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Khanal S, Bhavnani N, Mathias A, Lallo J, Gupta S, Ohanyan V, Ferrell JM, Raman P. Deletion of Smooth Muscle O-GlcNAc Transferase Prevents Development of Atherosclerosis in Western Diet-Fed Hyperglycemic ApoE -/- Mice In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7899. [PMID: 37175604 PMCID: PMC10178779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights protein O-GlcNAcylation as a putative pathogenic contributor of diabetic vascular complications. We previously reported that elevated protein O-GlcNAcylation correlates with increased atherosclerotic lesion formation and VSMC proliferation in response to hyperglycemia. However, the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), regulator of O-GlcNAc signaling, in the evolution of diabetic atherosclerosis remains elusive. The goal of this study was to determine whether smooth muscle OGT (smOGT) plays a direct role in hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerotic lesion formation and SMC de-differentiation. Using tamoxifen-inducible Myh11-CreERT2 and Ogtfl/fl mice, we generated smOGTWT and smOGTKO mice, with and without ApoE-null backgrounds. Following STZ-induced hyperglycemia, smOGTWT and smOGTKO mice were kept on a standard laboratory diet for the study duration. In a parallel study, smOGTWTApoE-/- and smOGTKOApoE-/- were initiated on Western diet at 8-wks-age. Animals harvested at 14-16-wks-age were used for plasma and tissue collection. Loss of smOGT augmented SM contractile marker expression in aortic vessels of STZ-induced hyperglycemic smOGTKO mice. Consistently, smOGT deletion attenuated atherosclerotic lesion lipid burden (Oil red O), plaque area (H&E), leukocyte (CD45) and smooth muscle cell (ACTA2) abundance in Western diet-fed hyperglycemic smOGTKOApoE-/- mice. This was accompanied by increased SM contractile markers and reduced inflammatory and proliferative marker expression. Further, smOGT deletion attenuated YY1 and SRF expression (transcriptional regulators of SM contractile genes) in hyperglycemic smOGTKOApoE-/- and smOGTKO mice. These data uncover an athero-protective outcome of smOGT loss-of-function and suggest a direct regulatory role of OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation in VSMC de-differentiation in hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugat Khanal
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Neha Bhavnani
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Amy Mathias
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Jason Lallo
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
| | - Shreya Gupta
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Vahagn Ohanyan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Priya Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (S.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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Fu X, Liu H, Fan Y, Yuan J. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of lncRNA CLDN10-AS1 aggravates low-density lipoprotein-induced vascular endothelial injury. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:471-485. [PMID: 36250558 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00094.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stimulation impairs the oxidation-reduction equilibrium in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and contributes to atherosclerosis (AS). This study probed the mechanisms of extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated transfer of lncRNA CLDN10 antisense RNA 1 (CLDN10-AS1) in ox-LDL-induced VEC injury. Initially, VEC injury models were established by treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with ox-LDL. EVs were isolated from HUVECs (HUVECs-EVs) and identified. CLDN10-AS1, microRNA (miR)-186, and Yin Yang 1 (YY1) expressions in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs and EVs derived from these cells (ox-EVs) were measured. HUVECs were incubated with EVs, after which the cell viability, apoptosis, and concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were measured. We discovered that CLDN10-AS1 and YY1 were upregulated in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs, whereas miR-186 was downregulated. ox-EVs treatment elevated CLDN10-AS1 expression in HUVECs and ox-EVs overexpressing CLDN10-AS1 promoted VEC injury. Besides, CLDN10-AS1 is competitively bound to miR-186 and promoted YY1 expression. Rescue experiments revealed that miR-186 overexpression or YY1 suppression partially reversed the roles of ox-EVs overexpressing CLDN10-AS1 in ox-LDL-induced VEC injury. Lastly, clinical serum samples were collected for verification. Overall, CLDN10-AS1 carried by HUVECs-EVs into HUVECs competitively bound to miR-186 to elevate YY1 expression, thereby aggravating ox-LDL-induced VEC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yulong Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji Yuan
- Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anaesthesia, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anaesthesia, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Khachigian LM, Black BL, Ferdinandy P, De Caterina R, Madonna R, Geng YJ. Transcriptional regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, differentiation and senescence: Novel targets for therapy. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 146:107091. [PMID: 35896140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) possess a unique cytoplasticity, regulated by transcriptional, translational and phenotypic transformation in response to a diverse range of extrinsic and intrinsic pathogenic factors. The mature, differentiated SMC phenotype is physiologically typified transcriptionally by expression of genes encoding "contractile" proteins, such as SMα-actin (ACTA2), SM-MHC (myosin-11) and SM22α (transgelin). When exposed to various pathological conditions (e.g., pro-atherogenic risk factors, hypertension), SMC undergo phenotypic modulation, a bioprocess enabling SMC to de-differentiate in immature stages or trans-differentiate into other cell phenotypes. As recent studies suggest, the process of SMC phenotypic transformation involves five distinct states characterized by different patterns of cell growth, differentiation, migration, matrix protein expression and declined contractility. These changes are mediated via the action of several transcriptional regulators, including myocardin and serum response factor. Conversely, other factors, including Kruppel-like factor 4 and nuclear factor-κB, can inhibit SMC differentiation and growth arrest, while factors such as yin yang-1, can promote SMC differentiation whilst inhibiting proliferation. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of regulatory mechanisms governing SMC phenotypic modulation. We propose the concept that transcription factors mediating this switching are important biomarkers and potential pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Cardiovascular Division, Pisa University Hospital & University of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Cardiovascular Division, Pisa University Hospital & University of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, Pisa 56124, Italy; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Zamarrón-Licona E, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Posadas-Sánchez R, Vargas-Alarcón G, Baños-González MA, Borgonio-Cuadra VM, Pérez-Hernández N. Variants of PCSK9 Gene Are Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Mexicans. The GEA Project. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050774. [PMID: 33925815 PMCID: PMC8145882 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic, inflammatory, and complex disease associated with vascular risk factors. Nowadays, the coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a specific marker of the presence and extent of atherosclerosis. Additionally, CAC is a predictor of future coronary events in asymptomatic individuals diagnosed with subclinical atherosclerosis (CAC > 0). In this study, our aim is to evaluate the participation of two polymorphisms of the PCSK9 gene as genetic markers for developing subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in asymptomatic individuals. Methods: We analyzed two PCSK9 polymorphisms (rs2479409 and rs615563) in 394 individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis and 1102 healthy controls using real time- polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Under various inheritance models adjusted for different confounding factors, the rs2479409 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis (OR = 1.53, P recessive = 0.041). Both polymorphisms were significantly associated with several cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusions: Our data suggest that rs2479409 polymorphism could be envisaged as a risk marker for subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmo Zamarrón-Licona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Baños-González
- Centro de Investigación y Posgrado, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86150, Mexico;
| | | | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-55732911 (ext. 26301)
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Santiago FS, Li Y, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Lins L, Khachigian LM. Truncated YY1 interacts with BASP1 through a 339KLK341 motif in YY1 and suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell growth and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2395-2406. [PMID: 33508088 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In-stent restenosis and late stent thrombosis are complications associated with the use of metallic and drug-coated stents. Strategies that inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation without affecting endothelial cell (EC) growth would be helpful in reducing complications arising from percutaneous interventions. Our group previously showed that the forced expression of the injury-inducible zinc finger (ZNF) transcription factor, yin yang-1 (YY1) comprising 414 residues inhibits neointima formation in carotid arteries of rabbits and rats. YY1 inhibits SMC proliferation without affecting EC growth. Identifying a shorter version of YY1 retaining cell-selective inhibition would make it more amenable for potential use as a gene therapeutic agent. METHODS AND RESULTS We dissected YY1 into a range of shorter fragments (YY1A-D, YY1Δ) and found that the first two ZNFs in YY1 (construct YY1B, spanning 52 residues) repressed SMC proliferation. Receptor Binding Domain analysis predicts a three residue (339KLK341) interaction domain. Mutation of 339KLK341 to 339AAA341 in YY1B (called YY1Bm) abrogated YY1B's ability to inhibit SMC but not EC proliferation and migration. Incubation of recombinant GST-YY1B and GST-YY1Bm with SMC lysates followed by precipitation with glutathione-agarose beads and mass spectrometric analysis identified a novel interaction between YY1B and BASP1. Overexpression of BASP1, like YY1, inhibited SMC but not EC proliferation and migration. BASP1 siRNA partially rescued SMC from growth inhibition by YY1B. In the rat carotid balloon injury model, adenoviral overexpression of YY1B, like full-length YY1, reduced neointima formation, whereas YY1Bm had no such effect. CD31 immunostaining suggested YY1B could increase re-endothelialization in a 339KLK341-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify a truncated form of YY1 (YY1B) that can interact with BASP1 and inhibits SMC proliferation, migration and intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries as effectively as full length YY1. We demonstrate the therapeutic potential of YY1B in vascular proliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando S Santiago
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yue Li
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Laurence Lins
- Molecular Biophysics at Interface Lab, University of Liège-Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés, 2-5030 Gembloux-Belgium
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Zheng JP, He X, Liu F, Yin S, Wu S, Yang M, Zhao J, Dai X, Jiang H, Yu L, Yin Q, Ju D, Li C, Lipovich L, Xie Y, Zhang K, Li HJ, Zhou J, Li L. YY1 directly interacts with myocardin to repress the triad myocardin/SRF/CArG box-mediated smooth muscle gene transcription during smooth muscle phenotypic modulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21781. [PMID: 33311559 PMCID: PMC7732823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulates gene transcription in a variety of biological processes. In this study, we aim to determine the role of YY1 in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation both in vivo and in vitro. Here we show that vascular injury in rodent carotid arteries induces YY1 expression along with reduced expression of smooth muscle differentiation markers in the carotids. Consistent with this finding, YY1 expression is induced in differentiated VSMCs in response to serum stimulation. To determine the underlying molecular mechanisms, we found that YY1 suppresses the transcription of CArG box-dependent SMC-specific genes including SM22α, SMα-actin and SMMHC. Interestingly, YY1 suppresses the transcriptional activity of the SM22α promoter by hindering the binding of serum response factor (SRF) to the proximal CArG box. YY1 also suppresses the transcription and the transactivation of myocardin (MYOCD), a master regulator for SMC-specific gene transcription by binding to SRF to form the MYOCD/SRF/CArG box triad (known as the ternary complex). Mechanistically, YY1 directly interacts with MYOCD to competitively displace MYOCD from SRF. This is the first evidence showing that YY1 inhibits SMC differentiation by directly targeting MYOCD. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the regulatory mechanisms that govern SMC phenotypic modulation in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Pu Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Shuping Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shichao Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Maozhou Yang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xiaohua Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Luyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Donghong Ju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Claire Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Youming Xie
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hui J Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Hays E, Bonavida B. YY1 regulates cancer cell immune resistance by modulating PD-L1 expression. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 43:10-28. [PMID: 31005030 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the treatment of various cancers have resulted in the adaptation of several novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Notably, the recent intervention through immune checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in significant clinical responses and prolongation of survival in patients with several therapy-resistant cancers (melanoma, lung, bladder, etc.). This intervention was mediated by various antibodies directed against inhibitory receptors expressed on cytotoxic T-cells or against corresponding ligands expressed on tumor cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the clinical responses were only observed in a subset of the treated patients; it was not clear why the remaining patients did not respond to checkpoint inhibitor therapies. One hypothesis stated that the levels of PD-L1 expression correlated with poor clinical responses to cell-mediated anti-tumor immunotherapy. Hence, exploring the underlying mechanisms that regulate PD-L1 expression on tumor cells is one approach to target such mechanisms to reduce PD-L1 expression and, therefore, sensitize the resistant tumor cells to respond to PD-1/PD-L1 antibody treatments. Various investigations revealed that the overexpression of the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in most cancers is involved in the regulation of tumor cells' resistance to cell-mediated immunotherapies. We, therefore, hypothesized that the role of YY1 in cancer immune resistance may be correlated with PD-L1 overexpression on cancer cells. This hypothesis was investigated and analysis of the reported literature revealed that several signaling crosstalk pathways exist between the regulations of both YY1 and PD-L1 expressions. Such pathways include p53, miR34a, STAT3, NF-kB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, c-Myc, and COX-2. Noteworthy, many clinical and pre-clinical drugs have been utilized to target these above pathways in various cancers independent of their roles in the regulation of PD-L1 expression. Therefore, the direct inhibition of YY1 and/or the use of the above targeted drugs in combination with checkpoint inhibitors should result in enhancing the cell-mediated anti-tumor cell response and also reverse the resistance observed with the use of checkpoint inhibitors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hays
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
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Alhendi AMN, Patrikakis M, Daub CO, Kawaji H, Itoh M, de Hoon M, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Arner E, Khachigian LM. Promoter Usage and Dynamics in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 or Interleukin-1β. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13164. [PMID: 30177712 PMCID: PMC6120868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMC) in blood vessels are normally growth quiescent and transcriptionally inactive. Our objective was to understand promoter usage and dynamics in SMC acutely exposed to a prototypic growth factor or pro-inflammatory cytokine. Using cap analysis gene expression (FANTOM5 project) we report differences in promoter dynamics for immediate-early genes (IEG) and other genes when SMC are exposed to fibroblast growth factor-2 or interleukin-1β. Of the 1871 promoters responding to FGF2 or IL-1β considerably more responded to FGF2 (68.4%) than IL-1β (18.5%) and 13.2% responded to both. Expression clustering reveals sets of genes induced, repressed or unchanged. Among IEG responding rapidly to FGF2 or IL-1β were FOS, FOSB and EGR-1, which mediates human SMC migration. Motif activity response analysis (MARA) indicates most transcription factor binding motifs in response to FGF2 were associated with a sharp induction at 1 h, whereas in response to IL-1β, most motifs were associated with a biphasic change peaking generally later. MARA revealed motifs for FOS_FOS{B,L1}_JUN{B,D} and EGR-1..3 in the cluster peaking 1 h after FGF2 exposure whereas these motifs were in clusters peaking 1 h or later in response to IL-1β. Our findings interrogating CAGE data demonstrate important differences in promoter usage and dynamics in SMC exposed to FGF2 or IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M N Alhendi
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret Patrikakis
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Carsten O Daub
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Preventive Medicine and Applied Genomics Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michiel de Hoon
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Applied Computational Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Transcriptome Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Erik Arner
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Applied Regulatory Genomics Network Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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9
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Manso-Calderón R, González-Sarmiento R. Genetic susceptibility to vascular cognitive impairment: a pathophysiological view. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) creates challenges for research on its genetic basis and pathophysiology. Despite well-known monogenic forms may be useful to understand some pathogenic mechanisms leading to VCI, most of VCIs are sporadic disorders resulting from the interaction between environmental, vascular and genetic factors. Genetic investigation for VCI may encompass both candidate genes that affect critical biological processes to VCI and common and rare genetic variants identified across the entire genome study technology, thereby enabling us to confirm or expose new biological mechanisms in VCI and develop new therapeutic and preventive approaches. Notwithstanding genetic susceptibility to VCI remains largely unknown owing to methodological issues. Collaborative efforts emerge as an interesting strategy to overcome these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Manso-Calderón
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine & Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC). University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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10
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YAN HUI, WANG SHUAI, LI ZHENWEI, ZHAO WENTING, WANG ZHEN, SUN ZEWEI, PAN YANYUN, ZHU JIANHUA. Upregulation of miRNA-155 expression by OxLDL in dendritic cells involves JAK1/2 kinase and transcription factors YY1 and MYB. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1371-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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11
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Dunn LL, Midwinter RG, Ni J, Hamid HA, Parish CR, Stocker R. New insights into intracellular locations and functions of heme oxygenase-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1723-42. [PMID: 24180287 PMCID: PMC3961787 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) plays a critical role in the protection of cells, and the inducible enzyme is implicated in a spectrum of human diseases. The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities, for which current treatment approaches are not optimal, emphasizes the necessity to better understand key players such as HMOX1 that may be therapeutic targets. RECENT ADVANCES HMOX1 is a dynamic protein that can undergo post-translational and structural modifications which modulate HMOX1 function. Moreover, trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to other cellular compartments, including the nucleus, highlights that HMOX1 may play roles other than the catabolism of heme. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of HMOX1 to be induced by a variety of stressors, in an equally wide variety of tissues and cell types, represents an obstacle for the therapeutic exploitation of the enzyme. Any capacity to modulate HMOX1 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases should be tempered with an appreciation that HMOX1 may have an impact on cancer. Moreover, the potential for heme catabolism end products, such as carbon monoxide, to amplify the HMOX1 stress response should be considered. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A more complete understanding of HMOX1 modifications and the properties that they impart is necessary. Delineating these parameters will provide a clearer picture of the opportunities to modulate HMOX1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L. Dunn
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jun Ni
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hafizah A. Hamid
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Li Y, Bhindi R, Deng ZJ, Morton SW, Hammond PT, Khachigian LM. Inhibition of vein graft stenosis with a c-jun targeting DNAzyme in a cationic liposomal formulation containing 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3659-64. [PMID: 23886527 PMCID: PMC3951723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is among the most commonly performed heart surgical procedures. Saphenous vein graft failure due to stenosis impedes the longer-term success of CABG. A key cellular event in the process of vein graft stenosis is smooth muscle cell hyperplasia. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a DNAzyme (Dz13) targeting the transcription factor c-Jun in a rabbit model of vein graft stenosis in a cationic liposomal formulation containing 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). Dz13 in DOTAP/DOPE has undergone preclinical toxicological testing, and a Phase I clinical trial we recently conducted in basal cell carcinoma cancer patients demonstrates that it is safe and well tolerated after local administration. METHODS Effects of Dz13 in a formulation containing DOTAP/DOPE on smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth and c-Jun expression were assessed. Dz13 transfection was determined by cellular uptake of carboxyfluorescein-labeled Dz13. Autologous jugular vein to carotid artery transplantation was performed in New Zealand White rabbits to investigate the effect of the Dz13 in DOTAP/DOPE formulation on intimal hyperplasia. RESULTS Dz13/DOTAP/DOPE reduced SMC proliferation and c-Jun protein expression in vitro compared with an impotent form of Dz13 bearing a point mutation in its catalytic domain (Dz13.G>C). The Dz13(500 μg)/DOTAP/DOPE formed lipoplexes that were colloidally stable for up to 1h on ice (0°C) and 30 min at 37°C, allowing sufficient uptake by the veins. Dz13 (500 μg) inhibited neointima formation 28 d after end-to-side transplantation. CONCLUSIONS This formulation applied to veins prior to transplantation may potentially be useful in efforts to reduce graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Patel NM, Kawut SM, Jelic S, Arcasoy SM, Lederer DJ, Borczuk AC. Pulmonary arteriole gene expression signature in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2013; 41:1324-30. [PMID: 23728404 PMCID: PMC4720265 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00084112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A third of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) develop pulmonary hypertension (PH-IPF), which is associated with increased mortality. Whether an altered gene expression profile in the pulmonary vasculature precedes the clinical onset of PH-IPF is unknown. We compared gene expression in the pulmonary vasculature of IPF patients with and without PH with controls. Pulmonary arterioles were isolated using laser capture microdissection from 16 IPF patients: eight with PH (PH-IPF) and eight with no PH (NPH-IPF), and seven controls. Probe was prepared from extracted RNA, and hybridised to Affymetrix Hu133 2.0 Plus genechips. Biometric Research Branch array tools and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software were used for analysis of the microarray data. Univariate analysis revealed 255 genes that distinguished IPF arterioles from controls (p<0.001). Mediators of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation, Wnt signalling and apoptosis were differentially expressed in IPF arterioles. Unsupervised and supervised clustering analyses revealed similar gene expression in PH-IPF and NPH-IPF arterioles. The pulmonary arteriolar gene expression profile is similar in IPF patients with and without coexistent PH. Pathways involved in vascular proliferation and aberrant apoptosis, which may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodelling, are activated in IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Interstitial Lung Disease Program, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven M. Kawut
- Dept of Medicine and the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanja Jelic
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Selim M. Arcasoy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Interstitial Lung Disease Program, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA,Lung Transplantation Program, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J. Lederer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Interstitial Lung Disease Program, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA,Lung Transplantation Program, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alain C. Borczuk
- Dept of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Gertow K, Sennblad B, Strawbridge RJ, Ohrvik J, Zabaneh D, Shah S, Veglia F, Fava C, Kavousi M, McLachlan S, Kivimäki M, Bolton JL, Folkersen L, Gigante B, Leander K, Vikström M, Larsson M, Silveira A, Deanfield J, Voight BF, Fontanillas P, Sabater-Lleal M, Colombo GI, Kumari M, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Uitterlinden AG, Gabrielsen A, Hedin U, Franco-Cereceda A, Nyyssönen K, Rauramaa R, Tuomainen TP, Savonen K, Smit AJ, Giral P, Mannarino E, Robertson CM, Talmud PJ, Hedblad B, Hofman A, Erdmann J, Reilly MP, O'Donnell CJ, Farrall M, Clarke R, Franzosi MG, Seedorf U, Syvänen AC, Hansson GK, Eriksson P, Samani NJ, Watkins H, Price JF, Hingorani AD, Melander O, Witteman JCM, Baldassarre D, Tremoli E, de Faire U, Humphries SE, Hamsten A. Identification of the BCAR1-CFDP1-TMEM170A locus as a determinant of carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery disease risk. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2012; 5:656-65. [PMID: 23152477 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.112.963660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is a widely accepted marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. To date, large-scale investigations of genetic determinants of cIMT are sparse. METHODS AND RESULTS To identify cIMT-associated genes and genetic variants, a discovery analysis using the Illumina 200K CardioMetabochip was conducted in 3430 subjects with detailed ultrasonographic determinations of cIMT from the IMPROVE (Carotid Intima Media Thickness [IMT] and IMT-Progression as Predictors of Vascular Events in a High Risk European Population) study. Segment-specific IMT measurements of common carotid, bifurcation, and internal carotid arteries, and composite IMT variables considering the whole carotid tree (IMT(mean), IMT(max), and IMT(mean-max)), were analyzed. A replication stage investigating 42 single-nucleotide polymorphisms for association with common carotid IMT was undertaken in 5 independent European cohorts (total n=11,590). A locus on chromosome 16 (lead single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4888378, intronic in CFDP1) was associated with cIMT at significance levels passing multiple testing correction at both stages (array-wide significant discovery P=6.75 × 10(-7) for IMT(max); replication P=7.24×10(-6) for common cIMT; adjustments for sex, age, and population substructure where applicable; minor allele frequency 0.43 and 0.41, respectively). The protective minor allele was associated with lower carotid plaque score in a replication cohort (P=0.04, n=2120) and lower coronary artery disease risk in 2 case-control studies of subjects with European ancestry (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.83 [0.77-0.90], P=6.53 × 10(-6), n=13 591; and 0.95 [0.92-0.98], P=1.83 × 10(-4), n=82 297, respectively). Queries of human biobank data sets revealed associations of rs4888378 with nearby gene expression in vascular tissues (n=126-138). CONCLUSIONS This study identified rs4888378 in the BCAR1-CFDP1-TMEM170A locus as a novel genetic determinant of cIMT and coronary artery disease risk in individuals of European descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Gertow
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Kassardjian A, Rizkallah R, Riman S, Renfro SH, Alexander KE, Hurt MM. The transcription factor YY1 is a novel substrate for Aurora B kinase at G2/M transition of the cell cycle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50645. [PMID: 23226345 PMCID: PMC3511337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved multifunctional transcription factor that is involved in a variety of cellular processes. Many YY1-regulated genes have crucial roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. Numerous mechanisms have been shown to regulate the function of YY1, such as DNA binding affinity, subcellular localization, and posttranslational modification including phosphorylation. Polo-like kinase 1(Plk1) and Casein kinase 2α (CK2 α) were the first two kinases identified to phosphorylate YY1. In this study, we identify a third kinase. We report that YY1 is a novel substrate of the Aurora B kinase both in vitro and in vivo. Serine 184 phosphorylation of YY1 by Aurora B is cell cycle regulated and peaks at G2/M and is rapidly dephosphorylated, likely by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) as the cells enter G1. Aurora A and Aurora C can also phosphorylate YY1 in vitro, but at serine/threonine residues other than serine 184. We present evidence that phosphorylation of YY1 in the central glycine/alanine (G/A)-rich region is important for DNA binding activity, with a potential phosphorylation/acetylation interplay regulating YY1 function. Given their importance in mitosis and overexpression in human cancers, Aurora kinases have been identified as promising therapeutic targets. Increasing our understanding of Aurora substrates will add to the understanding of their signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kassardjian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Raed Rizkallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sarah Riman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Samuel H. Renfro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Alexander
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Myra M. Hurt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a transcription factor with diverse and complex biological functions. YY1 either activates or represses gene transcription, depending on the stimuli received by the cells and its association with other cellular factors. Since its discovery, a biological role for YY1 in tumor development and progression has been suggested because of its regulatory activities toward multiple cancer-related proteins and signaling pathways and its overexpression in most cancers. In this review, we primarily focus on YY1 studies in cancer research, including the regulation of YY1 as a transcription factor, its activities independent of its DNA binding ability, the functions of its associated proteins, and mechanisms regulating YY1 expression and activities. We also discuss the correlation of YY1 expression with clinical outcomes of cancer patients and its target potential in cancer therapy. Although there is not a complete consensus about the role of YY1 in cancers based on its activities of regulating oncogene and tumor suppressor expression, most of the currently available evidence supports a proliferative or oncogenic role of YY1 in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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17
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Zhang N, Chan CWS, Sanchez-Guerrero E, Khachigian LM. Repression of PDGF-R-α after cellular injury involves TNF-α, formation of a c-Fos-YY1 complex, and negative regulation by HDAC. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1590-8. [PMID: 22322974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00429.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex dynamic process involving a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts that express and respond to cytokines and growth factors in the local microenvironment. The mechanisms controlling gene expression after injury at a transcriptional level are poorly understood. Here we show that decreased expression of a key receptor, PDGF-receptor (R)-α, after fibroblast injury is due to the release and paracrine activity of TNF-α. TNF-α inhibits PDGF-R-α expression and this involves formation of a c-Fos-Yin Yang 1 (YY1) complex and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. c-Fos, induced by TNF-α, negatively regulates PDGF-R-α transcription. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting c-Fos or the zinc finger transcription factor YY1 inhibits TNF-α suppression of PDGF-R-α expression. Coimmunoprecipitation studies show that TNF-α stimulates the formation of a complex between c-Fos with YY1. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis reveals the enrichment of c-Fos, YY1, and HDAC-1 at the PDGF-R-α promoter in cells exposed to TNF-α. With suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and HDAC-1 siRNA, we demonstrate that HDAC mediates TNF-α repression of PDGF-R-α. These findings demonstrate that transcriptional repression of PDGF-R-α after fibroblast injury involves paracrine activity of endogenous TNF-α, the formation of a c-Fos-YY1 complex, and negative regulatory activity by HDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Beck K, Wu BJ, Ni J, Santiago FS, Malabanan KP, Li C, Wang Y, Khachigian LM, Stocker R. Interplay between heme oxygenase-1 and the multifunctional transcription factor yin yang 1 in the inhibition of intimal hyperplasia. Circ Res 2010; 107:1490-7. [PMID: 21030713 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.231985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protects against experimental atherosclerotic diseases, and certain pharmacological HO-1 inducers, like probucol, inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and, at the same time, promote the growth of endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. OBJECTIVE because such cell-specific effects are reminiscent of the action of the transcription factor Yin Yang (YY)1, we tested the hypothesis that there is a functional relationship between HO-1 and YY1. METHODS AND RESULTS we report that probucol increases the number of YY1(+) cells in rat carotid artery following balloon injury at a time coinciding with increased HO-1 expression. The drug also induces the expression of YY1 mRNA and protein in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) in vitro, as do other known HO-1 inducers (tert-butylhydroquinone and hemin) and overexpression of HO-1 using a human HMOX1 cDNA plasmid. Conversely, overexpression of YY1 induces expression of HO-1 in RASMCs. Induction of YY1 expression is dependent on HO-1 enzyme activity and its reaction product CO, because pharmacological inhibition of heme oxygenase activity or CO scavenging block, whereas exposure of RASMCs to a CO-releasing molecule increases, YY1 expression. Furthermore, RNA interference knockdown of YY1 prevents probucol or adeno-HO-1 from inhibiting RASMC proliferation in vitro and neointimal formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS our findings show, for the first time, that HO-1 functionally interplays with the multifunctional transcription factor YY1 and that this interplay explains some of the protective activities of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Beck
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, 92-94 Parramatta Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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19
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Baritaki S, Chatzinikola AM, Vakis AF, Soulitzis N, Karabetsos DA, Neonakis I, Bonavida B, Spandidos DA. YY1 Over-expression in human brain gliomas and meningiomas correlates with TGF-beta1, IGF-1 and FGF-2 mRNA levels. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:184-92. [PMID: 19235591 DOI: 10.1080/07357900802210760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined by QRT-PCR the mRNA expression of TGF-beta 1, IGF-1, EGF, FGF-2 and YY1 in human brain tumors. Our findings introduce YY1, for the first time, as a novel gene implicated in brain gliomatogenesis and meningioma establishment. We present a positive correlation between the autocrine expression of YY1 and TGF-beta 1, IGF-1 and FGF-2, known to be involved in the progression of gliomas and meningiomas. We suggest that mRNA profiling of the above genes in the early stages of disease development could be useful for prognostic purposes, and these genes can be considered as potential targets for therapeutic approaches against brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baritaki
- Department of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
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21
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Malabanan KP, Kanellakis P, Bobik A, Khachigian LM. Activation Transcription Factor-4 Induced by Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Regulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Transcription in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Mediates Intimal Thickening in Rat Arteries Following Balloon Injury. Circ Res 2008; 103:378-87. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.168682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation transcription factor (ATF)-4 is a member of the ATF/CREB family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that regulates cellular responses to a variety of stresses. The role of ATF-4 in smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall is completely unknown. Here, we show that ATF-4 expression is induced in smooth muscle cells in response to injury, both in vitro using a model of mechanical injury and in the media of balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. We demonstrate that ATF-4 is activated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, an injury-induced mitogen, through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Injury also activates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, whose expression is stimulated by ATF-4 overexpression and exposure to FGF-2. FGF-2 induces ATF-4 binding to a recognition element located in the VEGF-A gene at +1767 bp and luciferase reporter gene expression dependent on this site. Moreover, ATF-4 knockdown with small interfering RNA or ATF-4 deficiency ameliorates FGF-2–inducible VEGF-A expression. Intraluminal delivery of ATF-4 small interfering RNA in rat carotid arteries blocks balloon injury–inducible ATF-4 and VEGF-A expression after 4 hours and intimal thickening after 14 days. These findings reveal, for the first time, the induction of ATF-4 by both vascular injury and FGF-2. ATF-4 serves as a conduit for the inducible expression of 1 growth factor by another during the process of intimal thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine P. Malabanan
- From the Centre for Vascular Research (K.P.M., L.M.K.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney; and Baker Heart Research Institute (P.K., A.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Kanellakis
- From the Centre for Vascular Research (K.P.M., L.M.K.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney; and Baker Heart Research Institute (P.K., A.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander Bobik
- From the Centre for Vascular Research (K.P.M., L.M.K.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney; and Baker Heart Research Institute (P.K., A.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Levon M. Khachigian
- From the Centre for Vascular Research (K.P.M., L.M.K.), School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney; and Baker Heart Research Institute (P.K., A.B.), Melbourne, Australia
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Yin-Yang 1 regulates effector cytokine gene expression and T(H)2 immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:195-201, 201.e1-5. [PMID: 18423564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor Yin-Yang 1 (YY-1) binds to the promoter regions of several T-cell cytokine genes, but the expression and contribution of this factor to cytokine gene expression and T-cell activation in vivo is not clear. OBJECTIVE We sought to better define the role of YY-1 in T-cell gene regulation and allergic immune responses. METHODS We studied cytokine gene expression in T lymphocytes isolated from wild-type mice and heterozygous littermates bearing 1 targeted yy-1 allele (yy-1(+/-) mice). T cells were stimulated with anti-T-cell receptor (anti-TCR) plus CD28 antibodies or with peptide antigen plus antigen-presenting cells by using newly generated yy-1(+/-) TCR transgenic mice. We also studied ovalbumin-driven allergic immune responses in a mouse model of asthma and YY-1 expression in lung tissue from human asthmatic subjects. RESULTS CD4(+) T cells from yy-1(+/-) mice secreted significantly less IL-4 and IFN-gamma compared with wild-type littermates after TCR-dependent activation, whereas IL-2 production was not significantly affected. Both airway inflammation and recall splenocyte IL-4 production were inhibited in yy-1(+/-) mice, as was antigen-driven T-cell proliferation. YY-1 expression was higher in airway biopsy specimens from asthmatic compared with control subjects. CONCLUSION These data indicate that YY-1 regulates T-cell cytokine gene expression and allergic immune responses in a gene dose-dependent manner.
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Promoter sequence variants of LIGHT are associated with female vascular dementia. J Biomed Sci 2008; 15:545-52. [PMID: 18320356 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-008-9242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LIGHT (homologous to L ymphotoxins, exhibits I nducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus G lycoprotein D for H erpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes) is implicated in the inflammation by disrupted T cell homeostasis, primarily at a transcriptional level. We investigated the association of LIGHT promoter with ischemic stroke and vascular dementia induced by such inflammation. We determined transcription factor binding sites altered by promoter SNPs using transcription factor prediction programs. Six common haplotypes composed of the selected SNPs (C-770T, G-607T, G-543A, and A-399G) were used for the assay of reporter activity. The most frequent haplotype construct, CGGA, induced the highest luciferase activity. The haplotype TTGA showed the lowest expression with 0.39-fold activity (P < 0.001) of CGGA. The substitution from C to T at the locus of C-770T (TGGA) decreased the reporter activity by 47% (P < 0.001). The SNPs and haplotypes were further investigated to see their association with ischemic stroke and vascular dementia in 455 controls and 478 patients. Significant association with vascular dementia was shown in the allele T of C-770T (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54; P < 0.05) and the haplotype TTGA (OR = 10.59; P < 0.05) in females. We concluded that the allele T of C-770T and the haplotype TTGA of the promoter SNPs in LIGHT gene might decrease the expression of LIGHT and subsequently increase the susceptibility to vascular dementia in females.
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24
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Tan NY, Midgley VC, Kavurma MM, Santiago FS, Luo X, Peden R, Fahmy RG, Berndt MC, Molloy MP, Khachigian LM. Angiotensin II-inducible platelet-derived growth factor-D transcription requires specific Ser/Thr residues in the second zinc finger region of Sp1. Circ Res 2008; 102:e38-51. [PMID: 18258854 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.167395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sp1, the first identified and cloned transcription factor, regulates gene expression via multiple mechanisms including direct protein-DNA interactions, protein-protein interactions, chromatin remodeling, and maintenance of methylation-free CpG islands. Sp1 is itself regulated at different levels, for example, by glycosylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation by kinases such as the atypical protein kinase C-zeta. Although Sp1 controls the basal and inducible regulation of many genes, the posttranslational processes regulating its function and their relevance to pathology are not well understood. Here we have used a variety of approaches to identify 3 amino acids (Thr668, Ser670, and Thr681) in the zinc finger domain of Sp1 that are modified by PKC-zeta and have generated novel anti-peptide antibodies recognizing the PKC-zeta-phosphorylated form of Sp1. Angiotensin II, which activates PKC-zeta phosphorylation (at Thr410) via the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, stimulates Sp1 phosphorylation and increases Sp1 binding to the platelet-derived growth factor-D promoter. All 3 residues in Sp1 (Thr668, Ser670, and Thr681) are required for Sp1-dependent platelet-derived growth factor-D activation in response to angiotensin II. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that phosphorylated Sp1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells of human atherosclerotic plaques and is dynamically expressed together with platelet-derived growth factor-D in smooth muscle cells of the injured rat carotid artery wall. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms controlling the PKC-zeta-phospho-Sp1 axis and angiotensin II-inducible gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y Tan
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Fahmy RG, Khachigian LM. Suppression of growth factor expression and human vascular smooth muscle cell growth by small interfering RNA targeting EGR-1. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1526-35. [PMID: 17171647 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration are key processes that occur in the reparative response to injury after percutaneous coronary intervention and in failed bypass grafts for the treatment of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we generated novel synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules targeting the coding region of human early growth response-1 (EGR-1) mRNA that attenuate the expression of EGR-1 and that of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). These agents suppressed SMC proliferation in a dose-dependent and non-toxic manner and blocked SMC regrowth from the wound edge following mechanical injury in vitro. In contrast, the scrambled counterpart did not inhibit SMC proliferation, EGR-1 protein expression or SMC regrowth after injury. These findings demonstrate that EGR-1 siRNA can serve as inhibitors of SMC proliferation and wound repair suggesting that these agents may potentially be useful in the control of vascular proliferative disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/physiopathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Fahmy
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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26
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27
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Santiago FS, Ishii H, Shafi S, Khurana R, Kanellakis P, Bhindi R, Ramirez MJ, Bobik A, Martin JF, Chesterman CN, Zachary IC, Khachigian LM. Yin Yang-1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell growth and intimal thickening by repressing p21WAF1/Cip1 transcription and p21WAF1/Cip1-Cdk4-cyclin D1 assembly. Circ Res 2007; 101:146-55. [PMID: 17556661 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.106.145235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury initiates a cascade of phenotype-altering molecular events. Transcription factor function in this process, particularly that of negative regulators, is poorly understood. We demonstrate here that the forced expression of the injury-inducible GLI-Krüppel zinc finger protein Yin Yang-1 (YY1) inhibits neointima formation in human, rabbit and rat blood vessels. YY1 inhibits p21(WAF1/Cip1) transcription, prevents assembly of a p21(WAF1/Cip1)-cdk4-cyclin D1 complex, and blocks downstream pRb(Ser249/Thr252) phosphorylation and expression of PCNA and TK-1. Conversely, suppression of endogenous YY1 elevates levels of p21(WAF1/Cip1), PCNA, pRb(Ser249/Thr252) and TK-1, and increases intimal thickening. YY1 binds Sp1 and prevents its occupancy of a distinct element in the p21(WAF1/Cip1) promoter without YY1 itself binding the promoter. Additionally, YY1 induces ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of p53, decreasing p53 immunoreactivity in the artery wall. These findings define a new role for YY1 as both an inducer of p53 instability in smooth muscle cells, and an indirect repressor of p21(WAF1/Cip1) transcription, p21(WAF1/Cip1)-cdk4-cyclin D1 assembly and intimal thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando S Santiago
- Centre for Vascular Research, Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, and Department of Haematology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Kawai-Kowase K, Owens GK. Multiple repressor pathways contribute to phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C59-69. [PMID: 16956962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00394.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation is an essential component of vascular development and these cells perform biosynthetic, proliferative, and contractile roles in the vessel wall. SMCs are not terminally differentiated and possess the ability to modulate their phenotype in response to changing local environmental cues. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in controlling phenotypic switching of SMC with particular focus on examination of processes that contribute to the repression of SMC marker genes. We discuss the environmental cues which actively regulate SMC phenotypic switching, such as platelet-derived growth factor-BB, as well as several important regulatory mechanisms required for suppressing expression of SMC-specific/selective marker genes in vivo, including those dependent on conserved G/C-repressive elements, and/or highly conserved degenerate CArG elements found in the promoters of many of these marker genes. Finally, we present evidence indicating that SMC phenotypic switching involves multiple active repressor pathways, including Krüppel-like zinc finger type 4, HERP, and ERK-dependent phosphorylation of Elk-1 that act in a complementary fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kawai-Kowase
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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29
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Huerta-Yepez S, Vega M, Garban H, Bonavida B. Involvement of the TNF-α autocrine–paracrine loop, via NF-κB and YY1, in the regulation of tumor cell resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis. Clin Immunol 2006; 120:297-309. [PMID: 16784892 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many tumors are resistant to Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptosis. This study examined the role of tumor-derived TNF-alpha, via an autocrine/paracrine loop, in the regulation of tumor-cell resistance to FasL-induced apoptosis. We have reported that Fas expression and sensitivity to FasL is negatively regulated by the transcription repressor factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1). Thus, we hypothesized that tumor-derived TNF-alpha induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the transcription repressor YY1, both of which negatively regulate Fas expression and sensitivity to FasL-induced apoptosis. This hypothesis was tested in PC-3 prostate cancer cells which synthesize and secrete TNF-alpha and express constitutively active NF-kappaB and YY1. Treatment of PC-3 cells with TNF-alpha (10 units) resulted in increased NF-kappaB and YY1 DNA-binding activity, upregulation of YY1 expression, downregulation of surface and total Fas expression and enhanced resistance of PC-3 to apoptosis induced by the FasL agonist antibody CH-11. In contrast, blocking the binding of secreted TNF-alpha on PC-3 cells with soluble recombinant sTNF-RI resulted in significant inhibition of constitutive NF-kappaB and YY1 DNA-binding activity, downregulation of YY1 expression, upregulation of Fas expression and sensitization of tumor cells to CH-11-induced apoptosis. The regulation of YY1 expression and activity by NF-kappaB was demonstrated by the use of the NF-kappaB inhibitor Bay 11-7085 and by the use of a GFP reporter system whereby deletion of the YY1-tandem binding site in the promoter significantly enhanced GFP expression. The direct role of YY1 expression in the regulation of PC-3 resistance to CH-11-induced apoptosis was shown in cells transfected with siRNA YY1 whereby such cells exhibited upregulation of Fas expression and were sensitized to CH-11-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that the TNF-alpha autocrine-paracrine loop is involved in the constitutive activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and YY1 in the tumor cells and this loop leads to inhibition of Fas expression and resistance to FasL-induced apoptosis. Further, these findings identify new targets such as TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB and YY1, whose inhibition can reverse tumor cell resistance to FasL-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1747, USA
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30
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González JM, Andrés V. Cytostatic gene therapy for occlusive vascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Ong CT, Cheng HT, Chang LW, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R, Stormo GD, Kopan R. Target selectivity of vertebrate notch proteins. Collaboration between discrete domains and CSL-binding site architecture determines activation probability. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:5106-19. [PMID: 16365048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All four mammalian Notch proteins interact with a single DNA-binding protein (RBP-jkappa), yet they are not equivalent in activating target genes. Parallel assays of three Notch-responsive promoters in several cell lines revealed that relative activation strength is dependent on protein module and promoter context more than the cellular context. Each Notch protein reads binding site orientation and distribution on the promoter differently; Notch1 performs extremely well on paired sites, and Notch3 prefers single sites in conjunction with a proximal zinc finger transcription factor. Although head-head sites can elicit a Notch response on their own, use of CBS (CSL binding site) in tail-tail orientation is context-dependent. Bias for specific DNA elements is achieved by interplay between the N-terminal RAM (RBP-jkappa-associated molecule/ankyrin region), which interprets CBS proximity and orientation, and the C-terminal transactivation domain that interacts specifically with the transcription machinery or nearby factors. To confirm the prediction that modular design underscores the evolution of functional divergence between Notch proteins, we generated a synthetic Notch protein (Notch1 ankyrin with Notch3 transactivation domain) that displayed superior signaling strength on the hes5 promoter. Consistent with the prediction that "preferred" targets (Hes1) should respond faster and at lower Notch concentration than other targets, we showed that Hes5-GFP was extinguished fast and recovered slowly, whereas Hes1-GFP was inhibited late and recovered quickly after a pulse of DAPT in metanephroi cultures.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/chemistry
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kinetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Statistical
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor HES-1
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Tong Ong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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32
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Zhang Z, Li M, Rayburn ER, Hill DL, Zhang R, Wang H. Oncogenes as novel targets for cancer therapy (part III): transcription factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:327-38. [PMID: 16196502 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200505050-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the third paper in a four-part serial review on potential therapeutic targeting of oncogenes. The previous parts described the involvement of oncogenes in different aspects of cancer growth and development, and considered the new technologies responsible for the advancement of oncogene identification, target validation, and drug design. Because of such advances, new specific and more efficient therapeutic agents can be developed for cancer. This part of the review continues the exploration of various oncogenes that we have grouped within seven categories: growth factors, tyrosine kinases, intermediate signaling molecules, transcription factors, cell cycle regulators, DNA damage repair genes, and genes involved in apoptosis. Part one discussed growth factors and tyrosine kinases and part two discussed intermediate signaling molecules. This portion of the review covers transcription factors and the various strategies being used to inhibit their expression or decrease their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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Baumeister P, Luo S, Skarnes WC, Sui G, Seto E, Shi Y, Lee AS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induction of the Grp78/BiP promoter: activating mechanisms mediated by YY1 and its interactive chromatin modifiers. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4529-40. [PMID: 15899857 PMCID: PMC1140640 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.11.4529-4540.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism whereby cells respond to stress conditions that target the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The transcriptional activation of the promoter of GRP78/BiP, a prosurvival ER chaperone, has been used extensively as an indicator of the onset of the UPR. YY1, a constitutively expressed multifunctional transcription factor, activates the Grp78 promoter only under ER stress conditions. Previously, in vivo footprinting analysis revealed that the YY1 binding site of the ER stress response element of the Grp78 promoter exhibits ER stress-induced changes in occupancy. Toward understanding the underlying mechanisms of these unique phenomena, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, revealing that YY1 only occupies the Grp78 promoter upon ER stress and is mediated in part by the nuclear form of ATF6. We show that YY1 is an essential coactivator of ATF6 and uncover their specific interactive domains. Using small interfering RNA against YY1 and insertional mutation of the gene encoding ATF6alpha, we provide direct evidence that YY1 and ATF6 are required for optimal stress induction of Grp78. We also discovered enhancement of the ER-stressed induction of the Grp78 promoter through the interaction of YY1 with the arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 and evidence of its action through methylation of the arginine 3 residue on histone H4. Furthermore, we detected ER stress-induced binding of the histone acetyltransferase p300 to the Grp78 promoter and histone H4 acetylation. A model for the ER stress-mediated transcription factor binding and chromatin modifications at the Grp78 promoter leading to its activation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baumeister
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Room 5308, MC-9176, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA
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Wamhoff BR, Hoofnagle MH, Burns A, Sinha S, McDonald OG, Owens GK. A G/C element mediates repression of the SM22alpha promoter within phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells in experimental atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2004; 95:981-8. [PMID: 15486317 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000147961.09840.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching in atherosclerotic lesions is suppression of SMC differentiation marker gene expression. Yet little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that control this process. Here we show that transcription of the SMC differentiation marker gene SM22alpha is reduced in atherosclerotic lesions and identify a cis regulatory element in the SM22alpha promoter required for this process. Transgenic mice carrying the SM22alpha promoter-beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) reporter transgene were crossed to apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice. Cells of the fibrous cap, intima, and underlying media showed complete loss of beta-gal activity in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Of major significance, mutation of a G/C-rich cis element in the SM22alpha promoter prevented the decrease in SM22alpha promoter-beta-gal reporter transgene expression, including in cells that compose the fibrous cap of the lesion and in medial cells in proximity to the lesion. To begin to assess mechanisms whereby the G/C repressor element mediates suppression of SM22alpha in atherosclerosis, we tested the hypothesis that effects may be mediated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced increases in the G/C binding transcription factor Sp1. Consistent with this hypothesis, results of studies in cultured SMCs showed that: (1) PDGF-BB increased expression of Sp1; (2) PDGF-BB and Sp1 profoundly suppressed SM22alpha promoter activity as well as smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoter activity through mechanisms that were at least partially dependent on the G/C cis element; and (3) a short interfering RNA to Sp1 increased basal expression and attenuated PDGF-BB induced suppression of SM22alpha. Together, these results support a model whereby a G/C repressor element within the SM22alpha promoter mediates transcriptional repression of this gene within phenotypically modulated SMCs in experimental atherosclerosis and provide indirect evidence implicating PDGF-BB and Sp1 as possible mediators of these effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/etiology
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Becaplermin
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Gene Silencing/physiology
- Genes, Reporter
- Hypercholesterolemia/complications
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Rats
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Serum Response Element
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Wamhoff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908-0736, USA
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35
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Santiago FS, Khachigian LM. Ets-1 stimulates platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene transcription and vascular smooth muscle cell growth via cooperative interactions with Sp1. Circ Res 2004; 95:479-87. [PMID: 15297375 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000141135.36279.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family of ligands (composed of A-, B-, C-, and D-chains), potent mitogens, and chemoattractants for cells of mesenchymal origin has been implicated in numerous vascular pathologies involving smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia. Understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating PDGF transcription would provide new insights into strategies to control PDGF-dependent pathophysiologic processes. We demonstrated previously that PDGF-A expression is under the positive regulatory influence of Sp1, Sp3, and Egr-1 and is negatively controlled by GCF2, NF-1(X), and WT-1. In this article, we demonstrate that Ets-1 induces PDGF-A expression in primary rat aortic SMCs at the level of transcription and mRNA expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift, supershift, and mutational analyses revealed a functional role for the (-555)TTCC(-552) motif in the PDGF-A promoter that binds endogenous Ets-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed the interaction of endogenous and exogenous Ets-1 or glutathione S-transferase-tagged Ets-1, bearing only the DNA-binding domain with the authentic PDGF-A promoter. Conversely, dominant-negative mutant of Ets-1 blocked the promoter interaction of endogenous Ets-1. Overexpression of Ets-1 but not the mutant form of Ets-1 activates the PDGF-A promoter cooperatively with Sp1. Sp1, which interacts with Ets-1, failed to induce PDGF-A promoter-dependent expression if the promoter contained a site-specific mutation in this novel Ets-binding site. Small interfering RNA to Ets-1 and Sp1 blocked PDGF-BB- and serum-inducible PDGF-A expression. SMC growth was stimulated by Ets-1 and Sp1 separately and further increased by both factors together. Ets-1-inducible mitogenesis is blocked by antibodies neutralizing PDGF-A and involves activation of the PDGF alpha-receptor, which binds PDGF-A. These findings identify a functional cis-acting element for Ets-1 in the PDGF-A promoter and demonstrate that Sp1 and Ets-1 cooperatively activate PDGF-A transcription in vascular SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando S Santiago
- Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, and the Department of Haematology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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36
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Gordon SJ, Saleque S, Birshtein BK. Yin Yang 1 is a lipopolysaccharide-inducible activator of the murine 3' Igh enhancer, hs3. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5549-57. [PMID: 12759432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 3' Igh enhancers, DNase I hypersensitive site (hs) 3B and/or hs4, are required for germline transcription, and hence, class switch recombination for multiple isotypes. A number of hs3-binding transcription factors have been identified by EMSA, including octamer and NF-kappa B family members, and Pax5. We have found that the binding of the transcription factor, Yin Yang 1 (YY1), to hs3 and to the mu E1 site of the intronic enhancer, E mu, is induced in primary splenic B cells after approximately 48 h in response to LPS and other activators of class switch recombination. Transient transfection experiments in B cell lines indicate that YY1 is an activator of hs3. Interestingly, levels of YY1 expression are unchanged in resting and LPS-stimulated B cells. Mixing experiments followed by EMSA showed that a protein present in resting B cells prevented binding of YY1 to DNA. We found that recombinant retinoblastoma protein (Rb) inhibited binding of YY1 to hs3 in a dose-dependent manner, and we have identified complexes of endogenous YY1 with the Rb in resting B cells, but not in LPS-stimulated B cells. A difference in Rb phosphorylation state was also confirmed between resting (G(0)) B cells and LPS-stimulated B cells. These observations suggest that the interaction of YY1 with hypophosphorylated Rb in resting B cells prevents interaction of YY1 with DNA. After stimulation with class-switching activators, such as LPS, Rb becomes hyperphosphorylated and YY1 is released and can then bind to the hs3 enhancer and E mu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Gordon
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Kavurma MM, Bobryshev Y, Khachigian LM. Ets-1 positively regulates Fas ligand transcription via cooperative interactions with Sp1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:36244-52. [PMID: 11970950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200463200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The FasL/Fas system has been implicated in smooth muscle cell apoptosis and atherosclerotic plaque instability, a process that can lead to plaque rupture, precipitating myocardial infarction and sudden death. The transcriptional mechanisms regulating FasL gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells are poorly understood. We recently described a novel mechanism mediating inducible FasL gene expression in smooth muscle cells involving the zinc finger transcription factor Sp1 (Kavurma, M. M., Santiago, F. S., Bofocco, E., and Khachigian, L. M. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 4964-4971). We now show that FasL gene expression is governed by cooperative activation between Sp1 and the Ets family of transcription factors. The overexpression of Ets-1 was sufficient to induce FasL promoter-dependent expression and protein synthesis. Ets-1 activation of the promoter was abrogated either by deletion or mutation of the Sp1 binding site. The overexpression of Ets-1 together with Sp1 produced cooperative activation of the FasL promoter. Sp1 induction of the FasL promoter was abrogated by an Ets-1 mutant lacking the activation domain. Conversely, Ets-1 activation of the promoter was blocked by an Sp1 mutant bearing the DNA-binding domain. The mutation of the (-365)GGAA(-362) element in the FasL promoter abolished Ets-1 activation and attenuated Sp1-inducible gene expression. Immunoprecipitation and supershift experiments revealed that endogenous Ets-1 and Sp1 physically interact and co-occupy this site. Thus, FasL gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by cooperativity between Ets-1 and Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Kavurma
- Centre for Thrombosis and Vascular Research and Surgical Professional Unit, St. Vincents Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Ader I, Muller C, Bonnet J, Favre G, Cohen-Jonathan E, Salles B, Toulas C. The radioprotective effect of the 24 kDa FGF-2 isoform in HeLa cells is related to an increased expression and activity of the DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit. Oncogene 2002; 21:6471-9. [PMID: 12226750 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2002] [Revised: 06/05/2002] [Accepted: 06/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that overexpression of the 24 kDa basic fibroblast factor (or FGF-2) isoform provides protection from the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation (IR). DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), the IR-induced lethal lesions, are mainly repaired in human cells by non-homologous end joining system (NHEJ). NHEJ reaction is dependent on the DNA-PK holoenzyme (composed of a regulatory sub-unit, Ku, and a catalytic sub-unit, DNA-PKcs) that assembles at sites of DNA damage. We demonstrated here that the activity of DNA-PK was increased by twofold in two independent radioresistant cell lines, HeLa 3A and CAPAN A3, over expressing the 24 kDa FGF-2. This increase was associated with an overexpression of the DNA-PKcs without modification of Ku expression or activity. This overexpression was due to an up-regulation of the DNA-PKcs gene transcription by the 24 kDa FGF-2 isoform. Finally, HeLa 3A cells exhibited the hallmarks of phenotypic changes associated with the overexpression of an active DNA-PKcs. Indeed, a faster repair rate of DSB and sensitization to IR by wortmannin was observed in these cells. Our results represent the characterization of a new mechanism of control of DNA repair and radioresistance in human tumor cells dependent on the overproduction of the 24 kDa FGF-2 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ader
- Oncologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U563, Département d'Innovation thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Claudius Regaud, 20-24 rue du Pont St Pierre, 31052 Toulouse Cedex France
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Dalenc F, Drouet J, Ader I, Delmas C, Rochaix P, Favre G, Cohen-Jonathan E, Toulas C. Increased expression of a COOH-truncated nucleophosmin resulting from alternative splicing is associated with cellular resistance to ionizing radiation in HeLa cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:662-8. [PMID: 12209603 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that transfecting HeLa cells with the 24 kDa basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) isoform dramatically increased cell survival after irradiation. To investigate genes implicated in this radioresistance acquisition, we compared mRNA expression between radioresistant 24 kDa FGF-2-expressing cells (HeLa 3A) and radiosensitive control HeLa PINA cells using the differential display technique. Of the 32 differentially expressed mRNAs, 1 presented a significant homology with a known gene. This 378 bp fragment presented 100% identity with exon 11 and 12 of human nucleophosmin (NPM) but differed by including a part of intron 9 in its 5' end. The differential expression of this fragment was confirmed using an RNase protection assay. We then cloned the entire corresponding mRNA and showed that it contained all the exons of NPM plus intron 9, suggesting that it was a splicing product of the NPM gene. This variant encoded for a 35-amino acid truncated NPM (NPM2). NPM2 expression was increased in HeLa 3A. To investigate NPM2's role in radioresistance acquisition, we transfected HeLa cells with NPM2 cDNA and analyzed survival after irradiation of the clones obtained. After transfection with NPM2, radiosensitive HeLa cells exhibited a dramatic increase in cell survival after irradiation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that expression of a COOH-truncated NPM form resulting from the alternative splicing of NPM mRNA is able to increase cell survival after irradiation and suggests that it might be involved in cellular response to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Dalenc
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, UPRES-EA 2048, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Khachigian LM, Fahmy RG, Zhang G, Bobryshev YV, Kaniaros A. c-Jun regulates vascular smooth muscle cell growth and neointima formation after arterial injury. Inhibition by a novel DNA enzyme targeting c-Jun. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22985-91. [PMID: 11891228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200977200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointima formation is a characteristic feature of common vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis, and involves smooth muscle cell proliferation. Determination of whether the bZIP transcription factor c-Jun plays a direct regulatory role in arterial lesion formation, or indeed in other disease, has been hampered by the lack of a potent and specific pharmacological inhibitor. c-Jun is poorly expressed in the uninjured artery wall and transiently induced following arterial injury in animal models. Here we generated a gene-specific DNAzyme-targeting c-Jun. We show that c-Jun protein is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. Dz13, a catalytically active c-Jun DNAzyme, cleaved c-Jun RNA and inhibited inducible c-Jun protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Dz13 blocked vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with potency exceeding its exact non-catalytic antisense oligodeoxynucleotide equivalent. Moreover, Dz13 abrogated smooth muscle cell repair following scraping injury in vitro and intimal thickening in injured rat carotid arteries in vivo. These studies demonstrate the positive influence on neointima formation by c-Jun and the therapeutic potential of a DNAzyme controlling its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Centre for Thrombosis and Vascular Research, Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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