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Sun S, Qi G, Chen H, He D, Ma D, Bie Y, Xu L, Feng B, Pang Q, Guo H, Zhang R. Ferroptosis sensitization in glioma: exploring the regulatory mechanism of SOAT1 and its therapeutic implications. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:754. [PMID: 37980334 PMCID: PMC10657441 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioma, the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, lacks effective targeted therapies. This study investigates the role of SOAT1, a key gene involved in cholesterol esterification, in glioma prognosis and its association with ferroptosis. Although the impact of SOAT1 on glioma prognosis has been recognized, its precise mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibiting SOAT1 increases the sensitivity of glioma cells to ferroptosis, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SOAT1 positively modulates the expression of SLC40A1, an iron transporter, resulting in enhanced intracellular iron outflow, reduced intracellular iron levels, and subsequent disruption of ferroptosis. Importantly, we find that SOAT1 regulates ferroptosis independently of SREBPs, which are known to be involved in ferroptosis regulation. Furthermore, we identify the involvement of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in mediating the regulatory effects of SOAT1 on SLC40A1 expression and ferroptosis sensitivity. These findings highlight the contribution of intracellular signaling cascades in the modulation of ferroptosis by SOAT1. We show that inhibiting SOAT1 enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy in gliomas, both in vitro and in vivo, by promoting sensitivity to ferroptosis. This suggests that targeting SOAT1 could potentially improve therapeutic outcomes for glioma patients. In summary, this study uncovers the pivotal role of SOAT1 as a link between cholesterol esterification and ferroptosis in glioma. Our findings underscore the potential of SOAT1 as a promising clinical therapeutic target, providing new avenues for the development of effective treatments for glioma. Further research is warranted to unravel the complete regulatory mechanisms of SOAT1 and explore its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Guoliang Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Dong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Dengzhen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yifan Bie
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linzong Xu
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Yuan R, Zhang W, You Y, Cui G, Gao Z, Wang X, Chen J. Vitamin D3 suppresses the cholesterol homeostasis pathway in patient-derived glioma cell lines. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1789-1806. [PMID: 37489660 PMCID: PMC10476568 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common malignant brain tumors. Vitamin D, primarily its hormonally active form calcitriol, has been reported to have anti-cancer activity. In the present study, we used patient-derived glioma cell lines to examine the effect of vitamin D3 and calcitriol on glioblastoma. Surprisingly, vitamin D3 showed a more significant inhibitory effect than calcitriol on cell viability and proliferation. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates most of the cellular effects of vitamin D, and thus we examined the expression level and function of VDR via gene silencing and gene knockout experiments. We observed that VDR does not affect the sensitivity of patient-derived glioma cell lines to vitamin D3, and the gene encoding VDR is not essential for growth of patient-derived glioma cell lines. RNA sequencing data analysis and sterolomics analysis revealed that vitamin D3 inhibits cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis by inhibiting the expression level of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which leads to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and other sterol intermediates. In conclusion, our results suggest that vitamin D3, rather than calcitriol, inhibits growth of patient-derived glioma cell lines via inhibition of the cholesterol homeostasis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Medical NeurobiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Ping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of MedicineShanghai UniversityNantongChina
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Medical NeurobiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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3
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Huang F, Li S, Wang X, Wang C, Pan X, Chen X, Zhang W, Hong J. Serum lipids concentration on prognosis of high-grade glioma. Cancer Causes Control 2023:10.1007/s10552-023-01710-1. [PMID: 37258987 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of serum lipids concentration on the prognosis of high-grade glioma patients undergoing postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the patients with high-grade glioma who received postoperative Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy between 13 May 2013 and 12 September 2018 was performed. The patients were grouped according to the average values of serum total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL concentration in peripheral blood (before surgery, 6 months after therapy). Cox proportional hazards model was performed to determine whether the total cholesterol concentration, LDL concentration, and HDL concentration in peripheral blood before therapy and their changes after therapy were factors influencing the prognosis. RESULTS The results of COX regression analysis showed that the independent prognostic factors of high-grade glioma patients were pathological grade, the extent of resection, serum cholesterol concentration pre-surgery, and the change of LDL concentration from pre-surgery to post-therapy. The prognosis of patients with high serum total cholesterol concentration before therapy was worse than those of patients with low total cholesterol concentration. The 5-year survival rate and the median survival time of patients with high serum total cholesterol concentration before therapy were 4.9% and 23.6 months, but the low cholesterol concentration group were 19.6% and 24.5 months, respectively. Besides, the average serum LDL concentration in high-grade glioma patients gradually increased after therapy. The 5-year survival rate of patients and the median survival time with elevated LDL concentration after therapy is 11.8% and 20.4 months, but the reduced LDL concentration group was 16.7% and 28.4 months, respectively. The total cholesterol and LDL concentration increased significantly after therapy in Grade IV patients while Grade III patients did not. CONCLUSIONS The cholesterol concentration before therapy and LDL concentration change from pre-surgery to post-therapy are the factors that affect the prognosis of high-grade glioma patients who have undergone postoperative radiotherapy. In the final analysis, the high serum cholesterol pre-surgery and the increased in serum LDL concentration from pre-surgery to post-therapy were associated with worse survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Central Lab, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Central Laboratory, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer (Fujian Medical University), No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer (Fujian Medical University), No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoxian Pan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer (Fujian Medical University), No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer (Fujian Medical University), No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Jinsheng Hong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, The First Affliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer (Fujian Medical University), No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
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4
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Philipsen MH, Hansson E, Manaprasertsak A, Lange S, Jennische E, Carén H, Gatzinsky K, Jakola A, Hammarlund EU, Malmberg P. Distinct Cholesterol Localization in Glioblastoma Multiforme Revealed by Mass Spectrometry Imaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1602-1609. [PMID: 37040529 PMCID: PMC10161228 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults and is highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapies. GBM has been associated with alterations in lipid contents, but lipid metabolism reprogramming in tumor cells is not fully elucidated. One of the key hurdles is to localize the lipid species that are correlated with tumor growth and invasion. A better understanding of the localization of abnormal lipid metabolism and its vulnerabilities may open up to novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to spatially probe the lipid composition in a GBM biopsy from two regions with different histopathologies: one region with most cells of uniform size and shape, the homogeneous part, and the other with cells showing a great variation in size and shape, the heterogeneous part. Our results reveal elevated levels of cholesterol, diacylglycerols, and some phosphatidylethanolamine in the homogeneous part, while the heterogeneous part was dominated by a variety of fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol species. We also observed a high expression of cholesterol in the homogeneous tumor region to be associated with large cells but not with macrophages. Our findings suggest that ToF-SIMS can distinguish in lipid distribution between parts within a human GBM tumor, which can be linked to different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai H. Philipsen
- Tissue
Development and Evolution (TiDE) Division, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
- Lund
Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Auraya Manaprasertsak
- Tissue
Development and Evolution (TiDE) Division, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
- Lund
Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Lange
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Jennische
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska
Centre for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and
Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kliment Gatzinsky
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, SE41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Asgeir Jakola
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, SE41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute
of Neuroscience and physiology, Department of clinical neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, SE41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma U. Hammarlund
- Tissue
Development and Evolution (TiDE) Division, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
- Lund
Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool to Study the Pathophysiology of Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032384. [PMID: 36768712 PMCID: PMC9917237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Raman phenomenon is based on the spontaneous inelastic scattering of light, which depends on the molecular characteristics of the dispersant. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy and imaging allow us to obtain direct information, in a label-free manner, from the chemical composition of the sample. Since it is well established that the development of many brain diseases is associated with biochemical alterations of the affected tissue, Raman spectroscopy and imaging have emerged as promising tools for the diagnosis of ailments. A combination of Raman spectroscopy and/or imaging with tagged molecules could also help in drug delivery and tracing for treatment of brain diseases. In this review, we first describe the basics of the Raman phenomenon and spectroscopy. Then, we delve into the Raman spectroscopy and imaging modes and the Raman-compatible tags. Finally, we center on the application of Raman in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of brain diseases, by focusing on traumatic brain injury and ischemia, neurodegenerative disorders, and brain cancer.
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6
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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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7
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Bezawork-Geleta A, Dimou J, Watt MJ. Lipid droplets and ferroptosis as new players in brain cancer glioblastoma progression and therapeutic resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1085034. [PMID: 36591531 PMCID: PMC9797845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1085034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary brain tumor glioblastoma is the most lethal of all cancers and remains an extremely challenging disease. Apparent oncogenic signaling in glioblastoma is genetically complex and raised at any stage of the disease's progression. Many clinical trials have shown that anticancer drugs for any specific oncogene aberrantly expressed in glioblastoma show very limited activity. Recent discoveries have highlighted that alterations in tumor metabolism also contribute to disease progression and resistance to current therapeutics for glioblastoma, implicating an alternative avenue to improve outcomes in glioblastoma patients. The roles of glucose, glutamine and tryptophan metabolism in glioblastoma pathogenesis have previously been described. This article provides an overview of the metabolic network and regulatory changes associated with lipid droplets that suppress ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of nonapoptotic programmed cell death induced by excessive lipid peroxidation. Although few studies have focused on potential correlations between tumor progression and lipid droplet abundance, there has recently been increasing interest in identifying key players in lipid droplet biology that suppress ferroptosis and whether these dependencies can be effectively exploited in cancer treatment. This article discusses how lipid droplet metabolism, including lipid synthesis, storage, and use modulates ferroptosis sensitivity or tolerance in different cancer models, focusing on glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayenachew Bezawork-Geleta
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Ayenachew Bezawork-Geleta,
| | - James Dimou
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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8
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Fader Kaiser CM, Romano PS, Vanrell MC, Pocognoni CA, Jacob J, Caruso B, Delgui LR. Biogenesis and Breakdown of Lipid Droplets in Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:826248. [PMID: 35198567 PMCID: PMC8860030 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.826248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) have long been considered as mere fat drops; however, LD have lately been revealed to be ubiquitous, dynamic and to be present in diverse organelles in which they have a wide range of key functions. Although incompletely understood, the biogenesis of eukaryotic LD initiates with the synthesis of neutral lipids (NL) by enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The accumulation of NL leads to their segregation into nanometric nuclei which then grow into lenses between the ER leaflets as they are further filled with NL. The lipid composition and interfacial tensions of both ER and the lenses modulate their shape which, together with specific ER proteins, determine the proneness of LD to bud from the ER toward the cytoplasm. The most important function of LD is the buffering of energy. But far beyond this, LD are actively integrated into physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism, control of protein homeostasis, sequestration of toxic lipid metabolic intermediates, protection from stress, and proliferation of tumours. Besides, LD may serve as platforms for pathogen replication and defense. To accomplish these functions, from biogenesis to breakdown, eukaryotic LD have developed mechanisms to travel within the cytoplasm and to establish contact with other organelles. When nutrient deprivation occurs, LD undergo breakdown (lipolysis), which begins with the LD-associated members of the perilipins family PLIN2 and PLIN3 chaperone-mediated autophagy degradation (CMA), a specific type of autophagy that selectively degrades a subset of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes. Indeed, PLINs CMA degradation is a prerequisite for further true lipolysis, which occurs via cytosolic lipases or by lysosome luminal lipases when autophagosomes engulf portions of LD and target them to lysosomes. LD play a crucial role in several pathophysiological processes. Increased accumulation of LD in non-adipose cells is commonly observed in numerous infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens including viral, bacterial, and parasite infections, and is gradually recognized as a prominent characteristic in a variety of cancers. This review discusses current evidence related to the modulation of LD biogenesis and breakdown caused by intracellular pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Fader Kaiser
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia S Romano
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M Cristina Vanrell
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian A Pocognoni
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julieta Jacob
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Benjamín Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas y Tecnologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- CONICET Dr. Mario H. Burgos Institute of Histology and Embryology (IHEM), Mendoza, Argentina
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9
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Tanase C, Enciu AM, Codrici E, Popescu ID, Dudau M, Dobri AM, Pop S, Mihai S, Gheorghișan-Gălățeanu AA, Hinescu ME. Fatty Acids, CD36, Thrombospondin-1, and CD47 in Glioblastoma: Together and/or Separately? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020604. [PMID: 35054787 PMCID: PMC8776193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive tumors of the central nervous system, characterized by a wide range of inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. Accumulation of fatty acids (FA) metabolites was associated with a low survival rate in high-grade glioma patients. The diversity of brain lipids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is greater than in all other organs and several classes of proteins, such as FA transport proteins (FATPs), and FA translocases are considered principal candidates for PUFAs transport through BBB and delivery of PUFAs to brain cells. Among these, the CD36 FA translocase promotes long-chain FA uptake as well as oxidated lipoproteins. Moreover, CD36 binds and recognizes thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), an extracellular matrix protein that was shown to play a multifaceted role in cancer as part of the tumor microenvironment. Effects on tumor cells are mediated by TSP-1 through the interaction with CD36 as well as CD47, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. TSP-1/CD47 interactions have an important role in the modulation of glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis in GBM. Separately, FA, the two membrane receptors CD36, CD47, and their joint ligand TSP-1 all play a part in GBM pathogenesis. The last research has put in light their interconnection/interrelationship in order to exert a cumulative effect in the modulation of the GBM molecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-74-020-4717
| | - Ana Maria Enciu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Codrici
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Ionela Daniela Popescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Maria Dudau
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ana Maria Dobri
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sevinci Pop
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Simona Mihai
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Ancuța-Augustina Gheorghișan-Gălățeanu
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- ‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 001863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail Eugen Hinescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.E.); (E.C.); (I.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.D.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.E.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
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10
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Use of Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the biochemical composition of normal and tumoral human brain tissues for diagnosis. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 37:121-133. [PMID: 33159308 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was used to identify biochemical differences in normal brain tissue (cerebellum and meninges) compared to tumors (glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, schwannoma, and meningioma) through biochemical information obtained from the samples. A total of 263 spectra were obtained from fragments of the normal cerebellum (65), normal meninges (69), glioblastoma (28), schwannoma (8), medulloblastoma (19), and meningioma (74), which were collected using the dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, near infrared, output power of 350 mW, 20 s exposure time to obtain the spectra), coupled to a Raman probe. A spectral model based on least squares fitting was developed to estimate the biochemical concentration of 16 biochemical compounds present in brain tissue, among those that most characterized brain tissue spectra, such as linolenic acid, triolein, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, β-carotene, collagen, phenylalanine, DNA, glucose, and blood. From the biochemical information, the classification of the spectra in the normal and tumor groups was conducted according to the type of brain tumor and corresponding normal tissue. The classification used in discrimination models were (a) the concentrations of the biochemical constituents of the brain, through linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and (b) the tissue spectra, through the discrimination by partial least squares (PLS-DA) regression. The models obtained 93.3% discrimination accuracy through the LDA between the normal and tumor groups of the cerebellum separated according to the concentration of biochemical constituents and 94.1% in the discrimination by PLS-DA using the whole spectrum. The results obtained demonstrated that the Raman technique is a promising tool to differentiate concentrations of biochemical compounds present in brain tissues, both normal and tumor. The concentrations estimated by the biochemical model and all the information contained in the Raman spectra were both able to classify the pathological groups.
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11
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Li D, Li S, Xue AZ, Smith Callahan LA, Liu Y. Expression of SREBP2 and cholesterol metabolism related genes in TCGA glioma cohorts. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18815. [PMID: 32195924 PMCID: PMC7220679 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database provides correlative evidence between altered molecular pathways and gliomas. Dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis emerges as a potential indicator of the pathogenesis of gliomas.Mining large cohorts from the TCGA together with database from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) for confirmation, we compared gene expression of cholesterol synthesis master regulator SREBP2 and its regulatory networks in low grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma (GBM).Our analysis shows that expression of SREBP2 and related genes is lower in GBM than in LGG, indicating that cholesterol metabolism processes, including de novo synthesis, cholesterol uptakes, and cholesterol conversion and efflux, are suppressed in GBM.Overall, our data suggests that SREBP2 transcript could serve as a potential prognosis marker or therapeutic target in diffuse glioma including GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Li
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Shenglan Li
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Allen Z. Xue
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura A. Smith Callahan
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Liu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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12
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Santos JG, Da Cruz WMS, Schönthal AH, Salazar MD, Fontes CAP, Quirico-Santos T, Da Fonseca CO. Efficacy of a ketogenic diet with concomitant intranasal perillyl alcohol as a novel strategy for the therapy of recurrent glioblastoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1263-1270. [PMID: 29391903 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that persistent ketotic hypoglycemia represents a potential therapeutic strategy against high-grade gliomas. Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a non-toxic, naturally-occurring, hydroxylated monoterpene that exhibits cytotoxicity against temozolomide-resistant glioma cells, regardless of O6-methylguanine-methyltransferase promoter methylation status. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of intranasal POH when administered in combination with a ketogenic diet (KD) program for the treatment of patients with recurrent glioblastoma. The 32 enrolled patients were divided into two groups, KD or standard diet, with intranasal POH treatment (n=17 and n=15, respectively). The nutritional status and anthropometric parameters of the patients were measured. Patients that adhered to the KD maintained a strict dietary regimen, in addition to receiving 55 mg POH four times daily, in an uninterrupted administration schedule for three months. Neurological examination and magnetic resonance imaging analysis were used to monitor disease progression. A total of 9/17 patients in the KD group survived and maintained compliance with the KD. After three months of well-tolerated treatment, a partial response (PR) was observed for 77.8% (7/9) of the patients, stable disease (SD) in 11.1% (1/9) and 11.1% (1/9) presented with progressive disease (PD). Among the patients assigned to the standard diet group, the PR rate was 25% (2/8 patients), SD 25% (2/8) and PD 50% (4/8 patients). The patients assigned to the KD group presented with reduced serum lipid levels and decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These results are encouraging and suggest that KD associated with intranasal POH may represent a viable option as an adjunct therapy for recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Guimarães Santos
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24033-900, Brazil
| | | | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Cristina Asvolinsque Pantaleão Fontes
- Service of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24033-900, Brazil
| | - Thereza Quirico-Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Clovis Orlando Da Fonseca
- Service of Neurosurgery, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24033-900, Brazil
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13
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Caruana BT, Skoric A, Brown AJ, Lutze-Mann LH. Site-1 protease, a novel metabolic target for glioblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28645614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcriptional regulators of lipids which promote glioblastoma growth. Here, we investigate the effect of inhibiting expression of SREBP target genes in human glioblastoma cells. This was achieved by using PF-429242 to inhibit site-1 protease (S1P), an enzyme required for SREBP activation. Treatment with PF-429242 decreased glioblastoma cell viability, induced apoptosis and downregulated steroid, isoprenoid and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. Several pro-inflammatory genes were upregulated. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of S1P as a target for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth T Caruana
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Aleksandra Skoric
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise H Lutze-Mann
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Menard JA, Christianson HC, Kucharzewska P, Bourseau-Guilmain E, Svensson KJ, Lindqvist E, Indira Chandran V, Kjellén L, Welinder C, Bengzon J, Johansson MC, Belting M. Metastasis Stimulation by Hypoxia and Acidosis-Induced Extracellular Lipid Uptake Is Mediated by Proteoglycan-Dependent Endocytosis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4828-40. [PMID: 27199348 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and acidosis are inherent stress factors of the tumor microenvironment and have been linked to increased tumor aggressiveness and treatment resistance. Molecules involved in the adaptive mechanisms that drive stress-induced disease progression constitute interesting candidates of therapeutic intervention. Here, we provide evidence of a novel role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in the adaptive response of tumor cells to hypoxia and acidosis through increased internalization of lipoproteins, resulting in a lipid-storing phenotype and enhanced tumor-forming capacity. Patient glioblastoma tumors and cells under hypoxic and acidic stress acquired a lipid droplet (LD)-loaded phenotype, and showed an increased recruitment of all major lipoproteins, HDL, LDL, and VLDL. Stress-induced LD accumulation was associated with increased spheroid-forming capacity during reoxygenation in vitro and lung metastatic potential in vivo On a mechanistic level, we found no apparent effect of hypoxia on HSPGs, whereas lipoprotein receptors (VLDLR and SR-B1) were transiently upregulated by hypoxia. Importantly, however, using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we show that stress-mediated lipoprotein uptake is highly dependent on intact HSPG expression. The functional relevance of HSPG in the context of tumor cell stress was evidenced by HSPG-dependent lipoprotein cell signaling activation through the ERK/MAPK pathway and by reversal of the LD-loaded phenotype by targeting of HSPGs. We conclude that HSPGs may have an important role in the adaptive response to major stress factors of the tumor microenvironment, with functional consequences on tumor cell signaling and metastatic potential. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4828-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A Menard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena C Christianson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paulina Kucharzewska
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Bourseau-Guilmain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eva Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vineesh Indira Chandran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry "CEBMMS", Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria C Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Abstract
It is considered that hypercholesterolemia is life-threatening and low cholesterol levels are a positive factor. However, taking into consideration the fact that cholesterol plays a key role in cell proliferation, it should be remembered that its low blood level may be linked to high cholesterol demands from neoplastic cells. The literature review analyzes the results of recent investigations of lipid metabolism in patients with hematologic cancers and their other types. All given investigations show a significant reduction in the serum levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins in patients with hematological disease at its onset. The data for other indicators of the lipid transport system are ambiguous. Such changes have been elucidated to be associated with the accumulation of cholesterol in the leukemia cells due to enhanced synthesis de novo, a more active absorption from circulation and blocked release of its surplus. If the disease runs a favorable course, lipid metabolic parameters become normalized and, in case of remission, correspond to those seen in healthy individuals. They continue to decline in patients with disease progression. This allows the consideration of cholesterol, its fractions, and apolipoproteins as biochemical prognostic markers in hematological cancer patients and as indicators for assessment of treatment results. In addition, there is evidence for the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on lipid metabolism. Recent attempts to elaborate new treatment strategies, by using the current knowledge on the role of lipid metabolism in cancers, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Vladimirova
- Kirov Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia, Kirov, Russia
| | - L N Tarasova
- Kirov Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia, Kirov, Russia
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16
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Ohmoto T, Nishitsuji K, Yoshitani N, Mizuguchi M, Yanagisawa Y, Saito H, Sakashita N. K604, a specific acyl‑CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor, suppresses proliferation of U251‑MG glioblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6037-42. [PMID: 26252415 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of brain tumor and has a poor prognosis. Increased levels of cholesteryl ester and simultaneous expression of acyl‑CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in tumor cells indicated that cholesterol esterification is critical to tumor growth. The present study confirmed that human glioblastoma tissues as well as the glioblastoma cell line U251‑MG showed significant expression of ACAT1. ACAT1 expression in U251‑MG cells increased in a cell proliferation‑dependent manner. K604, a selective ACAT1 inhibitor, suppressed the proliferation of U251‑MG cells and downregulated the activation of Akt and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase in proliferating glioblastoma cells. These results suggested that ACAT1 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of glioblastoma, with K604 as an effective therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ohmoto
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshitani
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Yuto Yanagisawa
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770‑8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770‑8505, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakashita
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
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17
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Zanfardino M, Spampanato C, De Cicco R, Buommino E, De Filippis A, Baiano S, Barra A, Morelli F. Simvastatin reduces melanoma progression in a murine model. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1763-70. [PMID: 24101161 PMCID: PMC3833984 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are a class of drugs that inhibit the rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and show an anticancer effect, probably through the inhibition of cell proliferation. To date, the exact mechanism of cancer cell growth arrest induced by statins is not known. We report that simvastatin is able to induce apoptosis in melanoma cells but not in normal cells and also able to contrast the growth of tumor in an experimental melanoma murine model. We observed a delay in the tumor development in almost the 50% of the simvastatin administered animals and a strong reduction of the tumor volume with a differences of ~150% compared to the controls. Also the survival rate was significantly higher in mice that received the drug with a survival increase of ~130% compared to the controls. The tumor growth reduction in mice was supported by the results of cell migration assay, confirming that simvastatin clearly reduced cell migration. Moreover, simvastatin induced a strong downregulation of NonO gene expression, an important growth factor involved in the splicing regulation. This result could explain the decrease of melanoma cells proliferation, suggesting a possible action mechanism. The results derived from our experiments may sustain the many reports on the anticancer inhibitory property of statins and encourage new studies on this drug for a possible use in therapy, probably in combination with conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zanfardino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, CNR Naples, Naples, Italy
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18
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Ríos-Marco P, Martín-Fernández M, Soria-Bretones I, Ríos A, Carrasco MP, Marco C. Alkylphospholipids deregulate cholesterol metabolism and induce cell-cycle arrest and autophagy in U-87 MG glioblastoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1831:1322-34. [PMID: 23707264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumour in adults and one of the most lethal of all cancers. Growing evidence suggests that human tumours undergo abnormal lipid metabolism, characterised by an alteration in the mechanisms that regulate cholesterol homeostasis. We have investigated the effect that different antitumoural alkylphospholipids (APLs) exert upon cholesterol metabolism in the U-87 MG glioblastoma cell line. APLs altered cholesterol homeostasis by interfering with its transport from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thus hindering its esterification. At the same time they stimulated the synthesis of cholesterol from radiolabelled acetate and its internalisation from low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), inducing both 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and LDL receptor (LDLR) genes. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that these effects promoted the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. Filipin staining demonstrated that this accumulation was not confined to the late endosome/lysosome (LE/LY) compartment since it did not colocalise with LAMP2 lysosomal marker. Furthermore, APLs inhibited cell growth, producing arrest at the G2/M phase. We also used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate ultrastructural alterations induced by APLs and found an abundant presence of autophagic vesicles and autolysosomes in treated cells, indicating the induction of autophagy. Thus our findings clearly demonstrate that antitumoural APLs interfere with the proliferation of the glioblastoma cell line via a complex mechanism involving cholesterol metabolism, cell-cycle arrest or autophagy. Knowledge of the interrelationship between these processes is fundamental to our understanding of tumoural response and may facilitate the development of novel therapeutics to improve treatment of glioblastoma and other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos-Marco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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19
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Nayernia Z, Turchi L, Cosset E, Peterson H, Dutoit V, Dietrich PY, Tirefort D, Chneiweiss H, Lobrinus JA, Krause KH, Virolle T, Preynat-Seauve O. The relationship between brain tumor cell invasion of engineered neural tissues and in vivo features of glioblastoma. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8279-90. [PMID: 23899445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor characterized by its high propensity for local invasion, formation of secondary foci within the brain, as well as areas of necrosis. This study aims to (i) provide a technical approach to reproduce features of the disease in vitro and (ii) characterize the tumor/host brain tissue interaction at the molecular level. Human engineered neural tissue (ENT) obtained from pluripotent stem cells was generated and co-cultured with human glioblastoma-initiating cells. Within two weeks, glioblastoma cells invaded the nervous tissue. This invasion displayed features of the disease in vivo: a primary tumor mass, diffuse migration of invading single cells into the nervous tissue, secondary foci, as well as peritumoral cell death. Through comparative molecular analyses, this model allowed the identification of more than 100 genes that are specifically induced and up-regulated by the nervous tissue/tumor interaction. Notably the type I interferon response, extracellular matrix-related genes were most highly represented and showed a significant correlation with patient survival. In conclusion, glioblastoma development within a nervous tissue can be engineered in vitro, providing a relevant model to study the disease and allows the identification of clinically-relevant genes induced by the tumor/host tissue interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Nayernia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Gajjar K, Heppenstall LD, Pang W, Ashton KM, Trevisan J, Patel II, Llabjani V, Stringfellow HF, Martin-Hirsch PL, Dawson T, Martin FL. Diagnostic segregation of human brain tumours using Fourier-transform infrared and/or Raman spectroscopy coupled with discriminant analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2012; 5:89-102. [PMID: 24098310 PMCID: PMC3789135 DOI: 10.1039/c2ay25544h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The most common initial treatment received by patients with a brain tumour is surgical removal of the growth. Precise histopathological diagnosis of brain tumours is to some extent subjective. Furthermore, currently available diagnostic imaging techniques to delineate the excision border during cytoreductive surgery lack the required spatial precision to aid surgeons. We set out to determine whether infrared (IR) and/or Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis could be applied to discriminate between normal brain tissue and different tumour types (meningioma, glioma and brain metastasis) based on the unique spectral "fingerprints" of their biochemical composition. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of normal brain and different brain tumours were de-waxed, mounted on low-E slides and desiccated before being analyzed using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform IR (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed a clear segregation between normal and different tumour subtypes. Discrimination of tumour classes was also apparent with Raman spectroscopy. Further analysis of spectral data revealed changes in brain biochemical structure associated with different tumours. Decreased tentatively-assigned lipid-to-protein ratio was associated with increased tumour progression. Alteration in cholesterol esters-to-phenylalanine ratio was evident in grade IV glioma and metastatic tumours. The current study indicates that IR and/or Raman spectroscopy have the potential to provide a novel diagnostic approach in the accurate diagnosis of brain tumours and have potential for application in intra-operative diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Gajjar
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Lara D. Heppenstall
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Weiyi Pang
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Katherine M. Ashton
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Júlio Trevisan
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Imran I. Patel
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Valon Llabjani
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Helen F. Stringfellow
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Pierre L. Martin-Hirsch
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Timothy Dawson
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Francis L. Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- ; Tel: +44 (0)1524 510206
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21
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Bergner N, Krafft C, Geiger KD, Kirsch M, Schackert G, Popp J. Unsupervised unmixing of Raman microspectroscopic images for morphochemical analysis of non-dried brain tumor specimens. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:719-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Menter DG, Ramsauer VP, Harirforoosh S, Chakraborty K, Yang P, Hsi L, Newman RA, Krishnan K. Differential effects of pravastatin and simvastatin on the growth of tumor cells from different organ sites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28813. [PMID: 22216116 PMCID: PMC3245236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, commonly known as statins, may possess cancer preventive and therapeutic properties. Statins are effective suppressors of cholesterol synthesis with a well-established risk-benefit ratio in cardiovascular disease prevention. Mechanistically, targeting HMGCR activity primarily influences cholesterol biosynthesis and prenylation of signaling proteins. Pravastatin is a hydrophilic statin that is selectively taken up by a sodium-independent organic anion transporter protein-1B1 (OATP1B1) exclusively expressed in liver. Simvastatin is a hydrophobic statin that enters cells by other mechanisms. Poorly-differentiated and well-differentiated cancer cell lines were selected from various tissues and examined for their response to these two statins. Simvastatin inhibited the growth of most tumor cell lines more effectively than pravastatin in a dose dependent manner. Poorly-differentiated cancer cells were generally more responsive to simvastatin than well-differentiated cancer cells, and the levels of HMGCR expression did not consistently correlate with response to statin treatment. Pravastatin had a significant effect on normal hepatocytes due to facilitated uptake and a lesser effect on prostate PC3 and colon Caco-2 cancer cells since the OATP1B1 mRNA and protein were only found in the normal liver and hepatocytes. The inhibition of cell growth was accompanied by distinct alterations in mitochondrial networks and dramatic changes in cellular morphology related to cofilin regulation and loss of p-caveolin. Both statins, hydrophilic pravastatin and hypdrophobic simvastatin caused redistribution of OATP1B1 and HMGCR to perinuclear sites. In conclusion, the specific chemical properties of different classes of statins dictate mechanistic properties which may be relevant when evaluating biological responses to statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Menter
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria P. Ramsauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sam Harirforoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kanishka Chakraborty
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linda Hsi
- Department of Cell Biology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention. The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Koyamangalath Krishnan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Srivastava NK, Pradhan S, Gowda GAN, Kumar R. In vitro, high-resolution 1H and 31P NMR based analysis of the lipid components in the tissue, serum, and CSF of the patients with primary brain tumors: one possible diagnostic view. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:113-122. [PMID: 19774696 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, high-resolution (1)H and (31)P NMR based qualitative and quantitative analyses of the lipid components of the tissue, serum, and CSF of patients with primary brain tumors were performed. Proton NMR spectra of the lipid extract of serum (blood specimen collected before the surgical procedure) and surgically discarded tissue showed that the total cholesterol (T.CHOL) and choline containing phospholipids (PL) were significantly higher in quantity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme as compared to normal subjects. Serum lipid extracts of grade II/ III gliomas showed a higher quantity of PL than normal subjects. Cholesterol esters (CHOLest) were detectable in the tissue lipid extract of the patients with tumors and absent in normal tissue. There was a reduction in the quantity of CHOLest in the serum lipid extract of the tumor patients as compared to normal subjects. Ratio of PL to T.CHOL in serum lipid extract showed a significant difference between different grades of tumors versus normal subjects, while, a significant difference was observed only in medulloblastoma versus normal subjects in tissue lipid extract. Ratio of CHOL to CHOLest distinguishes the different grades of tumors versus normal subjects as well as between different grades of tumors (except medulloblastoma versus glioblastoma). The ratio of the Ph (total phospholipids except phosphatidylcholine) to PC (phosphatidylcholine) in (31)P NMR based study showed a significant difference in all grades of tumors (except medulloblastoma) in normal subjects in tissue lipid extract as well as between different grades of tumors. Medulloblastoma could be differentiated from glioblastoma as well as from normal subjects in serum lipid extract by the ratio of the Ph to PC. Proton NMR spectra of the lipid extract of CSF showed that the CHOL, CHOLest, and PL were present in the patients with tumors, although these were absent in the patients with meningitis, motor neuron disease, and mitochondrial myopathies as well as in normal subjects. PL and T.CHOL provided discrimination between different grades of tumors (except glioblastoma versus medulloblastoma) in the lipid extract of the CSF. This study suggests the role of lipid estimation in CSF and serum as a complementary diagnostic tool for the evaluation of brain tumors preoperatively. NMR-based lipid estimation of post-surgical tumor tissue may also contribute to differentiating the tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
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24
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Do Rego JL, Seong JY, Burel D, Leprince J, Luu-The V, Tsutsui K, Tonon MC, Pelletier G, Vaudry H. Neurosteroid biosynthesis: enzymatic pathways and neuroendocrine regulation by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30:259-301. [PMID: 19505496 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids synthesized in neuronal tissue, referred to as neurosteroids, are implicated in proliferation, differentiation, activity and survival of nerve cells. Neurosteroids are also involved in the control of a number of behavioral, neuroendocrine and metabolic processes such as regulation of food intake, locomotor activity, sexual activity, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, body temperature and blood pressure. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the existence, neuroanatomical distribution and biological activity of the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of neurosteroids in the brain of vertebrates, and we review the neuronal mechanisms that control the activity of these enzymes. The observation that the activity of key steroidogenic enzymes is finely tuned by various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides strongly suggests that some of the central effects of these neuromodulators may be mediated via the regulation of neurosteroid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Luc Do Rego
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 413, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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25
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Paillasse MR, de Medina P, Amouroux G, Mhamdi L, Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. Signaling through cholesterol esterification: a new pathway for the cholecystokinin 2 receptor involved in cell growth and invasion. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:2203-11. [PMID: 19502590 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800668-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that cholesterol esterification is deregulated in cancers. The present study aimed to characterize the role of cholesterol esterification in proliferation and invasion of two tumor cells expressing an activated cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R). A significant increase in cholesterol esterification and activity of Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) was measured in tumor cells expressing a constitutively activated oncogenic mutant of the CCK2R (CCK2R-E151A cells) compared with nontumor cells expressing the wild-type CCK2R (CCK2R-WT cells). Inhibition of cholesteryl ester formation and ACAT activity by Sah58-035, an inhibitor of ACAT, decreased by 34% and 73% CCK2R-E151A cell growth and invasion. Sustained activation of CCK2R-WT cells by gastrin increased cholesteryl ester production while addition of cholesteryl oleate to the culture medium of CCK2R-WT cells increased cell proliferation and invasion to a level close to that of CCK2R-E151A cells. In U87 glioma cells, a model of autocrine growth stimulation of the CCK2R, inhibition of cholesterol esterification and ACAT activity by Sah58-035 and two selective antagonists of the CCK2R significantly reduced cell proliferation and invasion. In both models, cholesteryl ester formation was found dependent on protein kinase zeta/ extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (PKCzeta/ERK1/2) activation. These results show that signaling through ACAT/cholesterol esterification is a novel pathway for the CCK2R that contributes to tumor cell proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Paillasse
- INSERM 563, Equipe Métabolisme, Oncogenèse et Différenciation cellulaire, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse France
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26
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Nijssen A, Koljenović S, Bakker Schut TC, Caspers PJ, Puppels GJ. Towards oncological application of Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:29-36. [PMID: 19343683 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200810055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As the possibilities in the treatment of cancer continue to evolve, its early detection and correct diagnosis are becoming increasingly important. From the early detection of cancer to the guidance of oncosurgical procedures new sensitive in vivo diagnostic tools are much needed. Many studies report the Raman spectroscopic detection of malignant and premalignant tissues in different sites of the body with high sensitivities. The great appeal of this technique lies in its potential for in vivo clinical implementation. We present an overview of the in vitro and in vivo work on the oncological application of Raman spectroscopy and discuss its potential as a new tool in the clinico-oncological practice. Opportunities for integration of Raman spectroscopy in oncological cure and care as a real-time guidance tool during diagnostic (i.e. biopsy) and therapeutic (surgical resection) modalities as well as technical shortcomings are discussed from a clinician's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annieke Nijssen
- Center for Optical Diagnostics & Therapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Characterization of lipid extracts from brain tissue and tumors using Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1513-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Dreissig I, Machill S, Salzer R, Krafft C. Quantification of brain lipids by FTIR spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 71:2069-2075. [PMID: 18951060 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Brain tissue is characterized by high lipid content. Its content decreases and the lipid composition changes during transformation from normal brain tissue to tumors. Therefore, the analysis of brain lipids might complement the existing diagnostic tools to determine the tumor type and tumor grade. Objective of this work is to extract lipids from gray matter and white matter of porcine brain tissue, record infrared (IR) spectra of these extracts and develop a quantification model for the main lipids based on partial least squares (PLS) regression. IR spectra of the pure lipids cholesterol, cholesterol ester, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, galactocerebroside and sulfatide were used as references. Two lipid mixtures were prepared for training and validation of the quantification model. The composition of lipid extracts that were predicted by the PLS regression of IR spectra was compared with lipid quantification by thin layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Dreissig
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Subramanian A, Shankar Joshi B, Roy AD, Roy R, Gupta V, Dang RS. NMR spectroscopic identification of cholesterol esters, plasmalogen and phenolic glycolipids as fingerprint markers of human intracranial tuberculomas. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2008; 21:272-88. [PMID: 17614100 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Detailed (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy of lipid extracts from 12 human intracranial tuberculomas and two control brain tissue samples was performed to assess the role of lipids in the disease process. One-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR techniques were used to resolve the mixture of lipid components and make resonance assignments. The lipid components that could be identified in tuberculoma lipid extracts and not in control samples were: cholesterol ester, plasmalogen and phenolic glycolipids. It is proposed that the combined occurrence of these lipid components can be used as 'fingerprint markers' for the differentiation of intracranial tuberculoma from healthy brain tissue. Furthermore, phenolic glycolipids present in intracranial tuberculomas may have diagnostic significance in differentiating them from other disease conditions of the central nervous system such as malignant tumors.
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30
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Liimatainen T, Lehtimäki K, Ala-Korpela M, Hakumäki J. Identification of mobile cholesterol compounds in experimental gliomas by (1)H MRS in vivo: effects of ganciclovir-induced apoptosis on lipids. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4746-50. [PMID: 16893542 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This letter presents a novel identification and analysis of mobile cholesterol compounds in an experimental glioma model by (1)H MRS in vivo. The cholesterol compounds turned out to comprise as much as 17 mol% of MRS visible total lipids. The results also imply partly associated accumulation of (1)H MRS detectable cholesterol compounds and unsaturated lipids during gene therapy-induced apoptosis, and indicate that the contribution of cholesterol compounds cannot be bypassed in spectral lipid analysis. The introduced (1)H MRS approach facilitates a non-invasive follow-up of mobile cholesterol compounds, paving way for studies of tumour cholesterol metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Liimatainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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31
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Amharref N, Beljebbar A, Dukic S, Venteo L, Schneider L, Pluot M, Vistelle R, Manfait M. Brain tissue characterisation by infrared imaging in a rat glioma model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:892-9. [PMID: 16820140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathological changes associated with the development of brain tumor were investigated by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FT-IRM) with high spatial resolution. Using multivariate statistical analysis and imaging, all normal brain structures were discriminated from tumor and surrounding tumor tissues. These structural changes were mainly related to qualitative and quantitative changes in lipids (tumors contain little fat) and were correlated to the degree of myelination, an important factor in several neurodegenerative disorders. Lipid concentration and composition may thus be used as spectroscopic markers to discriminate between healthy and tumor tissues. Additionally, we have identified one peculiar structure all around the tumor. This structure could be attributed to infiltrative events, such as peritumoral oedema observed during tumor development. Our results highlight the ability of FT-IRM to identify the molecular origin that gave rise to the specific changes between healthy and diseased states. Comparison between pseudo-FT-IRM maps and histological examinations (Luxol fast blue, Luxol fast blue-cresyl violet staining) showed the complementarities of both techniques for early detection of tissue abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amharref
- Unité MéDIAN, CNRS-UMR 6142, UFR de Pharmacie, IFR 53, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims cedex, France
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32
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Tosi MR, Tugnoli V. Cholesteryl esters in malignancy. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 359:27-45. [PMID: 15939411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl esters, formed by the esterification of cholesterol with long-chain fatty acids, on one hand, are the means by which cholesterol is transported through the blood by lipoproteins, on the other, the way cholesterol itself can be accumulated in the cells. Therefore, these important molecules play an active part in metabolic pathways that form the basis of cholesterol trafficking and homeostasis. The role of different regulatory mechanisms in cholesterol homeostasis in physiologic and neoplastic conditions with emphasis on intracellular content of cholesteryl esters is here reviewed. Numerous studies carried out on tumor cell lines, experimental tumors, and human tumors have shown an abnormal cholesterol metabolism that is reflected by an increase in intracellular cholesteryl esters due to an alteration in all the mechanisms that form the basis of regulation, in particular: cholesterol de novo biosynthesis; uptake of exogenous cholesterol LDL receptor mediated; cholesterol esterification mediated by the ACAT activity; cholesterol efflux HDL receptor mediated. The most recent analytic-spectroscopic applications that permit cholesteryl ester determination on tumor lipidic extracts and directly in vivo are also reported. This review gives an overview of cholesterol homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions where cholesteryl esters are over-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Tosi
- ITOI-CNR, presso IOR, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
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33
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Krafft C, Neudert L, Simat T, Salzer R. Near infrared Raman spectra of human brain lipids. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 61:1529-35. [PMID: 15820887 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human brain tissue, in particular white matter, contains high lipid content. These brain lipids can be divided into three principal classes: neutral lipids including the steroid cholesterol, phospholipids and sphingolipids. Major lipids in normal human brain tissue are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, galactocerebrosides, gangliosides, sulfatides and cholesterol. Minor lipids are cholesterolester and triacylglycerides. During transformation from normal brain tissue to tumors, composition and concentration of lipids change in a specific way. Therefore, analysis of lipids might be used as a diagnostic parameter to distinguish normal tissue from tumors and to determine the tumor type and tumor grade. Raman spectroscopy has been suggested as an analytical tool to detect these changes even under intra-operative conditions. We recorded Raman spectra of the 12 major and minor brain lipids with 785 nm excitation in order to identify their spectral fingerprints for qualitative and quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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34
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Abstract
Cholesterol is a neutral lipid that accumulates in liquid-ordered, detergent-resistant membrane domains called lipid rafts. Lipid rafts serve as membrane platforms for signal transduction mechanisms that mediate cell growth, survival, and a variety of other processes relevant to cancer. A number of studies, going back many years, demonstrate that cholesterol accumulates in solid tumors and that cholesterol homeostasis breaks down in the prostate with aging and with the transition to the malignant state. This review summarizes the established links between cholesterol and prostate cancer (PCa), with a focus on how accumulation of cholesterol within the lipid raft component of the plasma membrane may stimulate signaling pathways that promote progression to hormone refractory disease. We propose that increases in cholesterol in prostate tumor cell membranes, resulting from increases in circulating levels or from dysregulation of endogenous synthesis, results in the coalescence of raft domains. This would have the effect of sequestering positive regulators of oncogenic signaling within rafts, while maintaining negative regulators in the liquid-disordered membrane fraction. This approach toward examining the function of lipid rafts in prostate cancer cells may provide insight into the role of circulating cholesterol in malignant growth and on the potential relationship between diet and aggressive disease. Large-scale characterization of proteins that localize to cholesterol-rich domains may help unveil signaling networks and pathways that will lead to identification of new biomarkers for disease progression and potentially to novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Freeman
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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35
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Kim HJ, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: its presence and function in brain neurosteroidogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 67:383-92. [PMID: 15781980 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.67.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are synthesized de novo and involved in a variety of physiological functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) plays an essential role in the steroidogenesis of peripheral endocrine glands, its presence and role in the brain had been previously questioned because of difficulties in detecting it. However, a number of recent studies have confirmed the presence of StAR in rodent and human brains. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that StAR plays a role in steroidogenesis in the brain, as it does in peripheral endocrine organs. The present review presents data regarding the presence and role of StAR in brain steroidogenesis, demonstrating the essential characteristics of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, 660-751, Korea
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36
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Kim HJ, Kim JE, Ha M, Kang SS, Kim JT, Park IS, Paek SH, Jung HW, Kim DG, Cho GJ, Choi WS. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in the normal human brain and intracranial tumors. Brain Res 2003; 978:245-9. [PMID: 12834921 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we found the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA and protein in both the normal human brain and intracranial tumors, using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. StAR mRNA is expressed at a very low level in the white matter of the normal human brain, but in tumoral tissues StAR mRNA was specifically expressed in oligodendrogliomas and malignant glial tumors. StAR-positive cells were also detected in the normal human brains and gliomas; its frequency and density were higher in glioma tissue. These findings suggest that StAR expression might be correlated with the growth of glial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
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37
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Tugnoli V, Bottura G, Fini G, Reggiani A, Tinti A, Trinchero A, Tosi MR. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR lipid profiles of human renal tissues. Biopolymers 2003; 72:86-95. [PMID: 12583011 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lipids from human renal tissues are studied by means of (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. The total lipid fractions obtained from healthy kidneys, malignant renal cell carcinomas, and benign oncocytomas are characterized and analyzed to elucidate the main differences between the functional and neoplastic tissues. In all cases the lipid components are well identified. The healthy kidney is characterized by high amounts of triglycerides and the presence of cholesterol in its free form. On the contrary, renal cell carcinomas contain high amounts of cholesterol that are almost completely esterified as oleate, suggesting an intracellular localization of the cholesteryl esters synthesis. Cholesteryl esters are considered markers of renal cell carcinomas, thus supporting recent theories that these compounds play a leading role in cell proliferation. Oncocytomas are particularly rich in phosphatidylcholine and, analogous to the healthy kidney, are completely lacking in cholesteryl esters. Healthy kidneys and oncocytomas appear to have other similarities if compared with renal cell carcinomas: a very high fatty acyl/cholesterol ratio, the presence of dolichols, and a higher grade of unsaturation. The (13)C data suggest a new method for the direct evaluation of the saturated/unsaturated fatty acyl ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tugnoli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica G. Moruzzi, Sezione di Chimica e Propedeutica Biochimica, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8/2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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38
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Koljenović S, Choo-Smith LP, Bakker Schut TC, Kros JM, van den Berge HJ, Puppels GJ. Discriminating vital tumor from necrotic tissue in human glioblastoma tissue samples by Raman spectroscopy. J Transl Med 2002; 82:1265-77. [PMID: 12379761 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000032545.96931.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vital and necrotic glioblastoma tissues were studied by Raman microspectroscopy to identify possibilities for the development of an in vivo Raman method for real-time intraoperative brain biopsy guidance. The histologic malignancy grade of gliomas depends on the presence of parameters such as endothelial proliferation and necrosis, which are often not evenly distributed within the tumor. Because tissue samples obtained by stereotactic surgery are relatively small, sampling errors may easily occur by missing these crucial features. Although necrosis is important for grading, specimens containing only necrosis are diagnostically useless. Raman microspectroscopic mapping experiments were performed on unfixed cryosections of glioblastoma, obtained from 20 patients. After spectral acquisition, a clustering analysis was performed, resulting in groups of similar spectra. Each cluster was assigned a color, and pseudo-color Raman maps of the tissue sections were constructed. After the Raman experiments, the tissue sections were stained for histopathologic analysis, enabling identification of the histologic origin of the Raman spectra and assignment of the Raman spectral clusters to either vital or necrotic tissue. A classification model for discrimination between vital and necrotic tumor tissue based on linear discriminant analysis was developed. The classification model was evaluated using independent Raman data obtained from nine other tissue sections and yielded 100% accuracy. Information about the biochemical differences between necrosis and vital tumor was obtained by the analysis of difference spectra. Necrotic tissue was found to consistently contain higher levels of cholesterol (-esters). This in vitro result indicates that Raman spectra contain the information to distinguish vital glioblastoma from necrosis and makes Raman spectroscopy a powerful candidate for guidance of stereotactic brain biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senada Koljenović
- Department of General Surgery 10M, Erasmus University Rotterdam and University Hospital Rotterdam Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tedeschi-Blok N, Schwartzbaum J, Lee M, Miike R, Wrensch M. Dietary calcium consumption and astrocytic glioma: the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991-1995. Nutr Cancer 2002; 39:196-203. [PMID: 11759280 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc392_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest an association between calcium consumption and glioma risk. In the present study, we compare consumption of calcium and other dairy components and foods (cholesterol, fat, protein, calories, milk, and cheese) of 337 astrocytic glioma case patients with 450 controls from the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991-1995. We use unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) by gender controlling for age, education, and income. A statistically significant inverse association [p (trend) = 0.05] was observed for dietary calcium intake for women only [OR = 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.24-1.03 for highest vs. lowest quartile of consumption]. In addition, we observed elevated ORs for highest vs. lowest quartiles of cholesterol intake among women and men (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.00-4.28 and OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.92-3.31, respectively). Calcium may exert a protective effect through its known roles in apoptosis, DNA repair, and inhibition of parathyroid hormone production. Recent evidence suggests that parathyroid hormone may influence growth and dedifferentiation of astrocytoma cells. Finally, circulating estradiol might directly stimulate intestinal absorption of calcium and may therefore explain why the inverse association of calcium intake and glioma is confined to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tedeschi-Blok
- Division of Epidemiology and Biometrics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) and the systemic toxicity of conventional chemotherapy present obstacles to the success of future blood-borne drug therapies of brain tumors. The work with polymer-encapsulated cancer drugs suggests an alternative and more focused treatment approach. Our experimental strategy integrates direct intracerebral drug delivery, sustained drug release from liposomes or polymer implants, and increased targeting of the drug either by chemically modifying the drug or by using tumor-specific carriers. This review will present some of the recent work on targeted drug delivery for brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Gutman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Grieb P, Ryba MS, Jagielski J, Gackowski W, Paczkowski P, Chrapusta SJ. Serum cholesterol in cerebral malignancies. J Neurooncol 1999; 41:175-80. [PMID: 10222438 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006131418126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reduced blood cholesterol levels were reported in patients with a variety of malignant peripheral tumors. This fact is likely related to increased cholesterol demand by proliferating tumor cells. The question arises whether this 'tumor-associated hypocholesterolemia' occurs also in patients with brain tumors, and--if it does not--whether its absence can be related to the location of the tumors. We have compared fasting serum total cholesterol levels among three groups of patients: 52 patients with gliomas, 56 patients with symptomatic metastatic brain tumors, and 50 patients harboring malignant tumors of peripheral location but showing no clinical signs of brain metastases. Patients in the last group, despite being--on an average--more age-advanced, had lower total serum cholesterol levels than either the patients with gliomas, or the patients with brain metastases. No difference in the cholesterol levels was found between the two latter groups, and a majority of these patients had borderline or elevated cholesterol levels. This apparent absence of 'tumor-associated hypocholesterolemia' in brain tumor patients may be related to either brain tumors' ability to synthesize cholesterol de novo and their reduced dependence on peripheral cholesterol supply, the existence of brain tumor-blood barrier, effect of medications used to counteract brain edema and seizures, or a combination of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grieb
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland.
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