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Chargui A. Lysine-63-linked polyubiquitination: a principal target of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:349-360. [PMID: 38911543 PMCID: PMC11187039 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is an environmental pollutant that constitutes a major danger to human health. It is considered a definite human carcinogen. The lung and kidney are the most sensitive organs for cancer development, and we recently provided the first evidence of direct upregulation of lysine-63-linked polyubiquitination by cadmium, particularly in response to environmentally relevant concentrations. Investigations of K63 polyubiquitination have greatly progressed, and various strategies have been reported for studying this molecular process in different biological systems under both physiological and stress conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying cadmium-induced accumulation of K63-polyubiquitinated proteins in lung and renal cells continue to be of interest given the unknown mechanism involved in the carcinogenesis of this metal. Cadmium is persistent within the cytosol and induces oxidative stress, which continuously damages proteins and causes K63 polyubiquitination, leading to the regulation/activation of different cellular signaling pathways. The aim of this review was to perform a critical analysis of the knowledge about K63 polyubiquitination induced by cadmium and its effect on selective autophagy, CYLD, the NF-KB pathway and Hif-1α. We also report data obtained in different experimental studies using cadmium, highlighting similarities in the induction of the ubiquitination system. A more detailed discussion will concern the role of K63 polyubiquitination in cadmium-exposed renal proximal convoluted tubules and lung cells since they are suitable model systems that are extremely sensitive to environmental stress, and cadmium is one of the most carcinogenic metals to which humans are exposed. We ultimately concluded that K63 polyubiquitination may be the origin of cadmium carcinogenesis in the lung and kidney. Graphical Abstract Pathways of cadmium carcinogenesis: Cadmium mimics zinc and induces Lysine-63-linked polyubiquitination, which promotes three intracellular processes: (1) accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, (2) stabilization of hypoxic inducible factor-1α and (3) activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, which results in the blockade of selective autophagy, angiogenesis, inflammation and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmen Chargui
- Université de Jendouba, Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du Kef (ESAK), LR: Appui à la Durabilité des Systèmes de Production Agricoles du Nord-Ouest, 7119 Le Kef, Tunisie
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Kaur N, Brraich OS. Detrimental influence of industrial effluents, especially heavy metals, on limnological parameters of water and nutritional profile in addition to enzymatic activities of fish, Sperata seenghala (Sykes, 1839) from diverse Ramsar sites, India (Punjab). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1012. [PMID: 37526774 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The present research was designed to determine the nutritive value of the liver and intestine of fish, Sperata seenghala, the impact of effluence load on limnological parameters of water and proximate composition of fish organs, especially on fatty acids, liver enzymatic activities, seasonal variations in the nutritional profile of fish, and to check and compare the pollution status of Ramsar sites in Punjab by calculating the water quality index, heavy metal pollution index, and metal index from June 2018 to August 2020. WQI of Harike wetland was found to be 53.95, which depicts that water quality in this region is "poor". At Nangal wetland, water quality index was reported to be "excellent" quality water and fit for the whole ecological unit. Overall heavy metal pollution index for Harike wetland was reported 174.569, whereas for Nangal wetland it was 5.994, depicting massive contaminant loads in a polluted region. MI value was also recorded as being higher (6.9336) in polluted habitat than in control habitat (0.8175). In fish liver, significant (p < 0.05) higher mean total lipids (6.73%), total proteins (3.98%), moisture (77.69%), ash (3.56%), and carbohydrates (3.79%) were observed in the samples from Nangal wetland than Harike wetland. A similar trend was reported in all biochemical contents of the fish intestine. Enzyme activities such as aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-aminotransferase were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the specimens collected from the polluted region. The mean total n-3 (except in spring), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (except in winter), and average monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids diminished significantly (p < 0.05) in the liver of fish from contaminated habitat than control site. In the intestine of fish collected from the polluted region, significant reductions in the mean total n-3 (except in autumn as well as summer), total n-6 PUFAs (in autumn and winter), and total SFAs were reported than control site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
| | - Onkar Singh Brraich
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
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Yeh YH, Tsai CC, Chen TW, Lee CH, Chang WJ, Hsieh MY, Li TK. Activation of multiple proteolysis systems contributes to acute cadmium cytotoxicity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:927-937. [PMID: 35088369 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium exhibits both toxic and carcinogenic effects, and its cytotoxicity is linked to various cellular pathways, such as oxidative stress, ubiquitin-proteasome, and p53-mediated response pathways. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying cadmium cytotoxicity appears to be complex, but remains largely unclear. Here, we examined the effects of cadmium on the protein catabolism using two surrogate markers, DNA topoisomerases I and II alpha and its contribution to cytotoxicity. We have found that cadmium exposure induced time- and concentration-dependent decreases in the protein level of surrogate markers and therefore suggest that cadmium may be involved in proteolysis system activation. A pharmacological study further revealed the novel role(s) of these proteolytic activities and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cadmium-induced acute toxicity: (i) Proteasome inhibition only partially relieved the cadmium-induced proteolysis of topoisomerases; (ii) Moreover, we report for the first time that the activation of metalloproteases, serine proteases, and cysteine proteases contributes to the acute cadmium cytotoxicity; (iii) Consistent with the notion that both ROS generation and proteolysis system activation contribute to the cadmium-induced proteolysis and cytotoxicity, the scavenger N-acetylcysteine and aforementioned protease inhibition not only reduced the cadmium-induced topoisomerase degradation but also alleviated the cadmium-induced cell killing. Taken together, acute cadmium exposure may activate multiple proteolytic systems and ROS formation, subsequently leading to intracellular damage and cytotoxicity. Thus, our results provide a novel insight into potential action mechanism(s) by which cadmium exerts its cytotoxic effect and suggest potential strategies to prevent cadmium-associated acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsiu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chih Tsai
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Wen Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hua Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jer Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Hsieh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Kun Li
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 709, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Centers for Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Bi A, Guo Z, Yang G, Huang Y, Yin Z, Luo L. γ-glutamylcysteine suppresses cadmium-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via regulating oxidative stress. Toxicology 2021; 465:153029. [PMID: 34767868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant, leading to the occurrence and development of multiple neurological diseases. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) is a dipeptide formed by the condensation of l-glutamic acid and l-cysteine, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chelating properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of γ-GC on Cd-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were pretreated with or without γ-GC (2 mM or 4 mM) for 2 h and exposed to Cd (10 μM) for 12 h, and survival, apoptosis, and oxidative stress of PC12 cells were detected after different treatments. The results showed that γ-GC significantly inhibited cell viability reduction, apoptosis, and depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in Cd-treated PC12 cells, as indicated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, TUNEL staining, and JC-1 detection. Western blot showed that γ-GC down-regulated the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the protein levels of cytosolic cytopigment c, cleaved-caspase-9, cleaved-caspase-3, and cleaved-PARP. Mechanistically, γ-GC suppressed Cd-induced ROS production, MDA accumulation, and GSH depletion, and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Cd-induced activation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were inhibited by γ-GC treatment, while sustained phosphorylation of JNK, p38, or Akt reversed anti-apoptotic effects of γ-GC. These results suggested that γ-GC inhibited Cd-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through decreasing oxidative stress and inhibiting the activation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. γ-GC could be used as a potential protective agent against Cd neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guocui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Gong P, Wang M, Yang W, Chang X, Wang L, Chen F. Integrated metabolomics coupled with pattern recognition and pathway analysis to reveal molecular mechanism of cadmium-induced diabetic nephropathy. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:777-791. [PMID: 34484669 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is becoming a worldwide public health problem and its pathophysiological mechanism is not well understood. Emerging evidences indicated that cadmium (Cd), an industrial material but also an environmental toxin, may be involved in the development and progression of diabetes and diabetes-related kidney disease. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Herein, a DN animal model was constructed by exposing to Cd, the metabolomic profiling of DN mice were obtained by using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), pattern recognition and pathway analysis were performed to screen potential biomarker. Moreover, western blotting was employed to verify the possible mechanism involved in the occurrence of Cd-induced DN. A total of 66 metabolites in serum have been screened out and identified as biomarkers, including free fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingomyelins, glycerides, and others. Significant differences were demonstrated between the metabolic profiles, including decreased levels of phospholipid and increased content of triglyceride, diacylglycerols, ceramide, lysophosphatidylcholine in Cd-induced DN mice compared with control. Protein expression level of p38 MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin were significantly increased. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based serum metabolomics coupled with pattern recognition methods and pathway analysis provide a powerful approach to identify potential biomarkers and is a new strategy to predict the underlying mechanism of disease caused by environmental toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Gong
- School of Food and Biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mengrao Wang
- School of Food and Biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- School of Food and Biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiangna Chang
- School of Food and Biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Food and Biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fuxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
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Shati AA, El-Kott AF. Resolvin D1 protects against cadmium chloride-induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats: A comparison with docosahexaenoic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S215-S232. [PMID: 34405727 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211038739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intoxication with cadmium (Cd) ions leads to hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment. However, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) exert neuroprotective effects in different animal models of neurodegeneration. PURPOSE This study compared the neuroprotective effect of the n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and its downstream metabolite, resolvin D1 (RVD1), on hippocampal damage and memory deficits in cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-treated rats. RESEARCH DESIGN Control or CdCl2 (0.5 mg/kg)-treated rats were subdivided into three groups (n = 18/each) and treated for 6 weeks as follows: (1) fed control diet, (2) fed DHA-rich diets (0.7 g/100 g), or (3) treated with RVD1 (0.2 μg/kg, i.p). RESULTS Treatment with a DHA-rich diet or RVD1 significantly increased the levels of docosahexaenoic acid and RVD1, respectively, in the hippocampal of CdCl2-treated rats without affecting the reduction in the expression of the 15-lipooxygenase-1 (ALOX15). These effects were associated with improvements in rats' memory function and hippocampal structure, as well as a redction in the hippocampal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear localization of the nuclear factor-kappa beta p65 (NF-κB p65), and expression of cleaved caspase-3. Concomitantly, hippocampi of both groups of rats showed significantly higher levels of Bcl-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), as well as enhanced nuclear levels of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). The effects of RVD1 on all these markers in the CdCl2-induced rats were more profound than those of DHA. Also, the increase in the nuclear protein levels of Nrf-2 and the decrease in the levels of Bax and nuclear protein levels of NF-κB p65 were only seen in the hippocampal of CdCl2 + RVD1-treated rats. CONCLUSION RVD1 is more powerful than DHA in preventing CdCl2-induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, 48144King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, 48144King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Chargui A, Belaid A, Ndiaye PD, Imbert V, Samson M, Guigonis JM, Tauc M, Peyron JF, Poujeol P, Brest P, Hofman P, Mograbi B. The Carcinogen Cadmium Activates Lysine 63 (K63)-Linked Ubiquitin-Dependent Signaling and Inhibits Selective Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2490. [PMID: 34065348 PMCID: PMC8161291 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling, proliferation, and inflammation are dependent on K63-linked ubiquitination-conjugation of a chain of ubiquitin molecules linked via lysine 63. However, very little information is currently available about how K63-linked ubiquitination is subverted in cancer. The present study provides, for the first time, evidence that cadmium (Cd), a widespread environmental carcinogen, is a potent activator of K63-linked ubiquitination, independently of oxidative damage, activation of ubiquitin ligase, or proteasome impairment. We show that Cd induces the formation of protein aggregates that sequester and inactivate cylindromatosis (CYLD) and selective autophagy, two tumor suppressors that deubiquitinate and degrade K63-ubiquitinated proteins, respectively. The aggregates are constituted of substrates of selective autophagy-SQSTM1, K63-ubiquitinated proteins, and mitochondria. These protein aggregates also cluster double-membrane remnants, which suggests an impairment in autophagosome maturation. However, failure to eliminate these selective cargos is not due to alterations in the general autophagy process, as degradation of long-lived proteins occurs normally. We propose that the simultaneous disruption of CYLD and selective autophagy by Cd feeds a vicious cycle that further amplifies K63-linked ubiquitination and downstream activation of the NF-κB pathway, processes that support cancer progression. These novel findings link together impairment of selective autophagy, K63-linked ubiquitination, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Chargui
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, F-06189 Nice, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (P.D.N.); (P.B.); (P.H.)
- Higher School of Agriculture of Kef, University Jendouba, Le Kef and Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, 7110 Le Kef, Tunisia
| | - Amine Belaid
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, F-06189 Nice, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (P.D.N.); (P.B.); (P.H.)
| | - Papa Diogop Ndiaye
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, F-06189 Nice, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (P.D.N.); (P.B.); (P.H.)
| | - Véronique Imbert
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), F-06204 Nice, France; (V.I.); (J.-F.P.)
| | - Michel Samson
- Université Côte d’Azur, Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Fréderic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), F-06107 Nice, France; (M.S.); (J.-M.G.)
| | - Jean-Marie Guigonis
- Université Côte d’Azur, Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Fréderic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), F-06107 Nice, France; (M.S.); (J.-M.G.)
| | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d’Azur, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, Labex ICST, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-06107 Nice, France; (M.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Jean-François Peyron
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), F-06204 Nice, France; (V.I.); (J.-F.P.)
| | - Philippe Poujeol
- Université Côte d’Azur, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, Labex ICST, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-06107 Nice, France; (M.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrick Brest
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, F-06189 Nice, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (P.D.N.); (P.B.); (P.H.)
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, F-06189 Nice, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (P.D.N.); (P.B.); (P.H.)
- Université Côte d’Azur, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, FHU OncoAge, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nice, F-06001 Nice, France
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, F-06189 Nice, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (P.D.N.); (P.B.); (P.H.)
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Transcriptomic insight into cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Habib R, Wahdan SA, Gad AM, Azab SS. Infliximab abrogates cadmium-induced testicular damage and spermiotoxicity via enhancement of steroidogenesis and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis mediators. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109398. [PMID: 31276887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Phuagkhaopong S, Ospondpant D, Kasemsuk T, Sibmooh N, Soodvilai S, Power C, Vivithanaporn P. Cadmium-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression and release from astrocytes are mediated by MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chauhan AK, Mittra N, Patel DK, Singh C. Cyclooxygenase-2 Directs Microglial Activation-Mediated Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Leading to Intrinsic Apoptosis in Zn-Induced Parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2162-2173. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rumzhum NN, Ammit AJ. Cyclooxygenase 2: its regulation, role and impact in airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:397-410. [PMID: 26685098 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2: official gene symbol - PTGS2) has long been regarded as playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in respiratory diseases including asthma. COX-2 can be rapidly and robustly expressed in response to a diverse range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Thus, increased levels of COX-2 protein and prostanoid metabolites serve as key contributors to pathobiology in respiratory diseases typified by dysregulated inflammation. But COX-2 products may not be all bad: prostanoids can exert anti-inflammatory/bronchoprotective functions in airways in addition to their pro-inflammatory actions. Herein, we outline COX-2 regulation and review the diverse stimuli known to induce COX-2 in the context of airway inflammation. We discuss some of the positive and negative effects that COX-2/prostanoids can exert in in vitro and in vivo models of airway inflammation, and suggest that inhibiting COX-2 expression to repress airway inflammation may be too blunt an approach; because although it might reduce the unwanted effects of COX-2 activation, it may also negate the positive effects. Evidence suggests that prostanoids produced via COX-2 upregulation show diverse actions (and herein we focus on prostaglandin E2 as a key example); these can be either beneficial or deleterious and their impact on respiratory disease can be dictated by local concentration and specific interaction with individual receptors. We propose that understanding the regulation of COX-2 expression and associated receptor-mediated functional outcomes may reveal number of critical steps amenable to pharmacological intervention. These may prove invaluable in our quest towards future development of novel anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Rumzhum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Ammit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zheng JL, Yuan SS, Wu CW, Lv ZM. Acute exposure to waterborne cadmium induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in the brain, ovary and liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:36-44. [PMID: 27642707 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that poses serious risks to aquatic organisms and their associated ecosystem. The mechanisms underlying Cd-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in fish remain largely unknown. In this study, adult female zebrafish were exposed to 0 (control), 1mgL-1 Cd for 24h and 96h, and the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by Cd were evaluated in the brain, liver and ovary. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in a time-dependent manner after treatment with Cd in the brain and liver. The increase may result from the disturbance of genes including copper and zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) at mRNA, protein and activity levels. Although ROS, NO and MDA were not significantly affected by Cd in the ovary, the up-regulation of Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, iNOS, and COX-2 was observed. Exposure to Cd induced a sharp increase in the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the brain, liver and ovary, possibly contributing to activate inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we also found a dramatic increase in mRNA levels of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) at 24h in the liver and ovary. The corresponding changes in the mRNA levels of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1a and Keap1b) and the inhibitor of κBα (IκBαa and IκBαb) may contribute to regulate the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 and NF-κB, respectively. Contrarily, mRNA levels of Nrf2, NF-κB, Keap1, Keap1b, IκBαa and IκBαb remained stable at 24 and 96h in the brain. Taken together, we demonstrated Cd-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in fish, possibly through transcriptional regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB and gene modifications at transcriptional, translational, post-translational levels, which would greatly extend our understanding on the Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
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14
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Minutoli L, Micali A, Pisani A, Puzzolo D, Bitto A, Rinaldi M, Pizzino G, Irrera N, Galfo F, Arena S, Pallio G, Mecchio A, Germanà A, Bruschetta D, Laurà R, Magno C, Marini H, Squadrito F, Altavilla D. Flavocoxid Protects Against Cadmium-Induced Disruption of the Blood–Testis Barrier and Improves Testicular Damage and Germ Cell Impairment in Mice [corrected]. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:311-29. [PMID: 26424772 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) causes male infertility. There is the need to identify safe treatments counteracting this toxicity. Flavocoxid is a flavonoid that induces a balanced inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 peroxidase moieties and of 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and has efficacy in the male genitourinary system. We investigated flavocoxid effects on Cd-induced testicular toxicity in mice. Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: 2 control groups received 0.9% NaCl (vehicle; 1 ml/kg/day) or flavocoxid (20 mg/kg/day ip); 2 groups were challenged with cadmium chloride (CdCl2; 2 mg/kg/day ip) and administered with vehicle or flavocoxid. The treatment lasted for 1 or 2 weeks. The testes were processed for biochemical and morphological studies. CdCl2 increased phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) 1/2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, COX-2, 5-LOX, malondialdehyde (MDA), B-cell-lymphoma (Bcl)-2-associated X protein (Bax), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), transforming growth factor (TGF) -β3, decreased Bcl-2, testosterone, inhibin-B, occludin, N-Cadherin, induced structural damages in the testis and disrupted the blood-testis barrier. Many TUNEL-positive germ cells and changes in claudin-11, occludin, and N-cadherin localization were present. Flavocoxid administration reduced, in a time-dependent way, p-ERK 1/2, TNF-α, COX-2, 5-LOX, MDA, Bax, FSH, LH, TGF-β3, augmented Bcl-2, testosterone, inhibin B, occludin, N-Cadherin, and improved the structural organization of the testis and the blood-testis barrier. Few TUNEL-positive germ cells were present and a morphological retrieval of the intercellular junctions was observed. In conclusion, flavocoxid has a protective anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic function against Cd-induced toxicity in mice testis. We suggest that flavocoxid may play a relevant positive role against environmental levels of Cd, otherwise deleterious to gametogenesis and tubular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Micali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | - Antonina Pisani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Arena
- Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Anna Mecchio
- *Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | | | - Daniele Bruschetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images
| | - Rosaria Laurà
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and
| | - Carlo Magno
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences
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15
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Olszowski T, Gutowska I, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Piotrowska K, Korbecki J, Kurzawski M, Chlubek D. The Effect of Cadmium on COX-1 and COX-2 Gene, Protein Expression, and Enzymatic Activity in THP-1 Macrophages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 165:135-44. [PMID: 25645360 PMCID: PMC4424267 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cadmium in concentrations relevant to those detected in human serum on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression at mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels in THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages were incubated with various cadmium chloride (CdCl2) solutions for 48 h at final concentrations of 5 nM, 20 nM, 200 nM, and 2 μM CdCl2. The mRNA expression and protein levels of COXs were analyzed with RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and stable metabolite of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentrations in culture media were determined using ELISA method. Our study demonstrates that cadmium at the highest tested concentrations modulates COX-1 and COX-2 at mRNA level in THP-1 macrophages; however, the lower tested cadmium concentrations appear to inhibit COX-1 protein expression. PGE2 and TXB2 production is not altered by all tested Cd concentrations; however, the significant stimulation of PGE2 and TXB2 production is observed when macrophages are exposed to both cadmium and COX-2 selective inhibitor, NS-398. The stimulatory effect of cadmium on COXs at mRNA level is not reflected at protein and enzymatic activity levels, suggesting the existence of some posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational events that result in silencing of those genes' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Olszowski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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16
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Lee JY, Tokumoto M, Fujiwara Y, Satoh M. Involvement of ubiquitin-coding genes in cadmium-induced protein ubiquitination in human proximal tubular cells. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:901-8. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Maki Tokumoto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Masahiko Satoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
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17
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Nair AR, DeGheselle O, Smeets K, Van Kerkhove E, Cuypers A. Cadmium-Induced Pathologies: Where Is the Oxidative Balance Lost (or Not)? Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6116-43. [PMID: 23507750 PMCID: PMC3634456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, anthropogenic factors have led to cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the environment causing various health problems in humans. Although Cd is not a Fenton-like metal, it induces oxidative stress in various animal models via indirect mechanisms. The degree of Cd-induced oxidative stress depends on the dose, duration and frequency of Cd exposure. Also the presence or absence of serum in experimental conditions, type of cells and their antioxidant capacity, as well as the speciation of Cd are important determinants. At the cellular level, the Cd-induced oxidative stress either leads to oxidative damage or activates signal transduction pathways to initiate defence responses. This balance is important on how different organ systems respond to Cd stress and ultimately define the pathological outcome. In this review, we highlight the Cd-induced oxidant/antioxidant status as well as the damage versus signalling scenario in relation to Cd toxicity. Emphasis is addressed to Cd-induced pathologies of major target organs, including a section on cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. Furthermore, attention is paid to Cd-induced oxidative stress in undifferentiated stem cells, which can provide information for future therapies in preventing Cd-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Ravindran Nair
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.R.N.); (O.D.); (K.S.); (E.V.K.)
| | | | | | - Emmy Van Kerkhove
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.R.N.); (O.D.); (K.S.); (E.V.K.)
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; E-Mails: (A.R.N.); (O.D.); (K.S.); (E.V.K.)
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18
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Park YK, Hong H, Jang BC. Transcriptional and translational regulation of COX-2 expression by cadmium in C6 glioma cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:960-6. [PMID: 22767315 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High exposure to cadmium is a risk factor for many neuronal diseases. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is linked to many neuroinflammatory and neoplastic diseases. We, herein, investigated the effect of cadmium on the expression of COX-2 in C6 rat glioma cells. Treatment with cadmium sulfate (cadmium) increased the expression of COX-2 mRNA. Remarkably, cadmium treatment further increased expression of not only the N-glycosylated COX-2 protein of 72 kDa but also the unglycosylated COX-2 of 66 kDa, as assessed by the unglycosylated COX-2 induced by tunicamycin or glucosamine, known inhibitors of COX-2 N-glycosylation. Of note, when translation was blocked in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX), levels of both N-glycosylated and unglycosylated COX-2 proteins induced by cadmium rapidly declined but the decline was prevented by MG132, a 26S proteasomal inhibitor. However, in the absence of CHX, cadmium induced and maintained expression of the unglycosylated COX-2 proteins. Pharmacological inhibition studies importantly demonstrated that the cadmium-mediated COX-2 transcriptional upregulation in C6 cells was not shown by exogenous glutathione (GSH) supplementation or treatment with inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2), p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase-1/2 (JNK-1/2), respectively. Expression of COX-2 was not noted in C6 cells exposed to other heavy metals (cobalt or manganese). These results demonstrate that cadmium specifically induces expression of COX-2 through both transcriptional and co-translational (N-glycosylation) regulation in C6 cells in which the cadmium-induced COX-2 transcriptional upregulation is closely related to oxidative stress-dependent activation of the family of MAPKs and the cadmium-induced expression of both N-glycosylated and unglycosylated COX-2 proteins is proteasome- and translation-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kyoung Park
- Department of Medical Genetic Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Haddad A, Flint-Ashtamker G, Minzel W, Sood R, Rimon G, Barki-Harrington L. Prostaglandin EP1 receptor down-regulates expression of cyclooxygenase-2 by facilitating its proteasomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17214-17223. [PMID: 22474323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is rapidly and transiently up-regulated by a large variety of signals and implicated in pathologies such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. Although many signals cause COX-2 up-regulation, much less is known about mechanisms that actively down-regulate its expression. Here we show that the G protein-coupled receptor prostaglandin E(1) (EP(1)) reduces the expression of COX-2 in a concentration-dependent manner through a mechanism that does not require receptor activation. The reduction in COX-2 protein is not due to decreased protein synthesis and occurs because of enhancement of substrate-independent COX-2 proteolysis. Although EP(1) does not interfere with the entry of COX-2 into the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation cascade, it facilitates COX-2 ubiquitination through complex formation. Blockade of proteasomal activity results in degradation of the receptor and concomitant recovery in the expression of COX-2, suggesting that EP(1) may scaffold an unknown E3 ligase that ubiquitinates COX-2. These findings propose a new role for the EP(1) receptor in resolving inflammation through down-regulation of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariz Haddad
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Galit Flint-Ashtamker
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Waleed Minzel
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Rapita Sood
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Gilad Rimon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Liza Barki-Harrington
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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20
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Fujiwara Y, Lee JY, Tokumoto M, Satoh M. Cadmium Renal Toxicity via Apoptotic Pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1892-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b212014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Jin-Yong Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Maki Tokumoto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masahiko Satoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
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21
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Yazaki M, Kashiwagi K, Aritake K, Urade Y, Fujimori K. Rapid degradation of cyclooxygenase-1 and hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase through ubiquitin-proteasome system in response to intracellular calcium level. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:12-21. [PMID: 22049022 PMCID: PMC3248891 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-07-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and hematopoietic prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (H-PGDS) proteins, which are both involved in the arachidonate cascade, were stable in human megakaryocytic MEG-01 cells. In contrast, once the intracellular calcium level was increased by treatment with a calcium ionophore, both protein levels rapidly decreased with a half-life of less than 30 and 120 min for COX-1 and H-PGDS, respectively. In the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, COX-1 and H-PGDS proteins accumulated within 10 and 30 min, respectively, and concurrently appeared as the high-molecular-mass ubiquitinated proteins within 30 and 60 min, respectively, after an increase in the intracellular calcium level. The ubiquitination of these proteins was also observed when ADP, instead of a calcium ionophore, was used as an inducer to elevate the intracellular calcium level. When the entry of calcium ion into the cells was inhibited by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), the ubiquitination of COX-1 and H-PGDS was clearly suppressed; and the addition of CaCl(2) to the medium cleared the EGTA-mediated suppression of the ubiquitination. These results indicate that COX-1 and H-PGDS were rapidly ubiquitinated and degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system in response to the elevation of the intracellular calcium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yazaki
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Yu X, Sidhu JS, Hong S, Robinson JF, Ponce RA, Faustman EM. Cadmium induced p53-dependent activation of stress signaling, accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:403-12. [PMID: 21252392 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor oncoprotein, p53, is a critical regulator of stress-induced growth arrest and apoptosis. p53 activity is regulated through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) with stress-induced disruption leading to increased accumulation of p53, resulting in growth arrest. In the present study, we investigate the role of p53 to determine sensitivity to cadmium (Cd) and whether induction of stress signaling responses and perturbation of the UPS are involved in Cd-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. We treated synchronously cultured p53 transgenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts, both wild-type p53+/+ and knockout p53-/- cells, with cadmium chloride (Cd, 0.5-20μM) for 24 h. Cd-induced cytotoxicity was assessed by cellular morphology disruption and neutral red dye uptake assay. Proteins in the stress signaling pathway, including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK); ubiquitination, such as high-molecular weight of polyubiquitinated proteins (HMW-polyUb); and apoptotic pathways, were all measured. We found that Cd induced p53-dependent cytotoxicity in the p53+/+ cells, which exhibited a twofold greater sensitivity. We observed a dose-dependent stimulation of p38 MAPK and SAPK/JNK phosphorylation that corresponded to accumulation of HMW-polyUb conjugates and lead to the induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by the elevation of cleaved caspase-3. Our study suggests that Cd-mediated cytotoxicity and induction of stress signaling responses, elevated accumulation of HMW-polyUb conjugates, and resulting apoptosis are all dependent on p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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23
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Tokumoto M, Fujiwara Y, Shimada A, Hasegawa T, Seko Y, Nagase H, Satoh M. Cadmium toxicity is caused by accumulation of p53 through the down-regulation of Ube2d family genes in vitro and in vivo. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:191-200. [PMID: 21467746 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Tokumoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | | | - Tatsuya Hasegawa
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Yamanashi Institute of Environmental Sciences
| | - Yoshiyuki Seko
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Yamanashi Institute of Environmental Sciences
| | - Hisamitsu Nagase
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masahiko Satoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
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24
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Yu X, Robinson JF, Sidhu JS, Hong S, Faustman EM. A system-based comparison of gene expression reveals alterations in oxidative stress, disruption of ubiquitin-proteasome system and altered cell cycle regulation after exposure to cadmium and methylmercury in mouse embryonic fibroblast. Toxicol Sci 2010; 114:356-77. [PMID: 20061341 PMCID: PMC2840217 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposures to heavy metals such as methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) pose significant health risks to humans, including neurotoxicity. The underlying mechanisms of their toxicity, however, remain to be fully characterized. Our previous studies with Cd and MeHg have demonstrated that the perturbation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was associated with metal-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. We conducted a microarray-based gene expression analysis to compare metal-altered gene expression patterns with a classical proteasome inhibitor, MG132 (0.5 microM), to determine whether the disruption of the UPS is a critical mechanism of metal-induced toxicity. We treated mouse embryonic fibroblast cells at doses of MeHg (2.5 microM) and Cd (5.0 microM) for 24 h. The doses selected were based on the neutral red-based cell viability assay where initial statistically significant decreases in variability were detected. Following normalization of the array data, we employed multilevel analysis tools to explore the data, including group comparisons, cluster analysis, gene annotations analysis (gene ontology analysis), and pathway analysis using GenMAPP and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Using these integrated approaches, we identified significant gene expression changes across treatments within the UPS (Uchl1 and Ube2c), antioxidant and phase II enzymes (Gsta2, Gsta4, and Noq1), and genes involved in cell cycle regulation pathways (ccnb1, cdc2a, and cdc25c). Furthermore, pathway analysis revealed significant alterations in genes implicated in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis following metal exposure. This study suggests that these pathways play a critical role in the development of adverse effects associated with metal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105
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25
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Mohapatra DP, Brar SK, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Physico-chemical pre-treatment and biotransformation of wastewater and wastewater sludge--fate of bisphenol A. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:923-41. [PMID: 20083294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting compound largely used in plastic and paper industry, ends up in aquatic systems via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) among other sources. The identification and quantification of BPA in wastewater (WW) and wastewater sludge (WWS) is of major interest to assess the endocrine activity of treated effluent discharged into the environment. Many treatment technologies, including various pre-treatment methods, such as hydrolysis, Fenton oxidation, peroxidation, ultrasonication and ozonation have been developed in order to degrade BPA in WW and WWS and for the production of WWS based value-added products (VAPs). WWS based VAPs, such as biopesticides, bioherbicides, biofertilizers, bioplastics and enzymes are low cost biological alternatives that can compete with chemicals or other cost intensive biological products in the current markets. However, this field application is disputable due to the presence of these organic compounds which has been discussed with a perspective of simultaneous degradation. The pre-treatment produces an impact on rheology as well as value-addition which has been reviewed in this paper. Various analytical techniques available for the detection of BPA in WW and WWS are also discussed. Presence of heavy metals and possible thermodynamical behavior of the compound in WW and WWS can have major impact on BPA removal, which is also included in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Mohapatra
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Canada G1K 9A9
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26
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García MTA, González ELM. Natural antioxidants protect against cadmium-induced damage during pregnancy and lactation in rats' pups. J Food Sci 2010; 75:T18-23. [PMID: 20492210 PMCID: PMC2995313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Free-radicals production is involved in the toxicity of cadmium. The aim of this study was to determine whether biochemical changes occurred in the liver and kidney of cadmium exposed pups during gestation and lactation, and additionally to investigate the potential beneficial role of the administration of certain antioxidants against cadmium exposure damage. Pregnant Wistar rats received the following treatments as drinking water: (1) Distilled water; (2) Cadmium (10 mg/L); (3) Cadmium + Zinc (20 mg/L) + vitamins A (50000 U/L), C (2 g/L), E (500 mg/L), and B(6) (500 mg/L); (4) Vitamins + Zinc solution. We found an increase in hemolysis and in the aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALAD) activity in the erythrocytes among both cadmium-exposed groups. Cadmium exposure increased the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase, and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in both the organs studied. The effect on the enzymatic activity was reduced by the coadministration of vitamins and zinc. Our findings suggest that administration of antioxidants during gestation and lactation could prevent some of the negative effects of cadmium.
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Alexandrova A, Petrov L, Georgieva A, Kessiova M, Tzvetanova E, Kirkova M, Kukan M. Effect of copper intoxication on rat liver proteasome activity: relationship with oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 22:354-62. [PMID: 18972400 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Copper toxicity is associated with formation of reactive oxygen species, which are capable to oxidize proteins. The selective removal of the latter by the 20S proteasome is considered an essential part of the cell antioxidant defense system. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether peptidase activities of rat liver proteasomes were affected by chronic (40 mg CuSO(4)/rat/daily with the drinking water for 2 weeks) and acute (20 mg/kg CuSO(4), s.c.) copper treatment. To evaluate the role of proteasome, its inhibitor MG132 was also used. The degree of copper-induced oxidative stress (OS), established by measuring lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and cellular glutathione level, as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes--catalase, superoxide dismutase, and gultathionine peroxidase, depended on the mode of copper administration. Chronic copper administration (mild oxidative stress) did not affect proteasome activities, whereas acute copper treatment (severe oxidative stress) caused a decline in chymotryptic- and tryptic-like activities. The treatment of copper-loaded animals with MG132 did not change copper-induced alterations in the tested indices, except an additional increase in protein oxidation and inhibition of glutathionine peroxidase activity. The results suggested that the in vivo copper-induced oxidative stress was associated with changes in the catalytic activity of proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Free Radical Processes, Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. a_alexandrova
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Park CS, Kim OS, Yun SM, Jo SA, Jo I, Koh YH. Presenilin 1/gamma-secretase is associated with cadmium-induced E-cadherin cleavage and COX-2 gene expression in T47D breast cancer cells. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:413-22. [PMID: 18791180 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal that has multiple toxic effects on human health and has been classified as a human carcinogen. E-cadherin is a major target of cadmium; however, the roles of E-cadherin and cadmium and the mechanisms of tumor progression remain to be defined. Here, we demonstrate that cadmium increases E-cadherin processing via a gamma-secretase in the T47D breast cancer cell lines. This presenilin 1 (PS1)/gamma-secretase-dependent cleavage of E-cadherin was accompanied by changes in reactive oxygen species or calcium. E-cadherin cleavage was blocked by a PS1 dominant-negative mutant, gamma-secretase inhibitors [N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) and L-685,486], antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine and Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride), or a calcium chelating drug 1,2-bis(o-Aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the disappearance of E-cadherin staining at the cell surface. Those inhibitors attenuated cadmium-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, cadmium treatment increased cell motility and invasion ability, which was abated by DAPT. Interestingly, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by cadmium was also inhibited by DAPT. The cadmium-induced cell motility and invasion ability were inhibited by a COX-2 inhibitor, NS398. Our data indicate a novel molecular mechanism that links cytotoxicity of cadmium and disrupted E-cadherin processing to adherens junctions; cadmium induces COX-2 expression via gamma-secretase, which increases cell motility and invasion ability. Understanding the downstream signaling cascades of cadmium that promote tumor progression might be a key to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seok Park
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, 194, Tongillo, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, 122-701, Korea
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Smith WL. Nutritionally essential fatty acids and biologically indispensable cyclooxygenases. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 33:27-37. [PMID: 18155912 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The study of cyclooxygenases (COXs), targets of aspirin and related drugs, is rooted in the discovery of essential fatty acids (EFAs). There are two COXs that convert EFAs, primarily arachidonic acid, to prostaglandins. Each COX is involved with distinct biologies. COX-1 expression is constitutive while COX-2 is inducible. The two COXs might have evolved partly to permit prostaglandin formation at different tissue sites. However, COX-2 is sometimes induced in cells already expressing COX-1, and in these instances, COX-2 functions while COX-1 is latent. This can occur because of unique biochemical properties of COX-2 that enable cells to form prostaglandins when arachidonic acid comprises a small fraction of available fatty acids and the concentrations of peroxides that are necessary for COX to function are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Newairy A, El-Sharaky A, Badreldeen M, Eweda S, Sheweita S. The hepatoprotective effects of selenium against cadmium toxicity in rats. Toxicology 2007; 242:23-30. [PMID: 17949884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Tansey MG, McCoy MK, Frank-Cannon TC. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: potential environmental triggers, pathways, and targets for early therapeutic intervention. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:1-25. [PMID: 17720159 PMCID: PMC3707134 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions are accompanied by neuroinflammation; yet the exact nature of the inflammatory processes and whether they modify disease progression is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the key epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence implicating inflammatory processes in the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) nigrostriatal pathway and their potential contribution to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Given that interplay between genetics and environment are likely to contribute to risk for development of idiopathic PD, recent data showing interactions between products of genes linked to heritable PD that function to protect DA neurons against oxidative or proteolytic stress and inflammation pathways will be discussed. Cellular mechanisms activated or enhanced by inflammatory processes that may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, or apoptosis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons will be reviewed, with special emphasis on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta) signaling pathways. Epigenetic factors which have the potential to trigger neuroinflammation, including environmental exposures and age-associated chronic inflammatory conditions, will be discussed as possible 'second-hit' triggers that may affect disease onset or progression of idiopathic PD. If inflammatory processes have an active role in nigrostriatal pathway degeneration, then evidence should exist to indicate that such processes begin in the early stages of disease and that they contribute to neuronal dysfunction and/or hasten neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. Therapeutically, if anti-inflammatory interventions can be shown to rescue nigral DA neurons from degeneration and lower PD risk, then timely use of anti-inflammatory therapies should be investigated further in well-designed clinical trials for their ability to prevent or delay the progressive loss of nigral DA neurons in genetically susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Tang H, Sun Y, Xiu Q, Lu H, Han H. Cyclooxygenase-2 induction requires activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells in Beas-2B cells after vanadium exposure and plays an anti-apoptotic role. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 468:92-9. [PMID: 17961495 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium, a potent toxic agent and carcinogen, is widely used in industry. Evidences show that exposure to vanadium is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. But the mechanisms involved are far from fully understood. In this present study, we investigated that exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B) to vanadium pentoxide resulted in an obvious induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and this induction was both dose- and time-dependent. Exposure of Beas-2B cells to vanadium pentoxide also led to significant activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) on a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of NFAT by dominant negative mutant of NFAT (DN-NFAT) resulted in a dramatic inhibition of COX-2 expression induced by vanadium pentoxide, showing that NFAT activation was required for COX-2 induction by vanadium pentoxide in Beas-2B cells. Moreover, knockdown of COX-2 expression by COX-2-specific small interference RNA and blockage of NFAT pathway by DN-NFAT and NFAT3 small interference RNA showed an increased cell apoptosis in Beas-2B on vanadium exposure. Together, our results demonstrated that COX-2 expression could be induced by vanadium pentoxide in NFAT-dependent way and played an anti-apoptotic role in Beas-2B cells. From the results, we anticipate that the carcinogenesis of vanadium to human bronchial cells may result from anti-apoptosis mediated by the NFAT-dependent induction of COX-2, and we also assume that either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic effect in certain type of cells after vanadium exposure may depend on the level of COX-2 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Jang BC, Sung SH, Park JG, Park JW, Bae JH, Shin DH, Park GY, Han SB, Suh SI. Glucosamine hydrochloride specifically inhibits COX-2 by preventing COX-2 N-glycosylation and by increasing COX-2 protein turnover in a proteasome-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27622-32. [PMID: 17635918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610778200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COX-2 and its products, including prostaglandin E(2), are involved in many inflammatory processes. Glucosamine (GS) is an amino monosaccharide and has been widely used for alternative regimen of (osteo) arthritis. However, the mechanism of action of GS on COX-2 expression remains unclear. Here we describe a new action mechanism of glucosamine hydrochloride (GS-HCl) to tackle endogenous and agonist-driven COX-2 at protein level. GS-HCl (but not GS sulfate, N-acetyl GS, or galactosamine HCl) resulted in a shift in the molecular mass of COX-2 from 72-74 to 66-70 kDa and concomitant inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) production in a concentration-dependent manner in interleukin (IL)-1beta-treated A549 human lung epithelial cells. Remarkably, GS-HCl-mediated decrease in COX-2 molecular mass was associated with inhibition of COX-2 N-glycosylation during translation, as assessed by the effect of tunicamycin, the protein N-glycosylation inhibitor, or of cycloheximide, the translation inhibitor, on COX-2 modification. Specifically, the effect of low concentration of GS-HCl (1 mM) or of tunicamycin (0.1 microg/ml) to produce the aglycosylated COX-2 was rescued by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 but not by the lysosomal or caspase inhibitors. However, the proteasomal inhibitors did not show an effect at 5 mM GS-HCl, which produced the aglycosylated or completely deglycosylated form of COX-2. Notably, GS-HCl (5 mM) also facilitated degradation of the higher molecular species of COX-2 in IL-1beta-treated A549 cells that was retarded by MG132. GS-HCl (5 mM) was also able to decrease the molecular mass of endogenous and IL-1beta- or tumor necrosis factor-alpha-driven COX-2 in different human cell lines, including Hep2 (bronchial) and H292 (laryngeal). However, GS-HCl did not affect COX-1 protein expression. These results demonstrate for the first time that GS-HCl inhibits COX-2 activity by preventing COX-2 co-translational N-glycosylation and by facilitating COX-2 protein turnover during translation in a proteasome-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Churl Jang
- Chronic Disease Research Center and Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.
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El-Sharaky AS, Newairy AA, Badreldeen MM, Eweda SM, Sheweita SA. Protective role of selenium against renal toxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Toxicology 2007; 235:185-93. [PMID: 17448585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is an environmental toxic metal implicated in human diseases. The mechanism of its toxicity is not fully understood. Therefore, the role of cadmium in renal toxicity, and the protective role of selenium against this toxicity were investigated. Forty-five male rats were used through out the study and divided into three groups of 15. The first group received saline solution daily for 10 days. The second group, received cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (2 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally daily for a period of 10 days. The third group, received sodium selenite (1 mg/kg body weight, twice in 10 days) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) once a day [corrected] The results showed that cadmium treatment increased renal lipid peroxidation (measured as malondialdehyde, MDA) which was associated with a significant decrease in the antioxidant systems such as reduced glutathione levels and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). On the other hand, pretreatment of rats with selenium and cadmium led to a significant decrease in MDA concentration, and increased levels of GSH and the activities of GPx and TrxR when compared with those of cadmium-treated group. The total levels of phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterolester classes were decreased, while free fatty acids levels were markedly increased after cadmium treatment. In addition, the total levels of both mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids of different lipid classes were significantly decreased, while the total saturated fatty acids was significantly increased by cadmium treatment. Pretreatment of rats with selenium, was found to protect kidney tissues of rats against the biochemical changes resulting from cadmium administration. These results suggest that cadmium causes renal toxicity by inducing lipid peroxidation, decreasing antioxidant systems, and also by altering lipid metabolism. In addition, selenium treatment could protect the kidney tissues against the toxicity of cadmium since it reduced MDA levels and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in these tissues. These results could be important for the further understanding of the complex mechanisms of cadmium toxicity in kidney tissues and in the development of better treatments for people and/or animals exposed to the heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S El-Sharaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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35
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Kang YJ, Mbonye UR, DeLong CJ, Wada M, Smith WL. Regulation of intracellular cyclooxygenase levels by gene transcription and protein degradation. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 46:108-25. [PMID: 17316818 PMCID: PMC3253738 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2) catalyze the committed step in prostaglandin formation. Each isozyme subserves different biological functions. This is, at least in part, a consequence of differences in patterns of COX-1 and COX-2 expression. COX-1 is induced during development, and COX-1 mRNA and COX-1 protein are very stable. These latter properties can explain why COX-1 protein levels usually remain constant in those cells that express this isozyme. COX-2 is usually expressed inducibly in association with cell replication or differentiation. Both COX-2 mRNA and COX-2 protein have short half-lives relative to those of COX-1. Therefore, COX-2 protein is typically present for only a few hours after its synthesis. Here we review and develop the concepts that (a) COX-2 gene transcription can involve at least six different cis-acting promoter elements interacting with trans-acting factors generated by multiple, different signaling pathways, (b) the relative contribution of each cis-acting COX-2 promoter element depends on the cell type, the stimulus and the time following the stimulus and (c) a unique 27 amino acid instability element located just upstream of the C-terminus of COX-2 targets this isoform to the ER-associated degradation system and proteolysis by the cytosolic 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Joo Kang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Uri R. Mbonye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824
| | - Cynthia J. DeLong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Masayuki Wada
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William L. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: William L. Smith, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 5301 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Tel: 734-647-6180; Fax:734-764-3509;
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Borovic S, Rabuzin F, Waeg G, Zarkovic N. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for 4-hydroxynonenal-histidine conjugates. Free Radic Res 2007; 40:809-20. [PMID: 17015259 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600693422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is the final product of lipid peroxidation, known as a second messenger of free radicals and a signaling molecule. It forms protein conjugates involved in pathology of various diseases. To determine cellular HNE-protein conjugates we developed indirect ELISA based on well-known, monoclonal antibody against HNE-histidine (HNE-His) adducts. The method was calibrated using HNE-albumin conjugates as standards (R(2) = 0.999) and validated on human osteosarcoma cell cultures (HOS). The ELISA showed good sensitivity (8.1 pmol HNE-His/mg of protein), precision ( +/- 8% intra-assay and +/- 12% inter-assay) and spiking recovery ( +/- 9%). The assay revealed 60-fold increase of cellular HNE-His adducts upon copper-induced lipid peroxidation of HOS. The ELISA matched HNE-immunocytochemistry of HNE-treated HOS cells and quantified the increase of cellular HNE-His conjugates in parallel to the decrease of free HNE in culture medium. The ELISA was developed as ELISA Stress for severe lipid peroxidation and ELISA Fine for studies on HNE physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Borovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Mbonye UR, Wada M, Rieke CJ, Tang HY, Dewitt DL, Smith WL. The 19-amino acid cassette of cyclooxygenase-2 mediates entry of the protein into the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation system. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35770-8. [PMID: 17001073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608281200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms catalyze the committed step in prostaglandin biosynthesis. The primary structures of COX-1 and COX-2 are very similar except that COX-2 has a 19-amino acid (19-AA) segment of unknown function located just inside its C terminus. Here we provide evidence that the major role of the 19-AA cassette is to mediate entry of COX-2 into the ER-associated degradation system that transports ER proteins to the cytoplasm. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in many cells, whereas COX-2 is usually expressed inducibly and transiently. In murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, we find that COX-2 protein is degraded with a half-life (t(1/2)) of about 2 h, whereas COX-1 is reasonably stable (t(1/2) > 12 h); COX-2 degradation is retarded by 26 S proteasome inhibitors. Similarly, COX-1 expressed heterologously in HEK293 cells is quite stable (t(1/2) > 24 h), whereas COX-2 expressed heterologously is degraded with a t(1/2) of approximately 5 h, and its degradation is slowed by proteasome inhibitors. A deletion mutant of COX-2 was prepared lacking 18 residues of the 19-AA cassette. This mutant retains native COX-2 activity but, unlike native COX-2, is stable in HEK293 cells. Conversely, inserting the COX-2 19-AA cassette near the C terminus of COX-1 yields a mutant ins594-612 COX-1 that is unstable (t(1/2) approximately 3 h). Mutation of Asn-594, an N-glycosylation site at the beginning of the 19-AA cassette, stabilizes both COX-2 and ins594-612 COX-1; nonetheless, COX mutants that are glycosylated at Asn-594 but lack the remainder of the 19-amino acid cassette (i.e. del597-612 COX-2 and ins594-596 COX-1) are stable. Thus, although glycosylation of Asn-594 is necessary for COX-2 degradation, at least part of the remainder of the 19-AA insert is also required. Finally, kifunensine, a mannosidase inhibitor that can block entry of ER proteins into the ER-associated degradation system, retards COX-2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri R Mbonye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Im JY, Paik SG, Han PL. Cadmium-induced astroglial death proceeds via glutathione depletion. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:301-8. [PMID: 16385582 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal that accumulates in the body, and its accumulation in the brain damages both neurons and glial cells. In the current study, we explored the mechanism underlying cadmium toxicity in primary cortical astroglia cultures. Chronic treatment with 10 microM cadmium was sufficient to cause 90% cell death in 18 hr. However, unlike that observed in neurons, cadmium-induced astroglial toxicity was not attenuated by the antioxidants trolox (100 microM), caffeic acid (1 mM), and vitamin C (1 mM). In contrast, extracellular 100 microM glutathione (GSH; gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) or 100 microM cysteine almost completely blocked cadmium-induced astroglial death, whereas 300 microM oxidized GSH (GSSG) or 300 microM cystine, which do not have the free thiol group, were ineffective. In addition, cadmium toxicity was noticeably inhibited or enhanced when intracellular GSH was, respectively, increased by using the cell-permeable glutathione ethyl ester (GSH-EE) or depleted by using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. In agreement with these data, intracellular GSH levels were found to be depressed in cadmium-treated astrocytes. These results suggest that the toxic effect of cadmium on primary astroglial cells involves GSH depletion and, furthermore, that GSH administration can potentially be used to counteract cadmium-induced astroglial cell death therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Im
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center and Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Morales AI, Vicente-Sánchez C, Jerkic M, Santiago JM, Sánchez-González PD, Pérez-Barriocanal F, López-Novoa JM. Effect of quercetin on metallothionein, nitric oxide synthases and cyclooxygenase-2 expression on experimental chronic cadmium nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 210:128-35. [PMID: 16226777 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation can play a key role in Cd-induced dysfunctions. Quercetin is a potent oxygen free radical scavenger and a metal chelator. Our aim was to study the effect of quercetin on Cd-induced kidney damage and metallothionein expression. The study was performed in Wistar rats that were administered during 9 weeks with either cadmium (1.2 mg Cd/kg/day, s.c.), quercetin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or cadmium + quercetin. Renal toxicity was evaluated by measuring blood urea nitrogen concentration and urinary excretion of enzymes marker of tubular damage. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) renal expression were assessed by Western blot. Renal expression of metallothionein 1 and 2 (MT-1, MT-2) and eNOS mRNA was assessed by Northern blot. Our data demonstrated that Cd-induced renal toxicity was markedly reduced in rats that also received quercetin. MT-1 and MT-2 mRNA levels in kidney were substantially increased during treatment with Cd, being even higher when the animals received Cd and quercetin. Renal eNOS expression was significantly higher in rats receiving Cd and quercetin than in animals receiving Cd alone or in control rats. In the group that received Cd, COX-2 and iNOS expression was markedly higher than in control rats. In the group Cd+quercetin, no changes in COX-2 and iNOS expression were observed compared with the control group. Our results demonstrate that quercetin treatment prevents Cd-induced overexpression of iNOS and COX-2, and increases MT expression. These effects can explain the protection by quercetin of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Morales
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Lam PK, Torfs CP. Interaction between maternal smoking and malnutrition in infant risk of gastroschisis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 76:182-6. [PMID: 16498669 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroschisis is a severe birth defect characterized by a tear in the infant's abdominal wall. Young mothers have the highest risk of having an infant with gastroschisis. In an animal model, the defect resulted from exposure of pregnant mice to carbon monoxide (CO) in combination with a low protein and low zinc diet. METHODS We evaluated this model in a study of 55 infants with gastroschisis and 94 age-matched controls that included maternal interview with a food frequency questionnaire. Smoking cigarettes (> or = 1 pack/day) or marijuana (more than once) 3 months prior to pregnancy indicated CO exposure. Low protein or zinc intake and a low body mass index (BMI) indicated maternal malnutrition. RESULTS When assessed separately, high CO, low protein, low zinc, and low BMI were each significantly associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis. Although we observed significant CO-BMI and CO-zinc interactions after adjusting for income, only a combination of high CO exposure and low BMI yielded a synergistic adverse effect. Compared to the low risk of having an infant with gastroschisis for mothers who did not have low BMI and did not smoke, the risk of having an infant with gastroschisis was 16.3 times (95% CI, 2.49-113.4) higher for mothers who did not have low BMI but smoked, and 19.7 times (95% CI, 4.33-89.6) higher for mothers who did not smoke but had low BMI. However, the risk was 26.5 times (95% CI, 7.85-89.4) higher for mothers who had low BMI and smoked. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that young mothers are at increased risk of having an infant with gastroschisis if they smoke and are also malnourished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung K Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California 92103-8374, USA.
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Chien PS, Mak OT, Huang HJ. Induction of COX-2 protein expression by vanadate in A549 human lung carcinoma cell line through EGF receptor and p38 MAPK-mediated pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:562-8. [PMID: 16300728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vanadate is a transition metal widely distributed in the environment. It has been reported that vanadate associated with air pollution particles can modify DNA synthesis, causing cell growth arrest, and apoptosis. Moreover, vanadium exposure was also found to cause the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin E(2). Here, we found that exposure of A549 human lung carcinoma cells to vanadate led to extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinases (JNKs), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) activation, and COX-2 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, but not PD098059 and SP600125, specific inhibitor of MKK1 and selective inhibitor of JNK, respectively, suppressed COX-2 expression. Furthermore, the epithelial growth factor (EGF) receptor specific inhibitor (PD153035) reduced vanadate-induced COX-2 expression. However, scavenging of vanadate-induced reactive oxygen species by catalase, a specific H(2)O(2) inhibitor, or DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, resulted in no inhibition on COX-2 expression. Together, we suggested that EGF receptor and p38 MAPK signaling pathway may be involved in vanadate-induced COX-2 protein expression in A549 human lung carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Chien
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Rd. 701, Tainan, Taiwan
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Li MH, Jang JH, Surh YJ. Nitric oxide induces apoptosis via AP-1-driven upregulation of COX-2 in rat pheochromocytoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:890-9. [PMID: 16140209 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, is induced in many cells by numerous inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO). Upregulation of COX-2 expression has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuronal cell death. In the present study, we have found that the NO-induced upregulation of COX-2 via activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling leads to apoptotic cell death. Cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO-releasing compound, exhibited marked induction of COX-2 expression, which was associated with apoptotic cell death as evidenced by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, activation of caspase-3, accumulation of p53, increased Bax/Bcl-XL ratio, and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition to the upregulation of COX-2 expression, SNP treatment led to activation of AP-1. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with c-fos antisense oligonucleotide abolished the NO-induced increase in DNA binding of AP-1 and upregulation of COX-2 expression. Furthermore, pretreatment with a selective COX-2 inhibitor (SC58635) rescued the PC12 cells from the apoptotic cell death induced by NO. Similar results were obtained when the NO-induced upregulation of COX-2 expression was blocked by the siRNA interference. These results suggest that excessive NO production during inflammation induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through AP-1-mediated upregulation of COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Li
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Li Z, Jansen M, Ogburn K, Salvatierra L, Hunter L, Mathew S, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Neurotoxic prostaglandin J2 enhances cyclooxygenase-2 expression in neuronal cells through the p38MAPK pathway: a death wish? J Neurosci Res 2005; 78:824-36. [PMID: 15523637 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The role of the proinflammatory and inducible form of cyclooxygenases (COX-2) in neurodegeneration is not well defined. Some of its metabolic products, such as prostaglandins (PG) of the J2 series, are known to be neurotoxic. Here we demonstrate that PGJ2 enhances COX-2 gene expression without elevating COX-1 levels in neuronal cells. PGJ2 also increased PGE2 production, establishing that the de novo synthesized COX-2 is enzymatically active. PGJ2 derivatives, such as 15d-PGJ2, are known activators of PPARgamma, a nuclear receptor that activates gene expression. However, the selective PPARgamma agonist ciglitazone failed to up-regulate COX-2, indicating that the PGJ2 effect on COX-2 is PPARgamma independent. Furthermore, PGJ2 stabilized IkappaBalpha levels, indicating that NFkappaB is not active under these conditions. The blocking of neuronal NFkappaB activity by PGJ2 may be an important contributor to its neurotoxicity, insofar as NFkappaB transactivation seems to be required for neuronal survival in the CNS. Interleukin-1 (IL1) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to stimulate the expression of genes associated with inflammation, including COX-2. Notably, IL1 mRNA levels in the neuronal cells were increased by PGJ2 treatment. The proinflammatory cytokine may mediate COX-2 up-regulation by PGJ2 through p38MAPK and not JNK activation, in that only an inhibitor of the former prevented the COX-2 increase. Thiol-reducing agents, such as N-acetylcysteine, protected the neuronal cells from the deleterious effects of PGJ2, whereas ascorbic acid did not. Collectively, our findings suggest that proinflammatory conditions that lead to COX-2 up-regulation and the concomitant production of PGJ2 initiate a mechanism of self-destruction through an autotoxic loop between PGJ2 and COX-2 that may exacerbate neurodegeneration beyond a point of no return. Thiol-reducing antioxidants may offer an optimal strategy for halting this neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, USA
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44
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Yang PM, Chiu SJ, Lin LY. Differential Effects of Salen and Manganese-Salen Complex (EUK-8) on the Regulation of Cellular Cadmium Uptake and Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2005; 85:551-9. [PMID: 15689422 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes cell damage. We investigated here the feasibility of using a cell permeable superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic, EUK-8, to reduce the Cd-induced ROS and cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. EUK-8 reduces the ROS level caused by Cd treatment. EUK-8 also curtails propidium iodide (PI) influx and increases the viability of Cd-treated cells. The efficacy of EUK-8 as a Cd antidote diminishes gradually when added at a later stage of Cd treatment. EUK-8 blocks Cd transport into cells. It is ineffective in accelerating the efflux of metals from the cells. EUK-8 is a Mn-salen complex. Mn decreases the uptake and cytotoxicity of Cd, while salen perturbs the membrane integrity and increases the uptake and cytotoxicity of Cd. Salen is able to bind Cd, and the Cd-salen complex formed does not perturb the integrity of cell membranes and thus the influx of metal is not enhanced. Our results reveal a differential effect of salen and Mn-salen complex on the transport of Cd with subsequent different levels of cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ming Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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45
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Zaric J, Rüegg C. Integrin-mediated Adhesion and Soluble Ligand Binding Stabilize COX-2 Protein Levels in Endothelial Cells by Inducing Expression and Preventing Degradation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:1077-85. [PMID: 15525653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, is highly expressed during inflammation and cellular transformation and promotes tumor progression and angiogenesis. We have previously demonstrated that endothelial cell COX-2 is required for integrin alphaVbeta3-dependent activation of Rac-1 and Cdc-42 and for endothelial cell spreading, migration, and angiogenesis (Dormond, O., Foletti, A., Paroz, C., and Ruegg, C. (2001) Nat. Med. 7, 1041-1047; Dormond, O., Bezzi, M., Mariotti, A., and Ruegg, C. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 45838-45846). In this study, we addressed the question of whether integrin-mediated cell adhesion may regulate COX-2 expression in endothelial cells. We report that cell detachment from the substrate caused rapid degradation of COX-2 protein in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) independent of serum stimulation. This effect was prevented by broad inhibition of cellular proteinases and by neutralizing lysosomal activity but not by inhibiting the proteasome. HUVEC adhesion to laminin, collagen I, fibronectin, or vitronectin induced rapid COX-2 protein expression with peak levels reached within 2 h and increased COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 production. In contrast, nonspecific adhesion to poly-L-lysine was ineffective in inducing COX-2 expression. Furthermore, the addition of matrix proteins in solution promoted COX-2 protein expression in suspended or poly-L-lysine-attached HUVEC. Adhesion-induced COX-2 expression was strongly suppressed by pharmacological inhibition of c-Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p38, extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2, and, to a lesser extent, protein kinase C and by the inhibition of mRNA or protein synthesis. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that integrin-mediated cell adhesion and soluble integrin ligands contribute to maintaining COX-2 steady-state levels in endothelial cells by the combined prevention of lysosomal-dependent degradation and the stimulation of mRNA synthesis involving multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zaric
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie (CePO) and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Oncology, CH-1066 Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
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Li Z, Melandri F, Berdo I, Jansen M, Hunter L, Wright S, Valbrun D, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Delta12-Prostaglandin J2 inhibits the ubiquitin hydrolase UCH-L1 and elicits ubiquitin-protein aggregation without proteasome inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:1171-80. [PMID: 15194490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate molecular mechanisms linking inflammation with neurodegeneration, we treated neuronal cultures with prostaglandins (PGs), which are mediators of inflammation. PGA1, D2, J2, and Delta12-PGJ2, but not PGE2, reduced the viability and raised the levels of ubiquitinated proteins in the neuronal cells. PGJ2 and its metabolite, Delta12-PGJ2, were the most potent of the four neurotoxic PGs tested in inducing both effects. To address the mechanism by which these agents lead to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, we tested their effects on neuronal ubiquitin hydrolases UCH-L1 and UCH-L3 as well as on proteasome activity. Notably, Delta12-PGJ2 inhibited the activities of UCH-L1 (K(i) approximately 3.5 microM) and UCH-L3 (K(i) approximately 8.1 microM) without affecting proteasome activity. Intracellular aggregates containing ubiquitinated proteins were detected in Delta12-PGJ2-treated cells, indicating that these aggregates can form independently of proteasome inhibition. In conclusion, impairment of ubiquitin hydrolase activity, such as triggered by Delta12-PGJ2, may be an important contributor to neurodegeneration associated with accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Gelman BB, Schuenke K. Brain aging in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: increased ubiquitin-protein conjugate is correlated with decreased synaptic protein but not amyloid plaque accumulation. J Neurovirol 2004; 10:98-108. [PMID: 15204928 DOI: 10.1080/13550280490279816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two neuropathological changes that are linked with biological and pathological aging were examined in subjects with end-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Autopsy brain specimens were examined from 25 people who died from complications of AIDS and 25 comparison subjects who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative, matched for age, gender, ethnicity, and postmortem time interval. These adults were stratified into three age groups: elderly (62 to 75 years), intermediate (55 to 60 years), and young (21 to 42 years). Ubiquitin-stained dotlike deposits (Ub-dots) and diffuse extracellular plaques containing the beta-amyloid (Abeta) fragment of the amyloid precursor protein (Abeta plaque) were both increased significantly in the hippocampal formation of older subjects. In subjects with AIDS, Ub-dots were increased whereas Abeta plaque counts were not significantly different. Western blotting confirmed that high-molecular-weight ubiquitin-protein conjugates (HMW-Ub-conj) were increased in AIDS. The band intensity of one HMW-Ub-conj species with an approximate molecular mass of 145 kDa was correlated significantly with increased acute phase inflammatory protein (a-1-antichymotrypsin) and decreased synaptophysin and growth-associated protein-43 band intensities. These results raise the possibility that HIV-related brain inflammation disturbs neuronal protein turnover through the ubiquitin-proteasome apparatus, and might increase the prevalence of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases by decreasing synaptic protein turnover through the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0785, USA.
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Gunnarsson D, Svensson M, Selstam G, Nordberg G. Pronounced induction of testicular PGF2$alpha; and suppression of testosterone by cadmium?prevention by zinc. Toxicology 2004; 200:49-58. [PMID: 15158563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) on testicular prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (PGF(2 alpha)) production, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CdCl(2) by subcutaneous injections. Dose-response as well as temporal-response experiments were performed, and PGF(2 alpha) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The highest cadmium dose (10 micromol/kg) caused a dramatic elevation of testicular PGF(2 alpha), which was established to occur 48 h after exposure. At this point of time, cadmium-treated animals displayed PGF(2 alpha) levels 16.7 times higher than saline-injected controls. No significant differences were found with the lower doses used (1 and 5 micromol/kg). In addition, the influence of pre-treatment with zinc (Zn) was assessed. The very strong stimulatory effect on PGF(2 alpha) synthesis (22.3-fold) detected after exposure to 20 micromol/kg cadmium, was completely absent in the group given zinc (1 mmol/kg) prior to cadmium exposure. Plasma testosterone concentrations were determined in the three experiments, and all groups with strongly elevated PGF(2 alpha) levels showed drastically lowered concentrations of testosterone. Zinc pre-treatment abolished not only the cadmium-induced rise in PGF(2 alpha) but also the testosterone reduction. Additionally, cadmium was found to inhibit the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which is responsible for the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. The present findings establish that cadmium can cause a strong induction of testicular PGF(2 alpha) production, which might help to explain the well-known antisteroidogenic effect of this heavy metal. Such an inhibitory effect could be due to reduced levels of StAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gunnarsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden
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Ramirez DC, Gimenez MS. Induction of redox changes, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by chronic cadmium exposure in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Toxicol Lett 2003; 145:121-32. [PMID: 14581164 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redox changes and the secretion of inflammatory mediators were investigated in resident peritoneal macrophages of mice chronically exposed to cadmium (Cd, 15 ppm for 2 months) through drinking water. Our results showed that in vivo Cd exposure altered the redox balance in mouse peritoneal macrophages, leading to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that overwhelmed the antioxidant defenses. It also led to increased lipid peroxidation and arachidonic acid (AA) release, higher nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 compared with control macrophages. Oxidative stress and inflammation could be important processes operating in the modulation of mouse macrophage physiology induced by chronic Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Avenida Ejercito de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
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Shin HJ, Park KK, Lee BH, Moon CK, Lee MO. Identification of genes that are induced after cadmium exposure by suppression subtractive hybridization. Toxicology 2003; 191:121-31. [PMID: 12965115 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium is a xenobiotic toxicant of environmental and occupational concern and it has been classified as a human carcinogen. Inhalation of cadmium has been implicated in the development of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, but, the detailed mechanism by which cadmium induces adverse biological effects is not yet known. Therefore, we undertook the investigation of genes that are induced after cadmium exposure to illustrate the mechanism of cadmium toxicity. For this purpose, we employed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. We identified 29 different cadmium-inducible genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-alpha, enolase-1alpha, VEGF, Bax, and neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (Nor-1), which are known to be associated with inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Induction of these genes by cadmium treatment was further confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Further, we found that these genes were also induced after cadmium exposure in normal human lung fibroblast cell line, WI-38, suggesting potential use of this induction profile to monitor cadmium toxicity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-dong, Kwangjin-gu, 140-747, Seoul, South Korea.
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