Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention

Increased Total Antioxidant Capacity Value Improves Survival of Fat Grafts in Rat Model

BACKGROUND

Although studies aiming to increase fat graft survival continue, in this study, the authors aimed to investigate the effects of different antioxidants on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and their effect on graft survival.

METHODS

Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four equally sized groups, including a control group and three antioxidant groups receiving either melatonin (10 mg/kg), zinc (2 mg/kg), or vitamins E and C (100 mg/kg). Autologous fat grafts (1.7 ± 0.4 g) were transferred to the dorsal subcutaneous region, and total antioxidant capacity was measured on days 0 and 1, week 1, and monthly until the third month. Transferred graft volume and mass (1.3 ± 0.4 g) were measured using the liquid overflow method and precision scales at the end of the study. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry against perilipin were performed for semiqualitative analysis and H-score for viable adipose cells, respectively.

RESULTS

Collected fat grafts measured significantly less in weight and volume and the survival rate was lower in the control group ( P < 0.01). The control group exhibited a reduction in TAC, whereas all groups receiving antioxidants had an increase in TAC during the first week ( P = 0.02, P = 0.008, and P = 0.004 for melatonin, zinc, and vitamins, respectively). Immunohistochemistry of the antioxidant group demonstrated a statistically significant excess and reactivity of cells staining with perilipin antibodies.

CONCLUSION

In this animal study, the beneficial effect of antioxidants on fat graft survival can be related to the significant increase in TAC following the first week of their administration.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

Antioxidants improve fat graft survival and quality in this rat model, by increasing total antioxidant capacity in the first week of administration.

From A to E: Uniting vitamins against stroke risk-A systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Stroke represents a significant public health challenge, necessitating the exploration of preventive measures. This network meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of different vitamin treatments compared to a placebo in preventing stroke.

METHODS

A systematic electronic search in databases including PubMed, EmBASE, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar until 31 May 2023 was conducted, to identify published studies investigating the association between vitamin intake and the risk of stroke. Pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated using a frequentist network meta-analysis. Furthermore, we ranked vitamins based on p-scores, facilitating a comparative assessment of their effectiveness in preventing stroke.

RESULTS

A total of 56 studies, including 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 39 cohort studies were analyzed. Direct estimates obtained from network meta-analysis, we found that vitamin A (RR: .81 [.72-.91]), vitamin B-complex (RR: .85 [.74-.97]), vitamin B6 (RR: 79 [.68-.92]), folate (RR: .86 [.75-.97]), vitamin C (RR: .77 [.70-.85]) and vitamin D (RR: .73 [.64-.83]) were significantly associated with a decreased stroke risk. However, no significant association was observed for vitamin B2, vitamin B12, and vitamin E. Subsequent to network meta-analysis, vitamins were ranked in decreasing order of their efficacy in stroke prevention based on p-score, with vitamin D (p-score = .91), vitamin C (p-score = .79), vitamin B6 (p-score = .70), vitamin A (p-score = .65), vitamin B-complex (p-score = .53), folate (p-score = .49), vitamin B2 (p-score = .39), vitamin E (p-score = .28), vitamin B12 (.13) and placebo (.10).

CONCLUSION

Our study has established noteworthy connections between vitamin A, vitamin B-complex, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin D in the realm of stroke prevention. These findings add substantial weight to the accumulating evidence supporting the potential advantages of vitamin interventions in mitigating the risk of stroke. However, to solidify and validate these observations, additional research is imperative. Well-designed clinical trials or cohort studies are needed to further explore these associations and formulate clear guidelines for incorporating vitamin supplementation into effective stroke prevention strategies.

Alleviation of microcystin-leucine arginine -induced hepatotoxicity: An updated overview

OBJECTIVES

Contamination of surface waters is a major health threat for all living creatures. Some types of blue-green algae that naturally occur in fresh water, are able to produce various toxins, like Microcystins (MCs). Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa is the most toxic and abundant isoforms of MCs, and it causes hepatotoxicity. The present article reviews preclinical experiments examined different treatments, including herbal derivatives, dietary supplements and drugs against MC-LR hepatotoxicity.

METHODS

We searched scientific databases Web of Science, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords to find suitable studies until November 2023.

RESULTS

MC-LR through Organic anion transporting polypeptide superfamily transporters (OATPs) penetrates and accumulates in hepatocytes, and it inhibits protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A). Consequently, MC-LR disturbs many signaling pathways and induces oxidative stress thus damages cellular macromolecules. Some protective agents, especially plants rich in flavonoids, and natural supplements, as well as chemoprotectants were shown to diminish MC-LR hepatotoxicity.

CONCLUSION

The reviewed agents through blocking the OATP transporters (nontoxic nostocyclopeptide-M1, captopril, and naringin), then inhibition of MC-LR uptake (naringin, rifampin, cyclosporin-A, silymarin and captopril), and finally at restoration of PPAse activity (silybin, quercetin, morin, naringin, rifampin, captopril, azo dyes) exert hepatoprotective effect against MC-LR.

Potential use of antioxidants for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases

The excessive production of various reactive oxidant species over endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to the development of a state of oxidative stress, with serious biological consequences. The consequences of oxidative stress depend on the balance between the generation of reactive oxidant species and the antioxidant defense and include oxidative damage of biomolecules, disruption of signal transduction, mutation, and cell apoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the physiopathology of various debilitating illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, or neurodegenerative processes, that need continuous pharmacological treatment. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are tightly linked pathophysiological processes, one of which can be simply promoted by another. Although, many antioxidant trials have been unsuccessful (some of the trials showed either no effect or even harmful effects) in human patients as a preventive or curative measure, targeting oxidative stress remains an interesting therapeutic approach for the development of new agents to design novel anti-inflammatory drugs with a reliable safety profile. In this regard, several natural antioxidant compounds were explored as potential therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Several metalloenzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, are among the essential enzymes that maintain the low nanomolar physiological concentrations of superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the major redox signaling molecules, and thus play important roles in the alteration of the redox homeostasis. These enzymes have become a striking source of motivation to design catalytic drugs to enhance the action of these enzymes under pathological conditions related to chronic inflammation. This review is focused on several major representatives of natural and synthetic antioxidants as potential drug candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Visible light assisted photooxidative facile degradation of azo dyes in water using a green method

In this study, the methyl orange (MO) dye has been degraded after screening several azo dyes due to its effective results and being toxic and carcinogenic to aquatic life and humans. An environmentally friendly, economical, and green method for water purification was used in this study using the photooxidative method. Several organic acids were screened for oxidative applications against various azo dyes but due to better results, methyl orange was selected for the whole study. Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, was found to be best for photodegradation due to its high oxidative activity among various organic acids utilized. A newly developed photoreactor box has been used to conduct the photooxidation process. To evaluate the degradation efficiency of AsA, photooxidative activity was monitored periodically. When the dose of AsA was used at a contact time of 180 minutes, degradation efficiency was 96%. The analysis of degraded products was performed using HPLC and GC-MS. The nucleophilicity of HOMO-LUMO and MEPs was confirmed using density functional theory. For the optimization of the process, central composite design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized.

The evidence to date: implications of l-ascorbic acid in the pathophysiology of aging

L-Ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C, has been used not only for disease prevention and in complementary and alternative medicine, but also for anti-aging purposes. However, the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient. Here, we review the physiological functions of vitamin C and its relationship with various pathological conditions, including our previous findings, and discuss the prospects of its application in healthy longevity. In summary, vitamin C levels are associated with lifespan in several animal models. Furthermore, clinical studies have shown that the blood vitamin C levels are lower in middle-aged and older adults than in younger adults. Lower blood vitamin C levels have also been observed in various pathological conditions such as chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly. These observations suggest the implications of vitamin C in age-related pathological mechanisms owing to its physiological functions.

Growth of Romaine Lettuce in Eggshell Powder Mixed Alginate Hydrogel in an Aeroponic System for Water Conservation and Vitamin C Biofortification

Vitamin C is crucial for physical well-being, and its deficiency can lead to severe health consequences. Biofortification has been used to address this deficiency by enhancing vitamin C in plants. Additionally, soilless agriculture has been used to conserve and optimize water use in comparison to conventional agriculture. While hydrogels have been shown to improve water conservation and are used for biofortification in crops, their application has only been explored in soil-based and hydroponic farming. The aeroponics system is a plant-growing method that has shown potential for increasing yields and biomass while conserving water and nutrients. In this paper, we have developed an aeroponic-compatible medium to grow romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with eggshell powder (ESP) mixed with calcium-alginate hydrogel as a substrate and nutrient source aiming to conserve water and incorporate vitamin C through biofortification. Herein, lower water spray time and higher intervals, with varied gel types and ESP concentrations, resulted in healthy lettuce growth. Plants treated with 0.5% ascorbic acid-absorbed ESP-mixed alginate hydrogel for biofortification showed higher levels of vitamin C compared to the traditional method. This study suggests using an alginate hydrogel-ESP-based substrate in aeroponics to reduce water usage and enhance plant biofortification of vitamin C.

Influence of Casting Variables on Release Kinetics of Orally Disintegrating Film

As a new form for supplying vitamin C, orally disintegrating films (ODFs) were developed C based on hyaluronic acid (HA) under varying casting conditions and the properties were analyzed. The films with different thicknesses (2, 3, and 8 mm, for CT2, CT4, and CT8, respectively) were produced by adjustments made to casting height. Two types of 8 mm thick ODFs produced by single or double casting (4 + 4 mm for CTD4+4) methods were also compared. As film thickness increased, water vapor permeability and tensile strength also increased. Even at equal thickness, manufacturing with double casting exhibited a stronger texture and reduced disintegration compared to single casting. All ODFs met the World Health Organization's recommended daily vitamin C intake (45 mg/day) with a single sheet. Films showed over 80% dissolution in various solvents, adhering to the Hixson-Crowell cube root law, indicating vitamin C release occurred via porous penetration of the eluate. For CT2, CT4, and CTD4+4, vitamin C release was primarily governed by diffusion within the gel matrix and HA erosion. However, for CT8, HA erosion-induced release somewhat dominated. Based on the sensory test, it seems desirable to adjust the thickness of the film to 2 or 4 mm, because a thickness greater than that increased the foreign body sensation due to prolonged residence in the oral cavity.

Meta-analysis of citrus-derived additives on chicken meat quality and safety: a comprehensive evaluation of acceptability, physicochemical properties, and microbial contamination

Citrus represents a valuable repository of antioxidant substances that possess the potential for the preservation of meat quality. This meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of citrus additives on the quality and safety of chicken meat. Adhering to the PRISMA protocol, we initially identified 103 relevant studies, from which 20 articles meeting specific criteria were selected for database construction. Through the amalgamation of diverse individual studies, this research provides a comprehensive overview of chicken meat quality and safety, with a specific focus on the influence of citrus-derived additives. Minimal alterations were observed in the nutritional quality of chicken meat concerning storage temperature and duration. The findings demonstrated a significant reduction in aerobic bacterial levels, with Citrus aurantiifolia exhibiting the highest efficacy (P < 0.01). Both extracted and nonextracted citrus components, applied through coating, curing, and marinating, effectively mitigated bacterial contamination. Notably, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations were significantly reduced, particularly with Citrus hystrix (P < 0.01). Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), an indicator of protein degradation, exhibited a decrease, with citrus extract displaying enhanced efficacy (P < 0.01). Chemical composition changes were marginal, except for a protein increase after storage (P < 0.01). Hedonic testing revealed varied preferences, indicating improvements in flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptability after storage (P < 0.01). The study underscores the effectiveness of citrus additives in preserving chicken meat quality, highlighting their antibacterial and antioxidant properties, despite some observed alterations in texture and chemical composition. Citrus additives have been proven successful in 1) mitigating adverse effects on chicken meat during storage, especially with Citrus hystrix exhibiting potent antimicrobial properties, and 2) enhancing the hedonic quality of chicken meat. This research strongly advocates for the application of citrus additives to uphold the quality and safety of chicken meat.

Drug repurposing for cancer therapy

Cancer, a complex and multifactorial disease, presents a significant challenge to global health. Despite significant advances in surgical, radiotherapeutic and immunological approaches, which have improved cancer treatment outcomes, drug therapy continues to serve as a key therapeutic strategy. However, the clinical efficacy of drug therapy is often constrained by drug resistance and severe toxic side effects, and thus there remains a critical need to develop novel cancer therapeutics. One promising strategy that has received widespread attention in recent years is drug repurposing: the identification of new applications for existing, clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing possesses several inherent advantages in the context of cancer treatment since repurposed drugs are typically cost-effective, proven to be safe, and can significantly expedite the drug development process due to their already established safety profiles. In light of this, the present review offers a comprehensive overview of the various methods employed in drug repurposing, specifically focusing on the repurposing of drugs to treat cancer. We describe the antitumor properties of candidate drugs, and discuss in detail how they target both the hallmarks of cancer in tumor cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. In addition, we examine the innovative strategy of integrating drug repurposing with nanotechnology to enhance topical drug delivery. We also emphasize the critical role that repurposed drugs can play when used as part of a combination therapy regimen. To conclude, we outline the challenges associated with repurposing drugs and consider the future prospects of these repurposed drugs transitioning into clinical application.

Association between seaweed intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

This study aimed to identify the longitudinal association between seaweed and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Korean population. Data from 148 404 Korean adults aged 40 years and older without a history of T2DM, cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline were obtained from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study data. The participants' seaweed intake was obtained using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and the diagnosis of T2DM was surveyed through a self-reported questionnaire during follow-up. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for T2DM were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard regression, and the dose-response relationship was analysed using a restricted cubic spline regression. Participants had a mean follow-up period of 5 years. Participants with the highest seaweed intake had a 7 % lower risk of T2DM compared with the group with the lowest intake (95 % CI (0·87, 0·99)). Interestingly, this association was stronger in those with normal weight (HR: 0·88, 95 % CI (0·81, 0·95)), while no association was observed in participants with obesity. Spline regression revealed an inverse linear relationship between seaweed intake and T2DM risk in participants with normal weight, showing a trend where increased seaweed intake is related to lower instances of T2DM (Pfor nonlinearity = 0·48). Seaweed intake is inversely associated with the onset of T2DM in Korean adults with normal weight.

Alleviation potential of green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles for cadmium stress in Solanum lycopersicum L: modulation of secondary metabolites and physiochemical attributes

KEY MESSAGE

Selenium nanoparticles reduce cadmium absorption in tomato roots, mitigating heavy metal effects. SeNPs can efficiently help to enhance growth, yield, and biomolecule markers in cadmium-stressed tomato plants. In the present study, the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were investigated on the tomato plants grown in cadmium-contaminated soil. Nanoparticles were synthesized using water extract of Nigella sativa and were characterized for their size and shape. Two application methods (foliar spray and soil drench) with nanoparticle concentrations of 0, 100, and 300 mg/L were used to observe their effects on cadmium-stressed plants. Growth, yield, biochemical, and stress parameters were studied. Results showed that SeNPs positively affected plant growth, mitigating the negative effects of cadmium stress. Shoot length (SL), root length (RL), number of branches (NB), number of leaves per plant (NL), and leaf area (LA) were significantly reduced by cadmium stress but enhanced by 45, 51, 506, 208, and 82%, respectively, by soil drench treatment of SeNPs. Similarly, SeNPs increased the fruit yield (> 100%) and fruit weight (> 100%), and decreased the days to fruit initiation in tomato plants. Pigments were also positively affected by the SeNPs, particularly in foliar treatment. Lycopene content was also enhanced by the addition of NPs (75%). Furthermore, the addition of SeNPs improved the ascorbic acid, protein, phenolic, flavonoid, and proline contents of the tomato plants under cadmium stress, whereas stress enzymes also showed enhanced activities under cadmium stress. It is concluded from the present study that the addition of selenium nanoparticles enhanced the growth and yield of Cd-stressed plants by reducing the absorption of cadmium and increasing the stress management of plants.

Multivitamins co-intake can reduce the prevalence of kidney stones: a large-scale cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

This research aimed to explore the association between changes in the intake of common individual vitamins and combinations of vitamins and the prevalence of kidney calculi.

METHODS

We used data from NHANES to investigate the association between nine common vitamins and kidney stone prevalence. Participants were clustered into several vitamin exposure patterns using an unsupervised K-means clustering method. We used logistic regression models and restrictive cubic spline curves to explore the influence of vitamins.

RESULTS

The regression model exposed that compared to lower intake, high intake of vitamin B6 [Q4: OR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.62, 0.93)], vitamin C [Q4: OR (95% CI) = 0.73 (0.59, 0.90)] and vitamin D [Q4: OR (95% CI) = 0.77 (0.64, 0.94)] individually exerted protective effects against the prevalence of kidney stones. Furthermore, the restrictive cubic spline analysis showed that the protective effect against the prevalence of kidney stones is enhanced as the take of vitamin B6 and vitamin D increased. Moreover, with the increase in vitamin C intake, its protective effect may turn into a risk factor. Regarding mixed exposure, Cluster 4 exhibited a significant protective effect against kidney stones compared with Cluster 1 [Model 3: OR (95% CI) = 0.79 (0.64, 0.98)].

CONCLUSIONS

Our research revealed that high levels of vitamin B6 and vitamin D intake were linked to a lower prevalence of kidney stone. With the gradual increase intake of vitamin C, the prevalence of kidney calculi decreased first and then increased. In addition, the co-exposure of nine vitamins is a protective factor for kidney stone disease.

Citrus fruit intake and incidence of renal cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis of observational studies

Observational studies on the association between citrus fruit intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have reported inconsistent results. We quantitatively assessed this association by conducting a meta-analysis. PubMed and Embase databases search was conducted including relevant studies published up to January, 2020. We included epidemiological studies that reported relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between citrus fruit intake and RCC risk. A total of eight epidemiological studies consisting of five cohort and three case-control studies were included. The overall analysis showed a significantly reduced risk of RCC for high intake of citrus fruit (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.95). No heterogeneity was detected among the included studies (p = 0.497 for heterogeneity; I2 = 0). There was no significant publication bias by Begg's test (p = 0.266) or Egger's test (P = 0.578). A statistically significant association between citrus fruit intake and RCC was observed in case-control studies (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-0.98), while no association was observed in cohort studies (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.64-1.05). In addition, the dose-response analysis indicated that the RCC risk reduced by 13% (95%CI 1.0%-27%, p = 0.04 for heterogeneity) for each 100 grams per day increment of citrus fruit intake. In summary, our findings suggest an inverse association between citrus fruit intake and RCC incidence.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulation in the Current Landscape of Anticancer Therapies

Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, and are tightly controlled through homeostatic mechanisms to maintain intracellular redox, regulating growth and proliferation in healthy cells. However, ROS production is perturbed in cancers where abnormal accumulation of ROS leads to oxidative stress and genomic instability, triggering oncogenic signaling pathways on one hand, while increasing oxidative damage and triggering ROS-dependent death signaling on the other. Recent Advances: Our review illuminates how critical interactions between ROS and oncogenic signaling, the tumor microenvironment, and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways have led to interest in ROS modulation as a means of enhancing existing anticancer strategies and developing new therapeutic opportunities. Critical Issues: ROS equilibrium exists via a delicate balance of pro-oxidant and antioxidant species within cells. "Antioxidant" approaches have been explored mainly in the form of chemoprevention, but there is insufficient evidence to advocate its routine application. More progress has been made via the "pro-oxidant" approach of targeting cancer vulnerabilities and inducing oxidative stress. Various therapeutic modalities have employed this approach, including direct ROS-inducing agents, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, DDR therapies, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Finally, emerging delivery systems such as "nanosensitizers" as radiotherapy enhancers are currently in development. Future Directions: While approaches designed to induce ROS have shown considerable promise in selectively targeting cancer cells and dealing with resistance to conventional therapies, most are still in early phases of development and challenges remain. Further research should endeavor to refine treatment strategies, optimize drug combinations, and identify predictive biomarkers of ROS-based cancer therapies.

High-dose ascorbate exerts anti-tumor activities and improves inhibitory effect of carboplatin through the pro-oxidant function pathway in uterine serous carcinoma cell lines

OBJECTIVE

Uterine serous carcinoma is a highly aggressive non-endometrioid subtype of endometrial cancer with poor survival rates overall, creating a strong need for new therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes. High-dose ascorbate (vitamin C) has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth in multiple preclinical models and has shown promising anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy, with a favorable safety profile. We aimed to study the anti-tumor effects of ascorbate and its synergistic effect with carboplatin on uterine serous carcinoma cells.

METHODS

Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays in ARK1, ARK2 and SPEC2 cells. Cellular stress, antioxidant ability, cleaved caspase 3 activity and adhesion were measured by ELISA assays. Cell cycle was detected by Cellometer. Invasion was measured using a wound healing assay. Changes in protein expression were determined by Western immunoblotting.

RESULTS

High-dose ascorbate significantly inhibited cell proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest, induced cellular stress, and apoptosis, increased DNA damage, and suppressed cell invasion in ARK1 and SPEC2 cells. Treatment of both cells with 1 mM N-acetylcysteine reversed ascorbate-induced apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation. The combination of ascorbate and carboplatin produced significant synergistic effects in inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion, inducing cellular stress, causing DNA damage, and enhancing cleaved caspase 3 levels compared to each compound alone in both cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Ascorbate has potent antitumor activity and acts synergistically with carboplatin through its pro-oxidant effects. Clinical trials of ascorbate combined with carboplatin as adjuvant treatment of uterine serous carcinoma are worth exploring.

Electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid using palladium supported on N-doped graphene quantum dot modified electrode

To precise screening concentration of ascorbic acid (AA), a novel electrochemical sensor was prepared using palladium nanoparticles decorated on nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot modified glassy carbon electrode (PdNPs@N-GQD/GCE). For this purpose, nitrogen doped GQD nanoparticles (N-GQD) were synthesized from a citric acid condensation reaction in the presence of ethylenediamine and subsequently modified by palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs). The electrochemical behavior of AA was investigated, in which the oxidation peak appeared at 0 V related to the AA oxidation. Considering the synergistic effect of Pd nanoparticles as an active electrocatalyst, and N-GQD as an electron transfer accelerator and electrocatalytic activity improving agent, PdNPs@N-GQD hybrid materials showed excellent activity in the direct oxidation of AA. In the optimal conditions, the voltammetric response was linear in the range from 30 to 700 nM and the detection limit was calculated to be 23 nM. The validity and the efficiency of the proposed sensor were successfully tested and confirmed by measuring AA in real samples of chewing tablets, and fruit juice.

Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes Stored with Vitamin C and l-Carnitine in Additive Solution-7

Background: Blood transfusion has advanced toward component therapy for specific requirements during trauma and surgery. Oxidative stress is induced in erythrocytes during storage. Hence, antioxidants as additives can be employed to counteract oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant defenses. Therefore, this study investigates the combinatorial effects of vitamin C and l-carnitine on erythrocytes during storage. Methodology: Erythrocyte samples were categorized into control and experimental groups-vitamin C (10 mM) and l-carnitine (10 mM) and stored under blood bank conditions (at 4°C) for 35 days. Hemoglobin (Hb), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT] and glutathione peroxidase [GPX]), lipid peroxidation products (conjugate dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARSs]), protein oxidation products, metabolic markers (glucose, lactate dehydrogenase), glutathione (GSH), superoxides, and hemolysis were assessed at weekly intervals. Results: SOD activity increased on day 7 in the controls, whereas it increased on days 7 and 14 in the experimental groups. CAT activity increased on day 35 in both the groups. GPX activity increased on day 7 in the controls. Hb levels decreased on days 14 and 35 in the controls and on day 35 in the experimental groups. Hemolysis increased from day 7 onward in both the groups. Protein oxidation products were maintained throughout the storage. GSH levels increased on day 21 in the controls and on days 14 and 21 in the experimental groups. Superoxides and conjugate dienes decreased from day 14 in both the groups. TBARSs decreased on day 7 in the experimental groups. Conclusion: Vitamin C and l-carnitine have synergistically enhanced the efficacy of stored erythrocytes in terms of Hb, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation.

Nutrient intake and risk of multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study of 25,389 women

BACKGROUND

Multimorbidity is becoming an increasingly serious public health challenge in the aging population. The impact of nutrients on multimorbidity remains to be determined and was explored using data from a UK cohort study.

METHOD

Our research analysis is mainly based on the data collected by the United Kingdom Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS), which recruited 35,372 women aged 35-69 years at baseline (1995 to 1998), aiming to explore potential associations between diet and chronic diseases. Daily intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated using a validated 217-item food frequency questionnaire at recruitment. Multimorbidity was assessed using the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) through electronic linkages to Hospital Episode Statistics up to March 2019. Cox's proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between daily intakes of nutrients and risk of multimorbidity. Those associations were also analyzed in multinomial logistic regression as a sensitivity analysis. In addition, a stratified analysis was conducted with age 60 as the cutoff point.

RESULTS

Among the 25,389 participants, 7,799 subjects (30.7%) were confirmed with multimorbidity over a median follow-up of 22 years. Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of daily intakes of energy and protein were associated with 8% and 12% increased risk of multimorbidity respectively (HR 1.08 (95% CI 1.01, 1.16), p-linearity = 0.022 for energy; 1.12 (1.04, 1.21), p-linearity = 0.003 for protein). Higher quintiles of daily intakes of vitamin C and iron had a slightly lowered risk of multimorbidity, compared to the lowest quintile. A significantly higher risk of multimorbidity was found to be linearly associated with higher intake quintiles of vitamin B12 and vitamin D (p-linearity = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively) in Cox models, which became insignificant in multinomial logistic regression. There was some evidence of effect modification by age in intakes of iron and vitamin B1 associated with the risk of multimorbidity (p-interaction = 0.006 and 0.025, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight a link between nutrient intake and multimorbidity risk. However, there is uncertainty in our results, and more research is needed before definite conclusions can be reached.

Lipid Peroxidation in Muscle Foods: Impact on Quality, Safety and Human Health

The issue of lipid changes in muscle foods under the action of atmospheric oxygen has captured the attention of researchers for over a century. Lipid oxidative processes initiate during the slaughtering of animals and persist throughout subsequent technological processing and storage of the finished product. The oxidation of lipids in muscle foods is a phenomenon extensively deliberated in the scientific community, acknowledged as one of the pivotal factors affecting their quality, safety, and human health. This review delves into the nature of lipid oxidation in muscle foods, highlighting mechanisms of free radical initiation and the propagation of oxidative processes. Special attention is given to the natural antioxidant protective system and dietary factors influencing the stability of muscle lipids. The review traces mechanisms inhibiting oxidative processes, exploring how changes in lipid oxidative substrates, prooxidant activity, and the antioxidant protective system play a role. A critical review of the oxidative stability and safety of meat products is provided. The impact of oxidative processes on the quality of muscle foods, including flavour, aroma, taste, colour, and texture, is scrutinised. Additionally, the review monitors the effect of oxidised muscle foods on human health, particularly in relation to the autooxidation of cholesterol. Associations with coronary cardiovascular disease, brain stroke, and carcinogenesis linked to oxidative stress, and various infections are discussed. Further studies are also needed to formulate appropriate technological solutions to reduce the risk of chemical hazards caused by the initiation and development of lipid peroxidation processes in muscle foods.

Impact of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on cognitive function and performance in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major global health problem today and is the most common form of dementia. AD is characterized by the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary clusters, leading to decreased brain acetylcholine levels in the brain. Another mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD is the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein that accumulates at the level of neurofibrillary aggregates, and the areas most affected by this pathological process are usually the cholinergic neurons in cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal areas. These effects result in decreased cognitive function, brain atrophy, and neuronal death. Malnutrition and weight loss are the most frequent manifestations of AD, and these are also associated with greater cognitive decline. Several studies have confirmed that a balanced low-calorie diet and proper nutritional intake may be considered important factors in counteracting or slowing the progression of AD, whereas a high-fat or hypercholesterolemic diet predisposes to an increased risk of developing AD. Especially, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and micronutrients supplementation exert positive effects on aging-related changes in the brain due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging properties. The purpose of this review is to summarize some possible nutritional factors that may contribute to the progression or prevention of AD, understand the role that nutrition plays in the formation of Aβ plaques typical of this neurodegenerative disease, to identify some potential therapeutic strategies that may involve some natural compounds, in delaying the progression of the disease.

Vitamin Supplement Use in Patients With CKD: Worth the Pill Burden?

All vitamins play essential roles in various aspects of body function and systems. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including those receiving dialysis, may be at increased risk of developing vitamin deficiencies due to anorexia, poor dietary intake, protein energy wasting, restricted diet, dialysis loss, or inadequate sun exposure for vitamin D. However, clinical manifestations of most vitamin deficiencies are usually subtle or undetected in this population. Testing for circulating levels is not undertaken for most vitamins except folate, B12, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D because assays may not be available or may be costly to perform and do not always correlate with body stores. The last systematic review through 2016 was performed for the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) 2020 Nutrition Guideline update, so this article summarizes the more recent evidence. We review the use of vitamins supplementation in the CKD population. To date there have been no randomized trials to support the benefits of any vitamin supplementation for kidney, cardiovascular, or patient-centered outcomes. The decision to supplement water-soluble vitamins should be individualized, taking account the patient's dietary intake, nutritional status, risk of vitamins deficiency/insufficiency, CKD stage, comorbid status, and dialysis loss. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency should be corrected, but the supplementation dose and formulation need to be personalized, taking into consideration the degree of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, parathyroid hormone levels, CKD stage, and local formulation. Routine supplementation of vitamins A and E is not supported due to potential toxicity. Although more trial data are required to elucidate the roles of vitamin supplementation, all patients with CKD should undergo periodic assessment of dietary intake and aim to receive various vitamins through natural food sources and a healthy eating pattern that includes vitamin-dense foods.

Predictive model for vitamin C levels in hyperinsulinemic individuals based on age, sex, waist circumference, low-density lipoprotein, and immune-associated serum proteins

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an important water-soluble antioxidant associated with decreased oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. A previous targeted plasma proteomic study has indicated that ascorbic acid is associated with markers of the immune system in healthy subjects. However, the association between the levels of ascorbic acid and blood biomarkers in subjects at risk of developing T2D is still unknown. Serum ascorbic acid was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and serum proteins were quantified by untargeted liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry in 25 hyperinsulinemia subjects that were randomly assigned a high dairy intake diet or an adequate dairy intake diet for 6 weeks, then crossed-over after a 6-week washout period. Spearman correlation followed by gene ontology analyses were performed to identify biological pathways associated with ascorbic acid. Finally, machine learning analysis was performed to obtain a specific serum protein signature that could predict ascorbic acid levels. After adjustments for waist circumference, LDL, HDL, fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose, age, gender, and dairy intake; serum ascorbic acid correlated positively with different aspects of the immune system. Machine learning analysis indicated that a signature composed of 21 features that included 17 proteins (mainly from the immune system), age, sex, waist circumference, and LDL could predict serum ascorbic acid levels in hyperinsulinemia subjects. In conclusion, the result reveals a correlation as well as modulation between serum ascorbic acid levels and proteins that play vital roles in regulating different aspects of the immune response in individuals at risk of T2D. The development of a predictive signature for ascorbic acid will further help the assessment of ascorbic acid status in clinical settings.

Antioxidant Metabolism Pathways in Vitamins, Polyphenols, and Selenium: Parallels and Divergences

Free radicals (FRs) are unstable molecules that cause reactive stress (RS), an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the body and its ability to neutralize them. These species are generated by both internal and external factors and can damage cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA. Antioxidants prevent or slow down the oxidation process by interrupting the transfer of electrons between substances and reactive agents. This is particularly important at the cellular level because oxidation reactions lead to the formation of FR and contribute to various diseases. As we age, RS accumulates and leads to organ dysfunction and age-related disorders. Polyphenols; vitamins A, C, and E; and selenoproteins possess antioxidant properties and may have a role in preventing and treating certain human diseases associated with RS. In this review, we explore the current evidence on the potential benefits of dietary supplementation and investigate the intricate connection between SIRT1, a crucial regulator of aging and longevity; the transcription factor NRF2; and polyphenols, vitamins, and selenium. Finally, we discuss the positive effects of antioxidant molecules, such as reducing RS, and their potential in slowing down several diseases.

The mixed effect of Endocrine-Disrupting chemicals on biological age Acceleration: Unveiling the mechanism and potential intervention target

INTRODUCTION

Although previous studies investigated the potential adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on biological age acceleration and aging-related diseases, the mixed effect of multiple types of EDCs on biological age acceleration, including its potential underlying mechanism, remains unclear.

METHODS

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to analyze biological age measures, including Klemera-Doubal method biological age (KDM-BA), phenotypic age, and homeostatic dysregulation (HD). Weight quantile sum (WQS) regression was performed to screen biological age-related EDCs (BA-EDCs) and assess the mixed effect of BA-EDCs on biological age acceleration and aging-related disease. Targets of BA-EDCs were obtained from three databases, while heart aging-related genes were obtained from the Aging Anno database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and MCODE algorithm were applied to identify potential interactions between BA-EDC targets and heart aging-related genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed to identify related pathways.

RESULTS

This cross-sectional study included 1,439 participants. A decile increase in BA-EDCs co-exposure was associated with 0.31 years and 0.17 years of KDM-BA and phenotypic age acceleration, respectively. The mixed effect of BA-EDCs was associated with an increased prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Vitamins C and E demonstrated a significant interaction effect on the association between BA-EDCs and KDM-BA acceleration. PPI network and functional enrichment analysis indicated that the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications was significantly enriched.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that the co-exposure effect of BA-EDCs was associated with biological age acceleration and ASCVD, with the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway being the underlying mechanism. Vitamins C and E may also be an actionable target for preventing EDC-induced biological aging.

Manganese nutrient mitigates ammonia, arsenic toxicity and high temperature stress using gene regulation via NFkB mechanism in fish

The ongoing challenges of climate change and pollution are major factors disturbing ecosystems, including aquatic systems. They also have an impact on gene regulation and biochemical changes in aquatic animals, including fish. Understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation and biochemical changes due to climate change and pollution in aquatic animals is a challenging task. However, with this backdrop, the present investigation was conducted to explore the effects of arsenic (As) and ammonia (NH3) toxicity and high-temperature (T) stress on gene regulation and biochemical profiles, mitigated by dietary manganese (Mn) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The fish were exposed to different combinations of As, NH3, and T, and fed with dietary Mn at 4, 8, and 12 mg kg-1 to evaluate the gene expression of immunity, antioxidative status, cytokine, and NfKB signaling pathway genes. HSP 70, cytochrome P450 (CYP 450), metallothionein (MT), DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP), caspase (CAS), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), toll-like receptor (TLR), interleukin (IL), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were noticeably highly upregulated by As + NH3 + T stress, whereas Mn diet at 8 mg kg-1 downregulated these genes. Further, total immunoglobulin (Ig), myostatin (MYST), somatostatin (SMT), growth hormone (GH), growth hormone regulator 1 and β, insulin-like growth factors (IGF1X1 and IGF1X2) were significantly upregulated by Mn diets. The biochemical profiles were highly affected by stressors (As + NH3 + T). The bioaccumulation of arsenic in different tissues was also notably reduced by Mn diets. Furthermore, the infectivity of the fish was reduced, and survival against pathogenic bacteria was enhanced by Mn diet at 8 mg kg-1. The results of the present investigation revealed that dietary Mn at 8 mg kg-1 controls gene regulation against multiple stressors (As, NH3, As + NH3, NH3 + T, As + NH3 + T) in fish.

Heavy Metal Exposure: Molecular Pathways, Clinical Implications, and Protective Strategies

Heavy metals are often found in soil and can contaminate drinking water, posing a serious threat to human health. Molecular pathways and curation therapies for mitigating heavy metal toxicity have been studied for a long time. Recent studies on oxidative stress and aging have shown that the molecular foundation of cellular damage caused by heavy metals, namely, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial stress, share the same pathways as those involved in cellular senescence and aging. In recent aging studies, many types of heavy metal exposures have been used in both cellular and animal aging models. Chelation therapy is a traditional treatment for heavy metal toxicity. However, recently, various antioxidants have been found to be effective in treating heavy metal-induced damage, shifting the research focus to investigating the interplay between antioxidants and heavy metals. In this review, we introduce the molecular basis of heavy metal-induced cellular damage and its relationship with aging, summarize its clinical implications, and discuss antioxidants and other agents with protective effects against heavy metal damage.

Exploring the impact of heat stress on oocyte maturation and embryo development in dairy cattle using a culture medium supplemented with vitamins E, C, and coenzyme Q10

Heat stress is a significant factor affecting the fertility of dairy cattle due to the generation of free radicals. In assisted reproductive techniques, the inclusion of protective antioxidants becomes crucial to mitigate potential cellular damage. This study aimed to explore the impact of supplementing vitamins E, C, and coenzyme Q10 into the oocyte culture medium, with the goal of ameliorating the adverse effects of heat stress on oocyte maturation and embryo development in dairy cattle. A group of fifty Holstein dairy cows were synchronized, and their oocytes were harvested using the ovum pick-up method. High-quality oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, utilizing a culture medium containing, no supplements (Group 1), 100 μM of vitamins E (Group 2) and C (Group 3), along with 50 μM of coenzyme Q10 (Group 4). The ensuing zygotes were cultured, and the ensuing embryos were evaluated for blastocyst formation by the seventh day. An analysis of the blastocysts' inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) cells was also conducted. The findings revealed that the group receiving supplementation of vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 exhibited significantly higher maturation and cleavage rates in comparison to both the control and the vitamin C groups. Furthermore, the count of ICM, TE, and blastocyst cells was notably elevated in the vitamin E supplemented group when compared to the control group. In summary, the effectiveness of vitamin E in enhancing IVM, IVF, and embryo development under conditions of heat stress surpassed that of vitamin C and coenzyme Q10.

Antioxidant therapy against TGF-β/SMAD pathway involved in organ fibrosis

Fibrosis refers to excessive build-up of scar tissue and extracellular matrix components in different organs. In recent years, it has been revealed that different cytokines and chemokines, especially Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. It has been shown that TGF-β is upregulated in fibrotic tissues, and contributes to fibrosis by mediating pathways that are related to matrix preservation and fibroblasts differentiation. There is no doubt that antioxidants protect against different inflammatory conditions by reversing the effects of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur-based reactive elements. Oxidative stress has a direct impact on chronic inflammation, and as results, prolonged inflammation ultimately results in fibrosis. Different types of antioxidants, in the forms of vitamins, natural compounds or synthetic ones, have been proven to be beneficial in the protection against fibrotic conditions both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we reviewed the role of different compounds with antioxidant activity in induction or inhibition of TGF-β/SMAD signalling pathway, with regard to different fibrotic conditions such as gastro-intestinal fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, skin fibrosis, renal fibrosis and also some rare cases of fibrosis, both in animal models and cell lines.

Examining the Potential of Vitamin C Supplementation in Tissue-Engineered Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Constructs

Because equine tendinopathies are slow to heal and often recur, therapeutic strategies are being considered that aid tendon repair. Given the success of utilizing vitamin C to promote tenogenesis in other species, we hypothesized that vitamin C supplementation would produce dose-dependent improvements in the tenogenic properties of tendon proper (TP) and peritenon (PERI) cells of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Equine TP- and PERI-progenitor-cell-seeded fibrin three-dimensional constructs were supplemented with four concentrations of vitamin C. The gene expression profiles of the constructs were assessed with 3'-Tag-Seq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); collagen content and fibril ultrastructure were also analyzed. Moreover, cells were challenged with dexamethasone to determine the levels of cytoprotection afforded by vitamin C. Expression profiling demonstrated that vitamin C had an anti-inflammatory effect on TP and PERI cell constructs. Moreover, vitamin C supplementation mitigated the degenerative pathways seen in tendinopathy and increased collagen content in tendon constructs. When challenged with dexamethasone in two-dimensional culture, vitamin C had a cytoprotective effect for TP cells but not necessarily for PERI cells. Future studies will explore the effects of vitamin C on these cells during inflammation and within the tendon niche in vivo.

Unraveling the 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid-dependent and -independent impacts of L-ascorbic acid on somatic cell reprogramming

BACKGROUND

L-ascorbic acid (Asc) plays a pivotal role in regulating various biological processes, including somatic cell reprogramming, through multiple pathways. However, it remains unclear whether Asc regulates reprogramming directly or functions through its metabolites.

RESULTS

Asc exhibited dual capabilities in promoting reprogramming through both 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid (DKG), a key metabolite during Asc degradation, dependent and independent routes. On the one hand, Asc facilitated reprogramming by promoting cell proliferation and inducing the conversion from pre-induced pluripotent stem cells (pre-iPSCs) to iPSCs through DKG-independent pathways. Additionally, Asc triggered mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and activated glycolysis via DKG-dependent mechanisms. Notably, DKG alone activated a non-canonical tricarboxylic acid cycle characterized by increased succinate, fumarate, and malate. Consequently, this shift redirected oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis and induced MET. Moreover, owing to its antioxidant capabilities, Asc directly inhibited glycolysis, thereby preventing positive feedback between glycolysis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ultimately resulting in a higher level of MET.

CONCLUSION

These findings unveil the intricate functions of Asc in the context of reprogramming. This study sheds light on the DKG-dependent and -independent activities of Asc during reprogramming, offering novel insights that may extend the application of Asc to other biological processes.

Dynamic Interplay of Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses in Shrimp during Early and Late Infection Stages of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a microsporidian parasite that infects Litopenaeus vannamei, causing severe hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) and resulting in significant economic losses. This study utilizes a combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to unveil the dynamic molecular interactions between EHP and its host, the Pacific white shrimp, during the early and late stages of infection. The results indicate distinct immunological, detoxification, and antioxidant responses in the early and late infection phases. During early EHP infection in shrimp, immune activation coincides with suppression of genes like Ftz-F1 and SEPs, potentially aiding parasitic evasion. In contrast, late infection shows a refined immune response with phagocytosis-enhancing down-regulation of Ftz-F1 and a resurgence in SEP expression. This phase is characterized by an up-regulated detoxification and antioxidant response, likely a defense against the accumulated effects of EHP, facilitating a stable host-pathogen relationship. In the later stages of infection, most immune responses return to baseline levels, while some immune genes remain active. The glutathione antioxidant system is suppressed early on but becomes activated in the later stages. This phenomenon could facilitate the early invasion of EHP while assisting the host in mitigating oxidative damage caused by late-stage infection. Notably, there are distinctive events in polyamine metabolism. Sustained up-regulation of spermidine synthase and concurrent reduction in spermine levels suggest a potential role of polyamines in EHP development. Throughout the infection process, significant differences in genes such as ATP synthase and hexokinase highlight the continuous influence on energy metabolism pathways. Additionally, growth-related pathways involving amino acids such as tryptophan, histidine, and taurine are disrupted early on, potentially contributing to the growth inhibition observed during the initial stages of infection. In summary, these findings elucidate the dynamic interplay between the host, Litopenaeus vannamei, and the parasite, EHP, during infection. Specific phase differences in immune responses, energy metabolism, and antioxidant processes underscore the intricate relationship between the host and the parasite. The disruption of polyamine metabolism offers a novel perspective in understanding the proliferation mechanisms of EHP. These discoveries significantly advance our comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms of EHP and its interactions with the host.

Nutritional significance and promising therapeutic/medicinal application of camel milk as a functional food in human and animals: a comprehensive review

Camel milk (CM) is the key component of human diet specially for the population belongs to the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. CM possess unique composition as compare to the cow milk with abundant amount of medium chain fatty acids in fat low lactose and higher concentration of whey protein and vitamin C. Besides the nutritional significance of CM, it also contains higher concentration of bioactive compounds including bioactive peptides, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase, lysozyme casein and immunoglobulin. Recently, CM and their bioactive compounds gaining more attention toward scientific community owing to their multiple health benefits, especially in the current era of emerging drug resistance and untold side effects of synthetic medicines. Consumption of fresh or fermented CM and its products presumed exceptional nutraceutical and medicinal properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Moreover, CM isolated LAB exhibit antioxidant and probiotic effects leading to enhance the innate and adaptive immune response against both gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. The main objective of this review is to highlight the nutritional significance, pharmaceutical potential, medicinal value and salient beneficial health aspect of CM for human and animals.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Vitamin C Ameliorate Atrazine-Induced Hepatic Apoptosis in Rat via CYP450s/ROS Pathway and Immunomodulation

Atrazine, as an herbicide, is used widely worldwide. Because of its prolonged persistence in the environment and accumulation in the body, atrazine exposure is a potential threat to human health. The present study evaluated the possible protective effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and vitamin C against atrazine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Atrazine administered to rats orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg for 21 days caused liver oxidative stress as it increased malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) contents. Atrazine induced inflammation accompanied by apoptosis via upregulation of hepatic gene expression levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, BAX, and caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 gene expression levels. Additionally, it disturbed the metabolic activities of cytochrome P450 as it downregulated hepatic gene expression levels of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2E1. The liver function biomarkers were greatly affected upon atrazine administration, and the serum levels of AST and ALT were significantly increased, while BWG%, albumin, globulins, and total proteins levels were markedly decreased. As a result of the above-mentioned influences of atrazine, histopathological changes in liver tissue were recorded in our findings. The administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles or vitamin C orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, for 30 days prior and along with atrazine, could significantly ameliorate the oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by atrazine and regulated the hepatic cytochrome P450 activities. Furthermore, they improved liver function biomarkers and histopathology. In conclusion, our results revealed that zinc oxide nanoparticles and vitamin C supplementations could effectively protect against atrazine-induced hepatotoxicity.

The Roles of NFR2-Regulated Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality Control in Chronic Liver Diseases

Chronic liver disease (CLD) affects a significant portion of the global population, leading to a substantial number of deaths each year. Distinct forms like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD), though they have different etiologies, highlight shared pathologies rooted in oxidative stress. Central to liver metabolism, mitochondria are essential for ATP production, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and heme synthesis. However, in diseases like NAFLD, ALD, and liver fibrosis, mitochondrial function is compromised by inflammatory cytokines, hepatotoxins, and metabolic irregularities. This dysfunction, especially electron leakage, exacerbates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), augmenting liver damage. Amidst this, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) emerges as a cellular protector. It not only counters oxidative stress by regulating antioxidant genes but also maintains mitochondrial health by overseeing autophagy and biogenesis. The synergy between NRF2 modulation and mitochondrial function introduces new therapeutic potentials for CLD, focusing on preserving mitochondrial integrity against oxidative threats. This review delves into the intricate role of oxidative stress in CLD, shedding light on innovative strategies for its prevention and treatment, especially through the modulation of the NRF2 and mitochondrial pathways.

Vitamin C Urinary Loss and Deficiency in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Cross-sectional Study of Vitamin C Renal Leak in Women With HIV

BACKGROUND

Reduced plasma vitamin C (vitC) concentrations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may result from abnormal urinary excretion: a renal leak. VitC renal leak indicates underlying nutritional dysregulation independent of diet. We hypothesized that increased renal leak prevalence in HIV would be associated with deficient vitC concentrations.

METHODS

We conducted an outpatient cross-sectional study of 96 women (40 HIV [PWH] and 56 without HIV [PWOH]) at the National Institutes of Health and Georgetown University. Renal leak was defined as abnormal urinary vitC excretion at fasting plasma concentrations <43.2µM, 2 SDs below vitC renal threshold in healthy women. To determine the primary outcome of renal leak prevalence, matched urine and plasma samples were collected the morning after overnight fast. Secondary outcomes assessed group differences in mean plasma vitC concentrations and prevalence of vitC deficiency. Exploratory outcomes assessed clinical parameters associated with renal leak. VitC was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection.

RESULTS

PWH had significantly higher renal leak prevalence (73%vs14%; OR (odds ratio):16; P<.001), lower mean plasma vitC concentrations (14µMvs50µM; P<.001), and higher prevalence of vitC deficiency (43%vs7%; OR:10; P<.001) compared with PWOH, unchanged by adjustments for confounding factors. Significant predictors of renal leak included antiretroviral therapy (ART), Black race, older age, and metabolic comorbidities but not viral load or CD4 count. When compared with other chronic disease cohorts, PWH had the highest prevalence of renal leak and vitC deficiency (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

High prevalence of vitC renal leak in HIV was associated with vitC deficiency, ART use, and race/ethnicity differences.

The effect of vitamin C supplementation on favipiravir-induced oxidative stress and proinflammatory damage in livers and kidneys of rats

Background: Favipiravir (FPV), an effective antiviral agent, is a drug used to treat influenza and COVID-19 by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses. FPV has the potential to increase oxidative stress and organ damage. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the oxidative stress and inflammation caused by FPV in the liver and kidneys of rats, as well as to investigate the curative effects of vitamin C (VitC).Methods: A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly and equally divided into the following five groups: 1st; Control, 2nd; FPV = 20 mg/kg, 3rd; FPV = 100 mg/kg, 4th; FPV = 20 mg/kg + VitC (150 mg/kg), and 5th; FPV = 100 mg/kg + VitC (150 mg/kg) groups. Rats were given either FPV (orally) or FPV plus VitC (intramuscular) for 14 days. Rat blood, liver, and kidney samples were collected at 15 days to be analyzed for oxidative and histological changes.Results: FPV administration resulted in an increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the liver and kidney, as well as oxidative and histopathologic damage. FPV increased TBARS levels significantly (p < .05) and decreased GSH and CAT levels in liver and kidney tissues but had no effect on SOD activity. VitC supplementation significantly reduced TNF-a, IL-6, and TBARS levels while increasing GSH and CAT levels (p < .05). Furthermore, VitC significantly attenuated FPV-induced histopathological alterations associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver and kidney tissues (p < .05).Conclusion: FPV caused liver and kidney damage in rats. In contrast, co-administration of FPV with VitC improved FPV-induced oxidative, pro-inflammatory, and histopathological changes.

Association of reduced glutathione levels with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is a crucial antioxidant with recognized roles in malaria pathogenesis and host response. Despite its importance, reports on the association of GSH with malaria are inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the differences in GSH levels in relation to Plasmodium infection. A comprehensive literature search of six electronic databases (Embase, MEDLINE, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest) was conducted. Of the 2158 initially identified records, 18 met the eligibility criteria. The majority of studies reported a significant decrease in GSH levels in malaria patients compared with uninfected controls, and this was confirmed by meta-analysis (P < 0.01, Hedges g: - 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 2.48 to - 0.46, I2: 99.12%, 17 studies). Additionally, there was no significant difference in GSH levels between Plasmodium falciparum malaria and P. vivax malaria (P = 0.80, Hedges g:  0.11, 95% CI - 0.76 to 0.98, I2: 93.23%, three studies). Similarly, no significant variation was observed between symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria cases (P = 0.78, Hedges g: 0.06, 95% CI - 0.34 to 0.46, I2: 48.07%, two studies). In conclusion, although GSH levels appear to be generally lower in malaria patients, further detailed studies are necessary to fully elucidate this complex relationship.

Vitamin E supplementation (alone or with other antioxidants) and stroke: a meta-analysis

CONTEXT

A previous study showed that vitamin E is effective in reducing the incidence of myocardial infarction only when it is taken in the absence of other antioxidants. It is unclear if it also reduces the incidence of stroke.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the effect of vitamin E supplementation alone or combined with other antioxidants on the incidence of stroke.

DATA SOURCES

A search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library.

DATA EXTRACTION

Sixteen randomized controlled trials were selected to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on stroke.

DATA ANALYSIS

The range of vitamin E doses used was 33-800 IU. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 9.4 years. Compared with controls, when vitamin E was given alone it did not reduce the incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Conversely, compared with controls, supplementation of vitamin E with other antioxidants reduced ischemic stroke (random effects, RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84-0.99; P = 0.02) but with a significant increase in hemorrhagic stroke (random effects, RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.0-1.48; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Supplementation with vitamin E alone is not associated with stroke reduction. Instead, supplementation of vitamin E with other antioxidants reduces the incidence of ischemic stroke but increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, cancelling any beneficial effect derived. Thus, vitamin E is not recommended in stroke prevention.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022258259.

Vitamin C fortification: need and recent trends in encapsulation technologies

The multifaceted role of vitamin C in human health intrudes several biochemical functions that are but not limited to antioxidant activity, homoeostasis, amino acid synthesis, collagen synthesis, osteogenesis, neurotransmitter production and several yet to be explored functions. In absence of an innate biosynthetic pathway, humans are obligated to attain vitamin C from dietary sources to maintain its optimal serum level (28 μmol/L). However, a significant amount of naturally occurring vitamin C may deteriorate due to food processing, storage and distribution before reaching to the human gastrointestinal tract, thus limiting or mitigating its disease combating activity. Literature acknowledges the growing prevalence of vitamin C deficiency across the globe irrespective of geographic, economic and population variations. Several tools have been tested to address vitamin C deficiency, which are primarily diet diversification, biofortification, supplementation and food fortification. These strategies inherit their own advantages and limitations. Opportunely, nanotechnology promises an array of delivery systems providing encapsulation, protection and delivery of susceptible compounds against environmental factors. Lack of clear understanding of the suitability of the delivery system for vitamin C encapsulation and fortification; growing prevalence of its deficiency, it is a need of the hour to develop and design vitamin C fortified food ensuring homogeneous distribution, improved stability and enhanced bioavailability. This article is intended to review the importance of vitamin C in human health, its recommended daily allowance, its dietary sources, factors donating to its stability and degradation. The emphasis also given to review the strategies adopted to address vitamin c deficiency, delivery systems adopted for vitamin C encapsulation and fortification.

Glutathione-Mediated Neuroprotective Effect of Purine Derivatives

Numerous basic studies have reported on the neuroprotective properties of several purine derivatives such as caffeine and uric acid (UA). Epidemiological studies have also shown the inverse association of appropriate caffeine intake or serum urate levels with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The well-established neuroprotective mechanisms of caffeine and UA involve adenosine A2A receptor antagonism and antioxidant activity, respectively. Our recent study found that another purine derivative, paraxanthine, has neuroprotective effects similar to those of caffeine and UA. These purine derivatives can promote neuronal cysteine uptake through excitatory amino acid carrier protein 1 (EAAC1) to increase neuronal glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain. This review summarizes the GSH-mediated neuroprotective effects of purine derivatives. Considering the fact that GSH depletion is a manifestation in the brains of AD and PD patients, administration of purine derivatives may be a new therapeutic approach to prevent or delay the onset of these neurodegenerative diseases.

Low-dose vanadium pentoxide perturbed lung metabolism associated with inflammation and fibrosis signaling in male animal and in vitro models

Vanadium is available as a dietary supplement and also is known to be toxic if inhaled, yet little information is available concerning the effects of vanadium on mammalian metabolism when concentrations found in food and water. Vanadium pentoxide (V+5) is representative of the most common dietary and environmental exposures, and prior research shows that low-dose V+5 exposure causes oxidative stress measured by glutathione oxidation and protein S-glutathionylation. We examined the metabolic impact of V+5 at relevant dietary and environmental doses (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ppm for 24 h) in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and male C57BL/6J mice (0.02, 0.2, and 2 ppm in drinking water for 7 mo). Untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) showed that V+5 induced significant metabolic perturbations in both HLF cells and mouse lungs. We noted 30% of the significantly altered pathways in HLF cells, including pyrimidines and aminosugars, fatty acids, mitochondrial and redox pathways, showed similar dose-dependent patterns in mouse lung tissues. Alterations in lipid metabolism included leukotrienes and prostaglandins involved in inflammatory signaling, which have been associated with the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other disease processes. Elevated hydroxyproline levels and excessive collagen deposition were also present in lungs from V+5-treated mice. Taken together, these results show that oxidative stress from environmental V+5, ingested at low levels, could alter metabolism to contribute to common human lung diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used relevant dietary and environmental doses of Vanadium pentoxide (V+5) to examine its metabolic impact in vitro and in vivo. Using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), we found significant metabolic perturbations, with similar dose-dependent patterns observed in human lung fibroblasts and male mouse lungs. Alterations in lipid metabolism included inflammatory signaling, elevated hydroxyproline levels, and excessive collagen deposition were present in V+5-treated lungs. Our findings suggest that low levels of V+5 could trigger pulmonary fibrotic signaling.

Association Between Vitamin Deficiencies and Ophthalmological Conditions

Vitamin deficiencies can have adverse effects on health, including on the visual system. The ocular manifestations of a vitamin deficiency are related to the underlying biochemical function of the particular nutrient. While vitamin deficiencies are not common in developed counties, they are still prevalent in parts of the developing world and in specific, vulnerable populations. Vitamin deficiencies can cause or contribute to many ophthalmological conditions and eye diseases may even be the first presenting finding of a vitamin deficiency. As such, it is important for ophthalmologists to be aware of the ocular manifestations of vitamin deficiencies, especially given that the complications can be severe and effectively treated if identified early. This review summarizes the literature on the main vitamins known to have characteristic ocular manifestations: vitamins A, B1, B2, B9, B12, C, D, E and K. The function, epidemiology, manifestations, workup, and management of each vitamin is discussed in detail.

Oxidase-like Fe-N/C single atom nanozyme enables sensitive detection of ascorbic acid and acid phosphatase

The development of cost-effective and easy-to-use strategies for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and acid phosphatase (ACP) is in high demand but challenging. Thus, we report a novel colorimetric platform based on Fe-N/C single atom nanozyme with efficient oxidase mimicking activity for their highly sensitive detection. The designed Fe-N/C single atom nanozyme can directly oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce a blue oxidation product (oxTMB) in the absence of H₂O₂. In addition, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate can be hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid in the presence of ACP, which inhibits the oxidation reaction and results in a significant bleaching of the blue color. Based on these phenomena, a novel colorimetric assay with high catalytic activity was developed for the determination of ascorbic acid and acid phosphatase with detection limits of 0.092 μM and 0.048 U/L, respectively. Notably, this strategy was successfully applied to the determination of ACP in human serum samples and evaluate ACP inhibitors, indicating its potential as a valuable tool for clinical diagnosis and research.

Comprehensive Analysis of 34 Edible Flowers by the Determination of Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Capacity Planted in Yunnan Province China

The main purpose of this study was to reveal the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of 34 edible flowers that grew in Yunnan Province, China, through a comprehensive assessment of their nutritional composition and antioxidant indices. The results showed that sample A3 of Asteraceae flowers had the highest total flavonoid content, with a value of 8.53%, and the maximum contents of vitamin C and reducing sugars were from Rosaceae sample R1 and Gentianaceae sample G3, with values of 143.80 mg/100 g and 7.82%, respectively. Samples R2 and R3 of Rosaceae were the top two flowers in terms of comprehensive nutritional quality. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of Rosaceae samples was evidently better than that of three others, in which Sample R1 had the maximum values in hydroxyl radical (^·OH) scavenging and superoxide anion radical (^·O₂^-) scavenging rates, and samples R2 and R3 showed a high total antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-pyridylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging rate, respectively. Taken together, there were significant differences in the nutrient contents and antioxidant properties of these 34 flowers, and the comprehensive quality of Rosaceae samples was generally better than the other three families. This study provides references for 34 edible flowers to be used as dietary supplements and important sources of natural antioxidants.

Vitamin C Urinary Loss in Fabry Disease: Clinical and Genomic Characteristics of Vitamin C Renal Leak

BACKGROUND

Reduced plasma vitamin C concentrations in chronic diseases may result from abnormal urinary excretion of vitamin C: a renal leak. We hypothesized that vitamin C renal leak may be associated with disease-mediated renal dysregulation, resulting in aberrant vitamin C renal reabsorption and increased urinary loss.

OBJECTIVES

We investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and genomic associations of vitamin C renal leak in Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal disease associated with renal tubular dysfunction and low plasma vitamin C concentrations.

METHODS

We conducted a non-randomized cross-sectional cohort study of men aged 24-42 y, with Fabry disease (n = 34) and controls without acute or chronic disease (n = 33). To match anticipated plasma vitamin C concentrations, controls were placed on a low-vitamin C diet 3 wk before inpatient admission. To determine the primary outcome of vitamin C renal leak prevalence, subjects were fasted overnight, and matched urine and fasting plasma vitamin C measurements were obtained the following morning. Vitamin C renal leak was defined as presence of urinary vitamin C at plasma concentrations below 38 μM. Exploratory outcomes assessed the association between renal leak and clinical parameters, and genomic associations with renal leak using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin C transporter SLC23A1.

RESULTS

Compared with controls, the Fabry cohort had 16-fold higher odds of renal leak (6% vs. 52%; OR: 16; 95% CI: 3.30, 162; P < 0.001). Renal leak was associated with higher protein creatinine ratio (P < 0.01) and lower hemoglobin (P = 0.002), but not estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.54). Renal leak, but not plasma vitamin C, was associated with a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in vitamin C transporter SLC23A1 (OR: 15; 95% CI: 1.6, 777; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased prevalence of renal leak in adult men with Fabry disease may result from dysregulated vitamin C renal physiology and is associated with abnormal clinical outcomes and genomic variation.

Regulation of gut microbiota by vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene

Vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and β-carotene (βC) are representative dietary antioxidants, which exist in daily diet and can increase the antioxidant capacity of body fluids, cells and tissues. The health benefits of vitamins like VC, VE and βC are widely demonstrated. Given that the strong associations between the gut microbiota and host health or a range of diseases has been extensively reported, it is important to explore the modulatory effects of known vitamins on the gut microbiota. Herein, this article reviews the effects of VC, VE and βC on the gut microbiota. Totally, 19 studies were included, of which eight were related to VC, nine to VE, and six to βC. Overall, VC, VE and βC can provide health benefits to the host by modulating the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, improving intestinal barrier function and maintaining the normal function of the immune system. Two perspectives are proposed for future studies: i) roles of known antioxidant activity of vitamins in regulating the gut microbiota and its molecular mechanism need to be further studied; ii) causal relationships between the regulatory effects of vitamins on gut microbiota and host health still remains to be further verified.

Effect of non surgical periodontal therapy and vitamin C supplementation on total antioxidant capacity in patients with chronic generalised periodontitis - A randomised controlled trial

Background

Periodontal inflammation are inflammation of supporting tissues of periodontium. The microbial factor can cause infection which is polymicrobial in origin and causes dysbiosis and shift in oxidative stress with compromised antioxidant capacity. This study focused at determination of the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) and vitamin C supplementation on total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in chronic periodontitis patients (ChP).

Material & method

A total of 70 ChPand 35 periodontally healthy subjects (control) were recruited in this study. Further, ChP group was subdivided into ChP1 group (n = 35) which received NSPT only and ChP 2 group (n = 35) which received NSPT with vitamin C 500 mg once daily for 3 months. Serum and saliva samples were taken at baseline and at 3 months postNSPT for measurement of TAOC. Clinical parameters measured were measured at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-month interval.

Results

Lower levels of serum and salivary TAOC levels were observed in ChP patients than healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Improvement in Clinical parameters was observed in both the groups ChP1 and ChP 2 group post therapy (p < 0.05). The periodontal treatment showed insignificant changes in serum and salivary TAOC levels (p > 0.05). The supplemental dose of vitamin C didn't have any additional benefits (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

There lies an association of oxidative stress with periodontitis, low serum and salivary TAOC levels were seen in chronic periodontitis patients. NSPT improved the periodontal inflammatory status. However, benefits of vitamin C as an adjunct to NSPT remains inconclusive and needs to be further explored by multicentre longitudinal studies.

Effects of L-Cysteine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Treatment on Postharvest Quality and Antioxidant Activity of Loquat Fruit during Storage

Sichuan is the China's leading producer of loquat, with the largest cultivation area and yield ranked first in China. Loquat is a seasonal fruit highly appreciated by consumers; however, the fruit is prone to browning and lignification after harvest, affecting its storage quality. The effects of L-Cysteine (L-Cys, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2%) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1%) on the sensory quality and antioxidant activity of loquat fruit during cold storage at 4 °C for 35 days and simulated shelf life for 5 days were investigated. The results showed that after 40 days of storage, compared with the control, 0.05% L-Cys and 0.05% GABA treatment of 'Zaozhong No. 6' loquat fruit effectively reduced the weight loss rate, browning index, decay index, respiratory rate, firmness, and lignin content and slowed the decreases in total soluble solids, soluble sugar, titratable acidityand vitamin C contents. The application of 0.05% L-Cys and 0.05% GABA significantly increased the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, flavanols, and carotenoids; delayed the increase of relative electric conductivity, MDA, POD, and PPO activities; and significantly enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and FRAP, thereby improving antioxidant capacity. In summary, 0.05% L-Cys and 0.05% GABA treatment promotes the quality of loquat fruit after 40 days of storage, and significantly enhances antioxidant capacity, thus delaying senescence after harvest.