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Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-Cánova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360586. [PMID: 38510963 PMCID: PMC10952103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Kolawole
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Diana Diaz-Cánova
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Faith Alele
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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Cuetos-Suárez D, Gan RK, Cuetos-Suárez D, Arcos González P, Castro-Delgado R. A Review of Mpox Outbreak and Public Health Response in Spain. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:297-310. [PMID: 38328470 PMCID: PMC10849094 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s440035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective In May 2022, an unprecedented Mpox outbreak was reported in several non-endemic countries with unknown epidemiological links. Since May 2022, more than 20,000 cases have been reported in Europe. Spain has been the most affected country in Europe. We aim to describe the Mpox epidemiological profile in Spain, identify its outbreak risks, and describe public health interventions implemented by the Spanish authorities. Methods A literature review was conducted, using specific selection criteria to obtain relevant publications describing Mpox clinical presentation and risk factors and the public health response in Spain to the ongoing outbreak. Results 63.1% of the cases presented an anogenital rash, considered a specific and early symptom in this outbreak. Low case fatality rate is observed, mainly in risk groups, such as the immunocompromised population. Patients evolution was generally favorable, although 3-8% required hospitalization and two deaths occurred; 40% of patients were previously diagnosed with HIV infection. Most of the cases were seen among young population and concentrated in men who had sex with other men, mainly with multiple sexual partners, who did not practice safe sex such as using condoms, and those attending mass event parties. Conclusion To date, the Mpox outbreak is not considered a public health emergency of international concern. The epidemiological trend of the virus in Spain shows that public health response interventions (health education, contact tracing, vaccination, etc.) have adequately controlled the epidemic curve in high-risk populations and avoided spreading the virus to other groups within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuetos-Suárez
- Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Public Health Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rick Kye Gan
- Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Public Health Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - David Cuetos-Suárez
- Emergency Medicine Department, Spanish Central Defense Academy, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Arcos González
- Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Public Health Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rafael Castro-Delgado
- Health Service Principality of Asturias (SAMU-Asturias), Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA (Prehospital Care and Disasters Research Group, GIAPREDE)Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Mahmmoud Fadelallah Eljack M, Elnaiem W, Abdelwahed AE, Hasabo E, Abbas AA, Ahmed AS, Jobran AW, AbdAlla Mohamed MT, Muhalil MG, Jagran Idris LM, Bakour RK, Eltaib Elseed LZ, Al Komi O, Mugibel TA, Nour AB, Ibrahim H, Owish Sukar KA, Ahmed FMT, Elkhazin Mohamed Ali KS, Hussien Mohamed Ahmed KA. Fear of a new pandemic: perception and prediction of monkeypox among the middle east general population. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5908-5918. [PMID: 38098587 PMCID: PMC10718370 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, an Orthopox virus. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak provoked fear among the public. Public awareness about the disease could be an important factor in its control. The authors conducted this study to assess the perception and prediction of monkeypox among the Middle East public. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in August 2022. Data were conveniently collected from eight Middle Eastern countries using an online self-administered questionnaire distributed through educational and social media platforms. Statistical analysis was conducted using R software. Results Approximately 11 016 individuals participated in this study. The participants' overall knowledge score indicated poor knowledge about monkeypox. Most of the participants knew the causative organism (66.7%). However, numerous participants were not aware of the disease mode of transmission, symptoms, complications, and vaccination. Participants' awareness was mostly gained from social media (61.8%). The majority predicted acquiring monkeypox when protective measures are not taken (72.7%), progression to a pandemic with economic consequences (50.8 and 52%, respectively), and the ability of the Ministry of Health to control the epidemic (51.5%). Conclusion In the Middle East, public knowledge about monkeypox is poor. Raising awareness about monkeypox would be of benefit in controlling the epidemic. This study constitutes evidence upon which health education programs could be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Omar Al Komi
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Alrajhi University, Albukayriah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alshareef B. Nour
- Faculty of Medicine, Wad Medani Collage of Medical Sciences, Wad Medani
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Yinka-Ogunleye A, Dalhat M, Akinpelu A, Aruna O, Garba F, Ahmad A, Adeleye A, Botson I, Oluwafemi B, Ogunbode O, Amao L, Ekripo U, Aliyu GG, Adetifa I, Ihekweazu C, Abubakar I. Mpox (monkeypox) risk and mortality associated with HIV infection: a national case-control study in Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e013126. [PMID: 38035733 PMCID: PMC10689363 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent outbreaks of mpox are characterised by changes in the natural history of the disease, the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cases, and widening geographical distribution. We investigated the role of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) coinfection among cases in the re-emergence of mpox to inform national and global response. METHODS We conducted a national descriptive and case-control study on cases in the 2017-2019 Nigerian mpox outbreak. Mpox cases were age, sex and geographical area matched each with two randomly selected controls from a representative national HIV/AIDS survey. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between HIV infection and the risk of mpox acquisition and death. RESULTS Among 204 suspected mpox cases, 86 were confirmed (median age 31 years (IQR 27-38 years), mostly males (61 cases, 70.9%). Three-fifths of mpox cases had serological evidence of one or more STIs with 27.9% (24/86) coinfected with HIV. The case fatality rate was 9.4% (8/86) and 20.8% (5/24) overall and in HIV positive cases respectively. Mpox cases were more likely to have HIV coinfection compared with an age, gender and geography-matched control group drawn from the general population (OR 45 (95% CI 6.1 to 333.5, p=0.002) and when compared with non mpox rash cases (7.29 (95% CI 2.6 to 20.5, p<0.0001)). HIV coinfection and young age were associated with mortality among mpox cases (aOR 13.66 (95% CI 1.88 to 98.95, p=0.010) and aOR 0.90 (0.82-0.97, p=0.008), respectively). CONCLUSION HIV infection was associated with a higher risk of contracting and dying from mpox. Children are also at high risk of death. STIs in mpox cases may be suggestive of high-risk sexual behaviours among these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye
- Department of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahmood Dalhat
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
- Infectious Diseases Control Centre, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Akinpelu
- National Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Aruna
- IHR Strengthening Programme in Nigeria, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Fatima Garba
- African Field Epidemiology Network Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adama Ahmad
- National Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Adeleye
- National Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Iliya Botson
- National Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Oluwafemi
- National Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo Ogunbode
- Prevention Programmes and Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Lateefat Amao
- Prevention Programmes and Knowledge Management, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Udeme Ekripo
- University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Gambo Gumel Aliyu
- Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Yang X, Cheng X, Wei H, Tu Z, Rong Z, Wang C, Wang S. Fluorescence-enhanced dual signal lateral flow immunoassay for flexible and ultrasensitive detection of monkeypox virus. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:450. [PMID: 38001482 PMCID: PMC10675944 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) worldwide in 2022 highlights the need for a rapid and low-cost MPXV detection tool for effectively monitoring and controlling monkeypox disease. In this study, we developed a flexible lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) with strong colorimetric and enhanced fluorescence dual-signal output for the rapid, on-site, and highly sensitive detection of the MPXV antigen in different scenarios. A multilayered SiO2-Au core dual-quantum dot (QD) shell nanocomposite (named SiO2-Au/DQD), which consists of a large SiO2 core (~ 200 nm), one layer of density-controlled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 20 nm), and thousands of small QDs, was fabricated instead of a traditional colorimetric nanotag (i.e., AuNPs) and a fluorescent nanotag (QD nanobead) to simultaneously provide good stability, strong colorimetric ability and superior fluorescence intensity. With the dual-signal output LFIA, we achieved the specific screening of the MPXV antigen (A29L) in 15 min, with detection limits of 0.5 and 0.0021 ng/mL for the colorimetric and fluorometric modes, respectively. Moreover, the colorimetric mode of SiO2-Au/DQD-LFIA exhibits the same sensitivity as the traditional AuNP- LFIA, whereas the overall sensitivity of this method on the basis of the fluorescent signal can achieve 238- and 3.3-fold improvements in sensitivity for MPXV compared with the AuNP-based LFIA and ELISA methods, respectively, indicating the powerful performance and good versatility of the dual-signal method in the point-of-care testing of the MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingsheng Yang
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Cheng
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Wei
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Tu
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Rong
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Chongwen Wang
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
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Shah M, Jaan S, Shehroz M, Sarfraz A, Asad K, Wara TU, Zaman A, Ullah R, Ali EA, Nishan U, Ojha SC. Deciphering the Immunogenicity of Monkeypox Proteins for Designing the Potential mRNA Vaccine. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43341-43355. [PMID: 38024731 PMCID: PMC10652822 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The Monkeypox virus (MPXV), an orthopox virus, is responsible for monkeypox in humans, a zoonotic disease similar to smallpox. This infection first appeared in the 1970s in humans and then in 2003, after which it kept on spreading all around the world. To date, various antivirals have been used to cure this disease, but now, MPXV has developed resistance against these, thus increasing the need for an alternative cure for this deadly disease. In this study, we devised a reverse vaccinology approach against MPXV using a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine by pinning down the antigenic proteins of this virus. By using bioinformatic tools, we predicted prospective immunogenic B and T lymphocyte epitopes. Based on cytokine inducibility score, nonallergenicity, nontoxicity, antigenicity, and conservancy, the final epitopes were selected. Our analysis revealed the stable structure of the mRNA vaccine and its efficient expression in host cells. Furthermore, strong interactions were demonstrated with toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) according to the molecular dynamic simulation studies. The in silico immune simulation analyses revealed an overall increase in the immune responses following repeated exposure to the designed vaccine. Based on our findings, the vaccine candidate designed in this study has the potential to be tested as a promising novel mRNA therapeutic vaccine against MPXV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohibullah Shah
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Samavia Jaan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
- School
of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University
of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shehroz
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Kohsar University Murree, Murree 47150 Pakistan
| | - Asifa Sarfraz
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Khamna Asad
- School
of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University
of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Tehreem Ul Wara
- Department
of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Aqal Zaman
- Department
of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department
of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science
& Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Suvash Chandra Ojha
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital
of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, China
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Sharma E, Malhotra S, Kaul S, Jain N, Nagaich U. Unveiling the Mpox menace: exploring the intricacies of a zoonotic virus and clinical implications. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:116024. [PMID: 37481798 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is an orthopoxvirus based zoonotic infection that induces a smallpox-like human illness. Since the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first human case of mpox in 1970, the disease has proliferated to other areas of Africa, predominantly the West, and Central, with instances recently confirmed outside of Africa. Reports of cases of mpox in 2022 have brought into light its re-emergence. Even though the smallpox vaccine protects against the mpox virus, new nonimmune generations contribute to the rising prevalence of the cases. People are coming into contact with potential hosts as a result of environmental factors, raising the probability of animal-to-human transmission. Mpox poses a more serious threat to previously unaffected nations as it is showing up in data provided by governmental bodies due to increased transmission risk brought on by globalization, armed conflict, and environmental factors. In this article, we have extensively covered the virology, etiology, and epidemiology of the disease. Various gene studies, recent drugs studied, and clinical trials pertaining to mpox have been incorporated in this review. Additionally, we have compiled a comprehensive analysis of various systematic reviews and meta-analyses concerning pregnancies complicated by mpox, retrospective studies examining mpox and HIV-coinfection, mpox in conjuction with SARS-CoV-2, and HIV coinfection, as well as case studies exploring the implications of mpox manifestations in conjunction with syphilis, gonorrhoea, myocarditis, and neuroinflammatory implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Malhotra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shreya Kaul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Upendra Nagaich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Alandijany TA, El-Daly MM, Tolah AM, Bajrai LH, Khateb AM, Kumar GS, Dubey A, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. A multi-targeted computational drug discovery approach for repurposing tetracyclines against monkeypox virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14570. [PMID: 37666979 PMCID: PMC10477205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox viral infection is an emerging threat and a major concern for the human population. The lack of drug molecules to treat this disease may worsen the problem. Identifying potential drug targets can significantly improve the process of developing potent drug molecules for treating monkeypox. The proteins responsible for viral replication are attractive drug targets. Identifying potential inhibitors from known drug molecules that target these proteins can be key to finding a cure for monkeypox. In this work, two viral proteins, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DdRp) and viral core cysteine proteinase, were considered as potential drug targets. Sixteen antibiotic drugs from the tetracycline class were screened against both viral proteins through high-throughput virtual screening. These tetracycline class of antibiotic drugs have the ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, which makes these antibiotics drugs a prominent candidate for drug repurposing. Based on the screening result obtained against DdRp, top two compounds, namely Tigecycline and Eravacycline with docking scores of - 8.88 and - 7.87 kcal/mol, respectively, were selected for further analysis. Omadacycline and minocycline, with docking scores of - 10.60 and - 7.51 kcal/mol, are the top two compounds obtained after screening proteinase with the drug library. These compounds, along with reference compounds GTP for DdRp and tecovirimat for proteinase, were used to form protein-ligand complexes, followed by their evaluation through a 300 ns molecular dynamic simulation. The MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation and principal components analysis of these selected complexes were also conducted for understanding the dynamic stability and binding affinity of these compounds with respective target proteins. Overall, this study demonstrates the repurposing of tetracycline-derived drugs as a therapeutic solution for monkeypox viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir A Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena H Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiah M Khateb
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geethu S Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India.
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21362, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Zahmatyar M, Fazlollahi A, Motamedi A, Zolfi M, Seyedi F, Nejadghaderi SA, Sullman MJM, Mohammadinasab R, Kolahi AA, Arshi S, Safiri S. Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1157670. [PMID: 37547598 PMCID: PMC10397518 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1157670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox is a zoonotic infection that is similar to the diseases caused by other poxviruses. It is endemic among wild rodents in the rainforests of Central and Western Africa, and can be transmitted via direct skin contact or mucosal exposure to infected animals. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy, the last of which is the main symptom that distinguishes it from smallpox. In order to prevent and manage the disease, those who are infected must be rapidly diagnosed and isolated. Several vaccines have already been developed (e.g., JYNNEOS, ACAM2000 and ACAM3000) and antiviral drugs (e.g., cidofovir and tecovirimat) can also be used to treat the disease. In the present study, we reviewed the history, morphology, clinical presentations, transmission routes, diagnosis, prevention, and potential treatment strategies for monkeypox, in order to enable health authorities and physicians to better deal with this emerging crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zahmatyar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asra Fazlollahi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Motamedi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maedeh Zolfi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Seyedi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark J. M. Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Reza Mohammadinasab
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnam Arshi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Khamees A, Awadi S, Al-Shami K, Alkhoun HA, Al-Eitan SF, Alsheikh AM, Saeed A, Al-Zoubi RM, Zoubi MSA. Human monkeypox virus in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1149-1157. [PMID: 37269693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The end of smallpox in 1980 and the subsequent stopping of vaccination against smallpox was followed by the emergence of monkeypox (mpox), a viral disease of animal origin, meaning that it is transmitted from animal to human. The symptoms of mpox are similar to smallpox, except that they are less severe in terms of clinical features. In the case of public health, the mpox virus is one of the most important orthopoxviruses (such as variola, cowpox, and vaccinia) that come from the family Poxviridae. Mpox occurs mostly in central Africa and sometimes in tropical rainforests or some urban areas. Also, there are threats other than COVID-19, that must be addressed and prevented from spreading, as there has been an outbreak of mpox cases since May 7, 2022, throughout the USA, Europe, Australia, and part of Africa. OBJECTIVES In this review, we will discuss mpox between the past, the present and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, it offers an updated summary of the taxonomy, etiology, transmission, and epidemiology of mpox illness. In addition, the current review aims to highlight the importance of emerging pandemics in the same era such as mpox and COVID-19. METHODS A literature search was done for the study using online sources like PubMed and Google Scholar. Publications in English were included. Data for study variables were extracted. After the duplicate articles were eliminated, full-text screening was performed on the papers' titles and abstracts. RESULTS The evaluation included a series documenting mpox virus outbreaks, and both prospective and retrospectiveinvestigations. CONCLUSIONS monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is primarily found in central and western Africa. The disease is transmitted from animals to humans and presents symptoms similar to those of smallpox, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and a rash. Monkeypox can lead to complications such as secondary integument infection, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, and encephalitis, as well as corneal infection that can result in blindness. There is no specific clinically proven treatment for monkeypox, and treatment is primarily supportive. However, antiviral drugs and vaccines are available for cross-protection against the virus, and strict infection control measures and vaccination of close contacts of affected individuals can help prevent and control outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almu'atasim Khamees
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan; Department of General Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, 11941, Jordan.
| | - Sajeda Awadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Khayry Al-Shami
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Hayat Abu Alkhoun
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Sharaf F Al-Eitan
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Ahmad Saeed
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Raed M Al-Zoubi
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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11
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Ullah M, Li Y, Munib K, Zhang Z. Epidemiology, host range, and associated risk factors of monkeypox: an emerging global public health threat. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160984. [PMID: 37213509 PMCID: PMC10196482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on recent multiregional epidemiological investigations of Monkeypox (MPX), on 24 July 2022, the World Health Organization declared it a global public health threat. Retrospectively MPX was an ignored zoonotic endemic infection to tropical rainforest regions of Western and Central African rural communities until a worldwide epidemic in May 2022 verified the potential threat of monkeypox virus (MPXV) to be propagated across the contemporary world via transnational tourism and animal movements. During 2018-2022, different cases of MPX diagnosed in Nigerian travelers have been documented in Israel, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and the United States. More recently, on 27 September 2022, 66,000 MPX cases have been confirmed in more than 100 non-endemic countries, with fluctuating epidemiological footprinting from retrospective epidemics. Particular disease-associated risk factors fluctuate among different epidemics. The unpredicted appearance of MPX in non-endemic regions suggests some invisible transmission dynamic. Hence, broad-minded and vigilant epidemiological attention to the current MPX epidemic is mandatory. Therefore, this review was compiled to highlight the epidemiological dynamic, global host ranges, and associated risk factors of MPX, concentrating on its epidemic potential and global public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munib Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kainat Munib
- Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Begum JPS, Ngangom L, Semwal P, Painuli S, Sharma R, Gupta A. Emergence of monkeypox: a worldwide public health crisis. Hum Cell 2023; 36:877-893. [PMID: 36749539 PMCID: PMC9903284 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (MPV), a zoonotic illness that was hitherto solely prevalent in Central and West Africa, has lately been discovered to infect people all over the world and has become a major threat to global health. Humans unintentionally contract this zoonotic orthopoxvirus, which resembles smallpox, when they come into contact with infected animals. Studies show that the illness can also be transferred through frequent proximity, respiratory droplets, and household linens such as towels and bedding. However, MPV infection does not presently have a specified therapy. Smallpox vaccinations provide cross-protection against MPV because of antigenic similarities. Despite scant knowledge of the genesis, epidemiology, and ecology of the illness, the incidence and geographic distribution of monkeypox outbreaks have grown recently. Polymerase chain reaction technique on lesion specimens can be used to detect MPV. Vaccines like ACAM2000, vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIG-IV), and JYNNEOS (brand name: Imvamune or Imvanex) as well as FDA-approved antiviral medications such as brincidofovir (brand name: Tembexa), tecovirimat (brand name: TPOXX or ST-246), and cidofovir (brand name: Vistide) are used as therapeutic medications against MPV. In this overview, we provide an outline of the MPV's morphology, evolution, mechanism, transmission, diagnosis, preventative measures, and therapeutic approaches. This study offers the fundamental information required to prevent and manage any further spread of this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Shabaaz Begum
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Leirika Ngangom
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB), Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- grid.411507.60000 0001 2287 8816Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA ,South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute (STORI Inc.), Laredo, TX 78045 USA ,BioIntegrate, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA ,Regenerative Orthopaedics, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201301 India
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13
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Current Insights into Diagnosis, Prevention Strategies, Treatment, Therapeutic Targets, and Challenges of Monkeypox (Mpox) Infections in Human Populations. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010249. [PMID: 36676198 PMCID: PMC9863601 DOI: 10.3390/life13010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the emergence and worldwide respread of a viral infection called Monkeypox (Mpox), there is a serious threat to the health and safety of the global population. This viral infection was endemic to the western and central parts of Africa, but has recently spread out of this endemic area to various countries, including the United Kingdom (UK), Portugal, Spain, the United States of America (USA), Canada, Sweden, Belgium, Italy, Australia, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Israel, and Mexico. This is a timely review focusing on recent findings and developments in the epidemiology, clinical features, therapeutic targets, diagnosis, prevention mechanisms, research challenges and possible treatment for Mpox. To date (29 November 2022), there have been around 81,225 reported cases of Mpox. In most cases, this illness is mild; however, there is a fatality rate ranging from 1 to 10%, which might be increased due to associated complications and/or secondary infections. There is a real challenge in the diagnosis of Mpox, since its symptoms are very similar to those of other infections, including smallpox and chickenpox. Generally, to prevent/limit the risk and transmission of Mpox, the detection and isolation of infected individuals, as well as hand hygiene and cleanliness, are essential and effective approaches to control/combat this viral infection. Nevertheless, updated information about Mpox from different angles is lacking. Thus, this review provides updated and comprehensive information about the Mpox illness, which should highlight the global burden, pathogenicity, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention measures and possible treatment of this emerging disease.
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14
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Malik S. Monkeypox re-emergence regulation in Ukraine through a strategic response plan: An update. Int J Surg 2023; 109:73-74. [PMID: 36799801 PMCID: PMC10389226 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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15
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Monkeypox virus from neurological complications to neuroinvasive properties: current status and future perspectives. J Neurol 2023; 270:101-108. [PMID: 35989372 PMCID: PMC9393054 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11339-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cases of monkeypox (MPV) are sharply rising around the world. While most efforts are being focused on the management of the first symptoms of monkeypox, such as cutaneous lesions and flu-like symptoms, the effect of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) on multiple organs still remains unclear. Recently, several neurological manifestations, such as headache, myalgia, malaise, fatigue, altered consciousness, agitation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, have been reported in patients with MPV. In addition, data from experimental studies have indicated that MPXV can gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) through the olfactory epithelium and infected circulatory monocytes/macrophages as two probable neuroinvasive mechanisms. Therefore, there are growing concerns about the long-term effect of MPXV on the CNS and subsequent neurological complications. This paper highlights the importance of the neuroinvasive potential of MPXV, coupled with neurological manifestations.
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Dhotre K, Banerjee A, Dass D, Nema V, Mukherjee A. An In-silico Approach to Design and Validate siRNA against Monkeypox Virus. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3060-3072. [PMID: 38062661 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128275065231103063935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The monkeypox virus has emerged as an uncommon zoonotic infection. The recent outbreak of MPXV in Europe and abroad in 2022 presented a major threat to individuals at risk. At present, no specific MPXV vaccinations or medications are available. METHODS In this study, we predicted the most effective siRNA against the conserved region of the MPXV and validated the activity by performing molecular docking studies. RESULTS Ultimately, the most efficient siRNA molecule was shortlisted against the envelope protein gene (B6R) based on its toxicity, effectivity, thermodynamic stability, molecular interaction, and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) with the Human Argonaute 2 protein. CONCLUSION Thus, the strategy may offer a platform for the development of potential antiviral RNA therapeutics that target MPXV at the genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Dhotre
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anwesha Banerjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India
| | - Debashree Dass
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India
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Kumar S, Subramaniam G, Karuppanan K. Human monkeypox outbreak in 2022. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e27894. [PMID: 35637363 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, ShahAlam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ferdous J, Barek MA, Hossen MS, Bhowmik KK, Islam MS. A review on monkeypox virus outbreak: New challenge for world. Health Sci Rep 2022; 6:e1007. [PMID: 36582623 PMCID: PMC9791242 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a double-stranded DNA-enveloped virus that can be transmitted from animal to human or human to human. Consequently, it emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Based on available online literature, this study reviewed the majority of the data representing the outbreak, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of monkeypox. Methods The literature search was conducted between July 5 and September 15, 2022. In addition to reviewing the databases of World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Africa CDC, and United Kingdom Health Security Agency monkey pox advice, 43 papers were studied in depth. Results and Discussion Human monkeypox was first identified in 1970 in a child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Until May 6, 2022, it was endemic in West and Central African countries and infrequently occurred outside of Africa. However, many cases have been identified in several nonendemic countries since May 13, 2022, with no prior human or animal travel from endemic areas; that was the first time to document the cases and long-term transmission in countries with no epidemiological ties to endemic African countries. Seven travel-related human monkeypox cases were recorded outside of Africa from September 2018 to November 2021: one in Israel, one in Singapore, and two in the US Youth are most affected. Monkeypox's unanticipated development in places with no known epidemiological linkages raises concerns about the virus's evolution, which permits undetected transmission for a long period. Conclusion Monkeypox is no longer a rare, self-limiting disease limited to endemic countries. Its ever-changing epidemiology and transmission dynamics have increased the possibility of its evolving into a much deadlier pathogen. Therefore, improved surveillance and detailed case and contact investigation are required to comprehend the ever-changing epidemiology of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Barek
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Md. Shafiul Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Khokon Kanti Bhowmik
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
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Stephen R, Alele F, Olumoh J, Tyndall J, Okeke MI, Adegboye O. The epidemiological trend of monkeypox and monkeypox-varicella zoster viruses co-infection in North-Eastern Nigeria. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1066589. [PMID: 36589996 PMCID: PMC9797713 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1066589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monkeypox (MPX) is endemic in Nigeria, but it was first reported in Adamawa state, North-Eastern Nigeria, in January 2022. There are currently 172 cases of MPX in Nigeria, with four reported deaths, and Adamawa has the second-highest case count. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the epidemiological profile of this viral disease. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. The skin and blood samples were screened for the presence for Monkeypox virus (MPXV) and Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) DNA by real-time PCR; the clinical diagnosis was based on symptoms of visual signs of skin lesions and other clinical symptoms from January to July 2022. Results A total of 33 suspected cases aged 1-57 years [26 (79%) males vs. 7 (21%) females] were screened for MPX and VZV. Twenty-four (72.7%) were positive (6.1% were MPX only, 39% were VZV only, and 27% were both MPX and VZV). Most cases of MPX (82%), VZV (69%) and MPX-VZV co-infection (78%) occurred in males. More than half (54%) of those infected were children and adolescents between 0 and 19 years. All patients experienced body rashes and itching, and other clinical symptoms included fever, headache, mouth sores, muscle aches and lymphadenopathy. Over 64 and 86% of patients had contact with livestock and rodents, respectively. Conclusion MPXV, VZV and MPXV-VZV co-infections occurred predominantly among males and children in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Given the patient contact with rodents and livestock, further research on the animal reservoir is needed to highlight the transmission of MPXV in Adamawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Stephen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Modibbo Adama University Teaching Hospital, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Faith Alele
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamiu Olumoh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Jennifer Tyndall
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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20
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Liang C, Qian J, Liu L. Biological characteristics, biosafety prevention and control strategies for the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:376-385. [PMID: 36406058 PMCID: PMC9643041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a potential biological warfare agent of bioterrorism and poses the greatest threat to the world's public biosafety and health after variola virus (VARV). While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not ended yet, monkeypox is spreading menacingly. The first case of monkeypox in a nonendemic country was confirmed on May 6th, 2022, while the first imported case from Asia was found on June 21st. There were more than 16 thousand reported cases as of July 23rd, the day the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the global monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) at the same level as smallpox and COVID-19; while there were more than 53 thousand cases as of September 1st. Therefore, we will propose relevant biosafety prevention and control strategies after analyzing the etiology of the 2022 multi-country monkeypox outbreak from the biological feature, transmissibility, epidemic, and variability of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chudan Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510030, China,Corresponding authors: Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (J. Qian); Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China (L. Liu)
| | - Linna Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China,Corresponding authors: Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (J. Qian); Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China (L. Liu)
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Besombes C, Mbrenga F, Schaeffer L, Malaka C, Gonofio E, Landier J, Vickos U, Konamna X, Selekon B, Dankpea JN, Von Platen C, Houndjahoue FG, Ouaïmon DS, Hassanin A, Berthet N, Manuguerra JC, Gessain A, Fontanet A, Nakouné-Yandoko E. National Monkeypox Surveillance, Central African Republic, 2001-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2435-2445. [PMID: 36328951 PMCID: PMC9707566 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed monkeypox disease surveillance in Central African Republic (CAR) during 2001-2021. Surveillance data show 95 suspected outbreaks, 40 of which were confirmed as monkeypox, comprising 99 confirmed and 61 suspected monkeypox cases. After 2018, CAR's annual rate of confirmed outbreaks increased, and 65% of outbreaks occurred in 2 forested regions bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The median patient age for confirmed cases was 15.5 years. The overall case-fatality ratio was 7.5% (12/160) for confirmed and suspected cases, 9.6% (8/83) for children <16 years of age. Decreasing cross-protective immunity from smallpox vaccination and recent ecologic alterations likely contribute to increased monkeypox outbreaks in Central Africa. High fatality rates associated with monkeypox virus clade I also are a local and international concern. Ongoing investigations of zoonotic sources and environmental changes that increase human exposure could inform practices to prevent monkeypox expansion into local communities and beyond endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Besombes
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Festus Mbrenga
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Laura Schaeffer
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Christian Malaka
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Ella Gonofio
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Jordi Landier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Ulrich Vickos
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Xavier Konamna
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Benjamin Selekon
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Joella Namsenei Dankpea
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Cassandre Von Platen
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Franck Gislain Houndjahoue
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Daniel Sylver Ouaïmon
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Alexandre Hassanin
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (C. Besombes)
- Institut Pasteur, Paris (C. Besombes, L. Schaeffer, C. Von Platen, N. Berthet, J.-C. Manuguerra, A. Gessain, A. Fontanet)
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic (F. Mbrenga, C. Malaka, E. Gonofio, X. Konamna, B. Selekon, J. Namsenei Dankpea, E. Nakouné Yandoko)
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France (J. Landier)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bangui (F.G. Houndjahoue, D.S. Ouaïmon)
- Sorbonne Université, Paris (A. Hassanin)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (N. Berthet)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris (A. Fontanet)
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22
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Ortiz-Saavedra B, León-Figueroa DA, Montes-Madariaga ES, Ricardo-Martínez A, Alva N, Cabanillas-Ramirez C, Barboza JJ, Siddiq A, Coaguila Cusicanqui LA, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Antiviral Treatment against Monkeypox: A Scoping Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:369. [PMID: 36355910 PMCID: PMC9696364 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increase in reports of human monkeypox virus infection cases spreading in many countries outside Africa is a major cause for concern. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the evidence of antiviral pharmacotherapy available for the treatment of adult patients with monkeypox. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CENTRAL databases until 12 September 2022. The key search terms used were "monkeypox" and "treatment". A total of 1927 articles were retrieved using the search strategy. After removing duplicates (n = 1007) and examining by title, abstract, and full text, 11 studies reporting case reports of monkeypox with antiviral treatment were included, detailing the number of monkeypox cases, clinical manifestations, number of participants with antiviral treatment, history of sexually transmitted diseases, method of diagnosis, location of skin lesions, drugs used in antiviral treatment, route of administration, and outcome. A total of 1281 confirmed cases of monkeypox have been reported, of which 65 monkeypox cases had antiviral treatment distributed most frequently in the United States (n = 30), the United Kingdom (n = 6), and Spain (n = 6). Of the total cases, 1269 (99.1%) were male with an age range of 18 to 76 years, and 1226 (95.7%) had a sexual behavior of being men who have sex with men. All confirmed cases of monkeypox were diagnosed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The most frequent clinical manifestations were skin lesions, fever, lymphadenopathy, headache, fatigue, and myalgia. The most frequent locations of the lesions were perianal, genital, facial, and upper and lower extremities. The most commonly used drugs for antiviral treatment of monkeypox were: tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. All patients had a complete recovery. According to current evidence, the efficacy and safety of antiviral drugs against monkeypox is of low quality and scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brando Ortiz-Saavedra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Darwin A. León-Figueroa
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo 14012, Peru
- Unidad de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-Análisis, Tau-Relaped Group, Trujillo 13001, Peru
| | | | | | - Niza Alva
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru
| | | | - Joshuan J. Barboza
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 15023, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira 660001, Risaralda, Colombia
- Latin American Network of MOnkeypox VIrus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira 660001, Risaralda, Colombia
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15023, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
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23
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Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, Abdulla NM, El-Dahiyat F, Shahwan M, Hassan N, Jairoun O, Alyousef NG, Sharif S, Jaber AAS. Awareness and preparedness of human monkeypox outbreak among university student: Time to worry or one to ignore? J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1065-1071. [PMID: 36087548 PMCID: PMC9534110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing number of human monkeypox cases worldwide illustrates the importance of early detection, prevention, management and quick action from healthcare authorities. The WHO confirmed a hundred of Monkeypox cases worldwide and disclosed Monkdypox as a worldwide emergency situation OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge about human monkeypox' source, signs/symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatment among Al Ain university students in the UAE. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to assess Al Ain University students' knowledge of Human Monkeypox. A validated questionnaire was distributed to students between lectures. The respondents' knowledge of human Monkeypox was assessed by 21 questions that examined the participants' knowledge of Monkeypox as follows: 5 items examined knowledge of the source, definition, and incubation time; 2items assessed the mechanism of transmission of human Monkeypox, 7 items assessed the signs and symptoms; 7 items assessed the preventative measures; and 6 items assessed the treatment modalities. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the factors influencing respondents' knowledge of human Monkeypox among university students. RESULTS A total of five hundred and fifty-eight (558) students participated in the study. The average knowledge score was 70.1%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 68.9 - 71.3. Of the total participants, 111 (19.9%) had poor knowledge about human Monkeypox, 320 (57.3%) had moderate knowledge, and 127 (22.8%) had good knowledge. The results of the statistical modelling showed that Old age (OR 0.681; 95% CI 1.005-1.016), female gender (OR 1.26; 95% CI 0.813 -0.961), participants from medical colleges (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.13 -1.32) having a history of human chickenpox infection (OR 2.6; 95% CI 2.3-2.9) and receiving information on human Monkeypox during education (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.05-1.2) were strong determinants for good knowledge about human Monkeypox. CONCLUSION knowledge of Monkeypox among the participants is relatively low, particularly regarding the epidemiology, symptoms and treatments. Therefore, increasing knowledge of Monkeypox will be key to enhancing the capacity to respond to human monkeypox cases and to relay pertinent data to a disease surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Pharmacy Department, Emirates Health Services, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Naseem Mohammed Abdulla
- Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, UAE; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University (HBMSU), Dubai, UAE; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Faris El-Dahiyat
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University Ajman, Ajman 346, UAE.
| | - Nageeb Hassan
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University Ajman, Ajman 346, UAE.
| | - Obaida Jairoun
- College of Dentistry, Clinical Sciences Department, Ajman University, Ajman 346, UAE.
| | | | - Safia Sharif
- Psychopharmacology, Substance Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Ammar Ali Saleh Jaber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, AlMuhaisanah 1, Al mizhar Dubai, UAE.
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24
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Chavda VP, Apostolopoulos V. Rare monkeypox: Is it really a threat to the elderly? Maturitas 2022; 163:90-91. [PMID: 35710608 PMCID: PMC9192136 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne VIC Australia.
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25
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Benites-Zapata VA, Ulloque-Badaracco JR, Alarcon-Braga EA, Hernandez-Bustamante EA, Mosquera-Rojas MD, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Clinical features, hospitalisation and deaths associated with monkeypox: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35948973 PMCID: PMC9364300 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A multicountry monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak began in May 2022 in Europe, leading to the assessment as a potential Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on June 23, 2022. Some observational studies have partially characterised clinical features, hospitalisations, and deaths. However, no systematic reviews of this MPX outbreak have been published. Methods We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis, using five databases to assess clinical features, hospitalisations, complications and deaths of MPX confirmed or probable cases. Observational studies, case reports and case series, were included. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). In addition, we carried out a subgroup analysis according to the continents and a sensitivity analysis excluding studies classified as having a high risk of bias. Results A total of 19 articles were included, using only 12 articles in the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). For 1958 patients, rash (93%, 95% CI 80–100%), fever (72%, 95% CI 30–99%), pruritus (65%, 95% CI 47–81%), and lymphadenopathy (62%, 47–76%), were the most prevalent manifestations. Among the patients, 35% (95% CI 14–59%) were hospitalised. Some 4% (95% CI 1–9%) of hospitalised patients had fatal outcomes (case fatality rate, CFR). Conclusion MPX is spreading rapidly, with a third of hospitalised patients, but less than 5% with fatal outcomes. As this zoonotic virus spreads globally, countries must urgently prepare human resources, infrastructure and facilities to treat patients according to the emerging guidelines and the most reliable clinical information. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-022-00527-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esteban A Alarcon-Braga
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú.,Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
| | - Enrique A Hernandez-Bustamante
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Perú.,Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú
| | - Melany D Mosquera-Rojas
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú.,Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.,Latin American Network of MOnkeypox VIrus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. .,Latin American Network of MOnkeypox VIrus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. .,Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú. .,Faculty of Medicine, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
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26
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Quarleri J, Delpino MV, Galvan V. Monkeypox: considerations for the understanding and containment of the current outbreak in non-endemic countries. GeroScience 2022; 44:2095-2103. [PMID: 35726117 PMCID: PMC9208705 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The neglected and rare zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPV) has recently spread widely, resulting in the largest known monkeypox outbreak outside of Africa, where it is endemic. MPV belongs to the Poxviridae family, genus Orthopoxvirus. At least two different clades have been identified, each having different fatality rates but recent cases are all phylogenetically related to the West African clade. MPV is transmitted directly by either person-to-person, -animal, or virus-contaminated fomite contact. The disease is often self-limited, and clinical symptoms include fever, skin lesions, and lymphadenopathies. At present, no deaths have been associated with the current outbreak. MPV DNA detection using molecular techniques is recommended for diagnosis. At least two approved drugs for antiviral therapy are available in the USA. Two different vaccines, including the vaccine used in the past for smallpox eradication and a new formulation more recently approved based on a live but non-replicating virus, are available that provide immunity to MPV. These and other clinical and public health considerations pertaining to the recent monkeypox outbreaks together with aspects of MPV biology are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus Y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus Y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Galvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Research Health Scientist, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Otu A, Ebenso B, Walley J, Barceló JM, Ochu CL. Global human monkeypox outbreak: atypical presentation demanding urgent public health action. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e554-e555. [PMID: 35688169 PMCID: PMC9550615 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akaninyene Otu
- Department of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK.
| | - Bassey Ebenso
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John Walley
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Josep Mercader Barceló
- Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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28
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Gong Q, Wang C, Chuai X, Chiu S. Monkeypox virus: a re-emergent threat to humans. Virol Sin 2022; 37:477-482. [PMID: 35820590 PMCID: PMC9437600 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox (MPX) is a rare zoonotic infection characterized by smallpox-like signs and symptoms. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. MPX was first identified in 1970 and mostly prevailed in the rural rainforests of Central and West Africa in the past. Outside Africa, MPX was reported in the United Kingdom, the USA, Israel, and Singapore. In 2022, the resurgence of MPX in Europe and elsewhere posed a potential threat to humans. MPXV was transmitted by the animals-human or human-human pathway, and the symptoms of MPXV infection are similar to that of smallpox, but in a milder form and with lower mortality (1%-10%). Although the smallpox vaccination has been shown to provide 85% protection against MPXV infection, and two anti-smallpox virus drugs have been approved to treat MPXV, there are still no specific vaccines and drugs against MPXV infection. Therefore it is urgent to take active measures including the adoption of novel anti-MPXV strategies to control the spread of MPXV and prevent MPX epidemic. In this review, we summarize the biological features, epidemiology, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention and treatment strategies on MPXV. This review provides the basic knowledge for prevention and control of future outbreaks of this emerging infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizan Gong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Changle Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Xia Chuai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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29
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Riccò M, Ferraro P, Camisa V, Satta E, Zaniboni A, Ranzieri S, Baldassarre A, Zaffina S, Marchesi F. When a Neglected Tropical Disease Goes Global: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Italian Physicians towards Monkeypox, Preliminary Results. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7070135. [PMID: 35878146 PMCID: PMC9316880 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7070135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) has been regarded as a neglected tropic disease of Western and Central Africa since the early 70s. However, during May 2022, an unprecedent outbreak of MPX has involved most of European Countries, as well as North and South America. While the actual extent of this outbreak is being assessed by health authorities, we performed a pilot study on specific knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in a sample of Italian medical professionals (24–30 May 2022; 10,293 potential recipients), focusing on Occupational Physicians (OP), Public Health Professionals (PH), and General Practitioners (GP), i.e., medical professionals more likely involved in the early management of incident cases. More specifically, we inquired into their attitude on the use of variola vaccine in order to prevent MPX infection. From a total of 566 questionnaire (response rate of 5.5%), 163 participants were included in the final analyses. Knowledge status was quite unsatisfying, with substantial knowledge gaps on all aspect of MPX. In turn, analysis of risk perception suggested a substantial overlooking of MPX as a pathogen, particularly when compared to SARS-CoV-2, TB, HIV, and HBV. Overall, 58.6% of respondents were somehow favorable to implement variola vaccination in order to prevent MPX, and the main effectors of this attitude were identified in having been previously vaccinated against seasonal influenza (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 6.443, 95% Confidence Interval [95%CI] 1.798–23.093), and being favorable to receive variola vaccine (aOR 21.416; 95%CI 7.290–62.914). In summary, the significant extent of knowledge gaps and the erratic risk perception, associated collectively stress the importance of appropriate information campaigns among first-line medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, I-42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-339-2994-343
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Direzione Sanità, Italian Railways’ Infrastructure Division, RFI SpA, I-00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Camisa
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Elia Satta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Z.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessandro Zaniboni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Z.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Silvia Ranzieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Z.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Antonio Baldassarre
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, I-50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Federico Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Z.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
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30
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Luo Q, Han J. Preparedness for a monkeypox outbreak. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2022; 1:124-134. [PMID: 38013719 PMCID: PMC9295333 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the unexpected outbreak and worldwide spread of monkeypox has gained global attention. As of June 22, 2022, there were 3340 confirmed cases of monkeypox globally, which is the largest and most widespread monkeypox epidemic outside Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is transmitted from human-to-human through direct contact with infectious skin or mucosal skin lesions, respiratory droplets, or indirect contact with contaminated objects or materials, as well as mother-to-child vertical transmission. It is also possibly sexually transmitted through semen/vaginal fluid, and the possibility of community transmission cannot be ruled out. Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by MPXV, which is an enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, within the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox is usually a self-limiting infection, with symptoms lasting 2-4 weeks, and has a fatality rate that has historically fluctuated from 0% to 11%. Symptoms of monkeypox include intense headaches, fever, lesions, and lymphadenopathy. Although there is no specific treatment or vaccine for MPXV infection, antiviral drugs and vaccines for smallpox have been approved for use in several countries in response to the monkeypox outbreak. Before the virus can be allowed to establish efficient person-to-person transmission, rapid action must be taken to contain the local spread and, by extension, the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing 102206, China
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31
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Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses 2020; 12:E1257. [PMID: 33167496 PMCID: PMC7694534 DOI: 10.3390/v12111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers' monkeypox (MPX) from Nigeria to other parts of the world, in 2018 and 2019, respectively, have raised concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the ecological and immunological niche vacated by smallpox virus. This review X-rays the current state of knowledge pertaining the infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV in Nigeria and worldwide, especially with regard to the human, cellular, and viral factors that modulate the virus transmission dynamics, infection, and its maintenance in nature. This paper also elucidates the role of recombination, gene loss and gene gain in MPXV evolution, chronicles the role of signaling in MPXV infection, and reviews the current therapeutic options available for the treatment and prevention of MPX. Additionally, genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was undertaken, and we show that MPXV isolates from recent 2017 outbreak in Nigeria were monophyletic with the isolate exported to Israel from Nigeria but do not share the most recent common ancestor with isolates obtained from earlier outbreaks, in 1971 and 1978, respectively. Finally, the review highlighted gaps in knowledge particularly the non-identification of a definitive reservoir host animal for MPXV and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UIT)—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Immunology, The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on the Prevention and Management HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), P.O Box 3077 Yaoundé-Messa, Cameroon;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.O Box 420110 Awka, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
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