Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: Shaping our immune responses throughout life

Limosilactobacillus reuteri - a probiotic gut commensal with contextual impact on immunity

The gut microbiome plays a key role in human health, influencing various biological processes and disease outcomes. The historical roots of probiotics are traced back to Nobel Laureate Élie Metchnikoff, who linked the longevity of Bulgarian villagers to their consumption of sour milk fermented by Lactobacilli. His pioneering work led to the global recognition of probiotics as beneficial supplements, now a multibillion-dollar industry. Modern probiotics have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory effects. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), a widely used probiotic, has garnered significant attention for its systemic immune-regulatory properties, particularly in relation to autoimmunity and cancer. This review delves into the role of L. reuteri in modulating immune responses, with a focus on its impact on systemic diseases.

Mouse strain-specific responses along the gut-brain axis upon fecal microbiota transplantation from children with autism

Several factors are linked to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD); however, the molecular mechanisms of the condition remain unknown. As intestinal problems and gut microbiota dysbiosis are associated with ASD development and severity, recent studies have focused on elucidating the microbiota-gut-brain axis' involvement. This study aims to explore mechanisms through which gut microbiota might influence ASD. Briefly, we depleted the microbiota of conventional male BALB/cAnNCrl (Balb/c) and C57BL/6J (BL/6) mice prior to human fecal microbiota transplantation (hFMT) with samples from children with ASD or their neurotypical siblings. We found mouse strain-specific responses to ASD hFMT. Notably, Balb/c mice exhibit decreased exploratory and social behavior, and show evidence of intestinal, systemic, and central inflammation accompanied with metabolic shifts. BL/6 mice show less changes after hFMT. Our results reveal that gut microbiota alone induce changes in ASD-like behavior, and highlight the importance of mouse strain selection when investigating multifactorial conditions like ASD.

Dietary supplementation of male mice with inorganic, organic or nanoparticle selenium preparations: evidence supporting a putative gut-thyroid-male fertility axis

Selenium (Se) is linked to physiological homeostasis. Male mice (n = 8/group) were fed control (AIN93G) or diets enriched in sodium selenite (NaSe, 5.6 ppm), methylselenocysteine (Met, 4.7 ppm), diphenyl diselenide (DPDS, 14.2 ppm), or nanoselenium (NanoSe, 2.7 ppm); dietary Se ascertained by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. At 4 weeks testes, sperm, thyroids, blood and stool were collected to assess histoarchitecture, circulating hormones (thyroxine, T4; triiodothyronine, T3; thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) and gut microbiome (16S rRNAV3-V4 amplicon sequencing). Supplemented NaSe, Met, and NanoSe increased plasma testosterone and testis glutathione peroxidases (GPx-1/4) while testicular superoxide dismutase and catalase increased slightly in the NanoSe group indicating a selective antioxidant response. Overall, NanoSe and NaSe enhanced male reproductive factors. All thyroids isolated from Se-supplemented mice contained marginal vacuoles and a lower follicle area vs control. Nano-Se enhanced thyroidiodothyronine deiodinase-1 (DIO1) expression however, thyroid GPx-1/4 remained unchanged. Supplemented NaSe and DPDSl increased plasma T3/T4 ratio, while plasma TSH was unchanged. Microbiome analyses showed that NanoSe was most efficacious in altering composition (judged by α-diversity, Shannon index and taxon richness) while the NaSe diet showed the greatest overall change in α-diversity. Dietary Se supplementation, particularly encapsulated NanoSe, may improve male fertility factors by enhancing the gut-thyroid-fertility axis.

Integrative review of the gut microbiome’s role in pain management for orthopaedic conditions

The gut microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, has a significant role in modulating pain, particularly within orthopaedic conditions. Its impact on immune and neurological functions is underscored by the gut-brain axis, which influences inflammation, pain perception, and systemic immune responses. This integrative review examines current research on how gut dysbiosis is associated with various pain pathways, notably nociceptive and neuroinflammatory mechanisms linked to central sensitization. We highlight advancements in meta-omics technologies, such as metagenomics and metaproteomics, which deepen our understanding of microbiome-host interactions and their implications in pain. Recent studies emphasize that gut-derived short-chain fatty acids and microbial metabolites play roles in modulating neuroinflammation and nociception, contributing to pain management. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and faecal microbiome transplants are explored as potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate pain through gut microbiome modulation, offering an adjunct or alternative to opioids. However, variability in individual microbiomes poses challenges to standardizing these treatments, necessitating further rigorous clinical trials. A multidisciplinary approach combining microbiology, immunology, neurology, and orthopaedics is essential to develop innovative, personalized pain management strategies rooted in gut health, with potential to transform orthopaedic pain care.

Human milk oligosaccharide secretion dynamics during breastfeeding and its antimicrobial role: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits, including shaping the gut microbiota, modulating the immune system, and protecting against infections. HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation, influenced by maternal genetics and environmental factors. Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest. However, a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.

AIM

To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens.

METHODS

A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs, their secretion dynamics, and antimicrobial properties. Studies involving human, animal, and in vitro models were included. Data on HMO composition, temporal secretion patterns, and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted. Quality assessment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.

RESULTS

A total of 44 studies were included, encompassing human, animal, and in vitro research. HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns, with 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time, while 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) increased during later stages. HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition, biofilm disruption, and enzymatic activity impairment. Synthetic HMOs, including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL, were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs, effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , and Campylobacter jejuni . Additionally, HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics, enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.

CONCLUSION

HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense, supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens. Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications, particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics. Further research, including clinical trials, is essential to address gaps in knowledge, validate findings, and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.

Polystyrene nanoplastics amplify the toxic effects of PFOA on the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Nanoplastics (NPs), the final form of degraded microplastics in the environment, can adsorb PFOA (an emerging organic pollutant in recent years) in several ways. Current research on these has focused on bony fishes and mollusks, however, the combined toxicity of PFOA and NPs remains unknown in Eriocheir sinensis. Therefore, the effects of single or combined exposure to PFOA and NPs were investigated. The results showed that NPs aggravated PFOA exposure-induced oxidative stress, serum lipid disorders, immune responses, and morphological damage. DEGs altered by NPs-PFOA exposure were predominantly enriched in GO terms for cell lumen, and organelle structure, and KEGG terms for spliceosome and endocrine disorders-related diseases. Notably, the apoptotic pathway plays a central role enriched under different exposure modes. PFOA or NPs-PFOA exposure disrupted the levels of lipids molecules-related metabolites by mediating the glycerophospholipid pathway, and the NPs mediated the ferroptosis pathway to exacerbate PFOA-induced metabolic toxicity. In addition, NPs exacerbated the inflammatory response and metabolic imbalance by mediating Fusobacterium ulcerans in the intestinal. In conclusion, this study provides a valuable reference for the characterization of NPs-PFOA combined pollution and a scientific basis for the development of environmental protection policies and pollution management strategies.

Whole genome sequencing and In silico analysis of the safety and probiotic features of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei FMT2 isolated from fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) capsules

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei is widely used as a probiotic supplement and food additive in the medicinal and food industries. However, its application requires careful evaluation of safety traits associated with probiotic pathogenesis, including the transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes, the presence of virulence and pathogenicity factors, and the potential disruptions of the gut microbiome and immune system. In this study, we conducted whole genome sequencing (WGS) of L. paracasei FMT2 isolated from fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) capsules and performed genome annotation to assess its probiotic and safety attributes. Our comparative genomic analysis assessed this novel strain's genetic attributes and functional diversity and unraveled its evolutionary relationships with other L. paracasei strains. The assembly yielded three contigs: one corresponding to the chromosome and two corresponding to plasmids. Genome annotation revealed the presence of 2838 DNA-coding sequences (CDS), 78 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 60 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), three non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and 126 pseudogenes. The strain lacked antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenicity factors. Two intact prophages, one Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) region, and three antimicrobial peptide gene clusters were identified, highlighting the genomic stability and antimicrobial potential of the strain. Furthermore, genes linked to probiotic functions, such as mucosal colonization, stress resistance, and biofilm formation, were characterized. The pan-genome analysis identified 3358 orthologous clusters, including 1775 single-copy clusters, across all L. paracasei strains. Notably, L. paracasei FMT2 contained many unique singleton genes, potentially contributing to its distinctive probiotic properties. Our findings confirm the potential of L. paracasei FMT2 for food and therapeutic applications based on its probiotic profile and safety.

Global, regional, and national burdens of Clostridioides difficile infection over recent decades: a trend analysis informed by the Global Burden of Disease Study

This study aimed to assess the global burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) from 1990 to 2019, focusing on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates, mortality, and trends. Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and analyzed globally, regionally, and nationally by age, sex, region, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Measures included age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR), mortality rate (ASMR), and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Decomposition analysis and Bayesian age-period-cohort model were used to evaluate factors affecting CDI trends and predict future progress, respectively. Globally, the overall ASDR and ASMR of CDI showed an increasing trend (AAPCASDR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.23-1.55; AAPCASMR = 2.79, 95% CI: 2.66-2.93). High SDI countries showed the highest ASDR (18.86, 95% CI: 17.46-20.24) and ASMR (0.99, 95% CI: 0.87- 1.11), with the fastest growth rate (AAPCASDR = 2.84, 95% CI: 2.64-3.04; AAPCASMR = 4.26, 95% CI: 3.98-4.55). Conversely, the low SDI regions exhibit negative growth; however, some low-middle SDI regions, such as South Africa, experienced a heavy disease burden. While most of the disease burden occurs in people over 70 years of age, the burden of children under 5 years of age should also be considered. Moreover, the increased burden on high SDI regions is primarily driven by epidemiological changes. CDI burden has risen globally, particularly in high SDI regions. Moreover, clinicians should take care to consider the burden in individuals under 5 years of age.IMPORTANCEThe global burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is increasing, with notable disparities across regions, age groups, and socioeconomic levels. The higher mortality and disability risks, particularly among older adults, children under 5, and in high socio-demographic index regions, highlight the urgent need for targeted public health interventions and policy adjustments to address these vulnerabilities and reduce the impact of CDI on global health.

Gut and Intratumoral microbiota: Key to lung Cancer development and immunotherapy

Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor worldwide with high incidence and mortality rates. Previous studies have claimed that the microbial community plays an integral role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Emerging evidence reveals that gut flora plays a key role in cancer formation and evolution by participating in mechanisms such as metabolism, regulation of inflammation and immune response. Not only the gut flora, but also the presence of intratumoral microbiota may influence lung cancer progression through multiple mechanisms. These research advances suggest that intestinal flora and intratumoral microbiota may not only serve as potential biomarkers for lung cancer, but may also be targets for therapy. However, current studies on both in lung cancer are still limited. Given this, this study aimed to systematically review the latest findings on the major bacterial species of the intestinal flora and their possible protective or harmful roles in the formation, progression, and metastasis of lung cancer. In addition, we analyzed the potential mechanisms by which the intratumoral microbiota affected lung cancer and elaborated on the potential roles of the gut flora and its metabolites, as well as the intratumoral microbiota, in modulating the efficacy of immunotherapy in lung cancer.

Synthetic and Biogenic Materials for Oral Delivery of Biologics: From Bench to Bedside

The development of nucleic acid and protein drugs for oral delivery has lagged behind their production for conventional nonoral routes. Over the past decade, the evolution of DNA- and RNA-based technologies combined with the innovation of state-of-the-art delivery vehicles for nucleic acids has brought rapid advancements to the biopharmaceutical field. Nucleic acid therapies have the potential to achieve long-lasting effects, or even cures, by inhibiting or editing genes, which is not possible with conventional small-molecule drugs. However, challenges and limitations must be addressed before these therapies can provide cures for chronic conditions and rare diseases, rather than only offering temporary relief. Nucleic acids and proteins face premature degradation in the acidic, enzyme-rich stomach environment and are rapidly cleared by the liver. To overcome these challenges, various delivery vehicles have been developed to transport therapeutic compounds to the intestines, where the active compounds are released and gut microbiota and mucosal immune system also play an important role. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the promises and pitfalls associated with the oral route of administration of biologics, current delivery systems, applications of orally delivered therapeutics, and the challenges and considerations for translation of nucleic acid and protein therapeutics into clinical practice.

The impact of neonatal antibiotic exposure on the development of childhood food allergies

Food allergies (FAs) in children have become increasingly prevalent. While early life factors such as gut microbiome disruptions have been implicated, the association between neonatal antibiotic exposure and subsequent FAs remains a topic of ongoing debate. This nationwide cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of neonatal antibiotic exposure on the development of childhood FA. This population-based retrospective cohort study analyzed data from Clalit-Healthcare-Services, Israel's largest state-mandated healthcare provider. The cohort included neonates (aged 0-60 days) admitted with fever between 2011 and 2018. Patients with confirmed infectious etiologies were excluded. The cohort was divided into two groups: those who received systemic antibiotics (Antibiotic ( +)) and those who did not (Antibiotic ( -)). FA cases were identified using ICD-9 codes up to age 6. Multivariate logistic regression and survival analysis models were utilized and adjusted for inflammatory markers, maternal atopy, and socioeconomic status. Among 2780 neonates, 1220 received antibiotics, while 1560 did not. The incidence of FAs was significantly higher in the Antibiotic ( +) group compared to the Antibiotic ( -) group (2.5% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.02). Adjusted analysis revealed that systemic antibiotic exposure during the neonatal period was associated with a threefold increased risk of FA up to age 6 (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.34-6.92, P = 0.01). Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence linking neonatal antibiotic exposure to an increased risk of childhood FAs, particularly in the first 2 years of life. The findings highlight the importance of judicious antibiotic use in young infants.

Beyond the Gut: Unveiling Butyrate's Global Health Impact Through Gut Health and Dysbiosis-Related Conditions: A Narrative Review

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly produced by gut microbiota through the fermentation process of dietary fibers and proteins, are crucial to human health, with butyrate, a famous four-carbon SCFA, standing out for its inevitably regulatory impact on both gut and immune functions. Within this narrative review, the vital physiological functions of SCFAs were examined, with emphasis on butyrate's role as an energy source for colonocytes and its ability to enhance the gut barrier while exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. Knowledge of butyrate synthesis, primarily generated by Firmicutes bacteria, can be influenced by diets with specifically high contents of resistant starches and fiber. Butyrate can inhibit histone deacetylase, modulate gene expression, influence immune functionality, and regulate tight junction integrity, supporting the idea of its role in gut barrier preservation. Butyrate possesses systemic anti-inflammatory properties, particularly, its capacity to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and maintain immune homeostasis, highlighting its therapeutic potential in managing dysbiosis and inflammatory diseases. Although butyrate absorption into circulation is typically minimal, its broader health implications are substantial, especially regarding obesity and type 2 diabetes through its influence on metabolic regulation and inflammation. Furthermore, this narrative review thoroughly examines butyrate's growing recognition as a modulator of neurological health via its interaction with the gut-brain axis. Additionally, butyrate's neuroprotective effects are mediated through activation of specific G-protein-coupled receptors, such as FFAR3 and GPR109a, and inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Research indicates that butyrate can alleviate neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, autism spectrum disorder, and Huntington's disease, by reducing neuroinflammation, enhancing neurotransmitter modulation, and improving histone acetylation. This focus will help unlock its full therapeutic potential for metabolic and neurological health, rather than exclusively on its well-known benefits for gut health, as these are often interconnected.

Associations of prenatal organophosphate esters exposure with risk of eczema in early childhood, mediating role of gut microbiota

Few epidemiological evidence has focused on the impact of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the risk of eczema, and underlying role of gut microbiota. Based on the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort, a nested case-control study including 332 eczema cases and 332 controls was conducted. Umbilical cord blood and stools were collected for OPEs detection and gut microbiota sequencing, separately. Eczema cases were identified using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood core questionnaire and clinical diagnosis. The environmental risk score (ERS) for OPEs was developed to quantify OPEs burden. Conditional logistic regression models, multivariate analysis by linear models, negative-binomial hurdle regression, and mediation analysis were employed. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBP), tris (2-butoxy ethyl) phosphate (TBEP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) had detection rates > 50 %, with median concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 2.71 μg/L. TBP (OR = 1.12, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.25), TDCPP (OR = 1.32, 95 % CI: 1.09, 1.59), and ERS (OR = 6.44, 95 % CI: 3.47, 11.94) were associated with elevated risk of eczema. OPEs exposure was correlated with increased alpha diversity and the abundance of several pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella. Negative associations were observed between OPEs exposure and the abundances of Lachnospiraceae genera. Additionally, a positive correlation was identified between alpha diversity and the risk of eczema during childhood. Alpha diversity indices and Lachnospiraceae serve as significant mediators in this relationship. Results of this study indicate that prenatal exposure to OPEs is linked to an elevated risk of eczema and gut microbiota dysbiosis, potentially contributing to immunotoxicity of OPEs during early life.

The Oral-Gut Microbiome-Brain Axis in Cognition

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and neuronal loss, affecting millions worldwide. Emerging evidence highlights the oral microbiome-a complex ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa as a significant factor in cognitive health. Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome contributes to systemic inflammation, disrupts the blood-brain barrier, and promotes neuroinflammation, processes increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. This review examines the mechanisms linking oral microbiome dysbiosis to cognitive decline through the oral-brain and oral-gut-brain axis. These interconnected pathways enable bidirectional communication between the oral cavity, gut, and brain via neural, immune, and endocrine signaling. Oral pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, along with virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and gingipains, contribute to neuroinflammation, while metabolic byproducts, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and peptidoglycans, further exacerbate systemic immune activation. Additionally, this review explores the influence of external factors, including diet, pH balance, medication use, smoking, alcohol consumption, and oral hygiene, on oral microbial diversity and stability, highlighting their role in shaping cognitive outcomes. The dynamic interplay between the oral and gut microbiomes reinforces the importance of microbial homeostasis in preserving systemic and neurological health. The interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications, offer promising strategies to support cognitive function and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, by maintaining a diverse microbiome. Future longitudinal research is needed to identify the long-term impact of oral microbiome dysbiosis on cognition.

The impact of gut microbiome modulation on anthropometric indices in metabolic syndrome: an umbrella review

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder characterized by a cluster of metabolic risk factors. Recent research highlights the gut microbiome's role in metabolic regulation, suggesting that modulation through probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may provide a novel approach to managing MetS. This umbrella review aims to integrate insights from existing meta-analyses to explore how changes in gut microbiota influence key body measurement indicators in individuals with MetS.

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases identified meta-analyses that assessed the impact of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics on anthropometric indices in MetS patients.

Results

The results indicated that microbial therapy leads to a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) (SMD: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.35 to -0.09; P < 0.01) and waist circumference (WC) (SMD: -0.47; 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.15; P < 0.01). However, microbial therapy did not significantly affect body fat mass (SMD: -0.30; 95% CI: -0.64 to 0.02; P = 0.06), body fat percentage (SMD: -0.29; 95% CI: -0.62 to 0.03; P = 0.07), waist-to-hip ratio (SMD: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.46 to 0.28; P = 0.63), and weight (SMD: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.21 to 0.08; P = 0.37).

Conclusions

Gut microbial modulation, mainly through probiotics and synbiotics, shows promise in reducing BMI and WC in MetS patients. However, its effects on other anthropometric indices remain uncertain, warranting further high-quality research to fully understand microbial interventions' therapeutic potential.

Isolation of Bacillus cereus and its probiotic effect on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal barrier protection of broilers

Probiotics are effective for improving poultry health. Probiotic Bacillus cereus strains are widely used to improve animal health by stimulating the immune system. In this study, we obtained a B. cereus 13 (BC13) strain that functions in acid, high-temperature, and bile salt resistance. It also degrades starch, cellulose, and other proteins. To better understand the probiotic effects of BC13, we added the strain to the diet of broilers and observed its effects. We found that BC13 significantly improved the growth performance of broilers. The levels of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were increased, and the concentration of malondialdehyde was reduced by BC13. Supplementation with BC13 enhanced immune function by increasing the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the jejunum mucosa; IgA, IgM, and IgG in the serum; mRNA levels of Zo-1, claudin and occludin of the jejunal mucosa; and increased villus height/crypt depth of the jejunum. Furthermore, BC13 improved the composition of intestinal microbes, especially at the genus level of Akkermansia. The addition of BC13 increased the levels of acetic, butyric, valeric, and propionic acids. These results emphasise the potential of BC13 as a probiotic dietary supplement to improve the antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbial composition to enhance body health.

Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) Restore Myo-Inositol Production in LPS-Treated Skeletal Muscle

BACKGROUND

Systemic inflammation, often induced by elevated circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, is a common consequence of intestinal epithelial barrier damage and microbial translocation. This condition is particularly prevalent in menopausal women, who are at increased risk for chronic inflammation and metabolic syndrome due to physiological changes during menopause. Myo-inositol has been shown to improve metabolic profiles in menopausal women with metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated whether small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from human palatine tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) can restore circulating myo-inositol levels and promote myo-inositol synthesis in skeletal muscle under repeated LPS exposure, mimicking the intestinal leakage seen in menopausal women.

METHODS

Over 2 weeks period, LPS was repeatedly administered to mice, along with a group that also received T-MSC-derived sEVs. After 15 days, the expression of proteins involved in inositol synthesis in skeletal muscle, and serum inositol levels were measured. Additionally, intracellular inositol expression was compared in LPS-treated skeletal muscle cells with and without T-MSC sEVs treatment in vitro. Lastly, the protein and microRNA composition of T-MSC sEVs was analyzed.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrated that T-MSC-derived sEVs significantly increased serum myo-inositol levels and enhanced the expression of myo-inositol synthesis proteins in mice exposed to LPS. Similarly, LPS-treated myotubes supplemented with T-MSC sEVs exhibited restored myo-inositol expression. Moreover, T-MSC sEVs were found to contain high levels of muscle-related proteins.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that T-MSC sEVs may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating the effects of intestinal leakage and chronic inflammation in menopausal women. By improving skeletal muscle mass and maintaining myo-inositol levels, T-MSC sEVs offer potential for addressing metabolic disturbances associated with menopause.

Real-World Evaluation of Immune-Related Endocrinopathies in Metastatic NSCLC Patients Treated with ICIs in Romania

(1) Background: Exploring real-world data (RWD) regarding immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is crucial to better understand the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in cancer patient populations excluded from clinical trials. An analysis was conducted to evaluate the presumptive predictive causality between endocrine irAEs and the efficacy of immune check-point inhibitors (ICIs) in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) patients treated in daily practice in Romania. (2) Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of mNSCLC patients treated with ICIs in a tertiary level hospital in Romania for a period of almost seven years, from November 2017 till July 2024. Endocrine irAEs were well defined as any occurring autoimmune endocrinopathy during ICIs and related to immunotherapy. The hospital endocrinologist (M.C.C.O) diagnosed, treated, and followed these endocrine irAEs in a multidisciplinary approach. We investigated multiple medical variables to assess their impact on ICI effectiveness. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed. (3) Results: Of 487 cancer patients treated with ICIs, we identified 215 mNSCLC patients who were evaluated for endocrine irAEs and co-medications during ICI therapy. Forty-seven (21.8%) patients experienced endocrine irAEs, thyroiditis being the most frequent and prevalent autoimmune endocrinopathy in 60% of cases. Endocrine irAEs were statistically significant, correlated with ICI efficacy (p = 0.002) for survival analysis. Steroids and proton-pump inhibitors used as co-medication during ICIs had a negative impact on response to therapy. (4) Conclusions: Endocrine irAEs might be considered predictive biomarkers for successful immunotherapy in mNSCLC patients. Co-medication during ICIs had a major influence on the effectiveness of these cutting-edge therapies. RWD plays an important role for oncology daily practice whenever clinical trial evidence is not available to guide decision.

Short-term alterations in dietary amino acids override host genetic susceptibility and reveal mechanisms of Salmonella Typhimurium small intestine colonization

In addition to individual genetics, environmental factors (e.g., dietary changes) may influence host susceptibility to gastrointestinal infection through unknown mechanisms. Herein, we developed a model in which CBA/J mice, a genetically resistant strain that tolerates intestinal colonization by the enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm), rapidly succumb to infection after exposure to a diet rich in L-amino acids (AA). In mice, S. Tm-gastroenteritis is restricted to the large intestine (cecum), limiting their use to understand S. Tm small intestine (ileum) colonization, a feature of human Salmonellosis. Surprisingly, CBA mice fed AA diet developed ileitis with enhanced S. Tm ileal colonization. Using germ-free mice and ileal-fecal slurry transplant, we found diet-mediated S. Tm ileal expansion to be microbiota-dependent. Mechanistically, S. Tm relied on Fructosyl-asparagine utilization to expand in the ileum during infection. We demonstrate how AA diet overrides host genetics by altering the gut microbiota's ability to prevent S. Tm ileal colonization.

To explore the potential combined treatment strategy for colorectal cancer: Inhibition of cancer stem cells and enhancement of intestinal immune microenvironment

BACKGROUND

The antibiotic salinomycin, a well-known cancer stem cell inhibitor, may impact the diversity of the intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC) mice, which plays a pivotal role in shaping the immune system. This study explores the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of combining salinomycin and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in treating CRC.

METHODS

FMT was given via enema, while salinomycin was injected intraperitoneally into the CRC mouse model induced by azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate.

RESULTS

In CRC mice, a large number of LGR5-labeled cancer stem cells and severe disturbances in the intestinal microbiota were observed. Interestingly, salinomycin inhibited the proliferation of cancer stem cells without exacerbating the microbial disorder as expected. In comparison to salinomycin treatment, the combination of salinomycin and FMT significantly improved pathological damage and restored intestinal microbial diversity, which is responsible for shaping the anti-cancer immune microenvironment. The supplementation of FMT significantly increased the levels of propionic acid and butyric acid while also promoting the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and Ly6G+ neutrophils, as well as reducing F4/80+ macrophage recruitment. Notably, cytokines that were not impacted by salinomycin exhibited robust reactions to alterations in the gut microbiota. These included pro-inflammatory factors (IL6, IL12b, IL17, and IL22), chemokine-like protein OPN, and immunosuppressive factor PD-L1.

CONCLUSIONS

Salinomycin plays the role of "eliminating pathogenic qi," targeting cancer stem cells; FMT plays the role of "strengthening vital qi," reversing the intestinal microbiota disorder and enhancing anti-cancer immunity. They have a synergistic effect on the development of CRC.

Melatonin Alleviates T-2 Toxin-Induced Intestinal Injury by Enhancing Gut Barrier Function and Modulating Microbiota in Weaned Piglets

The T-2 toxin, originating from a Fusarium species, is a mycotoxin that can adversely affect animal health. Melatonin (MT) is a natural hormone recognized for its properties that reduce inflammation and act as an antioxidant. However, MT's capacity to alleviate intestinal harm from T-2 toxin remains incompletely explored. Employing postweaning piglets, this research investigates MT's prophylactic impact on T-2 toxin-induced enterotoxicity. The results indicate that MT improved growth performance in piglets exposed to T-2 toxins while also enhancing intestinal barrier function. Such effects probably stem from MT's ability to reduce colonic oxidative stress and inflammation. Further findings suggest that these changes are closely associated with MT-induced remodeling of intestinal microbiota and an increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in the intestine. MT therefore alleviates T-2 toxin intestinal damage; gut microbiota are the key to this process.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Moderating Effect on Autoimmune Celiac Disease Triggers

The only approved preventive treatment option GFD remains insufficient to manage Celiac Disease (CeD). A cohort of probiotic bacteria recently indicated that probiotic bacteria such as L. plantarum (LP) have a protective effect on CeD. LP has been a prominent probiotic, studied for numerous modulating properties. This review highlights and summarizes LP's ameliorating effect on various triggers/drivers of CeD. Probiotic LP potential for CeD is noticeable, mainly involving gut microbiota modulation, gluten digestion, intestinal homeostasis, CeD-associated pathogens reduction, and CD4 + T cell regulation. LP supplementation maintains intestinal physiology by improving the ratio of intestinal villus height to crypt depth. Gut microbiota modulation also improves tight junction proteins and the intestinal barrier. LP increases the digestibility of immunoreactive 33-mer gliadin peptides and regulates immune triggers such as CD4 + T cells. LP supplementation may minimize the gastrointestinal symptoms of CeD. Nevertheless, the therapeutic applicability of LP is subjected to significant clinical and nonclinical studies.

Revealing gut microbiota biomarkers associated with melanoma immunotherapy response and key bacteria-fungi interaction relationships: evidence from metagenomics, machine learning, and SHAP methodology

Introduction

The gut microbiota is associated with the response to immunotherapy in cutaneous melanoma (CM). However, gut fungal biomarkers and bacterial-fungal interactions have yet to be determined.

Methods

Metagenomic sequencing data of stool samples collected before immunotherapy from three independent groups of European ancestry CM patients were collected. After characterizing the relative abundances of bacteria and fungi, Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis, Random Forest (RF) model construction, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) methodology were applied to identify biomarkers and key bacterial-fungal interactions associated with immunotherapy responders in CM.

Results

Diversity analysis revealed significant differences in the bacterial and fungal composition between CM immunotherapy responders and non-responders. LEfSe analysis identified 45 bacterial and 4 fungal taxa as potential biomarkers. After constructing the RF model, the AUC of models built using bacterial and fungal data separately were 0.64 and 0.65, respectively. However, when bacterial and fungal data were combined, the AUC of the merged model increased to 0.71. In the merged model, the following taxa were identified as important biomarkers: Romboutsia, Endomicrobium, Aggregatilinea, Candidatus Moduliflexus, Colwellia, Akkermansia, Mucispirillum, and Rutstroemia, which were associated with responders, whereas Zancudomyces was associated with non-responders. Moreover, the positive correlation interaction between Akkermansia and Rutstroemia is considered a key bacterial-fungal interaction associated with CM immunotherapy response.

Conclusion

Our results provide valuable insights for the enrichment of responders to immunotherapy in CM patients. Moreover, this study highlights the critical role of bacterial-fungal interactions in CM immunotherapy.

Unraveling the gut microbiota's role in PCOS: a new frontier in metabolic health

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting reproductive-age women, characterized primarily by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and metabolic abnormalities. In recent years, the gut microbiota has garnered widespread attention for its potential role as a key regulator of host metabolism in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Studies have shown that PCOS patients exhibit dysbiosis in their gut microbiota, characterized by reduced microbial diversity, an imbalance in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, changes in the abundance of specific taxa, and abnormal levels of metabolic products. These alterations may exacerbate metabolic dysfunction in PCOS through multiple mechanisms, including influencing host energy metabolism, disrupting lipid and bile acid metabolism, and inducing chronic inflammation. Addressing gut dysbiosis through the modulation of patients' microbiomes-such the use of, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and optimizing diet lifestyle-may offer strategies for improving metabolic abnormalities and alleviating clinical symptoms in PCOS. Additionally, the gut microbiome promises as a potential marker, aiding in the precise diagnosis and personalization of PCOS. Although our current understanding of how the gut microbiota influences PCOS is still limited, research is needed to explore the causal relationships and mechanisms involved, providing a more reliable theoretical basis for clinical. This review aims summarize the research progress on the relationship between gut microbiota and PCOS, and to suggest future directions to promote the development of prevention and treatment strategies for PCOS.

Operationalizing Team Science at the Academic Cancer Center Network to Unveil the Structure and Function of the Gut Microbiome

Oncologists increasingly recognize the microbiome as an important facilitator of health as well as a contributor to disease, including, specifically, cancer. Our knowledge of the etiologies, mechanisms, and modulation of microbiome states that ameliorate or promote cancer continues to evolve. The progressive refinement and adoption of "omic" technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) and utilization of advanced computational methods accelerate this evolution. The academic cancer center network, with its immediate access to extensive, multidisciplinary expertise and scientific resources, has the potential to catalyze microbiome research. Here, we review our current understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in cancer prevention, predisposition, and response to therapy. We underscore the promise of operationalizing the academic cancer center network to uncover the structure and function of the gut microbiome; we highlight the unique microbiome-related expert resources available at the City of Hope of Comprehensive Cancer Center as an example of the potential of team science to achieve novel scientific and clinical discovery.

Phenomenological and mechanistic insights into potential dietary nucleotide - probiotic synergies in layer chickens: A review

Despite their growing popularity as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), the individual effects of nucleotides and probiotics on poultry gut functionality remain poorly understood. In addition, inconsistent outcomes are quite common in studies where these two additives have been used separately to modify gut function and related parameters in birds. These inconsistencies, which have limited the potential of probiotics and nucleotides as AGP replacements, stem from various factors and need to be addressed. Combining probiotics and nucleotides could potentially enhance their effectiveness and lead to more consistent outcomes in layer chickens. Since their mechanisms of action complement each other, some level of synergy is expected when used together. Both additives have been shown to support gut health, boost immune function, and improve performance in chickens when used individually. However, no studies have investigated the possible synergistic effects of nucleotides and probiotics in poultry. This review makes the case for combined use of probiotics and nucleotides in layer chickens by providing phenomenological and mechanistic insights into hypothetical synergistic effects. This paper highlights the need for AGP alternatives and reviews studies on the effects and mechanisms of probiotics and nucleotides in layer chickens when used individually. We then propose potential mechanisms for their synergistic effects on gut health, performance, and egg quality based on logical deductions from observed biological responses. These proposed mechanisms are hypothetical and require experimental validation. Finally, the review explores how this synergy could lead to more consistent outcomes and enhance the feasibility of AGP-free egg production.

DNA methylation dynamics in the small intestine of egg-selected laying hens along egg production stages

Decades of artificial selection have markedly enhanced egg production efficiency, yet the epigenetic underpinnings, notably DNA methylation dynamics in the gut, remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate how breeds and developmental stages influence DNA methylation profiles in laying hens, and their potential relationship to laying performance and gut health. We compared two highly selected laying hen strains, Lohmann Brown-Classic (LB) and Lohmann Selected Leghorn-Classic (LSL), which exhibited similar egg production but divergent physiological, metabolic, and immunological characteristics. Our sampling encompassed key developmental stages: the pullet stage (10 and 16 wk old), peak production (24 and 30 wk old), and later stage (60 wk old) (n = 99; 10 per group), allowing us to elucidate the temporal dynamics of epigenetic regulation. Our findings highlight a crucial window of epigenetic modulation during the prelaying period, characterized by stage-specific methylation alterations and the involvement of predicted transcription factor motifs within methylated regions. This observation was consistent with the expression patterns of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), including DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B. In addition, a higher methylation level was observed in specific loci or regions in the LSL compared with the LB strain. Notably, we uncover strain-specific differences in methylation levels, particularly pronounced in genomic regions associated with intestinal integrity, inflammation, and energy homeostasis. Our research contributes to the multidisciplinary framework of epigenetics and egg-laying performance, offering valuable implications for poultry production and welfare.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study reveals key methylation changes in the jejunum mucosa of laying hens across developmental stages and between strains, with implications for gut health, immune function, and egg production. These findings highlight a crucial role of epigenetic regulation in optimizing performance.

Mare milk and fermented mare milk alleviate dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by reducing inflammation and modulating intestinal flora

Mare milk (MM) and fermented mare milk (FM) are specialized animal milks with high nutritional value, containing a variety of functionally active substances that are capable of resisting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. However, little relevant research on the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis has been performed. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MM and FM on the prevention of dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in a mouse model and to preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that MM and FM had different degrees of protective effects against the damage caused by DSS and alleviated ulcerative colitis by inhibiting weight loss, reducing colon length shortening, and restoring intestinal structure. Additionally, MM and FM maintained intestinal tight junction protein levels to repair barrier function, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS) and bolstered the body's antioxidant defense system. Moreover, MM and FM regulated dysregulation of the intestinal microenvironment by improving the diversity of the gut microbiota and reshaping its structure, including increasing the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Akkermansia). In summary, MM and FMM can serve as dietary resources for preventing ulcerative colitis and maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

Innate Immunity in Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Oncogenesis

Helicobacter pylori is an extremely common cause of gastritis that can lead to gastric adenocarcinoma over time. Approximately half of the world's population is infected with H. pylori, making gastric cancer the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Innate immunity significantly contributes to systemic and local immune responses, maintains homeostasis, and serves as the vital link to adaptive immunity, and in doing so, mediates H. pylori infection outcomes and consequent cancer risk and development. The gastric innate immune system, composed of gastric epithelial and myeloid cells, is uniquely challenged by its need to interact simultaneously and precisely with commensal microbiota, exogenous pathogens, ingested substances, and endogenous exfoliated cells. Additionally, innate immunity can be detrimental by promoting chronic infection and fibrosis, creating an environment conducive to tumor development. This review summarizes and discusses the complex role of innate immunity in H. pylori infection and subsequent gastric oncogenesis, and in doing so, provides insights into how these pathways can be exploited to improve prevention and treatment.

Environmental contamination by bisphenols: From plastic production to modulation of the intestinal morphophysiology in experimental models

Bisphenols are frequently found in a range of plastic products and have been associated with the development of diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity. These compounds are known as endocrine disruptors and have led to restrictions on their use due to their presence in the environment and their association with non-communicable chronic diseases. The gastrointestinal tract, being the primary site of food and water absorption, is particularly vulnerable to the effects of bisphenols. For this reason, a review of studies showing associations between bisphenols exposure and adverse effects in the gut microbiota, morphology tissue, gut permeability, and on the enteric nervous system was carried out. We have included perinatal studies and in different adult experimental models. The effects of bisphenol exposure on the gut microbiota are complex and varied. Bisphenol exposure generally leads to a decrease in microbial diversity and may impact the integrity of the intestinal barrier, resulting in elevated levels of inflammation, changes in morphological and metabolic characteristics of the gut, modifications in tight junction expression, and changes in goblet cell expression. In addition, bisphenol exposure in the perinatal phase can lead to important intestinal changes, including increased colonic inflammation and decreased colonic paracellular permeability.

A guide to germ-free and gnotobiotic mouse technology to study health and disease

The intestinal microbiota has major influence on human physiology and modulates health and disease. Complex host-microbe interactions regulate various homeostatic processes, including metabolism and immune function, while disturbances in microbiota composition (dysbiosis) are associated with a plethora of human diseases and are believed to modulate disease initiation, progression and therapy response. The vast complexity of the human microbiota and its metabolic output represents a great challenge in unraveling the molecular basis of host-microbe interactions in specific physiological contexts. To increase our understanding of these interactions, functional microbiota research using animal models in a reductionistic setting are essential. In the dynamic landscape of gut microbiota research, the use of germ-free and gnotobiotic mouse technology, in which causal disease-driving mechanisms can be dissected, represents a pivotal investigative tool for functional microbiota research in health and disease, in which causal disease-driving mechanisms can be dissected. A better understanding of the health-modulating functions of the microbiota opens perspectives for improved therapies in many diseases. In this review, we discuss practical considerations for the design and execution of germ-free and gnotobiotic experiments, including considerations around germ-free rederivation and housing conditions, route and timing of microbial administration, and dosing protocols. This comprehensive overview aims to provide researchers with valuable insights for improved experimental design in the field of functional microbiota research.

The rectal microbiome: understanding its role in HIV transmission

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Condomless receptive anal intercourse stands out as the sexual practice with highest risk of HIV-1 infection. Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome influences susceptibility to HIV transmission. This review explores recent research on host risk factors, the rectal microbiome composition, local inflammation, and bacteria-derived mediators that may affect HIV transmission.

RECENT FINDINGS

Constitutive host factors such as rectal mucosal structure and immune cell populations in the rectum contribute to increased susceptibility. Changes in the composition of the rectal microbiota, influenced by sexual practices and HIV infection modulate immune activation and inflammation, impacting HIV susceptibility. Bacteria-derived mediators may further influence immune responses and HIV replication in the rectal mucosa.

SUMMARY

Understanding the role of the rectal microbiome in HIV transmission has important clinical implications. Targeted interventions that modulate the microbiome may reduce susceptibility to HIV transmission by regulating immune responses and inflammation. Further research into the host-microbiome interactions could lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies to mitigate HIV transmission.

Unveiling the Important Role of Gut Microbiota and Diet in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by neurodegeneration, axonal damage, demyelination, and inflammation. Recently, gut dysbiosis has been linked to MS and other autoimmune conditions. Namely, gut microbiota has a vital role in regulating immune function by influencing immune cell development, cytokine production, and intestinal barrier integrity. While balanced microbiota fosters immune tolerance, dysbiosis disrupts immune regulation, damages intestinal permeability, and heightens the risk of autoimmune diseases. The critical factor in shaping the gut microbiota and modulating immune response is diet. Research shows that high-fat diets rich in saturated fats are associated with disease progression. Conversely, diets rich in fruits, yogurt, and legumes may lower the risk of MS onset and progression. Specific dietary interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD) and ketogenic diet, have shown potential to reduce inflammation, support neuroprotection, and promote CNS repair. Probiotics, by restoring microbial balance, may also help mitigate immune dysfunction noted in MS. Personalized dietary strategies targeting the gut microbiota hold promise for managing MS by modulating immune responses and slowing disease progression. Optimizing nutrient intake and adopting anti-inflammatory diets could improve disease control and quality of life. Understanding gut-immune interactions is essential for developing tailored nutritional therapies for MS patients.

Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Role and Bacterial Translocation as a Factor for Septic Risk

The human immune system is closely linked to microbiota such as a complex symbiotic relationship during the coevolution of vertebrates and microorganisms. The transfer of microorganisms from the mother's microbiota to the newborn begins before birth during gestation and is considered the initial phase of the intestinal microbiota (IM). The gut is an important site where microorganisms can establish colonies. The IM contains polymicrobial communities, which show complex interactions with diet and host immunity. The tendency towards dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is influenced by local but also extra-intestinal factors such as inflammatory processes, infections, or a septic state that can aggravate it. Pathogens could trigger an immune response, such as proinflammatory responses. In addition, changes in the host immune system also influence the intestinal community and structure with additional translocation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Finally, local intestinal inflammation has been found to be an important factor in the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, particularly in its role in sepsis. The aim of this article is to be able to detect the current knowledge of the mechanisms that can lead to dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and that can cause bacterial translocation with a risk of infection or septic state and vice versa.

Moderate and severe depression increase the incidence of cholelithiasis: Results from Mendelian randomization study and the NHANES 2017-March 2020

BACKGROUND

Depression may be a contributing factor to cholelithiasis. However, the exact correlation between cholelithiasis and depression severity remains unclear.

METHODS

First, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to validate previous research findings, utilizing separate datasets for major depressive disorder (MDD) and cholelithiasis. The MDD dataset (135,458 cases, 344,901 controls) came from a published GWAS, and cholelithiasis data (19,023 cases, 195,144 controls) were sourced from FinnGen. The primary analytical approach for the MR study was the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method. Second, an observational study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was conducted to explore the relationship between the severity of depression and cholelithiasis. 7071 participants were included in the observational study in total. Depression severity (no, mild, moderate, severe) was measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was employed to assess the association between depression severity and cholelithiasis.

RESULTS

In the MR study, the IVW analysis revealed that MDD may increase the risk of cholelithiasis (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07-1.45, P = 0.004). The observational study showed that moderate (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.11, p = 0.037) and severe (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.15, p = 0.044) depression rises the incidence of cholelithiasis. However, no significant association was found between mild depression and cholelithiasis (p = 0.275).

CONCLUSIONS

Moderate and severe depression might rise the incidence of cholelithiasis, while mild depression may not. Further validation through prospective studies is necessary.

Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos

Research on the immunological development of lymphoid organs in chicks has been extensive, yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of innate immunity during embryonic life within the intestinal tract. This study investigated the developmental trajectory of intestinal immunity in chick embryos by evaluating basal gene expression levels of key immune markers at embryonic days (ED) 14, 17, and 20. The results indicated variable expression levels of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes throughout the intestinal tract. Most cytokines and chemokines exhibited elevated expression in the cecum, while AMPs, including avian-β-defensins (AvBDs) and cathelicidins (CATHs) genes, showed increased levels in the jejunum at ED20. The findings from the developmental trajectory analysis of these genes revealed elevated expression levels of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, and transforming-growth factor (TGF)-β in the cecum at ED20. However, no consistent patterns were observed for AvBDs, CATHs, and TLRs, as their expression varied across different developmental stages of the chick embryo. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of intestinal immune system development in chick embryos and provide a foundation for further research aimed at enhancing immune capabilities, especially in segments with lower expression levels of immunomodulatory genes.

Effects of Chlorpyrifos on gut dysbiosis and barriers integrity in women with a focus on pregnancy and prebiotic intervention: Insights from advanced in vitro human models

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a commonly used organophosphate pesticide, poses potential risks to human health, particularly affecting the gut microbiota (GM), intestinal barrier (IB), and blood-brain barrier (BBB). CPF-induced gut dysbiosis compromises the integrity of both the IB and the BBB, leading to increased intestinal permeability, inflammation, and bacterial translocation, all of which may impact neurological health. Although CPF's effects on the GM are documented, limited research explores how these impacts differ in women, particularly during pregnancy. To address this gap, this study investigates CPF's effects using three advanced human in vitro models: the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®) to mimic the gut environment of women of child-bearing age and pregnant women, a Caco-2 model for the IB, and a BBB model to assess CPF's effects and the protective role of the prebiotic inulin. Microbiological analyses of SHIME® supernatants, including bacterial culture and quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and CPF metabolites, were conducted to assess gut composition and pesticide degradation. We also examined the effects of CPF-induced dysbiosis on IB and BBB permeability to FITC-Dextran, focusing on bacterial translocation after 4 h of exposure to CPF-treated SHIME® supernatants. Our results revealed significant intestinal imbalance, marked by an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria in the GM of both non-pregnant and pregnant women exposed to CPF. This dysbiosis led to a significant shift in SCFAs ratio and increased IB permeability and bacterial translocation across the IB, but not the BBB. Notably, inulin supplementation restored GM balance and prevented bacterial translocation, highlighting its potential as a preventive measure against CPF-induced dysbiosis. This study enhances our understanding of the health risks associated with CPF exposure in women, with implications for maternal and fetal health, and underscores the importance of considering physiological states such as pregnancy in toxicological research.

Gut-disc axis: A Mendelian randomization study on the relationship between gut microbiota and cervical spondylosis

The gut-disc axis, which refers to the interaction between gut microbiota and bone health, has recently garnered widespread attention in the scientific community. However, it remains to be determined whether gut microbiota directly induces cervical spondylosis (CS). This study employed a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the potential causal link between gut microbiota and CS. We initially used the inverse variance weighted method for preliminary estimation and supplemented it with other MR methods, including MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode. Furthermore, we utilized the Cochrane Q test, MR-PRESSO global test, and MR-Egger intercept test to assess possible pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Ultimately, we conducted a bidirectional MR study to investigate potential reverse associations between gut microbiota and CS. The preliminary MR analysis identified 27 gut microbiota significantly associated with CS, of which 12 may be contributing factors, while 15 may have protective effects. The reverse MR analysis further revealed a potential causal relationship between CS and 24 gut microbiota. In this study, no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy was detected. Through MR analysis, we uncovered a significant causal relationship between gut microbiota and CS, providing new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of CS, especially in the modulation of the microbiota.

Senile Osteoarthritis Regulated by the Gut Microbiota: From Mechanisms to Treatments

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive degenerative joint disease that affects the entire synovial joint, leading to the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. It seriously affects the quality of life and global disability of patients. OA is affected by a variety of factors; the most significant risk factor for OA is age. As individuals age, the risk and severity of OA increase due to the exacerbation of cartilage degeneration and wear and tear. In recent years, research has indicated that the gut microbiota may play a significant role in the aging and OA processes. It is anticipated that regulating the gut microbiota may offer novel approaches to the treatment of OA. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and senile OA, to investigate the potential mechanisms involved. This review also summarizes the therapeutic strategies related to gut flora in OA management, such as prebiotics and probiotics, diet, exercise, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) modification, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), highlighting the potential clinical value of gut flora and elucidating the current challenges. The foundation for future research directions is established through the summarization of current research progress.

Unlocking the secrets of the human gut microbiota: Comprehensive review on its role in different diseases

The human gut microbiota, a complex and diverse community of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health by influencing various physiological processes, including digestion, immune function, and disease susceptibility. The balance between beneficial and harmful bacteria is essential for health, with dysbiosis - disruption of this balance - linked to numerous conditions such as metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. This review highlights key genera such as Enterococcus, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Akkermansia muciniphila, Firmicutes (including Clostridium and Lactobacillus), and Roseburia due to their well-established roles in immune regulation and metabolic processes, but other bacteria, including Clostridioides difficile, Salmonella, Helicobacter pylori, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, are also implicated in dysbiosis and various diseases. Pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis, contribute to inflammation and cancer progression by disrupting immune responses and damaging tissues. The potential for microbiota-based therapies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions, to improve health outcomes is examined. Future research directions in the integration of multi-omics, the impact of diet and lifestyle on microbiota composition, and advancing microbiota engineering techniques are also discussed. Understanding the gut microbiota's role in health and disease is essential for formulating personalized, efficacious treatments and preventive strategies, thereby enhancing health outcomes and progressing microbiome research.

Long-term effects of Nε-carboxymethyllysine intake on intestinal barrier permeability: Associations with gut microbiota and bile acids

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in processed foods are closely linked to intestinal injury. However, the long-term effects of exposure to free Nɛ-carboxymethyl lysine (CML), a prevalent AGE molecule, on intestinal barrier integrity have been rarely evaluated. This study investigated the temporal effects of CML exposure on intestinal barrier permeability in C57BL/6N mice at diet-related doses over 12, 14, and 16 weeks. No significant changes were observed at 12 weeks, but CML exposure significantly increased intestinal permeability at 14 and 16 weeks, accompanied by elevated serum LPS levels, colonic histological damage, and reduced tight junction protein expression at 16 weeks. CML exposure also altered gut microbiota composition and intestinal bile acid (BA) profiles, specifically reducing TDCA, GDCA, and GCDCA levels. Given the important role of colonic BA receptor signaling in maintaining the intestinal barrier integrity, the impact of CML on BA receptor signaling was assessed. CML exposure significantly downregulated BA receptor TGR5-YAP signaling in mice, while no significant effects were observed in vitro, suggesting that the changes observed in TGR5-YAP signaling in vivo may not result from the direct effects of CML. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed strong associations between altered gut microbiota, BA levels, TGR5-YAP signaling, and intestinal barrier injury. This study highlighted the chronic health risks of long-term CML intake and provided new insights into the links between CML-induced intestinal toxicity, gut microbiota, BA profiles, and BA receptor signaling.

Gut microbiota in infants with food protein enterocolitis

BACKGROUND

We explored the effects of two formulas, extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) and amino acid-based formula (AAF), on the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES).

METHODS

Fecal samples of thirty infants with bloody diarrhea receiving EHF or AAF feeding were collected at enrollment, diagnosis of FPIES, and four weeks after diagnosis. The gut microbiota and SCFAs were analyzed using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively.

RESULTS

Microbial diversity of FPIES infants was significantly different from that of the controls. FPIES infants had a significantly lower abundance of Bifidobacterium and a higher level of hexanoic acid compared with controls. In EHF-fed FPIES infants, microbial richness was significantly decreased over time; while the microbial diversity and richness in AAF-fed FPIES infants exhibited no differences at the three time points. By four weeks after diagnosis, EHF-fed FPIES infants contained a decreased abundance of Acinetobacter, whereas AAF-fed FPIES infants contained an increased abundance of Escherichia-Shigella. EHF-fed infants experienced significantly decreased levels of butyric acid and hexanoic acid at four weeks after diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Infants with FPIES had intestinal dysbiosis and different formulas differentially affected gut microbiota and SCFAs in FPIES infants.

IMPACT

We firstly report the impacts of two different nutritional milk formulas on the gut microbial composition and SCFAs levels in infants with FPIES. We show that infants with FPIES have obvious intestinal dysbiosis and different formulas differentially affect gut microbiota and SCFAs in FPIES infants. Understanding the effects of different types of formulas on gut microbial colonization and composition, as well as the related metabolites in infants with FPIES could help provide valuable insights for making choices about feeding practices.

Leaky gut in systemic inflammation: exploring the link between gastrointestinal disorders and age-related diseases

Global average life expectancy has steadily increased over the last several decades and is projected to reach ~ 77 years by 2050. As it stands, the number of people > 60 years currently outnumbers children younger than 5 years, and by 2050, it is anticipated that the global population of people aged > 60 years will double, surpassing 2.1 billion. This demographic shift in our population is expected to have substantial consequences on health services globally due to the disease burden associated with aging. Osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline associated with dementia are among the most common age-related diseases and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in the aged population. Many of these age-related diseases have been linked to chronic low-grade systemic inflammation which often accompanies aging. Gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction, also known as "leaky gut," has been shown to contribute to systemic inflammation in several diseases including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, but its role in the development and/or progression of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation during aging is unclear. This review outlines current literature on the leaky gut in aging, how leaky gut might contribute to systemic inflammation, and the links between gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases and common age-related diseases to provide insight into a potential relationship between the intestinal barrier and inflammation.

Protective effects of phenylethanol glycosides from Cistanche tubulosa against ALD through modulating gut microbiota homeostasis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight, a Chinese herbal medicine (Rou Cong Rong) with Xinjiang characteristics, was recorded in many medical books in ancient China and often used as a tonic medicine. Supported by the traditional Chinese medicine theory of "homology of liver and kidney," C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight has many clinical applications in tonifying the kidney and protecting the liver. Modern pharmacological studies have also found that the protective effects of phenylethanol glycosides from C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight (CPhGs) play an important role in ameliorating alcoholic liver injury.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to investigate whether CPhGs can enhance the therapeutic outcome of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by targeting the "gut-liver axis," thus contributing to the knowledge of how Chinese herbs alleviate disease by influencing the gut microbiota.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An ALD mouse model was established using the Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet, and the effects of CPhGs on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota of ALD mice were investigated in a pseudo-sterile mouse model and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) mouse model. We fed female C57BL/6N mice with Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet, according to the NIAAA model. Animal experiment of long-term, ethanol diet intervention for 6W, and short-term for 11d. The FMT experiments were also performed.

RESULTS

CPhGs significantly improved ALD manifestations. ALD mice demonstrated significant gut microbiota dysbiosis and significantly abnormal proliferation of Allobaculum compared with the control diet group in long-term NIAAA mouse model (L-Pair). In mice that received the long-term intervention, the improvement in gut barrier function in the CPhGs-treated group was accompanied by a significant decrease in the abundance of Allobaculum and a significant increase in the abundance of Akkermansia. Furthermore, compared with the mouse were gavaged fecal microbiota from the long-term NIAAA mouse donors (FMT-EtOH), the number of goblet cells, abundance of Akkermansia, and the intestinal short-chain fatty acid concentrations were significantly increased in the mouse were gavaged fecal microbiota from high (700 mg/kg) doses of CPhGs orally in long-term NIAAA model donors (FMT-EtOH-H). Network analysis and species distribution results demonstrated that Akkermansia and Allobaculum were the genera with the highest abundances in the gut microbiota and that their interaction was related to propionic acid metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that CPhGs exert a protective effect against ALD by modulating the abundance and composition of Akkermansia and Allobaculum in the intestine, maintaining the intestinal mucus balance, and safeguarding intestinal barrier integrity.

Phase-dependent iron depletion differentially regulates the niche of intestinal stem cells in experimental colitis via ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway

Introduction

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a global gastrointestinal disease, which is mainly caused by both dysfunctional epithelial barrier and inflammation response. Iron is a critical fundamental element for both the maintenance of homeostasis and the mediation of inflammation in many tissues. However, the role and mechanism of iron in the phase of enteritis and the subsequent repairing phase of intestinal stem cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to explore whether and how iron depletion would affect the occurrence and outcome of experimental colitis.

Methods

Iron depletion was realized by deferoxamine (DFO) at either the early stage or late stage of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced experimental colitis in mice. The gross images of colons, general health, histology, barrier integrity, and qRT-PCR were performed. Meanwhile, cell culture and colonic organoids were used to examine the influence of iron depletion in vitro. Signaling pathway and inflammatory infiltration were investigated by immunostaining.

Results

Iron depletion within the early stage of DSS treatment significantly inhibited the onset of the inflammatory response, maintained the integrity of the colonic epithelium, and preserved the activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) both in vivo and in vitro. However, both continuous iron depletion by DFO and late DFO treatment aggravated colonic injury and postponed the recovery from colitis. Early DFO-induced iron depletion was able to maintain the p-STAT3 and p-ERK1/2 signaling pathways within the colonic epithelium at the early phase of colitis, but late DFO treatment inhibited the activity of these two pathways.

Discussion

Our study demonstrated that the manipulation of iron depletion by DFO might greatly affect the outcomes of experimental colitis in a phase-dependent manner, which suggests that the balance of iron metabolism might be an effective therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of IBD patients.

Effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum KBL375 on Immune Enhancement and Gut Microbiota Composition in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice

This study evaluated the immune-enhancing efficacy of Limosilactobacillus fermentum KBL375 isolated from the feces of healthy Koreans. KBL375-treated splenocytes showed enhancement of cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells, the target of natural killer (NK) cells, with an increase in CD335, granzyme B, perforin, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Oral administration of KBL375 in mice with cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression improved body weight and immune functions, including immune organ indices, lymphocyte proliferations, and immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels. Notably, KBL375 increased NK cell cytotoxicity and proportion in immunosuppressed mice. Perforin/IFN-γ expression levels, which indicated NK cell activation, were also increased in KBL375-treated mice. Furthermore, KBL375 led to an increase in beneficial microbes, such as Bifidobacterium, in the gut microbiome of immunosuppressed mice, fostering a favorable intestinal microbial environment. These comprehensive results suggest that KBL375 exhibits potent immune regulatory functions and positively influences the gut microbiota, implying its potential as a probiotic agent for immune enhancement.

Erythropoietin supplementation induces dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and impacts mucosal immunity in a non-diseased mouse model

A number of drug treatments are known to alter the dialogue between the gut microbiota and the immune system components in the digestive mucosa. Alterations in intestinal homeostasis are now well known to affect peripheral immune responses and favor the occurrence of a number of pathologies such as allergies and cancers. Erythropoietin's known pleiotropic effects might explain the adverse events sometimes observed in anemic patients treated by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA). However, the impact of this therapeutic cytokine on the homeostasis of the intestinal tract has not previously been investigated in detail. By studying a mouse model of erythropoietin (EPO) supplementation for 28 days, we observed EPO-induced dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota characterized by a greater bacterial load, lower bacterial diversity and taxonomic changes. With regard to the mucosal immune system, an analysis of leukocyte populations in the small intestine and colon treatment revealed low proportions of ileal CD4 lymphocyte subpopulations (Treg, Tr17 and Th17 cells), IgA-secreting plasma cells, and a major macrophage subpopulation, involved in the control of lymphocyte responses. Our results provide for the first time a descriptive analysis of intestinal EPO's regulatory properties and raise questions about the involvement of EPO-induced alterations in the microbiota and the gut immune effectors in the control of intestinal and peripheral immune responses.

Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Microbiota Variations in Cryptosporidiosis: A Comprehensive Review

Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic protozoan parasite-born disease, equally significant in both animals and humans, especially affecting immunocompromised individuals (e.g., AIDS patients) and neonates. The prime concerns of this review article are to demonstrate the disruption of the intestinal barrier and variations in the gut microbiome during cryptosporidiosis, and to explore host gut-parasite interactions that can lead to the development of novel therapeutics. The review concluded that the enteric barrier is particularly maintained by tight junction proteins (e.g., occludin, claudin, and ZO-1, etc.) and mucosal immunity, both of which are severely compromised during Cryptosporidium spp. infections, resulting in increased intestinal barrier permeability, inflammatory responses, diarrhea, and ultimately death in severe cases. Cryptosporidium-induced dysbiosis is characterized by reduced microbial diversity and richness, a shift from commensal to pathogenic bacteria, as evidenced by increased pro-inflammatory taxa like Proteobacteria, and reduced proportions of beneficial SCFAs producing bacteria, e.g., Firmicutes. Recent investigations have highlighted the interrelations between gut microbiota and epithelial barrier integrity, especially during cryptosporidiosis, demonstrating the modulations regarding tight junctions (TJs), immune reactions, and SCFA production, all of which are main players in alleviating this protozoal parasitic infection. This review comprehensively describes the fine details underlying these impairments, including autophagy-mediated TJs' degradation, inflammasome activation, and gut microbiome-driven alterations in metabolic pathways, providing the latest relevant, and well-organized piece of knowledge regarding intestinal barrier alterations and microbial shifts during cryptosporidiosis. This work emphasizes the future need for longitudinal studies and advanced sequencing techniques to understand host gut microbiota-parasite interactions, aiming to formulate innovative strategies to mitigate cryptosporidiosis.

Exploring the effects of gut microbiota on cholangiocarcinoma progression by patient-derived organoids

BACKGROUND

Recent research indicates a role of gut microbiota in development and progression of life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Carcinomas of the biliary ducts, the so-called cholangiocarcinomas, are known for their aggressive tumor biology, implying poor prognosis of affected patients. An impact of the gut microbiota on cholangiocarcinoma development and progression is plausible due to the enterohepatic circulation and is therefore the subject of scientific debate, however evidence is still lacking. This review aimed to discuss the suitability of complex cell culture models to investigate the role of gut microbiota in cholangiocarcinoma progression.

MAIN BODY

Clinical research in this area is challenging due to poor comparability of patients and feasibility reasons, which is why translational models are needed to understand the basis of tumor progression in cholangiocarcinoma. A promising approach to investigate the influence of gut microbiota could be an organoid model. Organoids are 3D cell models cultivated in a modifiable and controlled condition, which can be grown from tumor tissue. 3D cell models are able to imitate physiological and pathological processes in the human body and thus contribute to a better understanding of health and disease.

CONCLUSION

The use of complex cell cultures such as organoids and organoid co-cultures might be powerful and valuable tools to study not only the growth behavior and growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells, but also the interaction with the tumor microenvironment and with components of the gut microbiota.

Impact of Early-Life Microbiota on Immune System Development and Allergic Disorders

Introduction: The shaping of the human intestinal microbiota starts during the intrauterine period and continues through the subsequent stages of extrauterine life. The microbiota plays a significant role in the predisposition and development of immune diseases, as well as various inflammatory processes. Importantly, the proper colonization of the fetal digestive system is influenced by maternal microbiota, the method of pregnancy completion and the further formation of the microbiota. In the subsequent stages of a child's life, breastfeeding, diet and the use of antibiotics influence the state of eubiosis, which determines proper growth and development from the neonatal period to adulthood. The literature data suggest that there is evidence to confirm that the intestinal microbiota of the infant plays an important role in regulating the immune response associated with the development of allergic diseases. However, the identification of specific bacterial species in relation to specific types of reactions in allergic diseases is the basic problem. Background: The main aim of the review was to demonstrate the influence of the microbiota of the mother, fetus and newborn on the functioning of the immune system in the context of allergies and asthma. Methods: We reviewed and thoroughly analyzed the content of over 1000 articles and abstracts between the beginning of June and the end of August 2024. Over 150 articles were selected for the detailed study. Results: The selection was based on the PubMed National Library of Medicine search engine, using selected keywords: "the impact of intestinal microbiota on the development of immune diseases and asthma", "intestinal microbiota and allergic diseases", "the impact of intrauterine microbiota on the development of asthma", "intrauterine microbiota and immune diseases", "intrauterine microbiota and atopic dermatitis", "intrauterine microbiota and food allergies", "maternal microbiota", "fetal microbiota" and "neonatal microbiota". The above relationships constituted the main criteria for including articles in the analysis. Conclusions: In the present review, we showed a relationship between the proper maternal microbiota and the normal functioning of the fetal and neonatal immune system. The state of eubiosis with an adequate amount and diversity of microbiota is essential in preventing the development of immune and allergic diseases. The way the microbiota is shaped, resulting from the health-promoting behavior of pregnant women, the rational conduct of the medical staff and the proper performance of the diagnostic and therapeutic process, is necessary to maintain the health of the mother and the child. Therefore, an appropriate lifestyle, rational antibiotic therapy as well as the way of completing the pregnancy are indispensable in the prevention of the above conditions. At the same time, considering the intestinal microbiota of the newborn in relation to the genera and phyla of bacteria that have a potentially protective effect, it is worth noting that the use of suitable probiotics and prebiotics seems to contribute to the protective effect.