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Brealey JC, Kodama M, Rasmussen JA, Hansen SB, Santos-Bay L, Lecaudey LA, Hansen M, Fjære E, Myrmel LS, Madsen L, Bernhard A, Sveier H, Kristiansen K, Gilbert MTP, Martin MD, Limborg MT. Host-gut microbiota interactions shape parasite infections in farmed Atlantic salmon. mSystems 2024; 9:e0104323. [PMID: 38294254 PMCID: PMC10886447 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01043-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals and their associated microbiota share long evolutionary histories. However, it is not always clear how host genotype and microbiota interact to affect phenotype. We applied a hologenomic approach to explore how host-microbiota interactions shape lifetime growth and parasite infection in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Multi-omics data sets were generated from the guts of 460 salmon, 82% of which were naturally infected with an intestinal cestode. A single Mycoplasma bacterial strain, MAG01, dominated the gut metagenome of large, non-parasitized fish, consistent with previous studies showing high levels of Mycoplasma in the gut microbiota of healthy salmon. While small and/or parasitized salmon also had high abundance of MAG01, we observed increased alpha diversity in these individuals, driven by increased frequency of low-abundance Vibrionaceae and other Mycoplasma species that carried known virulence genes. Colonization by one of these cestode-associated Mycoplasma strains was associated with host individual genomic variation in long non-coding RNAs. Integrating the multi-omic data sets revealed coordinated changes in the salmon gut mRNA transcriptome and metabolome that correlated with shifts in the microbiota of smaller, parasitized fish. Our results suggest that the gut microbiota of small and/or parasitized fish is in a state of dysbiosis that partly depends on the host genotype, highlighting the value of using a hologenomic approach to incorporate the microbiota into the study of host-parasite dynamics.IMPORTANCEStudying host-microbiota interactions through the perspective of the hologenome is gaining interest across all life sciences. Intestinal parasite infections are a huge burden on human and animal health; however, there are few studies investigating the role of the hologenome during parasite infections. We address this gap in the largest multi-omics fish microbiota study to date using natural cestode infection of farmed Atlantic salmon. We find a clear association between cestode infection, salmon lifetime growth, and perturbation of the salmon gut microbiota. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that the genetic background of the host may partly determine how the gut microbiota changes during parasite-associated dysbiosis. Our study therefore highlights the value of a hologenomic approach for gaining a more in-depth understanding of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaelle C Brealey
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miyako Kodama
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob A Rasmussen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren B Hansen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luisa Santos-Bay
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurène A Lecaudey
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Aquaculture Department, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Environmental Metabolomics Lab, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lise Madsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten T Limborg
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li M, Wang S, Zhong L, Heděnec P, Tan Z, Wang R, Chen X, Zhang Y, Tang B, Zhou H, Qu J. Eimeria infections of plateau pika altered the patterns of temporal alterations in gut bacterial communities. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1301480. [PMID: 38274745 PMCID: PMC10808676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasites, such as Eimeria, are common among plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). The gut microbiome is an essential driver of the host response to gastrointestinal parasites. However, the effects of intestinal protozoal parasites on the temporal variations in the gut microbiome and behavioral and physiological activities remain unknown. Our study conducted treatments involving experimental feeding of pika with Eimeria oocysts or anticoccidia under laboratory conditions to focus on the parasite-associated alterations in gut bacterial communities, host behavioral activity, physiology, and host-bacteria relationships. The results showed insignificant differences in bacterial community structures among treatments on the basis of Bray-Curtis distance metrics, whereas the patterns of temporal alterations in the bacterial communities were changed by the treatments. Bacterial alpha diversities did not vary with the treatments, and experimental feeding with Eimeria slowed down the decrement rate of alpha diversity. Furthermore, few bacterial members were significantly changed by the treatments-only the genus Ruminococcus and the species Ruminococcus flavefaciens, which were associated with energy metabolism. Experimental feeding with Eimeria modified the temporal variations in the bacterial members, including a lower loss rate of the relative abundance of the dominant families Muribaculaceae and Ruminococcaceae in the group with Eimeria experimental feeding. Moreover, a shifting energy trade-off was suggested by the parasite-induced increments in thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine) and decrements in exploration behavior in the group with Eimeria feeding. However, we did not detect specific connections between gut bacterial communities and pika behaviors and physiology in terms of energy trade-offs. Further in-depth research is needed to examine the role of Eimeria-modified differences in the gut bacteria of plateau pika.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Li
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Suqin Wang
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Petr Heděnec
- Institute for Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zhaoxian Tan
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Xinyang Chen
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingmin Tang
- Grassland Station of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Jiapeng Qu
- Sanjiangyuan Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
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Hu X, Yang L, Zhang Y, Yang M, Li J, Fan Y, Guo P, Tian Z. Fecal and oral microbiome analysis of snakes from China reveals a novel natural emerging disease reservoir. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1339188. [PMID: 38274764 PMCID: PMC10808610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1339188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity of animal species harbor complex microbial communities, the composition of which is indicative of the behavior, co-evolution, diet, and immune system of the host. Methods This study investigated the microbial composition in snakes from varying altitudinal ranges by assessing the fecal and oral bacterial communities in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Elaphe dione, and Gloydius angusticeps from Sichuan Province, China, using metagenomic sequencing. Results and discussion It was revealed that Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria were the core microbial phyla in fecal samples across all three species, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the core microbial phyla in oral samples across all three species. Notably, the dominance of Armatimonadetes was documented for the first time in the feces of all three species. Comparative analysis of the microbiomes of the three species indicated distinct microbiological profiles between snakes living at low- and high-altitude regions. Furthermore, 12 to 17 and 22 to 31 bacterial pathogens were detected in the oral and fecal samples, respectively, suggesting that snakes may serve as a novel reservoir for emerging diseases. Overall, this study provides a comparative analysis of the fecal and oral microbiomes in three snake species. Future investigations are anticipated to further elucidate the influence of age, genetics, behavior, diet, environment, ecology, and evolution on the gut and oral microbial communities of snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhige Tian
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China
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Vonaesch P, Billy V, Mann AE, Morien E, Habib A, Collard JM, Dédé M, Kapel N, Sansonetti PJ, Parfrey LW. The eukaryome of African children is influenced by geographic location, gut biogeography, and nutritional status. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad033. [PMID: 37680753 PMCID: PMC10481997 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotes have historically been studied as parasites, but recent evidence suggests they may be indicators of a healthy gut ecosystem. Here, we describe the eukaryome along the gastrointestinal tract of children aged 2-5 years and test for associations with clinical factors such as anaemia, intestinal inflammation, chronic undernutrition, and age. Children were enrolled from December 2016 to May 2018 in Bangui, Central African Republic and Antananarivo, Madagascar. We analyzed a total of 1104 samples representing 212 gastric, 187 duodenal, and 705 fecal samples using a metabarcoding approach targeting the full ITS2 region for fungi, and the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene for the overall eukaryome. Roughly, half of all fecal samples showed microeukaryotic reads. We find high intersubject variability, only a handful of taxa that are likely residents of the gastrointestinal tract, and frequent co-occurrence of eukaryotes within an individual. We also find that the eukaryome differs between the stomach, duodenum, and feces and is strongly influenced by country of origin. Our data show trends towards higher levels of Fusarium equiseti, a mycotoxin producing fungus, and lower levels of the protist Blastocystis in stunted children compared to nonstunted controls. Overall, the eukaryome is poorly correlated with clinical variables. Our study is of one of the largest cohorts analyzing the human intestinal eukaryome to date and the first to compare the eukaryome across different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract. Our results highlight the importance of studying populations across the world to uncover common features of the eukaryome in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Billy
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Allison E Mann
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Evan Morien
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Azimdine Habib
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP1274 Ambatofotsikely Avaradoha 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Marc Collard
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP1274 Ambatofotsikely Avaradoha 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Michel Dédé
- Laboratoire d’Analyse médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Avenue De Independence Bangui, 923 Central African Republic
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Laboratoire de Coprologie Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
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Sheehy L, MacDonald‐Howard K, Williams CD, Weedall GD, Jones H, Rae R. A parasitic nematode induces dysbiosis in susceptible but not resistant gastropod hosts. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1346. [PMID: 37186232 PMCID: PMC9999464 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals’ gut microbiomes affect a wide array of biological processes including immunity and protection from pathogens. However, how the microbiome changes due to infection by parasites is still largely unknown, as is how the microbiome changes in hosts that differ in their susceptibility to parasites. To investigate this, we exposed two slug species of differing susceptibility to the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Deroceras reticulatum is highly susceptible and Ambigolimax valentianus resistant to the nematode) and profiled the gut microbiota after 7 and 14 days. Before infection, both slug species’ microbiota was dominated by similar bacterial genera: Pseudomonas (by far the most abundant), Sphingobacterium, Pedobacter, Chryseobacterium, and Flavobacterium. In the resistant host A. valentianus, there was no significant change in the bacterial genera after infection, but in D. reticulatum, the bacterial profile changed, with a decrease in the abundance of Pseudomonadaceae and an increase in the abundance of Flavobacteriaceae and Sphingobacteriaceae after 7 days postinfection. This suggests nematode infection causes dysbiosis in hosts that are susceptible to infection, but the microbiome of resistant species remains unaltered. In summary, the regulation of the immune system is tightly linked with host survival, and nematode infection can alter the microbiome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sheehy
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Kerry MacDonald‐Howard
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Chris D. Williams
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Hayley Jones
- Royal Horticultural Society GardenWisley, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Robbie Rae
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
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6
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The Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta as an Important Model Organism in the Experimental Parasitology of the 21st Century. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121439. [PMID: 36558772 PMCID: PMC9784563 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a common parasite of the small intestine in rodents but it can also infect humans. Due to its characteristics and ease of maintenance in the laboratory, H. diminuta is also an important model species in studies of cestodiasis, including the search for new drugs, treatments, diagnostics and biochemical processes, as well as its host-parasite interrelationships. A great deal of attention has been devoted to the immune response caused by H. diminuta in the host, and several studies indicate that infection with H. diminuta can reduce the severity of concomitant disease. Here, we present a critical review of the experimental research conducted with the use of H. diminuta as a model organism for over more than two decades (in the 21st century). The present review evaluates the tapeworm H. diminuta as a model organism for studying the molecular biology, biochemistry and immunology aspects of parasitology, as well as certain clinical applications. It also systematizes the latest research on this species. Its findings may contribute to a better understanding of the biology of tapeworms and their adaptation to parasitism, including complex correlations between H. diminuta and invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. It places particular emphasis on its value for the further development of modern experimental parasitology.
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Hymenolepis diminuta Reduce Lactic Acid Bacterial Load and Induce Dysbiosis in the Early Infection of the Probiotic Colonization of Swiss Albino Rat. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122328. [PMID: 36557581 PMCID: PMC9785584 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tapeworm infection continues to be an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Recent metagenomics studies have established a link between gut microbiota and parasite infection. The identification of gut probiotics is of foremost importance to explore its relationship and function with the parasite in the host. In this study, the gut content of hosts infected with tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and non-infected host gut were disected out to determine their Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) population in MRS agar and microbial community was analysed by metagenomics. The bacterial count was calculated on a bacterial counting chamber and their morphology was determined microscopically and biochemically. Further, to determine the safety profile antibiotic resistance test, antimicrobial, hemolytic activity, and adhesion capability were calculated. We found six dominant probiotic strains and a decrease in LAB load from 1.7-2.3 × 107 CFU/mL in the uninfected group to a range of 8.4 × 105 CFU/mL to 3.2 × 105 CFU/mL in the infected groups with respect to an increase in the parasite number from 10-18. In addition, we found a depletion in the probiotic relative abundance of Lactobacillus and an enrichment in potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Streptococcus. Phylogenetic analysis of the six probiotics revealed a close similarity with different strains of L. brevis, L. johnsonii, L. taiwansis, L. reuteri, L. plantarum, and L. pentosus. Thus, this study suggests that the parasite inhibits probiotic colonization in the gut during its early establishment of infection inside the host.
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Kapczuk P, Kosik-Bogacka D, Kupnicka P, Kopytko P, Tarnowski M, Kolasa A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9753. [PMID: 35955110 PMCID: PMC9368115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta has been shown to cause alterations in gastrointestinal tissues. Since hymenolepiasis induces a number of reactions in the host, it is reasonable to assume that it may also be involved in the mechanisms of apoptosis in the intestines. Individual research tasks included an examination of the effect of H. diminuta infection on; (i) the cellular localization of the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, as well as caspase-3 and caspase-9, and (ii) the effects of the infection on the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Cas-3 and Cas-9, at the mRNA and protein levels. Molecular tests (including mRNA (qRT PCR) and the protein (Western blot) expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspases-3, -9) and immunohistochemical tests were performed during the experiment. They showed that H. diminuta infection activates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in the small and large intestine of the host. H. diminuta infection triggered the apoptosis via the activation of the caspase cascade, including Cas-3 and Cas-9. Hymenolepiasis enhanced apoptosis in the small and large intestine of the host by increasing the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene and protein Bax and by decreasing the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene and protein Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kopytko
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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9
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Izvekova GI. Parasitic Infections and Intestinal Microbiota: A Review. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Wang Y, Li X, Chen X, Kulyar MFEA, Duan K, Li H, Bhutta ZA, Wu Y, Li K. Gut Fungal Microbiome Responses to Natural Cryptosporidium Infection in Horses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:877280. [PMID: 35875530 PMCID: PMC9298756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.877280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critical to characterize changes in the structure and composition of the host fungal community in natural Cryptosporidium infection, because it gives the possible overview of gut microbiome in host homeostasis and disease progression. A total of 168 rectal fecal samples were collected and examined using nPCR. The positive samples were double-checked using 18S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. After confirmation, ITS high-throughput sequencing was utilized to investigate the fungal community’s response to natural Cryptosporidium infection. Results showed that a total of three positive samples (1.79%) were identified with an increased abundance of fungi associated with health hazards, such as class Dothideomycetes, families, i.e., Cladosporiaceae, Glomerellaceae, and genera, i.e., Wickerhamomyces, Talaromyces, Cladosporium, Dactylonectria, and Colletotrichum. On the contrary, taxa associated with favorable physiological effects on the host were shown to have the reverse impact, such as families, i.e., Psathyrellaceae, Pseudeurotiaceae and genera (Beauveria, Nigrospora, and Diversispora). For the first time, we evaluated the condition of natural Cryptosporidium infection in horses in Wuhan, China, and discovered distinct variations in the fungal microbiome in response to natural infection. It might prompt a therapy or prevention strategy to apply specific fungal microorganisms that are probably responsible for decreased susceptibility or increased resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiushuang Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Kun Duan
- China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huade Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Tian Z, Pu H, Cai D, Luo G, Zhao L, Li K, Zou J, Zhao X, Yu M, Wu Y, Yang T, Guo P, Hu X. Characterization of the bacterial microbiota in different gut and oral compartments of splendid japalure (Japalura sensu lato). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:205. [PMID: 35624481 PMCID: PMC9137078 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03300-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut and oral microbes form complex communities and play key roles in co-evolution with their hosts. However, little is understood about the bacterial community in lizards. Results In this study, we investigated the gut and oral bacterial communities in Japalura sensu lato from Sichuan Province, China, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that Bacteroidota (36.5%) and Firmicutes (32.8%) were the main phyla in the gut, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota were the dominant phyla in the oral cavity. 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis of fecal samples showed that: (1) Bacteroidota was the most abundant in Japalura sensu lato, which was different from the bacterial community of insectivorous animals; (2) Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Fusobacteriota, and Cyanobacteria were the most abundant phylum in Japalura sensu lato. (3) Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in Japalura sensu lato and other domestic insectivorous lizards (Shinisaurus crocodilurus, Phrynocephalus vlangalii, and Takydromus septentrionalis); (4) Comparing with the bacterial community of Shinisaurus crocodilurus, Phrynocephalus vlangalii, Takydromus septentrionalis, Liolaemus parvus, L. ruibali, and Phymaturus williamsi, Desulfobacterota was uniquely present in the gut of Japalura sensu lato. 16 S rRNA sequencing of oral samples showed that Chloroflexi and Deinococcota phyla were enriched in the oral cavity, which may have a significant influence on living in extreme environments. Conclusions Thus, based on 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis of the community composition of the gut and oral microbiomes, this study firstly represents a foundation for understanding the gut and oral microbial ecology of Japalura sensu lato, and constitutes a detail account of the diversity of the microbiota inhabiting the gut and oral cavity of Japalura sensu lato. Further researches will continue to reveal how gut and oral microbial communities may be impacting the ecology and evolution of lizards. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03300-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhige Tian
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Pu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Cai
- Sichuan Animal Disease Control Central, 610000, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangmei Luo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zou
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayong Wu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiankuo Yang
- Aviation Medical Appraisal Center, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 618307, Guanghan, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin University, 644000, Yibin, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Microbiome "Inception": an Intestinal Cestode Shapes a Hierarchy of Microbial Communities Nested within the Host. mBio 2022; 13:e0067922. [PMID: 35502903 PMCID: PMC9239044 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00679-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a holobiont, a host organism and its associated microbial communities, encapsulates the vital role the microbiome plays in the normal functioning of its host. Parasitic infections can disrupt this relationship, leading to dysbiosis. However, it is increasingly recognized that multicellular parasites are themselves holobionts. Intestinal parasites share space with the host gut microbiome, creating a system of nested microbiomes within the primary host. However, how the parasite, as a holobiont, interacts with the host holobiont remains unclear, as do the consequences of these interactions for host health. Here, we used 16S amplicon and shotgun metagenomics sequencing to characterize the microbiome of the intestinal cestode Eubothrium and its effect on the gut microbiome of its primary host, Atlantic salmon. Our results indicate that cestode infection is associated with salmon gut dysbiosis by acting as a selective force benefiting putative pathogens and potentially introducing novel bacterial species to the host. Our results suggest that parasitic cestodes may themselves be holobionts nested within the microbial community of their holobiont host, emphasizing the importance of also considering microbes associated with parasites when studying intestinal parasitic infections.
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13
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Fu PP, Xiong F, Wu SG, Zou H, Li M, Wang GT, Li WX. Effects of Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) infection on the intestinal microbiota, growth and immune reactions of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266766. [PMID: 35413087 PMCID: PMC9004761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of interactions among intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and host is still in its infancy in fish. In this study, the effects of Schyzocotyle acheilognathi infection on the intestinal microbiota, growth and immune reactions of grass carp were explored under laboratory conditions. 16S rDNA amplification sequencing results showed that S. acheilognathi infection altered the composition of intestinal microbiota only at the genus level, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of Turicibacter and Ruminococcus (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Gordonia, Mycobacterium and Pseudocanthomonas (P < 0.05). Schyzocotyle acheilognathi infection had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the alpha diversity indices (including Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson index) of intestinal microbiota in grass carp, but PERMANOVA analysis showed that microbial structure significantly (P < 0.01) differed between hindgut and foregut. PICRUST prediction showed that some metabolism-related pathways were significantly changed after S. acheilognathi infection. The relative abundance of Turicibacter was positively correlated with the fresh weight of tapeworm (foregut: r = 0.48, P = 0.044; hindgut: r = 0.63, P = 0.005). There was no significant difference in the body condition of grass carp between the S. acheilognathi infected group and the uninfected group (P > 0.05). Intestinal tissue section with HE staining showed that S. acheilognathi infection severely damaged the intestinal villi, causing serious degeneration, necrosis and shedding of intestinal epithelial cells. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR results showed that S. acheilognathi infection upregulated the mRNA expression of the immune-related genes: Gal1−L2, TGF−β1 and IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei P. Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shan G. Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Gui T. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wen X. Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Blecharz-Klin K, Świerczyńska M, Piechal A, Wawer A, Joniec-Maciejak I, Pyrzanowska J, Wojnar E, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Sulima-Celińska A, Młocicki D, Mirowska-Guzel D. Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010330. [PMID: 35286352 PMCID: PMC8947016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites may significantly affect the functioning of the host organism including immune response and gut-brain-axis ultimately leading to alteration of the host behavior. The impact of intestinal worms on the host central nervous system (CNS) remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intestinal infection by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta on behavior and functions of the CNS in rats. The 3 months old animals were infected, and the effects on anxiety, exploration, sensorimotor skills and learning processes were assessed at 18 months in Open Field (OF), Novel Object Recognition (NOR) and the Water Maze (WM) tests. After completing the behavioral studies, both infected and non-infected rats were sacrificed, and the collected tissues were subjected to biochemical analysis. The levels of neurotransmitters, their metabolites and amino acids in selected structures of the CNS were determined by HPLC. In addition, the gene expression profile of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) was evaluated by Real-Time PCR to determine the immune response within the CNS to the tapeworm infection. The parasites caused significant changes in exploratory behavior, most notably, a reduction of velocity and total distance moved in the OF test; the infected rats exhibited decreased frequency in the central zone, which may indicate a higher level of anxiety. Additionally, parasite infestation improved spatial memory, assessed in the WM test, and recognition of new objects. These changes are related to the identified reduction in noradrenaline level in the CNS structures and less pronounced changes in striatal serotonergic neurotransmission. H. diminuta infestation was also found to cause a significant reduction of hippocampal expression of IL-6. Our results provide new data for further research on brain function during parasitic infections especially in relation to helminths and diseases in which noradrenergic system may play an important role. Recent advances in the research on parasitic manipulation and/or control of the nervous system of their host resulted in the development of neuro-parasitology, a new and emerging branch of science. There have been advances in this area in relation to parasite-insect interactions or parasites directly invading central nervous system (CNS). However, the neuro-parasitology of parasitic infections in vertebrate hosts remains unexplored. In our study the effect of intestinal infection by the tapeworm on the behavior, neurotransmission and functions of the CNS in rats was evaluated. This infection positively influenced spatial memory and new object recognition. At the same time, the infected animals developed a greater level of anxiety and move more slowly. Behavioral changes were related to the reduction in noradrenaline level in the CNS structures, and less pronounced changes in striatal serotonergic neurotransmission. The results provide important data for the further progress in neuro-parasitology and our understanding of parasite-host interactions. In our opinion in the near future may turn out that the role of the intestinal host macrobiome in the CNS functioning may be just as significant as that of the microbiome. Presented neuro-immunological data provide a new perspectives for further studies on the CNS under intestinal parasite infection. The data of behavioral changes induced by active parasitic infection may be valid for explanations of the host-parasite relationship at the evolutionary level and their molecular adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Blecharz-Klin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Świerczyńska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piechal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Wawer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Pyrzanowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Wojnar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Sulima-Celińska
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (DM); (DM-G)
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (DM); (DM-G)
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15
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Relevance of Helminth-Microbiota Interplay in the Host Immune Response. Cell Immunol 2022; 374:104499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Xiang H, Fang Y, Tan Z, Zhong R. Haemonchus contortus Infection Alters Gastrointestinal Microbial Community Composition, Protein Digestion and Amino Acid Allocations in Lambs. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:797746. [PMID: 35222303 PMCID: PMC8874266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.797746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate associations between gastrointestinal microbiota and protein metabolism of lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus. Sixteen male Ujumqin lambs (initial body weight = 32.4 ± 3.9 kg) were dewormed and randomly assigned to 2 equal groups, to be infected or not infected with Haemonchus contortus (GIN and CON, respectively). The experiment lasted 77 days. The GIN lambs had lower packed cell volume (PCV) and increased wormegg count (WEC) after 14 days. Furthermore, in infected lambs, there were decreases in apparent digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.011), crude protein (P = 0.004) and ether extract (P = 0.007), as well as decreased ruminal pepsin (P < 0.001) and lipase (P = 0.032) activity but increased ruminal α-amylase (P = 0.004) and cellulase activity (P = 0.002), and decreased jejunal α-amylase activity (P = 0.033). In addition, infection with H. contortus decreased alpha diversity of the gastrointestinal microbial community in the rumen, abomasum and duodenum, although microbiota associated with carbohydrate and proteolytic metabolism were increased and up to 32 KEGG pathways in the duodenum were predicted to be significantly affected. In conclusion, H. contortus infection in lambs altered the gastrointestinal microbial community composition and disturbed protein digestion and allocation of absorbed amino acids. These results provided insights into consequences of H. contortus infection in lambs and could facilitate development of novel nutritional strategies to improve animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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17
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Hahn MA, Piecyk A, Jorge F, Cerrato R, Kalbe M, Dheilly NM. Host phenotype and microbiome vary with infection status, parasite genotype, and parasite microbiome composition. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1577-1594. [PMID: 35000227 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing literature demonstrates the impact of helminths on their host gut microbiome. We investigated whether the stickleback host microbiome depends on eco-evolutionary variables by testing the impact of exposure to the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus with respect to infection success, host genotype, parasite genotype, and parasite microbiome composition. We observed constitutive differences in the microbiome of sticklebacks of different origin, and those differences increased when sticklebacks exposed to the parasite resisted infection. In contrast, the microbiome of successfully infected sticklebacks varied with parasite genotype. More specifically, we revealed that the association between microbiome and immune gene expression increased in infected individuals and varied with parasite genotype. In addition, we showed that S. solidus hosts a complex endo- microbiome and that bacterial abundance in the parasite correlates with expression of host immune genes. Within this comprehensive analysis we demonstrated that (i) parasites contribute to modulating the host microbiome through both successful and unsuccessful infection, (ii) when infection is successful, the host microbiome varies with parasite genotype due to genotype-dependent variation in parasite immunomodulation, and (iii) the parasite-associated microbiome is distinct from its host's and impacts the host immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Hahn
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Agnes Piecyk
- Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz, Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin Kalbe
- Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz, Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France.,UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
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18
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Shu Y, Xie Y, Li S, Cai L, Liu Y, Feng Y, He J, Zhang H, Ran M, Jia Q, Wu H, Lu L. Risk and protection strategies of Amolops wuyiensis intestine against gastrointestinal nematode (Cosmocercoides wuyiensis n. sp.) infection. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1454-1466. [PMID: 34967095 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anuran amphibians are susceptible to infection by intestinal nematodes, but the damage and response mechanisms that occur in their intestines after infection are only partially understood. In this study, the intestinal disruption and response mechanisms in Amolops wuyiensis frogs infected with Cosmocercoides wuyiensis n. sp. were revealed through analysis of the intestinal histopathology, digestive enzyme activity, transcriptome and intestinal microbiota. Tissue section analysis showed histological damage and inflammation in the infected intestine, and the digestive enzyme activity indicated a decrease in digestion and absorption of some nutrients. We found that infection led to differences in the intestinal microbiota composition, including lower diversity and symbiotic relationships. The greater relative abundance of the genera Burkholderia and Rhodococcus may enhance intestinal immunity to resist pathogenic infections. A comparison of the transcriptomes of infected and uninfected intestines revealed 1055 differentially expressed genes. GO enrichment and KEGG pathways analyses suggested that the guts of infected C. wuyiensis n. sp. show enhanced complement activation, cell adhesion molecule function, NOD-like receptor signalling pathway activity and other innate immunity responses. Among the adaptive immune responses, the intestinal immune network for IgA production was significantly enriched, and the expression of IL-17D and transforming growth factor beta-1 genes were upregulated in the infected intestine. These results imply that C. wuyiensis n. sp. infection of A. wuyiensis intestine may trigger innate and adaptive immune responses, which reduce the post-infection burden. Furthermore, the intestine of A. wuyiensis may also respond to C. wuyiensis n. sp. infection by increasing metallocarboxypeptidase activity and accelerating smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yunyun Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Shikun Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Liming Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Yalin Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Jun He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Menglong Ran
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Qina Jia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Linming Lu
- Department of Pathology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
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19
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Describing the intestinal microbiota of Holstein Fasciola-positive and -negative cattle from a hyperendemic area of fascioliasis in central Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009658. [PMID: 34370722 PMCID: PMC8375995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify compositional changes in the intestinal microbiota of parasitized hosts is important for understanding the physiological processes that may affect animal productivity. Within the field of host–parasite interactions, many studies have suggested that helminths can influence the microbial composition of their hosts via their immunomodulatory effects. Bovine fascioliasis is a helminthiasis widely studied by immunologists, but with little information available regarding gut microbial communities. Thus, we aimed to describe the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Holstein Fasciola-positive and -negative cattle using parasitological methods and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Bovine fecal samples (n = 65) were obtained from livestock slaughter plants in the Cundi-Boyacense Colombian highlands (a hyperendemic region for bovine fascioliasis) and studied by amplicon-based next-generation 16S-rRNA and 18S-rRNA gene sequencing. From these samples, 35 were Fasciola hepatica-negative and, 30 were F. hepatica-positive in our detection analysis. Our results showed a reduction in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Ascomycota in the Fasciola-positive samples, along with decreased relative abundances of the commensal taxa previously associated with fermentation and digestion processes. However, metabolomic approaches and functional analyzes of the intestinal microbiota are necessary to support these hypothesis. These findings are a small first step in the development of research aimed at understanding how microbial populations in bovines are modulated in liver helminth infections. Fasciola hepatica, a liver parasite, infects a wide variety of hosts, mostly ruminants. Ruminant infections with this parasite cause economic losses worldwide, mainly in livestock. Given its importance, much research has been carried out on this parasite, a lot of which has focused on its ability to alter the immune responses of its host. However, little is known about the numerous other interactions it has with the host and how they might affect the host’s intestinal microbiota. Here, we observed a reduction in the abundance of microorganisms associated with the fermentation and digestion of vegetable fiber, two important processes in animal health and productivity. Therefore, it is possible that F. hepatica, in addition to the previously documented liver alterations, also generates changes in the intestinal microbiota that may impact its bovine host. These findings are a small first step in the research of microbial populations in cattle infected with liver helminths which open the door to further research aimed at identifying alternative treatments for parasites such as F. hepatica.
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Jirků M, Lhotská Z, Frgelecová L, Kadlecová O, Petrželková KJ, Morien E, Jirků-Pomajbíková K. Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020226. [PMID: 33499240 PMCID: PMC7910914 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization by the benign tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, has been associated with a reduction in intestinal inflammation and changes in bacterial microbiota. However, the role of microbiota in the tapeworm anti-inflammatory effect is not yet clear, and the aim of this study was to determine whether disruption of the microflora during worm colonization can affect the course of intestinal inflammation. We added a phase for disrupting the intestinal microbiota using antibiotics to the experimental design for which we previously demonstrated the protective effect of H. diminuta. We monitored the immunological markers, clinical parameters, bacterial microbiota, and histological changes in the colon of rats. After a combination of colonization, antibiotics, and colitis induction, we had four differently affected experimental groups. We observed a different course of the immune response in each group, but no protective effect was found. Rats treated with colonization and antibiotics showed a strong induction of the Th2 response as well as a significant change in microbial diversity. The microbial results also revealed differences in the richness and abundance of some bacterial taxa, influenced by various factors. Our data suggest that interactions between the tapeworm and bacteria may have a major impact on its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jirků
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (O.K.); (K.J.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (K.J.-P.); Tel.: +420-38-777-5470 (M.J.); +420-38-777-5470 (K.J.P.)
| | - Zuzana Lhotská
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (O.K.); (K.J.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Frgelecová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Oldřiška Kadlecová
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (O.K.); (K.J.P.)
| | - Klára Judita Petrželková
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (O.K.); (K.J.P.)
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná, 8603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evan Morien
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3156-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (O.K.); (K.J.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (K.J.-P.); Tel.: +420-38-777-5470 (M.J.); +420-38-777-5470 (K.J.P.)
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21
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Venkatakrishnan A, Holzknecht ZE, Holzknecht R, Bowles DE, Kotzé SH, Modliszewski JL, Parker W. Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:752-758. [PMID: 33552447 PMCID: PMC7829112 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several factors in Western society, including widespread use of antibiotics, chronic inflammation, and loss of complex eukaryotic symbionts such as helminths, have a dramatic impact on the ecosystem of the gut, affecting the microbiota hosted there. In addition, reductions in dietary fiber are profoundly impactful on the microbiota, causing extensive destruction of the niche space that supports the normally diverse microbial community in the gut. Abundant evidence now supports the view that, following dramatic alterations in the gut ecosystem, microorganisms undergo rapid change via Darwinian evolution. Such evolutionary change creates functionally distinct bacteria that may potentially have properties of pathogens but yet are difficult to distinguish from their benign predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rob Holzknecht
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dawn E Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sanet H Kotzé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Jennifer L Modliszewski
- Genomic Analysis and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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22
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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Microbiota Interactions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122018. [PMID: 33348551 PMCID: PMC7767281 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of the relationship between the communities of microorganisms making up the microbiota in and on a host body has been increasingly explored in recent years. Microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, parasites and fungi, have often long co-evolved with their hosts. In human, the structure and diversity of microbiota vary according to the host’s immunity, diet, environment, age, physiological and metabolic status, medical practices (e.g., antibiotic treatment), climate, season and host genetics. The recent advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enhanced observational capacities and allowed for a better understanding of the relationship between distinct microorganisms within microbiota. The interaction between the host and their microbiota has become a field of research into microorganisms with therapeutic and preventive interest for public health applications. This review aims at assessing the current knowledge on interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities. After a brief description of the metagenomic methods used in the studies were analysed, we summarise the findings of available publications describing the interaction between the bacterial communities and protozoa, helminths and fungi, either in vitro, in experimental models, or in humans. Overall, we observed the existence of a beneficial effect in situations where some microorganisms can improve the health status of the host, while the presence of other microorganisms has been associated with pathologies, resulting in an adverse effect on human health.
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23
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Zhang D, Hu Q, Liu X, Liu X, Gao F, Liang Y, Zou K, Su Z, Zhi W, Zhou Z. A longitudinal study reveals the alterations of the Microtus fortis colonic microbiota during the natural resistance to Schistosoma japonicum infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108030. [PMID: 33080305 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been demonstrated to associate with protection against helminth infection and mediate via microbial effects on the host humoral immunity. As a non-permissive host of Schistosoma japonicum, the Microtus fortis provides an ideal animal model to be investigated, because of its natural self-healing capability. Although researches on the systemic immunological responses have revealed that the host immune system contributes a lot to the resistance, the role of gut microbiome remains unclear. In this study, we exposed the M. fortis to the S.japonicum infection, carried out a longitudinal research (uninfected control, infected for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 31 days) on their colonic microbiota based on the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bacterial composition disclosed a disturbance-recovery alteration followed by the resistance to S. japonicum. The alpha diversity of colon microbiota was reduced after the infection, but it gradually recovered along with self-healing process. Further LEfSe analysis revealed that phyla shifted from Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, which were mainly driven by an increase of Ruminococcaceae and a depletion of Muribaculaceae in the family level along the Control-Infection-Recovery (CIR) process. We identified a temporary blooming of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus in the mid infection stage (D14). As a recognized probiotics repository, we speculate the increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae in M. fortis colonic microbiota might relate to the natural resistance to the schistosome. Besides, potential microbial functions were also significantly changed in the resistance process. These results demonstrate the remarkable alterations of reed vole colonic microbiota in both community structure and potential functions along with the resistance to S. japonicum infection. The identified microbial biomarkers might offer new ways for drug development to conquer human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - XinXing Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Zou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Su
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenling Zhi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha, China.
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24
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Ashour DS, Othman AA. Parasite-bacteria interrelationship. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3145-3164. [PMID: 32748037 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasites and bacteria have co-evolved with humankind, and they interact all the time in a myriad of ways. For example, some bacterial infections result from parasite-dwelling bacteria as in the case of Salmonella infection during schistosomiasis. Other bacteria synergize with parasites in the evolution of human disease as in the case of the interplay between Wolbachia endosymbiont bacteria and filarial nematodes as well as the interaction between Gram-negative bacteria and Schistosoma haematobium in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer. Moreover, secondary bacterial infections may complicate several parasitic diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis and malaria, due to immunosuppression of the host during parasitic infections. Also, bacteria may colonize the parasitic lesions; for example, hydatid cysts and skin lesions of ectoparasites. Remarkably, some parasitic helminths and arthropods exhibit antibacterial activity usually by the release of specific antimicrobial products. Lastly, some parasite-bacteria interactions are induced as when using probiotic bacteria to modulate the outcome of a variety of parasitic infections. In sum, parasite-bacteria interactions involve intricate processes that never cease to intrigue the researchers. However, understanding and exploiting these interactions could have prophylactic and curative potential for infections by both types of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad A Othman
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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25
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Shute A, Wang A, Jayme TS, Strous M, McCoy KD, Buret AG, McKay DM. Worm expulsion is independent of alterations in composition of the colonic bacteria that occur during experimental Hymenolepis diminuta-infection in mice. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:497-510. [PMID: 31928118 PMCID: PMC7524392 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1688065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta fails to establish in mice. Given the potential for helminth-bacteria interaction in the gut and the influence that commensal bacteria exert on host immunity, we tested if worm expulsion was related to alterations in the gut microbiota. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, or germ-free wild-type mice were infected with H. diminuta, gut bacterial composition assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and worm counts, blood eosinophilia, goblet cells, splenic IL-4, -5 and -10, and colonic cytokines/chemokines mRNA were assessed. Effects of a PBS-soluble extract of adult H. diminuta on bacterial growth in vitro was tested. H. diminuta-infected mice displayed increased α and β diversity in colonic mucosa-associated and fecal bacterial communities, characterized by increased Lachnospiraceae and clostridium cluster XIVa. In vitro analysis revealed that the worm extract promoted the growth of anaerobic bacteria on M2GSC agar. H. diminuta-infection was accompanied by increased Th2 immune responses, and colon from infected mice had increased levels of IL-10, IL-25, Muc2, trefoil factor 3, and β2-defensin mRNA. SPF-mice treated with antibiotics, or germ-free mice, expelled H. diminuta with kinetics similar to control SPF mice. In both settings, measurements of Th2-immune responses were not significantly different across the groups. Thus, while infection with H. diminuta results in subtle but distinct changes to the colonic microbiota, we have no evidence to support an essential role for gut bacteria in the expulsion of the worm from the mouse host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shute
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy S. Jayme
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc Strous
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathy D. McCoy
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,CONTACT Derek M. McKay Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 1877 HSC, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4N1, Canada
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26
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Ling F, Steinel N, Weber J, Ma L, Smith C, Correa D, Zhu B, Bolnick D, Wang G. The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1141-1153. [PMID: 32005978 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates' gut microbial communities can be altered by the hosts' parasites. Helminths inhabiting the gut lumen can interact directly with their host's microbiota via physical contact, chemical products, or competition for nutrients. Indirect interactions can also occur, for instance when helminths induce or suppress host immunity in ways that have collateral effects on the microbiota. If there is genetic variation in host immune responses to parasites, we would expect such indirect effects to be conditional on host genotype. To test for such genotype by infection interactions, we experimentally exposed Gasterosteus aculeatus to their naturally co-evolved parasite, Schistocephalus solidus. The host microbiota differed in response to parasite exposure, and between infected and uninfected fish. The magnitude and direction of microbial responses to infection differed between host sexes, and also differed between variants at autosomal quantitative trait loci. These results indicate that host genotype and sex regulate the effect of helminth infection on a vertebrate gut microbiota. If this result holds in other taxa, especially humans, then helminth-based therapeutics for dysbiosis might need to be tailored to host genotype and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Natalie Steinel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Jesse Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chris Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Decio Correa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Daniel Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
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27
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Fountain-Jones NM, Clark NJ, Kinsley AC, Carstensen M, Forester J, Johnson TJ, Miller EA, Moore S, Wolf TM, Craft ME. Microbial associations and spatial proximity predict North American moose (Alces alces) gastrointestinal community composition. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:817-828. [PMID: 31782152 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities are increasingly recognized as crucial for animal health. However, our understanding of how microbial communities are structured across wildlife populations is poor. Mechanisms such as interspecific associations are important in structuring free-living communities, but we still lack an understanding of how important interspecific associations are in structuring gut microbial communities in comparison with other factors such as host characteristics or spatial proximity of hosts. Here, we ask how gut microbial communities are structured in a population of North American moose Alces alces. We identify key microbial interspecific associations within the moose gut and quantify how important they are relative to key host characteristics, such as body condition, for predicting microbial community composition. We sampled gut microbial communities from 55 moose in a population experiencing decline due to a myriad of factors, including pathogens and malnutrition. We examined microbial community dynamics in this population utilizing novel graphical network models that can explicitly incorporate spatial information. We found that interspecific associations were the most important mechanism structuring gut microbial communities in moose and detected both positive and negative associations. Models only accounting for associations between microbes had higher predictive value compared to models including moose sex, evidence of previous pathogen exposure or body condition. Adding spatial information on moose location further strengthened our model and allowed us to predict microbe occurrences with ~90% accuracy. Collectively, our results suggest that microbial interspecific associations coupled with host spatial proximity are vital in shaping gut microbial communities in a large herbivore. In this case, previous pathogen exposure and moose body condition were not as important in predicting gut microbial community composition. The approach applied here can be used to quantify interspecific associations and gain a more nuanced understanding of the spatial and host factors shaping microbial communities in non-model hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - Amy C Kinsley
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Carstensen
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Health Program, Forest Lake, MN, USA
| | - James Forester
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Seth Moore
- Department of Biology and Environment, Grand Portage Band of Chippewa, Grand Portage, MN, USA
| | - Tiffany M Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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28
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Fredensborg BL, Fossdal í Kálvalíð I, Johannesen TB, Stensvold CR, Nielsen HV, Kapel CMO. Parasites modulate the gut-microbiome in insects: A proof-of-concept study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227561. [PMID: 31935259 PMCID: PMC6959588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite interactions may be modulated by host- or parasite-associated microbes, but the role of these are often overlooked. Particularly for parasites with intestinal stages (either larval or adult), the host gut microbiome may play a key role for parasite establishment; moreover, the microbiome may change in response to invading parasites. Hypothesis testing at the organismal level may be hampered, particularly in mammalian definitive hosts, by ethical, logistical, and economical restrictions. Thus, invertebrates naturally serving as intermediate hosts to parasites with complex life cycles may inform the development of mammalian models as an early-stage host-parasite model. In addition, several important pathogens are vectored by insects, and insect gut microbiome-pathogen interactions may provide essential base-line knowledge, which may be used to control vectorborne pathogens. Here, we used the grain beetle, Tenebrio molitor, a host of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta, to explore interactions between infection status and resident gut microbiota at two pre-determined time points (day two and seven) post infection. Using 16S/18S microbial profiling, we measured key parameters of the composition, relative abundance, and diversity of the host gut bacteriome and mycobiome. In addition, we quantified the systemic beetle immune response to infection by Phenoloxidase activity and hemocyte abundance. We found significant changes in the gut bacteriome and mycobiome in relation to infection status and beetle age. Thus, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly higher in the gut of infected beetles and driven mostly by an increased abundance of Acinetobacter. In addition, the mycobiome was less abundant in infected beetles but maintained higher Shannon diversity in infected compared with non-infected beetles. Beetles treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (Tetracycline) exhibited significantly reduced parasite establishment compared with the untreated control group, indicating that the host microbiome may greatly influence hatching of eggs and subsequent establishment of H. diminuta larvae. Our results suggest that experimental work using invertebrates may provide a platform for explorative studies of host-parasite-microbe interactions and their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Fredensborg
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Inga Fossdal í Kálvalíð
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thor B. Johannesen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C. Rune Stensvold
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik V. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian M. O. Kapel
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Khudhair Z, Alhallaf R, Eichenberger RM, Whan J, Kupz A, Field M, Krause L, Wilson DT, Daly NL, Giacomin P, Sotillo J, Loukas A. Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606530. [PMID: 33613446 PMCID: PMC7892786 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem and is considered one of the top 10 diseases leading to death globally. T2D has been widely associated with systemic and local inflammatory responses and with alterations in the gut microbiota. Microorganisms, including parasitic worms and gut microbes have exquisitely co-evolved with their hosts to establish an immunological interaction that is essential for the formation and maintenance of a balanced immune system, including suppression of excessive inflammation. Herein we show that both prophylactic and therapeutic infection of mice with the parasitic hookworm-like nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance and body weight gain in two different diet-induced mouse models of T2D. Helminth infection was associated with elevated type 2 immune responses including increased eosinophil numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and adipose tissues, as well as increased expression of IL-4 and alternatively activated macrophage marker genes in adipose tissue, liver and gut. N. brasiliensis infection was also associated with significant compositional changes in the gut microbiota at both the phylum and order levels. Our findings show that N. brasiliensis infection drives changes in local and systemic immune cell populations, and that these changes are associated with a reduction in systemic and local inflammation and compositional changes in the gut microbiota which cumulatively might be responsible for the improved insulin sensitivity observed in infected mice. Our findings indicate that carefully controlled therapeutic hookworm infection in humans could be a novel approach for treating metabolic syndrome and thereby preventing T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Khudhair
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Rafid Alhallaf
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jen Whan
- Advanced Analytical Center, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - David T. Wilson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Norelle L. Daly
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alex Loukas,
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Goertz S, de Menezes AB, Birtles RJ, Fenn J, Lowe AE, MacColl ADC, Poulin B, Young S, Bradley JE, Taylor CH. Geographical location influences the composition of the gut microbiota in wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) at a fine spatial scale. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222501. [PMID: 31557179 PMCID: PMC6767902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the mammalian gut microbiota can be influenced by a multitude of environmental variables such as diet and infections. Studies investigating the effect of these variables on gut microbiota composition often sample across multiple separate populations and habitat types. In this study we explore how variation in the gut microbiota of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) on the Isle of May, a small island off the east coast of Scotland, is associated with environmental and biological factors. Our study focuses on the effects of environmental variables, specifically trapping location and surrounding vegetation, as well as the host variables sex, age, body weight and endoparasite infection, on the gut microbiota composition across a fine spatial scale in a freely interbreeding population. We found that differences in gut microbiota composition were significantly associated with the trapping location of the host, even across this small spatial scale. Sex of the host showed a weak association with microbiota composition. Whilst sex and location could be identified as playing an important role in the compositional variation of the gut microbiota, 75% of the variation remains unexplained. Whereas other rodent studies have found associations between gut microbiota composition and age of the host or parasite infections, the present study could not clearly establish these associations. We conclude that fine spatial scales are important when considering gut microbiota composition and investigating differences among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Goertz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Richard J. Birtles
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford,
Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fenn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Ann E. Lowe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Benoit Poulin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Stuart Young
- IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group, c/o Chester Zoo, Chester,
United Kingdom
| | - Janette E. Bradley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom
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Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - A journey through the vertebrate digestive system. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 233:111222. [PMID: 31541662 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of vertebrates is inhabited by a vast array of organisms, i.e., the microbiota and macrobiota. The former is composed largely of commensal microorganisms, which play vital roles in host nutrition and maintenance of energy balance, in addition to supporting the development and function of the vertebrate immune system. By contrast, the macrobiota includes parasitic helminths, which are mostly considered detrimental to host health via a range of pathogenic effects that depend on parasite size, location in the GI tract, burden of infection, metabolic activity, and interactions with the host immune system. Sharing the same environment within the vertebrate host, the GI microbiota and parasitic helminths interact with each other, and the results of such interactions may impact, directly or indirectly, on host health and homeostasis. The complex relationships occurring between parasitic helminths and microbiota have long been neglected; however, recent studies point towards a role for these interactions in the overall pathophysiology of helminth disease, as well as in parasite-mediated suppression of inflammation. Whilst several discrepancies in qualitative and quantitative modifications in gut microbiota composition have been described based on host and helminth species under investigation, we argue that attention should be paid to the systems biology of the gut compartment under consideration, as variations in the abundances of the same population of bacteria inhabiting different niches of the GI tract may result in varying functional consequences for host physiology.
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Finn SMB, Scheuermann U, Holzknecht ZE, Gao Q, Ibrahim MM, Parker W, Granek JA, Lin SS, McKenney EA, Barbas AS. The effect of levofloxacin on the lung microbiota of laboratory rats. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:200-208. [PMID: 31298956 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1639225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term effect of levofloxacin on the microbiota of healthy lungs. Material and methods: Male F344 rats received either no levofloxacin (n = 9), intravenous levofloxacin (n = 12), oral levofloxacin (n = 12), or subcutaneous levofloxacin (n = 14). Rats received a clinically applicable dose (5.56 mg/kg) of levofloxacin via the assigned delivery route once daily for three days. On day four, lung tissue was collected and the lung microbiota composition was investigated using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results: Untreated lungs showed a microbiota dominated by bacteria of the genera Serratia. After treatment with levofloxacin, bacteria of the genus Pantoea dominated the lung microbiota. This was observed for all routes of antibiotic administration, with a significant difference compared to no-antibiotic control group (PERMANOVA: P < 0.001; homogeneity of dispersions: P = 0.656). Conclusion: Our study is the first to demonstrate the effects of levofloxacin therapy on lung microbiota in laboratory rats. Levofloxacin treatment by any route of administration leads to profound changes in the rat lung microbiota, resulting in the predominance of bacteria belonging to the genus Pantoea. Further studies regarding the role of long-term application of broad spectrum antibiotics on induction of lung, allergic and autoimmune diseases are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sade M B Finn
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - Uwe Scheuermann
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - Qimeng Gao
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - William Parker
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - Joshua A Granek
- b Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - Shu S Lin
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States.,c Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States.,d Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
| | - Erin A McKenney
- e Department of Applied Ecology, NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , United States
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- a Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , United States
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Fu PP, Xiong F, Feng WW, Zou H, Wu SG, Li M, Wang GT, Li WX. Effect of intestinal tapeworms on the gut microbiota of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:252. [PMID: 31113452 PMCID: PMC6530175 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic protozoans, helminths, alter the gut microbiota in mammals, yet little is known about the influence of intestinal cestodes on gut microbiota in fish. In the present study, the composition and diversity of the hindgut microbiota were determined in the intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with two tapeworm species, Khawia japonensis and Atractolytocestus tenuicollis. RESULTS The intestine contained a core microbiota composed of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes. Infection with the two cestode species had no significant effect on the microbial diversity and richness, but it altered the microbial composition at the genus level. PCoA analysis indicated that microbial communities in the infected and uninfected common carp could not be distinguished from each other. However, a Mantel test indicated that the abundance of K. japonensis was significantly correlated with the microbial composition (P = 0.015), while the abundance of A. tenuicollis was not (P = 0.954). According to Pearson's correlation analysis, the abundance of K. japonensis exhibited an extremely significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation with the following gut microbiota taxa: Epulopiscium, U114, Bacteroides, Clostridium and Peptostreptococcaceae (0.8< r < 0.9); and a significant (P < 0.05) correlation with Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Rummeliibacillus, Lysinibacillus boronitolerans, Veillonellaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Aeromonadaceae (negative), Marinibacillus and Chitinilyticum (0.4< r < 0.7). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the composition of gut microbiota was somewhat affected by the K. japonensis infection. Additionally, increased ratios of pathogenic bacteria (Lawsonia and Plesiomonas) were also associated with the K. japonensis infection, which may therefore increase the likelihood of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei P. Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen W. Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan G. Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui T. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen X. Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
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The Impact of Anthelmintic Treatment on Human Gut Microbiota Based on Cross-Sectional and Pre- and Postdeworming Comparisons in Western Kenya. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00519-19. [PMID: 31015324 PMCID: PMC6479000 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00519-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine studies suggest that the presence of some species of intestinal helminths is associated with changes in host microbiota composition and diversity. However, studies in humans have produced varied conclusions, and the impact appears to vary widely depending on the helminth species present. To demonstrate how molecular approaches to the human gut microbiome can provide insights into the complex interplay among disparate organisms, DNA was extracted from cryopreserved stools collected from residents of 5 rural Kenyan villages prior to and 3 weeks and 3 months following albendazole (ALB) therapy. Samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the presence of 8 species of intestinal parasites and by MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on pretreatment results, the presence of neither Ascaris lumbricoides nor Necator americanus infection significantly altered the overall diversity of the microbiota in comparison with age-matched controls. Following ALB therapy and clearance of soil-transmitted helminths (STH), there were significant increases in the proportion of the microbiota made up by Clostridiales (P = 0.0002; average fold change, 0.57) and reductions in the proportion made up by Enterobacteriales (P = 0.0004; average fold change, -0.58). There was a significant posttreatment decrease in Chao1 richness, even among individuals who were uninfected pretreatment, suggesting that antimicrobial effects must be considered in any posttreatment setting. Nevertheless, the helminth-associated changes in Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales suggest that clearance of STH, and of N. americanus in particular, alters the gut microbiota.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome is an important factor in human health. It is affected by what we eat, what medicines we take, and what infections we acquire. In turn, it affects the way we absorb nutrients and whether we have excessive intestinal inflammation. Intestinal worms may have an important impact on the composition of the gut microbiome. Without a complete understanding of the impact of mass deworming programs on the microbiome, it is impossible to accurately calculate the cost-effectiveness of such public health interventions and to guard against any possible deleterious side effects. Our research examines this question in a "real-world" setting, using a longitudinal cohort, in which individuals with and without worm infections are treated with deworming medication and followed up at both three weeks and three months posttreatment. We quantify the impact of roundworms and hookworms on gut microbial composition, suggesting that the impact is small, but that treatment of hookworm infection results in significant changes. This work points to the need for follow-up studies to further examine the impact of hookworm on the gut microbiota and determine the health consequences of the observed changes.
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Řežábková L, Brabec J, Jirků M, Dellerba M, Kuchta R, Modrý D, Parker W, Jirků Pomajbíková K. Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea). Parasitol Int 2019; 71:121-125. [PMID: 30980897 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cestode Hymenolepis diminuta is highly prevalent in wild rat populations and has also been observed rarely in humans, generally causing no apparent harm. The organism has been studied for decades in the laboratory, and its colonization of laboratory rats has recently been shown as protective against some inflammation-associated disorders. Recently, H. diminuta has become a leading candidate for helminth therapy, an emerging method of "biota enrichment" used to treat or prevent inflammatory diseases of humans in Western society. While most of the experimental isolates of H. diminuta are identified based on typical morphological features, hymenolepidid tapeworms may represent complexes of cryptic species as detected by molecular sequence data. In the present study, we explored the diversity of laboratory-kept strains using partial sequences of two genes (lsrDNA and cox1) and determined that H. diminuta isolates currently considered for therapeutic purposes in the US and Europe belong to a single, genetically nearly uniform lineage, showing only little genetic deviation from wild-caught isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Řežábková
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South-Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brabec
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Natural History Museum of Geneva, P.O. Box 6134, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Milan Jirků
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Dellerba
- Biome Restoration Ltd., White Cross Business Park, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno 621 42, Czech Republic
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, NC, USA
| | - Kateřina Jirků Pomajbíková
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South-Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
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Rowan-Nash AD, Korry BJ, Mylonakis E, Belenky P. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00044-18. [PMID: 30626617 PMCID: PMC6383444 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few aspects, particularly the bacterial component of the microbiome, most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Yet humans and other animals can be colonized by a wide array of organisms spanning all domains of life, including bacteria and archaea, unicellular eukaryotes such as fungi, multicellular eukaryotes such as helminths, and viruses. As they share the same host niches, they can compete with, synergize with, and antagonize each other, with potential impacts on their host. Here, we discuss these major groups making up the human microbiome, with a focus on how they interact with each other and their multicellular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Rowan-Nash
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Ajibola O, Rowan AD, Ogedengbe CO, Mshelia MB, Cabral DJ, Eze AA, Obaro S, Belenky P. Urogenital schistosomiasis is associated with signatures of microbiome dysbiosis in Nigerian adolescents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:829. [PMID: 30696838 PMCID: PMC6351658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite Schistosoma haematobium, which resides in the vasculature surrounding the urogenital system. Previous work has suggested that helminthic infections can affect the intestinal microbiome, and we hypothesized that S. haematobium infection could result in an alteration of immune system-microbiota homeostasis and impact the composition of the gut microbiota. To address this question, we compared the fecal microbiomes of infected and uninfected schoolchildren from the Argungu Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria, detecting significant differences in community composition between the two groups. Most remarkably, we observed a decreased abundance of Firmicutes and increased abundance of Proteobacteria - a shift in community structure which has been previously associated with dysbiosis. More specifically, we detected a number of changes in lower taxa reminiscent of inflammation-associated dysbiosis, including decreases in Clostridiales and increases in Moraxellaceae, Veillonellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae. Functional potential analysis also revealed an enrichment in orthologs of urease, which has been linked to dysbiosis and inflammation. Overall, our analysis indicates that S. haematobium infection is associated with perturbations in the gut microbiota and may point to microbiome disruption as an additional consequence of schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Ajibola
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.
| | - Aislinn D Rowan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Clement O Ogedengbe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria - Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Mari B Mshelia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Damien J Cabral
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anthonius A Eze
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria - Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Obaro
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria, Department of Pediatrics, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Vonaesch P, Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ. Pathogens, microbiome and the host: emergence of the ecological Koch's postulates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:273-292. [PMID: 29325027 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though tremendous progress has been made in the last decades to elucidate the mechanisms of intestinal homeostasis, dysbiosis and disease, we are only at the beginning of understanding the complexity of the gut ecosystem and the underlying interaction networks. We are also only starting to unravel the mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to overcome the barriers imposed by the microbiota and host to exploit the system to their own benefit. Recent work in these domains clearly indicates that the 'traditional Koch's postulates', which state that a given pathogen leads to a distinct disease, are not valid for all 'infectious' diseases, but that a more complete and complex interpretation of Koch's postulates is needed in order to understand and explain them. This review summarises the current understanding of what defines a healthy gut ecosystem and highlights recent progress in uncovering the interplay between the host, its microbiota and invading intestinal pathogens. Based on these recent findings, we propose a new interpretation of Koch's postulates that we term 'ecological Koch's postulates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Mark Anderson
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
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Finn SMB, Scheuermann U, Holzknecht ZE, Parker W, Granek JA, Lin SS, McKenney EA, Barbas AS. Effect of gastric fluid aspiration on the lung microbiota of laboratory rats. Exp Lung Res 2018; 44:201-210. [PMID: 30465452 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1482976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The pulmonary microbiota is important for both normal homeostasis and the progression of disease, and may be affected by aspiration of gastric fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the lung microbiota induced by aspiration of gastric fluid in a laboratory rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the intratracheal application method, male rats received aspiration with 0.9% normal saline (n = 11); gastric fluid (n = 24) or sterilized (gamma-irradiated) gastric fluid (n = 12) once-weekly for four weeks. On the fifth week, the animals were sacrificed, and the microbiota of the lung was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Lungs without aspiration and lungs after aspiration with normal saline had similar microbial compositions, dominated by bacteria of the genera Serratia, Ralstonia and Brucella. Evaluation of the microbiota following aspiration of gastric fluid revealed a much different profile that was dominated by bacteria from the genera Romboutsia and Turicibacter and largely independent of sterilization of the gastric fluid. CONCLUSION In a laboratory rat model, aspiration with gastric fluid caused a substantial shift of the lung microbiota that could be characterized as a shift from Proteobacteria towards Firmicutes, possibly of enteric origin. Bacteria contained in the gastric fluid are not apparently responsible for this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sade M B Finn
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Uwe Scheuermann
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - William Parker
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Joshua A Granek
- b Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Shu S Lin
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA.,c Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA.,d Department of Immunology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Erin A McKenney
- e Department of Applied Ecology , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , USA
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
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Młocicki D, Sulima A, Bień J, Näreaho A, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Basałaj K, Sałamatin R, Conn DB, Savijoki K. Immunoproteomics and Surfaceomics of the Adult Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2487. [PMID: 30483248 PMCID: PMC6240649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cestodiasis, mechanical and molecular contact between the parasite and the host activates the immune response of the host and may result in inflammatory processes, leading to ulceration and intestinal dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to identify antigenic proteins of the adult cestode Hymenolepis diminuta by subjecting the total protein extracts from adult tapeworms to 2DE immunoblotting (two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with immunoblotting) using sera collected from experimentally infected rats. A total of 36 protein spots cross-reacting with the rat sera were identified using LC-MS/MS. As a result, 68 proteins, including certain structural muscle proteins (actin, myosin, and paramyosin) and moonlighters (heat shock proteins, kinases, phosphatases, and glycolytic enzymes) were identified; most of these were predicted to possess binding and/or catalytic activity required in various metabolic and cellular processes, and reported here as potential antigens of the adult cestode for the first time. As several of these antigens can also be found at the cell surface, the surface-associated proteins were extracted and subjected to in-solution digestion for LC-MS/MS identification (surfaceomics). As a result, a total of 76 proteins were identified, from which 31 proteins, based on 2DE immunoblotting, were predicted to be immunogenic. These included structural proteins actin, myosin and tubulin as well as certain moonlighting proteins (heat-shock chaperones) while enzymes with diverse catalytic activities were found as the most dominating group of proteins. In conclusion, the present study shed new light into the complexity of the enteric cestodiasis by showing that the H. diminuta somatic proteins exposed to the host possess immunomodulatory functions, and that the immune response of the host could be stimulated by diverse mechanisms, involving also those triggering protein export via yet unknown pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sulima
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Parasitology and Vector-Borne DiseasesNational Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Bruce Conn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, United States
- One Health Center, Berry CollegeMount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Division of Pharmaceutical BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Cannon MV, Bogale H, Rutt L, Humphrys M, Korpe P, Duggal P, Ravel J, Serre D. A high-throughput sequencing assay to comprehensively detect and characterize unicellular eukaryotes and helminths from biological and environmental samples. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:195. [PMID: 30373673 PMCID: PMC6206884 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several of the most devastating human diseases are caused by eukaryotic parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors or through food and water contamination. These pathogens only represent a fraction of all unicellular eukaryotes and helminths that are present in the environment and many uncharacterized organisms might have subtle but pervasive effects on health, including by modifying the microbiome where they reside. Unfortunately, while we have modern molecular tools to characterize bacterial and, to a lesser extent, fungal communities, we lack suitable methods to comprehensively investigate and characterize most unicellular eukaryotes and helminths: the detection of these organisms often relies on microscopy that cannot differentiate related organisms, while molecular assays can only detect the pathogens specifically tested. RESULTS Here, we describe a novel sequencing-based assay, akin to bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing, that enables high-throughput detection and characterization of a wide range of unicellular eukaryotes and helminths, including those from taxonomical groups containing all common human parasites. We designed and evaluated taxon-specific PCR primer pairs that selectively amplify all species from eight taxonomical groups (Apicomplexa, Amoeba, Diplomonadida, Kinetoplastida, Parabasalia, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, and Microsporidia). We then used these primers to screen DNA extracted from clinical, biological, and environmental samples, and after next-generation sequencing, identified both known and previously undescribed organisms from most taxa targeted. CONCLUSIONS This novel high-throughput assay enables comprehensive detection and identification of eukaryotic parasites and related organisms, from a wide range of complex biological and environmental samples. This approach can be easily deployed to many settings and will efficiently complement existing methods and provide a holistic perspective on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Cannon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haikel Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Rutt
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Humphrys
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Poonum Korpe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kapczuk P, Kosik-Bogacka D, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Gutowska I, Kupnicka P, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Selected Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Parasite⁻Host System Hymenolepis diminuta⁻Rattus norvegicus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082435. [PMID: 30126154 PMCID: PMC6121280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasite of the small intestine of rodents (mainly mice and rats), and accidentally humans. It is classified as a non-invasive tapeworm due to the lack of hooks on the tapeworm’s scolex, which could cause mechanical damage to host tissues. However, many studies have shown that metabolites secreted by H. diminuta interfere with the functioning of the host’s gastrointestinal tract, causing an increase in salivary secretion, suppression of gastric acid secretion, and an increase in the trypsin activity in the duodenum chyme. Our work presents the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of a parasite-host interaction, including the influence on ion transport and host intestinal microflora, morphology and biochemical parameters of blood, secretion of antioxidant enzymes, expression of Toll-like receptors, mechanisms of immune response, as well as the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases. We emphasize the interrelations between the parasite and the host at the cellular level resulting from the direct impact of the parasite as well as host defense reactions that lead to changes in the host’s tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications of the mammalian intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12072. [PMID: 30104612 PMCID: PMC6089957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the extensive contribution of intestinal pathology to the pathophysiology of schistosomiasis, little is known of the impact of schistosome infection on the composition of the gut microbiota of its mammalian host. Here, we characterised the fluctuations in the composition of the gut microbial flora of the small and large intestine, as well as the changes in abundance of individual microbial species, of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni with the goal of identifying microbial taxa with potential roles in the pathophysiology of infection and disease. Bioinformatic analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA gene data revealed an overall reduction in gut microbial alpha diversity, alongside a significant increase in microbial beta diversity characterised by expanded populations of Akkermansia muciniphila (phylum Verrucomicrobia) and lactobacilli, in the gut microbiota of S. mansoni-infected mice when compared to uninfected control animals. These data support a role of the mammalian gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis and serves as a foundation for the design of mechanistic studies to unravel the complex relationships amongst parasitic helminths, gut microbiota, pathophysiology of infection and host immunity.
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44
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Lo AC, Faye B, Gyan BA, Amoah LE. Plasmodium and intestinal parasite perturbations of the infected host's inflammatory responses: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:387. [PMID: 29970128 PMCID: PMC6031113 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasites is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and causes severe disease especially among the poorest populations. It has been shown that an intestinal parasite (helminth), mixed intestinal helminth or Plasmodium parasite infection in a human induces a wide range of cytokine responses, including anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory as well as regulatory cytokines. Although immunological interactions have been suggested to occur during a concurrent infection of helminths and Plasmodium parasites, different conclusions have been drawn on the influence this co-infection has on cytokine production. This review briefly discusses patterns of selected cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ) responses associated with infections caused by Plasmodium, intestinal parasites as well as a Plasmodium-helminth co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Colle Lo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,University Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ben Adu Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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45
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The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system. Parasitology 2018; 145:1324-1335. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a model for the impact of helminth colonization on the mammalian immune system and a candidate therapeutic agent for immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). In mice, H. diminuta protects against models of inflammatory colitis by inducing a strong type 2 immune response that is activated to expel the immature worm. Rats are the definitive host of H. diminuta, and are colonized stably and over long time periods without harming the host. Rats mount a mild type 2 immune response to H. diminuta colonization, but this response does not generally ameliorate colitis. Here we investigate the ability of different life cycle stages of H. diminuta to protect rats against a model of colitis induced through application of the haptenizing agent dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS) directly to the colon, and monitor rat clinical health, systemic inflammation measured by TNFα and IL-1β, and the gut microbiota. We show that immature H. diminuta induces a type 2 response as measured by increased IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 expression, but does not protect against colitis. In contrast, rats colonized with mature H. diminuta and challenged with severe colitis (two applications of DNBS) have lower inflammation and less severe clinical symptoms. This effect is not related the initial type 2 immune response. The gut microbiota is disrupted during colitis and does not appear to play an overt role in H. diminuta-mediated protection.
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46
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Abstract
Approximately one-sixth of the worlds' population is infected with helminths and this class of parasite takes a major toll on domestic livestock. The majority of species of parasitic helminth that infect mammals live in the gut (the only niche for tapeworms) where they contact the hosts' epithelial cells. Here, the helminth-intestinal epithelial interface is reviewed in terms of the impact on, and regulation of epithelial barrier function, both intrinsic (epithelial permeability) and extrinsic (mucin, bacterial peptides, commensal bacteria) elements of the barrier. The data available on direct effects of helminths on epithelial permeability are scant, fragmentary and pales in comparison with knowledge of mobilization of immune reactions and effector cells in response to helminth parasites and how these impact intestinal barrier function. The interaction of helminth-host and helminth-host-bacteria is an important determinant of gut form and function and precisely defining these interactions will radically alter our understanding of normal gut physiology and pathophysiological reactions, revealing new approaches to infection with parasitic helminths, bacterial pathogens and idiopathic auto-inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Adam Shute
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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47
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Leung JM, Graham AL, Knowles SCL. Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:843. [PMID: 29867790 PMCID: PMC5960673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate gut teems with a large, diverse, and dynamic bacterial community that has pervasive effects on gut physiology, metabolism, and immunity. Under natural conditions, these microbes share their habitat with a similarly dynamic community of eukaryotes (helminths, protozoa, and fungi), many of which are well-known parasites. Both parasites and the prokaryotic microbiota can dramatically alter the physical and immune landscape of the gut, creating ample opportunities for them to interact. Such interactions may critically alter infection outcomes and affect overall host health and disease. For instance, parasite infection can change how a host interacts with its bacterial flora, either driving or protecting against dysbiosis and inflammatory disease. Conversely, the microbiota can alter a parasite's colonization success, replication, and virulence, shifting it along the parasitism-mutualism spectrum. The mechanisms and consequences of these interactions are just starting to be elucidated in an emergent transdisciplinary area at the boundary of microbiology and parasitology. However, heterogeneity in experimental designs, host and parasite species, and a largely phenomenological and taxonomic approach to synthesizing the literature have meant that common themes across studies remain elusive. Here, we use an ecological perspective to review the literature on interactions between the prokaryotic microbiota and eukaryotic parasites in the vertebrate gut. Using knowledge about parasite biology and ecology, we discuss mechanisms by which they may interact with gut microbes, the consequences of such interactions for host health, and how understanding parasite-microbiota interactions may lead to novel approaches in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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48
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Clark A, Sallé G, Ballan V, Reigner F, Meynadier A, Cortet J, Koch C, Riou M, Blanchard A, Mach N. Strongyle Infection and Gut Microbiota: Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Horses Over a Grazing Season. Front Physiol 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29618989 PMCID: PMC5871743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal strongyles are a major threat to horses' health and welfare. Given that strongyles inhabit the same niche as the gut microbiota, they may interact with each other. These beneficial or detrimental interactions are unknown in horses and could partly explain contrasted susceptibility to infection between individuals. To address these questions, an experimental pasture trial with 20 worm-free female Welsh ponies (10 susceptible (S) and 10 resistant (R) to parasite infection) was implemented for 5 months. Fecal egg counts (FEC), hematological and biochemical data, body weight and gut microbiological composition were studied in each individual after 0, 24, 43, 92 and 132 grazing days. R and S ponies displayed divergent immunological profiles and slight differences in microbiological composition under worm-free conditions. After exposure to natural infection, the predicted R ponies exhibited lower FEC after 92 and 132 grazing days, and maintained higher levels of circulating monocytes and eosinophils, while lymphocytosis persisted in S ponies. Although the overall gut microbiota diversity and structure remained similar during the parasite infection between the two groups, S ponies exhibited a reduction of bacteria such as Ruminococcus, Clostridium XIVa and members of the Lachnospiraceae family, which may have promoted a disruption of mucosal homeostasis at day 92. In line with this hypothesis, an increase in pathobionts such as Pseudomonas and Campylobacter together with changes in several predicted immunological pathways, including pathogen sensing, lipid metabolism, and activation of signal transduction that are critical for the regulation of immune system and energy homeostasis were observed in S relative to R ponies. Moreover, S ponies displayed an increase in protozoan concentrations at day 92, suggesting that strongyles and protozoa may contribute to each other's success in the equine intestines. It could also be that S individuals favor the increase of these carbohydrate-degrading microorganisms to enhance the supply of nutrients needed to fight strongyle infection. Overall, this study provides a foundation to better understand the mechanisms that underpin the relationship between equines and natural strongyle infection. The profiling of horse immune response and gut microbiota should contribute to the development of novel biomarkers for strongyle infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Department of Health Science, Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentine Ballan
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabrice Reigner
- UEPAO 1297, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly, France
| | - Annabelle Meynadier
- UMR 1388, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, GenPhySE, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Cortet
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christine Koch
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France.,Pancosma SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Núria Mach
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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49
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Peachey LE, Molena RA, Jenkins TP, Di Cesare A, Traversa D, Hodgkinson JE, Cantacessi C. The relationships between faecal egg counts and gut microbial composition in UK Thoroughbreds infected by cyathostomins. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:403-412. [PMID: 29432771 PMCID: PMC5946844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We profiled the faecal microbial communities of horses with cyathostomin infections, pre- and post-anthelmintic treatment. Methanomicrobia and Dehalobacterium were expanded in the microbiota of horses with low cyathostomin faecal egg counts. A reduction in TM7 and an expansion in Adlercreutzia followed anthelmintic treatment in horses with high faecal egg counts. Novel intervention strategies against cyathostomins based on the manipulation of the gut flora may be developed.
A growing body of evidence, particularly in humans and rodents, supports the existence of a complex network of interactions occurring between gastrointestinal (GI) helminth parasites and the gut commensal bacteria, with substantial effects on both host immunity and metabolic potential. However, little is known of the fundamental biology of such interactions in other animal species; nonetheless, given the considerable economic losses associated with GI parasites, particularly in livestock and equines, as well as the global threat of emerging anthelmintic resistance, further explorations of the complexities of host-helminth-microbiota interactions in these species are needed. This study characterises the composition of the equine gut commensal flora associated with the presence, in faecal samples, of low (Clow) and high (Chigh) numbers of eggs of an important group of GI parasites (i.e. the cyathostomins), prior to and following anthelmintic treatment. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons and associated bioinformatics and statistical analyses of sequence data revealed strong clustering according to faecal egg counts (P = 0.003). A trend towards increased populations of Methanomicrobia (class) and Dehalobacterium (genus) was observed in Clow in comparison with Chigh. Anthelmintic treatment in Chigh was associated with a significant reduction of the bacterial Phylum TM7 14 days post-ivermectin administration, as well as a transient expansion of Adlercreutzia spp. at 2 days post-treatment. This study provides a first known insight into the discovery of the intimate mechanisms governing host-parasite-microbiota interactions in equines, and sets a basis for the development of novel, biology-based intervention strategies against equine GI helminths based on the manipulation of the commensal gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Peachey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
| | - R A Molena
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - T P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - A Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - D Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - J E Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - C Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
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50
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Masarwi M, Solnik HI, Phillip M, Yaron S, Shamir R, Pasmanic-Chor M, Gat-Yablonski G. Food restriction followed by refeeding with a casein- or whey-based diet differentially affects the gut microbiota of pre-pubertal male rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 51:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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