor coat protein does not play a role in initiating the life cycle of Qβ phage like the pIII of M13. The maturation protein A2 of Qβ initiates the life cycle by binding to the pilus of the F+ host bacteria. The extension of the A1 protein with a foreign peptide probe recognizes and binds to the target freely, while the A2 initiates the infection. This avoids any disturbance of the complex and the necessity for acidic elution and neutralization prior to infection. The combined use of both the A1 and A2 proteins of Qβ in this display system allows for novel bio-panning, in vitro maturation, and evolution. Additionally, methods for large library size construction have been improved with our directed evolutionary phage display system. This novel phage display technology allows 12 copies of a specific desired peptide to be displayed on the exterior surface of Qβ in uniform distribution at the corners of the phage icosahedron. Through the recently optimized subtractive bio-panning strategy, fusion probes containing up to 80 amino acids altogether with linkers, can be displayed for target selection. Thus, combined uniqueness of its genome, structure, and proteins make the Qβ phage a desirable suitable innovation applicable in affinity maturation and directed evolutionary biotechnology. The evolutionary adaptability of the Qβ phage display strategy is still in its infancy. However, it has the potential to evolve functional domains of the desirable proteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins, rendering them superior to their natural counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin W. Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Biobanking, International Reference Centre CIRCB), BP 3077 Yaoundé, Cameroon;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, 420110 Awka, Nigeria
| | - Nadia Al-Atoom
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA;
| | - Mamie T. Coats
- Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jacqueline M. Cameron
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Alain B. Waffo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-9640
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22
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Giovanetti M, Benedetti F, Campisi G, Ciccozzi A, Fabris S, Ceccarelli G, Tambone V, Caruso A, Angeletti S, Zella D, Ciccozzi M. Evolution patterns of SARS-CoV-2: Snapshot on its genome variants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:88-91. [PMID: 33199021 PMCID: PMC7836704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with a high rate of morbidity and elevate mortality, has emerged as one of the most important threats to humankind in the last centuries. Rigorous determination of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity is very difficult owing to the continuous evolution of the virus, with its single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants and many lineages. However, it is urgently necessary to study the virus in depth, to understand the mechanism of its pathogenicity and virulence, and to develop effective therapeutic strategies. The present contribution summarizes in a succinct way the current knowledge on the evolutionary and structural features of the virus, with the aim of clarifying its mutational pattern and its possible role in the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, University of Biomedical Campus, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, USA
| | - Giovanni Campisi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Universityof Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, University of Biomedical Campus, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fabris
- Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, University of Biomedical Campus, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Salute Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Policlinico Umberto I Università‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Universityof Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, University of Biomedical Campus, Rome, Italy,Corresponding author
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23
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Weisblum Y, Schmidt F, Zhang F, DaSilva J, Poston D, Lorenzi JCC, Muecksch F, Rutkowska M, Hoffmann HH, Michailidis E, Gaebler C, Agudelo M, Cho A, Wang Z, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Luchsinger L, Hillyer CD, Caskey M, Robbiani DF, Rice CM, Nussenzweig MC, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD. Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants. eLife 2020; 9:e61312. [PMID: 33112236 PMCID: PMC7723407 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 975] [Impact Index Per Article: 243.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies elicited by prior infection or vaccination are likely to be key for future protection of individuals and populations against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, passively administered antibodies are among the most promising therapeutic and prophylactic anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. However, the degree to which SARS-CoV-2 will adapt to evade neutralizing antibodies is unclear. Using a recombinant chimeric VSV/SARS-CoV-2 reporter virus, we show that functional SARS-CoV-2 S protein variants with mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain that confer resistance to monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma can be readily selected. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 S variants that resist commonly elicited neutralizing antibodies are now present at low frequencies in circulating SARS-CoV-2 populations. Finally, the emergence of antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants that might limit the therapeutic usefulness of monoclonal antibodies can be mitigated by the use of antibody combinations that target distinct neutralizing epitopes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Mutation
- Neutralization Tests
- Protein Domains
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- Selection, Genetic
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Vesiculovirus/genetics
- Virus Replication
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Justin DaSilva
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel Poston
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Julio CC Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Larry Luchsinger
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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24
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Bellone R, Failloux AB. The Role of Temperature in Shaping Mosquito-Borne Viruses Transmission. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:584846. [PMID: 33101259 PMCID: PMC7545027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases having the greatest impact on human health are typically prevalent in the tropical belt of the world. However, these diseases are conquering temperate regions, raising the question of the role of temperature on their dynamics and expansion. Temperature is one of the most significant abiotic factors affecting, in many ways, insect vectors and the pathogens they transmit. Here, we debate the veracity of this claim by synthesizing current knowledge on the effects of temperature on arboviruses and their vectors, as well as the outcome of their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bellone
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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25
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Seekings AH, Howard WA, Nuñéz A, Slomka MJ, Banyard AC, Hicks D, Ellis RJ, Nuñéz-García J, Hartgroves LC, Barclay WS, Banks J, Brown IH. The Emergence of H7N7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Using an in ovo Embryo Culture Model. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090920. [PMID: 32839404 PMCID: PMC7552004 DOI: 10.3390/v12090920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) often result in the infection of millions of poultry, causing up to 100% mortality. HPAIV has been shown to emerge from low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in field outbreaks. Direct evidence for the emergence of H7N7 HPAIV from a LPAIV precursor with a rare di-basic cleavage site (DBCS) was identified in the UK in 2008. The DBCS contained an additional basic amino acid compared to commonly circulating LPAIVs that harbor a single-basic amino acid at the cleavage site (SBCS). Using reverse genetics, outbreak HPAIVs were rescued with a DBCS (H7N7DB), as seen in the LPAIV precursor or an SBCS representative of common H7 LPAIVs (H7N7SB). Passage of H7N7DB in chicken embryo tissues showed spontaneous evolution to a HPAIV. In contrast, deep sequencing of extracts from embryo tissues in which H7N7SB was serially passaged showed retention of the LPAIV genotype. Thus, in chicken embryos, an H7N7 virus containing a DBCS appears naturally unstable, enabling rapid evolution to HPAIV. Evaluation in embryo tissue presents a useful approach to study AIV evolution and allows a laboratory-based dissection of molecular mechanisms behind the emergence of HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H. Seekings
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wendy A. Howard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Alejandro Nuñéz
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (D.H.)
| | - Marek J. Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Daniel Hicks
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (D.H.)
| | - Richard J. Ellis
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (R.J.E.); (J.N.-G.)
| | - Javier Nuñéz-García
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (R.J.E.); (J.N.-G.)
| | | | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Virology Department, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK; (L.C.H.); (W.S.B.)
| | - Jill Banks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (W.A.H.); (M.J.S.); (A.C.B.); (J.B.); (I.H.B.)
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26
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Abstract
The evolutionary dynamics of a virus can differ within hosts and across populations. Studies of within-host evolution provide an important link between experimental studies of virus evolution and large-scale phylodynamic analyses. They can determine the extent to which global processes are recapitulated on local scales and how accurately experimental infections model natural ones. They may also inform epidemiologic models of disease spread and reveal how host-level dynamics contribute to a virus's evolution at a larger scale. Over the last decade, advances in viral sequencing have enabled detailed studies of viral genetic diversity within hosts. I review how within-host diversity is sampled, measured, and expressed, and how comparative studies of viral diversity can be leveraged to elucidate a virus's evolutionary dynamics. These concepts are illustrated with detailed reviews of recent research on the within-host evolution of influenza virus, dengue virus, and cytomegalovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Lauring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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27
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Su Q, Chen Y, Li M, Ma J, Wang B, Luo J, He H. Genetic Characterization and Molecular Evolution of Urban Seoul Virus in Southern China. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121137. [PMID: 31835357 PMCID: PMC6950471 DOI: 10.3390/v11121137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV), which causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans, has spread all over the world, especially in mainland China. Understanding basic mechanisms of SEOV evolution is essential to better combat and prevent viral diseases. Here, we examined SEOV prevalence and evolution in the residential area of four districts in Guangzhou city, China. The carriage of SEOV was observed in 33.33% of the sampled rodents, with 35.96% of the sampled Rattus norvegicus and 13.33% of R. tanezumi. Based on the comprehensive analyses of large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments, our study first demonstrated that the genetic characterization of urban SEOV was shaped by high nucleotide substitution rates, purifying selection, and recombination. Additionally, we detected mutational saturation in the S segment of SEOV, which may lead to the biases of genetic divergence and substitution rates in our study. Importantly, we have filled the gap of SEOV evolution in the urban area. The genetic variation of SEOV may highlight the risk of HFRS, which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Su
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Yi Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiajun Ma
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Bo Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Intrahost Selection Pressure Drives Equine Arteritis Virus Evolution during Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00045-19. [PMID: 30918077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00045-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a reproductive and respiratory disease of horses. Following natural infection, 10 to 70% of infected stallions can become carriers of EAV and continue to shed virus in the semen. In this study, sequential viruses isolated from nasal secretions, buffy coat cells, and semen of seven experimentally infected and two naturally infected EAV carrier stallions were deep sequenced to elucidate the intrahost microevolutionary process after a single transmission event. Analysis of variants from nasal secretions and buffy coat cells lacked extensive positive selection; however, characteristics of the mutant spectra were different in the two sample types. In contrast, the initial semen virus populations during acute infection have undergone a selective bottleneck, as reflected by the reduction in population size and diversifying selection at multiple sites in the viral genome. Furthermore, during persistent infection, extensive genome-wide purifying selection shaped variant diversity in the stallion reproductive tract. Overall, the nonstochastic nature of EAV evolution during persistent infection was driven by active intrahost selection pressure. Among the open reading frames within the viral genome, ORF3, ORF5, and the nsp2-coding region of ORF1a accumulated the majority of nucleotide substitutions during persistence, with ORF3 and ORF5 having the highest intrahost evolutionary rates. The findings presented here provide a novel insight into the evolutionary mechanisms of EAV and identified critical regions of the viral genome likely associated with the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection in the stallion reproductive tract.IMPORTANCE EAV can persist in the reproductive tract of infected stallions, and consequently, long-term carrier stallions constitute its sole natural reservoir. Previous studies demonstrated that the ampullae of the vas deferens are the primary site of viral persistence in the stallion reproductive tract and the persistence is associated with a significant inflammatory response that is unable to clear the infection. This is the first study that describes EAV full-length genomic evolution during acute and long-term persistent infection in the stallion reproductive tract using next-generation sequencing and contemporary sequence analysis techniques. The data provide novel insight into the intrahost evolution of EAV during acute and persistent infection and demonstrate that persistent infection is characterized by extensive genome-wide purifying selection and a nonstochastic evolutionary pattern mediated by intrahost selective pressure, with important nucleotide substitutions occurring in ORF1a (region encoding nsp2), ORF3, and ORF5.
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29
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Abstract
RNA viruses are diverse, abundant, and rapidly evolving. Genetic data have been generated from virus populations since the late 1970s and used to understand their evolution, emergence, and spread, culminating in the generation and analysis of many thousands of viral genome sequences. Despite this wealth of data, evolutionary genetics has played a surprisingly small role in our understanding of virus evolution. Instead, studies of RNA virus evolution have been dominated by two very different perspectives, the experimental and the comparative, that have largely been conducted independently and sometimes antagonistically. Here, we review the insights that these two approaches have provided over the last 40 years. We show that experimental approaches using in vitro and in vivo laboratory models are largely focused on short-term intrahost evolutionary mechanisms, and may not always be relevant to natural systems. In contrast, the comparative approach relies on the phylogenetic analysis of natural virus populations, usually considering data collected over multiple cycles of virus-host transmission, but is divorced from the causative evolutionary processes. To truly understand RNA virus evolution it is necessary to meld experimental and comparative approaches within a single evolutionary genetic framework, and to link viral evolution at the intrahost scale with that which occurs over both epidemiological and geological timescales. We suggest that the impetus for this new synthesis may come from methodological advances in next-generation sequencing and metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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30
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Saswat T, Sahoo N, Muduli S, Debata NK, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. Epidemiological trends and molecular dynamics of dengue, chikungunya virus infection, coinfection, and other undifferentiated fever during 2015-2016 in Odisha, India. J Med Virol 2018; 91:163-170. [PMID: 30192396 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is spatiotemporally related to dengue virus (DENV) infection and mostly undiagnosed due to similar primary symptoms. In 2013, a high rate (36%) of coinfection of DENV and CHIKV was reported in Odisha. Hence, the hospital-based study was continued to synthesis current epidemiological understanding of their single distribution or coinfection. Suspected DENV patients serum samples were tested for DENV and CHIKV by serology and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The positive samples were used for analysis of mutation, selection pressure, and phylogenetic relationship. Clinical information was also analyzed. Among 648 (2015 and 2016) suspected DENV patients, 141 (21.7%) were positive for DENV (serotypes 1-3), 22 (3.4%) were positive for CHIKV (ECSA) and 4 (2.8%) were coinfected with both. Sequence analysis showed four consistent mutations (M104V, V112A, K166N, and F169L) in CprM gene of DENV 2 and two consistent mutations (M269V, D284E) in E1 gene of CHIKV. Interestingly, the CHIKV- E1 A226V mutation was absent in the studied population. It was also noticed that the peak incidence of both the infections occurs in August-September in 2015-16. Moreover, Plasmodium species, Salmonella typhi, and Rickettsial typhi infections were also observed in DENV patients. Different etiology was also detected in other undifferentiated fever patients as mixed infections (malaria, S. typhi, and R. typhi ). Hence, this investigation shows the significant reduction of DENV-CHIKV coinfection as compared with previous report, the burden of arboviruses and acute undifferentiated fever in Odisha in 2015-2016, highlighting the importance of epidemiological picture of febrile patients for appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Saswat
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nalinee Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology, IMS & Sum Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sagarika Muduli
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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31
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Leeks A, Segredo-Otero EA, Sanjuán R, West SA. Beneficial coinfection can promote within-host viral diversity. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey028. [PMID: 30288300 PMCID: PMC6166523 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many viral infections, a large number of different genetic variants can coexist within a host, leading to more virulent infections that are better able to evolve antiviral resistance and adapt to new hosts. But how is this diversity maintained? Why do faster-growing variants not outcompete slower-growing variants, and erode this diversity? One hypothesis is if there are mutually beneficial interactions between variants, with host cells infected by multiple different viral genomes producing more, or more effective, virions. We modelled this hypothesis with both mathematical models and simulations, and found that moderate levels of beneficial coinfection can maintain high levels of coexistence, even when coinfection is relatively rare, and when there are significant fitness differences between competing variants. Rare variants are more likely to be coinfecting with a different variant, and hence beneficial coinfection increases the relative fitness of rare variants through negative frequency dependence, and maintains diversity. We further find that coexisting variants sometimes reach unequal frequencies, depending on the extent to which different variants benefit from coinfection, and the ratio of variants which leads to the most productive infected cells. These factors could help drive the evolution of defective interfering particles, and help to explain why the different segments of multipartite viruses persist at different equilibrium frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Leeks
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ernesto A Segredo-Otero
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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32
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Telles GP, Araújo GS, Walter MEMT, Brigido MM, Almeida NF. Live neighbor-joining. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:172. [PMID: 29769032 PMCID: PMC5956842 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In phylogenetic reconstruction the result is a tree where all taxa are leaves and internal nodes are hypothetical ancestors. In a live phylogeny, both ancestral and living taxa may coexist, leading to a tree where internal nodes may be living taxa. The well-known Neighbor-Joining heuristic is largely used for phylogenetic reconstruction. RESULTS We present Live Neighbor-Joining, a heuristic for building a live phylogeny. We have investigated Live Neighbor-Joining on datasets of viral genomes, a plausible scenario for its application, which allowed the construction of alternative hypothesis for the relationships among virus that embrace both ancestral and descending taxa. We also applied Live Neighbor-Joining on a set of bacterial genomes and to sets of images and texts. Non-biological data may be better explored visually when their relationship in terms of content similarity is represented by means of a phylogeny. CONCLUSION Our experiments have shown interesting alternative phylogenetic hypothesis for RNA virus genomes, bacterial genomes and alternative relationships among images and texts, illustrating a wide range of scenarios where Live Neighbor-Joining may be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme P Telles
- Instituto de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Graziela S Araújo
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Maria E M T Walter
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Brigido
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Nalvo F Almeida
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil.
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33
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Gao F, Du Z, Shen J, Yang H, Liao F. Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Ornithogalum mosaic virus based on the coat protein gene sequence. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4550. [PMID: 29607262 PMCID: PMC5877448 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornithogalum mosaic virus (OrMV) has a wide host range and affects the production of a variety of ornamentals. In this study, the coat protein (CP) gene of OrMVwas used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of this virus. The 36 OrMV isolates fell into two groups which have significant subpopulation differentiation with an FST value of 0.470. One isolate was identified as a recombinant and the other 35 recombination-free isolates could be divided into two major clades under different evolutionary constraints with dN/dS values of 0.055 and 0.028, respectively, indicating a role of purifying selection in the differentiation of OrMV. In addition, the results from analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the effect of host species on the genetic divergence of OrMV is greater than that of geography. Furthermore, OrMV isolates from the genera Ornithogalum, Lachenalia and Diuri tended to group together, indicating that OrMV diversification was maintained, in part, by host-driven adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangluan Gao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenguo Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianguo Shen
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Fujian Exit-Entry, Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongkai Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Furong Liao
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Xiamen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Saraiva GL, Santos MR, Pereira CG, Vidigal PMP, Fietto JLR, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Bressan GC, Soares-Martins JAP, de Almeida MR, Silva-Júnior A. Evaluation of the genetic variability found in Brazilian commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Genes 2018; 54:77-85. [PMID: 29128885 PMCID: PMC7089498 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is currently one of the most important pathogens in the poultry industry. The H120 and Ma5 are the only viral strains approved by the Brazilian government as the constituent of vaccines. Despite the systematic vaccination in Brazil, IBV has not yet been controlled and diseases associated with this virus have been reported in vaccinated chickens. Here, we investigated the genetic variability of H120 and Ma5 strains present in the IBV vaccines from different Brazilian manufacturers. We performed DNA sequencing analyses of the S1 spike glycoprotein gene to investigate its genetic variability and the presence of viral subpopulations among vaccines, between batches, and also in each vaccine after a single passage was performed in chicken embryonated eggs. Our results revealed up to 13 amino acid substitutions among vaccines and some of them were localized in regions of the S1 glycoprotein that play a role in virus-host interaction. Secondary nucleotide peaks identified in the chromatogram for the S1 gene sequence revealed that all original vaccines (H120 and Ma5) were composed by different subpopulations of IBV. Moreover, new viral subpopulations were also found in vaccines after a single passage in chicken embryonated eggs. These findings indicate that H120 and Ma5 viral strains used in vaccines market in Brazil can still mutate very rapidly during replication, leading to amino acid substitutions in proteins involved in the stimulation of the immune response, such as the S1 glycoprotein. Therefore, our data suggest that the genetic variability of these viral strains should be taken into consideration to ensure an effective immune response against IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Loreto Saraiva
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Rebouças Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Claiton Gonçalves Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBiomol), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jamária A P Soares-Martins
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Waukesha County Technical College, 800 Main Street, Pewaukee, WI, 53072, USA
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Rodríguez-Nevado C, Montes N, Pagán I. Ecological Factors Affecting Infection Risk and Population Genetic Diversity of a Novel Potyvirus in Its Native Wild Ecosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1958. [PMID: 29184567 PMCID: PMC5694492 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that there is ample diversity of plant virus species in wild ecosystems. The vast majority of this diversity, however, remains uncharacterized. Moreover, in these ecosystems the factors affecting plant virus infection risk and population genetic diversity, two traits intrinsically linked to virus emergence, are largely unknown. Along 3 years, we have analyzed the prevalence and diversity of plant virus species from the genus Potyvirus in evergreen oak forests of the Iberian Peninsula, the main wild ecosystem in this geographic region and in the entire Mediterranean basin. During this period, we have also measured plant species diversity, host density, plant biomass, temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. Results indicated that potyviruses were always present in evergreen oak forests, with a novel virus species explaining the largest fraction of potyvirus-infected plants. We determined the genomic sequence of this novel virus and we explored its host range in natural and greenhouse conditions. Natural host range was limited to the perennial plant mountain rue (Ruta montana), commonly found in evergreen oak forests of the Iberian Peninsula. In this host, the virus was highly prevalent and was therefore provisionally named mediterranean ruda virus (MeRV). Focusing in this natural host-virus interaction, we analyzed the ecological factors affecting MeRV infection risk and population genetic diversity in its native wild ecosystem. The main predictor of virus infection risk was the host density. MeRV prevalence was the major factor determining genetic diversity and selection pressures in the virus populations. This observation supports theoretical predictions assigning these two traits a key role in parasite epidemiology and evolution. Thus, our analyses contribute both to characterize viral diversity and to understand the ecological determinants of virus population dynamics in wild ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Nevado
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas – Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Montes
- Plant Physiology, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas – Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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Lequime S, Richard V, Cao-Lormeau VM, Lambrechts L. Full-genome dengue virus sequencing in mosquito saliva shows lack of convergent positive selection during transmission by Aedes aegypti. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex031. [PMID: 29497564 PMCID: PMC5782851 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other pathogens with high mutation and replication rates, within-host dengue virus
(DENV) populations evolve during infection of their main mosquito vector, Aedes
aegypti. Within-host DENV evolution during transmission provides opportunities
for adaptation and emergence of novel virus variants. Recent studies of DENV genetic
diversity failed to detect convergent evolution of adaptive mutations in mosquito tissues
such as midgut and salivary glands, suggesting that convergent positive selection is not a
major driver of within-host DENV evolution in the vector. However, it is unknown whether
this conclusion extends to the transmitted viral subpopulation because it is technically
difficult to sequence DENV genomes in mosquito saliva. Here, we achieved DENV full-genome
sequencing by pooling saliva samples collected non-sacrificially from 49 to 163 individual
Ae. aegypti mosquitoes previously infected with one of two DENV-1
genotypes. We compared the transmitted viral subpopulations found in the pooled saliva
samples collected in time series with the input viral population present in the infectious
blood meal. In all pooled saliva samples examined, the full-genome consensus sequence of
the input viral population was unchanged. Although the pooling strategy prevents analysis
of individual saliva samples, our results demonstrate the lack of strong convergent
positive selection during a single round of DENV transmission by Ae.
aegypti. This finding reinforces the idea that genetic drift and purifying
selection are the dominant evolutionary forces shaping within-host DENV genetic diversity
during transmission by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lequime
- Insect-Virus Interactions Group, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vaea Richard
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Van-Mai Cao-Lormeau
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions Group, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Franco LS, Holechek SA, Caplan MR, Blattman JN. Sequence-specific detection of different strains of LCMV in a single sample using tentacle probes. Virol J 2017; 14:197. [PMID: 29029641 PMCID: PMC5640925 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus infections often result in quasispecies of viral strains that can have dramatic impacts on disease outcomes. However, sequencing of viruses to determine strain composition is time consuming and often cost-prohibitive. Rapid, cost-effective methods are needed for accurate measurement of virus diversity to understand virus evolution and can be useful for experimental systems. METHODS We have developed a novel molecular method for sequence-specific detection of RNA virus genetic variants called Tentacle Probes. The probes are modified molecular beacons that have dramatically improved false positive rates and specificity in routine qPCR. To validate this approach, we have designed Tentacle Probes for two different strains of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) that differ by only 3 nucleotide substitutions, the parental Armstrong and the more virulent Clone-13 strain. One of these mutations is a missense mutation in the receptor protein GP1 that leads to the Armstrong strain to cause an acute infection and Clone-13 to cause a chronic infection instead. The probes were designed using thermodynamic calculations for hybridization between target or non-target sequences and the probe. RESULTS Using this approach, we were able to distinguish these two strains of LCMV individually by a single nucleotide mutation. The assay showed high reproducibility among different concentrations of viral cDNA, as well as high specificity and sensitivity, especially for the Clone-13 Tentacle Probe. Furthermore, in virus mixing experiments we were able to detect less than 10% of Clone-13 cDNA diluted in Armstrong cDNA. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we have developed a fast, cost-effective approach for identifying Clone-13 strain in a mix of other LCMV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina S Franco
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Susan A Holechek
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Michael R Caplan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Xiao Y, Dolan PT, Goldstein EF, Li M, Farkov M, Brodsky L, Andino R. Poliovirus intrahost evolution is required to overcome tissue-specific innate immune responses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:375. [PMID: 28851882 PMCID: PMC5575128 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses, such as poliovirus, have a great evolutionary capacity, allowing them to quickly adapt and overcome challenges encountered during infection. Here we show that poliovirus infection in immune-competent mice requires adaptation to tissue-specific innate immune microenvironments. The ability of the virus to establish robust infection and virulence correlates with its evolutionary capacity. We further identify a region in the multi-functional poliovirus protein 2B as a hotspot for the accumulation of minor alleles that facilitate a more effective suppression of the interferon response. We propose that population genetic dynamics enables poliovirus spread between tissues through optimization of the genetic composition of low frequency variants, which together cooperate to circumvent tissue-specific challenges. Thus, intrahost virus evolution determines pathogenesis, allowing a dynamic regulation of viral functions required to overcome barriers to infection. RNA viruses, such as polioviruses, have a great evolutionary capacity and can adapt quickly during infection. Here, the authors show that poliovirus infection in mice requires adaptation to innate immune microenvironments encountered in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Patrick Timothy Dolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Faul Goldstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mikhail Farkov
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center and Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Leonid Brodsky
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center and Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Nikolin VM, Olarte-Castillo XA, Osterrieder N, Hofer H, Dubovi E, Mazzoni CJ, Brunner E, Goller KV, Fyumagwa RD, Moehlman PD, Thierer D, East ML. Canine distemper virus in the Serengeti ecosystem: molecular adaptation to different carnivore species. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:2111-2130. [PMID: 27928865 PMCID: PMC7168383 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Was the 1993/1994 fatal canine distemper virus (CDV) epidemic in lions and spotted hyaenas in the Serengeti ecosystem caused by the recent spillover of a virulent domestic dog strain or one well adapted to these noncanids? We examine this question using sequence data from 13 'Serengeti' strains including five complete genomes obtained between 1993 and 2011. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses reveal that strains from noncanids during the epidemic were more closely related to each other than to those from domestic or wild canids. All noncanid 'Serengeti' strains during the epidemic encoded: (1) one novel substitution G134S in the CDV-V protein; and (2) the rare amino acid combination 519I/549H at two sites under positive selection in the region of the CDV-H protein that binds to SLAM (CD 150) host cell receptors. Worldwide, only a few noncanid strains in the America II lineage encode CDV-H 519I/549H. All canid 'Serengeti' strains during the epidemic coded CDV-V 134G, and CDV-H 519R/549Y, or 519R/549H. A functional assay of cell entry revealed the highest performance by CDV-H proteins encoding 519I/549H in cells expressing lion SLAM receptors, and the highest performance by proteins encoding 519R/549Y, typical of dog strains worldwide, in cells expressing dog SLAM receptors. Our findings are consistent with an epidemic in lions and hyaenas caused by CDV variants better adapted to noncanids than canids, but not with the recent spillover of a dog strain. Our study reveals a greater complexity of CDV molecular epidemiology in multihost environments than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veljko M Nikolin
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Animal Health Diagnostic Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Camila J Mazzoni
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Brunner
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja V Goller
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert D Fyumagwa
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Dagmar Thierer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion L East
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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Zwart MP, Elena SF. Matters of Size: Genetic Bottlenecks in Virus Infection and Their Potential Impact on Evolution. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 2:161-79. [PMID: 26958911 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For virus infections of multicellular hosts, narrow genetic bottlenecks during transmission and within-host spread appear to be widespread. These bottlenecks will affect the maintenance of genetic variation in a virus population and the prevalence of mixed-strain infections, thereby ultimately determining the strength with which different random forces act during evolution. Here we consider different approaches for estimating bottleneck sizes and weigh their merits. We then review quantitative estimates of bottleneck size during cellular infection, within-host spread, horizontal transmission, and finally vertical transmission. In most cases we find that bottlenecks do regularly occur, although in many cases they appear to be virion-concentration dependent. Finally, we consider the evolutionary implications of genetic bottlenecks during virus infection. Although on average strong bottlenecks will lead to declines in fitness, we consider a number of scenarios in which bottlenecks could also be advantageous for viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Zwart
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain; .,Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain; .,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501
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41
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Tabachnick WJ. Climate Change and the Arboviruses: Lessons from the Evolution of the Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:125-145. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-035630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida 32962;
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Rodelo-Urrego M, García-Arenal F, Pagán I. The effect of ecosystem biodiversity on virus genetic diversity depends on virus species: A study of chiltepin-infecting begomoviruses in Mexico. Virus Evol 2015; 1:vev004. [PMID: 27774278 PMCID: PMC5014474 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vev004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Current declines in biodiversity put at risk ecosystem services that are fundamental for human welfare. Increasing evidence indicates that one such service is the ability to reduce virus emergence. It has been proposed that the reduction of virus emergence occurs at two levels: through a reduction of virus prevalence/transmission and, as a result of these epidemiological changes, through a limitation of virus genetic diversity. Although the former mechanism has been studied in a few host-virus interactions, very little is known about the association between ecosystem biodiversity and virus genetic diversity. To address this subject, we estimated genetic diversity, synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitution rates, selection pressures, and frequency of recombinants and re-assortants in populations of Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) and Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV) that infect chiltepin plants in Mexico. We then analyzed how these parameters varied according to the level of habitat anthropization, which is the major cause of biodiversity loss. Our results indicated that genetic diversity of PepGMV (but not of PHYVV) populations increased with the loss of biodiversity at higher levels of habitat anthropization. This was mostly the consequence of higher rates of synonymous nucleotide substitutions, rather than of adaptive selection. The frequency of recombinants and re-assortants was higher in PepGMV populations infecting wild chiltepin than in those infecting cultivated ones, suggesting that genetic exchange is not the main mechanism for generating genetic diversity in PepGMV populations. These findings provide evidence that biodiversity may modulate the genetic diversity of plant viruses, but it may differentially affect even two closely related viruses. Our analyses may contribute to understanding the factors involved in virus emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodelo-Urrego
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and Dpto. de Biotecnología, Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autopista M40 (Km. 38), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and Dpto. de Biotecnología, Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autopista M40 (Km. 38), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and Dpto. de Biotecnología, Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autopista M40 (Km. 38), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Measles Virus Defective Interfering RNAs Are Generated Frequently and Early in the Absence of C Protein and Can Be Destabilized by Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA-1-Like Hypermutations. J Virol 2015; 89:7735-47. [PMID: 25972541 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01017-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Defective interfering RNAs (DI-RNAs) of the viral genome can form during infections of negative-strand RNA viruses and outgrow full-length viral genomes, thereby modulating the severity and duration of infection. Here we document the frequent de novo generation of copy-back DI-RNAs from independent rescue events both for a vaccine measles virus (vac2) and for a wild-type measles virus (IC323) as early as passage 1 after virus rescue. Moreover, vaccine and wild-type C-protein-deficient (C-protein-knockout [CKO]) measles viruses generated about 10 times more DI-RNAs than parental virus, suggesting that C enhances the processivity of the viral polymerase. We obtained the nucleotide sequences of 65 individual DI-RNAs, identified breakpoints and reinitiation sites, and predicted their structural features. Several DI-RNAs possessed clusters of A-to-G or U-to-C transitions. Sequences flanking these mutation sites were characteristic of those favored by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1), which catalyzes in double-stranded RNA the C-6 deamination of adenosine to produce inosine, which is recognized as guanosine, a process known as A-to-I RNA editing. In individual DI-RNAs the transitions were of the same type and occurred on both sides of the breakpoint. These patterns of mutations suggest that ADAR1 edits unencapsidated DI-RNAs that form double-strand RNA structures. Encapsidated DI-RNAs were incorporated into virus particles, which reduced the infectivity of virus stocks. The CKO phenotype was dominant: DI-RNAs derived from vac2 with a CKO suppressed the replication of vac2, as shown by coinfections of interferon-incompetent lymphatic cells with viruses expressing different fluorescent reporter proteins. In contrast, coinfection with a C-protein-expressing virus did not counteract the suppressive phenotype of DI-RNAs. IMPORTANCE Recombinant measles viruses (MVs) are in clinical trials as cancer therapeutics and as vectored vaccines for HIV-AIDS and other infectious diseases. The efficacy of MV-based vectors depends on their replication proficiency and immune activation capacity. Here we document that copy-back defective interfering RNAs (DI-RNAs) are generated by recombinant vaccine and wild-type MVs immediately after rescue. The MV C protein interferes with DI-RNA generation and may enhance the processivity of the viral polymerase. We frequently detected clusters of A-to-G or U-to-C transitions and noted that sequences flanking individual mutations contain motifs favoring recognition by the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1). The consistent type of transitions on the DI-RNAs indicates that these are direct substrates for editing by ADAR1. The ADAR1-mediated biased hypermutation events are consistent with the protein kinase R (PKR)-ADAR1 balancing model of innate immunity activation. We show by coinfection that the C-defective phenotype is dominant.
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44
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Nelson CW, Hughes AL. Within-host nucleotide diversity of virus populations: insights from next-generation sequencing. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 30:1-7. [PMID: 25481279 PMCID: PMC4316684 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology offers new opportunities for understanding the evolution and dynamics of viral populations within individual hosts over the course of infection. We review simple methods for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide diversity in viral genes from NGS data without the need for inferring linkage. We discuss the potential usefulness of these data for addressing questions of both practical and theoretical interest, including fundamental questions regarding the effective population sizes of within-host viral populations and the modes of natural selection acting on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase W Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Austin L Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Chamorro MF, Walz PH, Passler T, van Santen E, Gard J, Rodning SP, Riddell KP, Galik PK, Zhang Y. Efficacy of multivalent, modified- live virus (MLV) vaccines administered to early weaned beef calves subsequently challenged with virulent Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:29. [PMID: 25880998 PMCID: PMC4334402 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination of young calves against Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is desirable in dairy and beef operations to reduce clinical disease and prevent spread of the virus among cattle. Although protection from clinical disease by multivalent, modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines has been demonstrated, the ability of MLV vaccines to prevent viremia and viral shedding in young calves possessing passive immunity is not known. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of three different MLV vaccines to prevent clinical disease, viremia, and virus shedding in early weaned beef calves possessing maternal immunity that were vaccinated once at 45 days prior to challenge with virulent BVDV 2. Results At 45 days following vaccination, calves that received vaccines B and C had significantly higher BVDV 1 and BVDV 2 serum antibody titers compared with control calves. Serum antibody titers for BVDV 1 and BVDV 2 were not significantly different between control calves and calves that received vaccine D. Following BVDV 2 challenge, a higher proportion of control calves and calves that received vaccine D presented viremia and shed virus compared with calves that received vaccines B and C. Rectal temperatures and clinical scores were not significantly different between groups at any time period. Calves that received vaccines B and C had significantly higher mean body weights at BVDV 2 challenge and at the end of the study compared with control calves. Conclusions Moderate to low maternally-derived BVDV antibody levels protected all calves against severe clinical disease after challenge with virulent BVDV 2. Vaccines B and C induced a greater antibody response to BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, and resulted in reduced viremia and virus shedding in vaccinated calves after challenge indicating a greater efficacy in preventing virus transmission and reducing negative effects of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F Chamorro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Edzard van Santen
- Department of Crop, Soils, and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Julie Gard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Soren P Rodning
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Kay P Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Patricia K Galik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Wille M, Avril A, Tolf C, Schager A, Larsson S, Borg O, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Temporal dynamics, diversity, and interplay in three components of the virodiversity of a Mallard population: influenza A virus, avian paramyxovirus and avian coronavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 29:129-37. [PMID: 25461850 PMCID: PMC7106038 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the autumn of 2011, 3029 samples collected from 144 Mallards. A high prevalence of influenza A with 27 different HA/NA subtype combinations. A bimodal seasonal prevalence curve, up to 12%, of gammacoronavirus. An increased coronavirus prevalence given birds are coinfected with influenza A. Low prevalence and diversity of avian paramyxovirus type 1.
Multiple infections, or simultaneous infection of a host with multiple parasites, are the rule rather than the exception. Interactions between co-occurring pathogens in a population may be mutualistic, competitive or facilitative. For some pathogen combinations, these interrelated effects will have epidemiological consequences; however this is as yet poorly incorporated into practical disease ecology. For example, screening of Mallards for influenza A viruses (IAV) have repeatedly revealed high prevalence and large subtype diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Other studies have identified avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) and coronaviruses (CoVs) in Mallards, but without making inferences on the larger viral assemblage. In this study we followed 144 wild Mallards across an autumn season in a natural stopover site and constructed infection histories of IAV, APMV-1 and CoV. There was a high prevalence of IAV, comprising of 27 subtype combinations, while APMV-1 had a comparatively low prevalence (with a peak of 2%) and limited strain variation, similar to previous findings. Avian CoVs were common, with prevalence up to 12%, and sequence analysis identified different putative genetic lineages. An investigation of the dynamics of co-infections revealed a synergistic effect between CoV and IAV, whereby CoV prevalence was higher given that the birds were co-infected with IAV. There were no interactive effects between IAV and APMV-1. Disease dynamics are the result of an interplay between parasites, host immune responses, and resources; and is imperative that we begin to include all factors to better understand infectious disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Alexis Avril
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden; CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anna Schager
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Sara Larsson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Olivia Borg
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Weber M, Weber F. RIG-I-like receptors and negative-strand RNA viruses: RLRly bird catches some worms. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:621-8. [PMID: 24894317 PMCID: PMC7108359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Negative strand RNA viruses with a nonsegmented genome (ns-NSVs) or a segmented genome (s-NSVs) are an important source of human and animal diseases. Survival of the host from those infections is critically dependent on rapidly reacting innate immune responses. Two cytoplasmic RNA helicases, RIG-I and MDA5 (collectively termed RIG-I-like receptors, RLRs), are essential for recognizing virus-specific RNA structures to initiate a signalling cascade, resulting in the production of the antiviral type I interferons. Here, we will review the current knowledge and views on RLR agonists, RLR signalling, and the wide variety of countermeasures ns-NSVs and s-NSVs have evolved. Specific aspects include the consequences of genome segmentation for RLR activation and a discussion on the physiological ligands of RLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Weber
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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48
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Li MJ, Kim JK, Seo EY, Hong SM, Hwang EI, Moon JK, Domier LL, Hammond J, Youn YN, Lim HS. Sequence variability in the HC-Pro coding regions of Korean soybean mosaic virus isolates is associated with differences in RNA silencing suppression. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1373-83. [PMID: 24378822 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the family Potyviridae, is an important viral pathogen affecting soybean production in Korea. Variations in helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) sequences and the pathogenicity of SMV samples from seven Korean provinces were compared with those of previously characterized SMV isolates from China, Korea and the United States. Phylogenetic analysis separated 16 new Korean SMV isolates into two groups. Fourteen of the new Korean SMV samples belonged to group II and were very similar to U.S. strain SMV G7 and Chinese isolate C14. One isolate in group II, A297-13, differed at three amino acid positions (L54F, N286D, D369N) in the HC-Pro coding sequence from severe isolates and SMV 413, showed very weak silencing suppressor activity, and produced only mild symptoms in soybean. To test the role of each amino acid substitution in RNA silencing and viral RNA accumulation, a series of point mutations was constructed. Substitution of N for D at position 286 in HC-Pro of SMV A297-12 significantly reduced silencing suppression activity. When the mutant HC-Pro of A297-13 was introduced into an infectious clone of SMV 413, accumulation of viral RNA was reduced to less than 3 % of the level of SMV 413 containing HC-Pro of A297-12 at 10 days post-inoculation (dpi) but increased to 40 % of SMV 413(HC-Pro A297-12) at 40 dpi. At 50 dpi RNA accumulation of SMV 413(HC-Pro A297-13) was similar to that of SMV 413(HC-Pro A297-12). However, at 50 dpi, the D at position 286 of HC-Pro in SMV 413(HC-Pro A297-13) was found to have reverted to N. The results showed that 1) a naturally occurring mutation in HC-Pro significantly reduced silencing suppression activity and accumulation of transgene and viral RNAs, and 2) that there was strong selection for revision to wild type when the mutation was introduced into an infectious clone of SMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jia Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Qi H, Olson CA, Wu NC, Ke R, Loverdo C, Chu V, Truong S, Remenyi R, Chen Z, Du Y, Su SY, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Wu TT, Chen SH, Lin CY, Zhong W, Lloyd-Smith JO, Sun R. A quantitative high-resolution genetic profile rapidly identifies sequence determinants of hepatitis C viral fitness and drug sensitivity. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004064. [PMID: 24722365 PMCID: PMC3983061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely used chemical genetic screens have greatly facilitated the identification of many antiviral agents. However, the regions of interaction and inhibitory mechanisms of many therapeutic candidates have yet to be elucidated. Previous chemical screens identified Daclatasvir (BMS-790052) as a potent nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with an unclear inhibitory mechanism. Here we have developed a quantitative high-resolution genetic (qHRG) approach to systematically map the drug-protein interactions between Daclatasvir and NS5A and profile genetic barriers to Daclatasvir resistance. We implemented saturation mutagenesis in combination with next-generation sequencing technology to systematically quantify the effect of every possible amino acid substitution in the drug-targeted region (domain IA of NS5A) on replication fitness and sensitivity to Daclatasvir. This enabled determination of the residues governing drug-protein interactions. The relative fitness and drug sensitivity profiles also provide a comprehensive reference of the genetic barriers for all possible single amino acid changes during viral evolution, which we utilized to predict clinical outcomes using mathematical models. We envision that this high-resolution profiling methodology will be useful for next-generation drug development to select drugs with higher fitness costs to resistance, and also for informing the rational use of drugs based on viral variant spectra from patients. The emergence of drug resistance during antiviral treatment limits treatment options and poses challenges to pharmaceutical development. Meanwhile, the search for novel antiviral compounds with chemical genetic screens has led to the identification of antiviral agents with undefined drug mechanisms. Daclatasvir, an effective NS5A inhibitor, is one such example. In traditional methods to identify critical residues governing drug-protein interactions, wild type virus is passaged under drug treatment pressure, enabling the identification of resistant mutations evolved after multiple viral passages. However, this method only characterizes a fraction of the positively selected variants. Here we have simultaneously quantified the relative change in replication fitness as well as the relative sensitivity to Daclatasvir for all possible single amino acid mutations in the NS5A domain IA, thereby identifying the entire panel of positions that interact with the drug. Using mathematical models, we predicted which mutations pose the greatest risk of causing emergence of resistance under different scenarios of treatment compliance. The mutant fitness and drug-sensitivity profiles obtained can also inform the patient-specific use of Daclatasvir and may facilitate the development of second-generation drugs with a higher genetic barrier to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangfei Qi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - C Anders Olson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ruian Ke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Claude Loverdo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Virginia Chu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shawna Truong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Remenyi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zugen Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yushen Du
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sheng-Yao Su
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laith Q Al-Mawsawi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shu-Hua Chen
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weidong Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America; The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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50
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Jackowiak P, Kuls K, Budzko L, Mania A, Figlerowicz M, Figlerowicz M. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the hepatitis C virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:67-82. [PMID: 24200590 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally prevalent human pathogen that causes persistent liver infections in most infected individuals. HCV is classified into seven phylogenetically distinct genotypes, which have different geographical distributions and levels of genetic diversity. Some of these genotypes are endemic and highly divergent, whereas others disseminate rapidly on an epidemic scale but display lower variability. HCV phylogeny has an important impact on disease epidemiology and clinical practice because the viral genotype may determine the pathogenesis and severity of the resultant chronic liver disease. In addition, there is a clear association between the HCV genotype and its susceptibility to antiviral treatment. Similarly to other RNA viruses, in a single host, HCV exists as a combination of related but genetically different variants. The whole formation is the actual target of selection exerted by a host organism and antiviral therapeutics. The genetic structure of the viral population is largely shaped by mutations that are constantly introduced during an error-prone replication. However, it appears that genetic recombination may also contribute to this process. This heterogeneous collection of variants has a significant ability to evolve towards the fitness optimum. Interestingly, negative selection, which restricts diversity, emerges as an essential force that drives HCV evolution. It is becoming clear that HCV evolves to become stably adapted to the host environment. In this article we review the HCV phylogeny and molecular evolution in the context of host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jackowiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Kuls
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucyna Budzko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Mania
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Figlerowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
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