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Ghisaidoobe ABT, Chung SJ. Functionalized protein nanocages as a platform of targeted therapy and immunodetection. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3579-95. [PMID: 26651131 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the therapeutic/diagnostic potentials of drugs and/or imaging contrast agents, various targeted delivery systems are actively being developed. Especially protein nanocages, hollow and highly symmetrical nanometer-sized cage structures that are self-assembled from multiple protein subunits, are emerging as powerful targeted delivery tools. Their natural abundance, biocompatibility, low toxicity, well defined size and high symmetry are a few of the favorable characteristics which render protein nanocages as near ideal carriers for pharmaceuticals and/or imaging probes. This review aims to highlight current progress in the development and application of protein nanocages in targeted drug delivery approaches with an emphasis on the use of antibodies as targeting motifs to achieve high selectivity toward specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang J Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Kolesnikova L, Heck S, Matrosovich T, Klenk HD, Becker S, Matrosovich M. Influenza virus budding from the tips of cellular microvilli in differentiated human airway epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:971-976. [PMID: 23288421 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of conducting airways represents the main target for influenza virus in mammals. However, the peculiarities of virus interactions with differentiated airway epithelial cells remain largely unknown. Here, influenza virus budding was studied in differentiated cultures of human tracheobronchial epithelial cells using transmission electron microscopy. Budding of spherical and filamentous virions was observed on the apical surfaces of cells with no association with cilia and secretory granules. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of viral buds on the cell surface indicated that the tips of the microvilli represented a prominent site of influenza virus budding in the human airway epithelium. As the microvilli of differentiated cells are involved in many fundamental cell functions, these data will prompt further studies on the biological significance of microvilli-associated budding for virus replication, transmission and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kolesnikova
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Heck
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Sugita Y, Noda T, Sagara H, Kawaoka Y. Ultracentrifugation deforms unfixed influenza A virions. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2485-2493. [PMID: 21795472 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.036715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negatively stained influenza virions sometimes show irregular morphology and are often referred to as pleomorphic. However, this irregular morphology has not been visualized when ultrathin-section transmission and scanning electron microscopies are used. This study focused on the effects of ultracentrifugation on influenza A virion morphology, as negative staining often involves ultracentrifugation to concentrate or purify virions. The morphologies of unfixed, glutaraldehyde-fixed and osmium tetroxide-fixed virions were quantitatively compared before and after ultracentrifugation, and it was found that, without chemical fixation, approximately 30% of virions were altered from oval to irregular shapes following ultracentrifugation. By contrast, most glutaraldehyde-fixed virions remained uniformly elliptical, even after ultracentrifugation. When a virus with an 11 aa deletion at the C terminus of its M2 cytoplasmic tail was ultracentrifuged, its morphology was appreciably deformed compared with that of the wild-type virus. These results demonstrate that the native morphology of influenza A virions is regular but is disrupted by ultracentrifugation, and that the cytoplasmic tail of M2 is important for virion integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Sugita
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sagara
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Pathological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Morgan C, Hsu KC, Rose HM. STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRUSES AS OBSERVED IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE : VII. INCOMPLETE INFLUENZA VIRUS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 116:553-64. [PMID: 19867217 PMCID: PMC2137626 DOI: 10.1084/jem.116.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chicken embryos were infected by the chorioallantoic route with influenza virus, PR8 strain, in the form of undiluted chorioallantoic fluid. Electron microscopic examination 24 hours after infection revealed that membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm appeared to be in process of release from entodermal cells of the chorioallantois. The number of such fragments was greatly increased in proportion to the number of typical viral particles after the third serial passage, which was accompanied by a reduction of the infectivity-hemagglutinin ratio (von Magnus effect). The lack of recognizable internal components, together with the presence of surface structure which closely resembled that of the virus and frequently contained viral antigen, suggested that many of these fragments were incomplete viral particles. It is proposed that concentrated inocula damage the cells and interfere with differentiation of the virus, but do not inhibit formation and detachment of cytoplasmic processes. Under these circumstances the accumulation of viral antigen at the surface of the cell will result in the predominant formation of incomplete virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morgan
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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Leser GP, Lamb RA. Influenza virus assembly and budding in raft-derived microdomains: a quantitative analysis of the surface distribution of HA, NA and M2 proteins. Virology 2005; 342:215-27. [PMID: 16249012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are known to associate with lipid rafts, membrane microdomains comprised of densely packed cholesterol and sphingolipids. These specialized membrane regions are believed to be involved in the budding of many enveloped viruses including influenza virus. Quantitative analysis of HA distribution on the surface of virus-infected cells by immunogold staining shows an organization into clusters that grow in size as the expression level of HA increases with time post-infection (p.i.) ( approximately 325-500 nm at 4 h p.i. and approximately 425-600 nm at 6 h p.i.). These HA-containing clusters are likely derived from lipid rafts as they contain a high density of the raft marker ganglioside GM1 and are dependent upon the presence of cholesterol. The clustering of HA is an intrinsic property of the HA protein and occurs in the absence of expression of other viral proteins. NA is also found sequestered within the same microdomains as HA, whereas the M2 ion channel protein does not concentrate within the raft-like microdomains. Quantification of the distribution of surface expressed HA by examining serial sections of virus-infected cells suggests that the HA-containing microdomains give rise to regions of influenza assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Leser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
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Abstract
The localization of antibody in the interior of plasma cells of lymph nodes of rabbits hyperimmunized with ferritin was studied by electron microscopy. The cells were incubated with the antigen (ferritin) which was allowed to penetrate into the cells by suitable methods. Antigen-antibody precipitates were localized in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and in the perinuclear space. No evident association was found between ferritin and ribosomes or ferritin and outer cell membrane. Cells from control animals immunized with an unrelated antigen, incubated with ferritin, exhibited no labeling. From direct counts of ferritin molecules in plasma cells, a lower limit was evaluated for the antibody concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum (12.2 mg/cm3) and for the total antibody content of a plasma cell (7.0 x 10–3 gm).
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TAWDE SS, RAM JS. Conjugation of antibody to ferritin by means of p,p'-difluoro-m, m'-dinitrodiphenylsulphone. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 97:429-30. [PMID: 13919895 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(62)90102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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EYBL V, RYSER H. THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF CRYSTALLIZED FERRITIN, CADMIUM-FREE FERRITIN AND CDCL2 ON EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1996; 248:153-65. [PMID: 14214595 DOI: 10.1007/bf00246670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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EPSTEIN MA, HUMMELER K, BERKALOFF A. THE ENTRY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HERPES VIRUS AND COLLOIDAL GOLD IN HELA CELLS AFTER CONTACT IN SUSPENSION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 119:291-302. [PMID: 14164483 PMCID: PMC2137830 DOI: 10.1084/jem.119.2.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The way in which herpes virus of a well adapted strain penetrates susceptible HeLa cells has been investigated using thin sectioning techniques for electron microscopy. Mature virus particles and cells were mixed together in suspension cultures for 15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes so that the stages in virus uptake could be followed in sequence. The ingestion of particles of colloidal gold by HeLa cells under similar conditions was studied for comparison in parallel experiments. After 15 minutes' contact, the mature virus was found adsorbed on the surface of the cells but separated from them by a narrow gap in which phosphotungstic acid staining was sometimes able to reveal an extraneous coat which appeared as an amorphous layer on the outer aspect of the plasma membrane. When mixing continued for longer the particles were present in deep invaginations or actual cytoplasmic vacuoles, with their outer layers in various stages of stripping and digestion. The stripped, naked, central portion of the virus was occasionally found in these vacuoles but was more commonly free in the cytoplasmic matrix; the mode of transition between these sites could not be determined. Where contact continued for 2 hours these phenomena were much less frequently observed. The larger particles of colloidal gold were ingested in the same way as the virus, but smaller ones were taken up in micropinocytosis vesicles. The gold passed through membrane-bounded cytoplasmic spaces to accumulate in vacuoles from which, in contrast to herpes particles, it did not escape. These findings are discussed, and considered with particular reference to their bearing on the initiation of infection, the uptake and disposal of particles by cells, and the influence on the latter of virus morphology.
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Gelderblom HR, Kocks C, L'Age-Stehr J, Reupke H. Comparative immunoelectron microscopy with monoclonal antibodies on yellow fever virus-infected cells: pre-embedding labelling versus immunocryoultramicrotomy. J Virol Methods 1985; 10:225-39. [PMID: 3886683 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(85)90063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the intra- and extracellular distribution of yellow fever virus 17D (YFV)-specific antigens, pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and IEM on ultrathin frozen sections were carried out comparatively using monoclonal antibodies (MAB) and YFV-infected cells. In addition, three electron-dense marker systems (IgG-ferritin and IgG-gold and protein A-gold) were compared for their efficiency in detecting bound MAB. Pre-embedding immuno-labelling was performed in microtest plates followed by in situ embedding and immunocryoultramicrotomy was performed using pellets of sucrose-infused cells. In both procedures, cells were prefixed with different concentrations of glutaraldehyde (GA). In pre-embedding IEM virus-specific antigens could be detected on the envelopes of extracellular virions with YFV-neutralizing MAB. Using immunocryoultramicrotomy, neutralizing MAB bound to intracellular mature virions as well as to viral antigens incorporated into cytoplasmic membranes. A concentration of 1% GA destroyed antigenicity entirely, while with 0.25% and 0.1% GA immunoreactivity was retained for more than 3 mth. Some highly reactive MAB labelled antigen significantly in pre-embedding IEM, when used at concentrations of 1 ng/ml. Immunocryoultramicrotomy was 10-100 times less sensitive. On cryosections colloidal gold was the marker of choice, due to the fact that it showed less nonspecific sticking to intracellular components and that it was easily detectable on highly contrasted cryosections. Owing to their higher sensitivity, IgG-ferritin conjugates were preferred in pre-embedding IEM.
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Beesley JE, Campbell DA. The use of ultrathin cryosections for localisation of influenza virus antigens in infected vero cell cultures. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1984; 80:497-501. [PMID: 6480415 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The localisation of influenza virus antigens in infected Vero cell monolayer cultures by post embedding immunoelectron microscopy requires both good resolution and the retention of antigenicity in the tissue sections. Ultrathin cryosections are superior to ultrathin resin sections for this purpose. The colloidal gold probe was used in conjunction with specific antibody preparations to localise three viral proteins. Antibody raised against haemagglutinin glycoproteins labelled the host cell membrane and the virus fringe without contamination of the host cell nucleus, whereas antibody raised against viral nuclear protein labelled throughout the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus. Matrix protein was localised within the nucleus and was associated with the host cell membrane of the infected cell. The appearance of all these proteins was maximal 24 h post infection.
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Reinacher M, Weiss E. Electron microscopical study of initial and final stages of fowl plague virus-replication in chick embryo cells. Arch Virol 1975; 49:187-97. [PMID: 1239990 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of fowl plague virus occurs 10-30 minutes after inoculation of chick embryo cells. The penetration of the virions is by pinocytosis (viropexis); fusion with the cellular membrane has not been observed. After pinocytosis the virions become gradually disintegrated. Budding of newly formed virions from the cellular membrane starts 3 hours post inoculation (p.i.) and reaches its maximum 8 hours p.i. At the same time budding takes place into electron microscopically empty and autophagic vacuoles. Eight hours p.i. about 3 per cent of the infected cells show budding of virions from the surface and into cytoplasmic vacuoles. Labelling of the cellular membrane with ruthenium red demonstrated that these cytoplasmic vacuoles are not simple cross-sections of invaginations of the cellular membrane. Cluster-like structures were found at 6 hours p.i. in the nuclei of infected cells; however, the suggestion that the clusters develop from nucleoli could not be confirmed.
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Reinacher M. Intracellular maturation of fowl plague virus in chicken-embryo cell monolayers. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1974; 61:135. [PMID: 4826367 DOI: 10.1007/bf00606299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Sheffield JB. Membrane alterations which accompany MuMTV maturation. I. Studies by freeze-cleave techniques. Virology 1974; 57:287-90. [PMID: 4362027 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Anisimová E, Tucková E, Vonka V. Morphological changes in BHK-21 cells infected with S-N (H2N1) influenza virus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 43:221-34. [PMID: 4129678 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hughes RC. Glycoproteins as components of cellular membranes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:189-268. [PMID: 4122628 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nagata I, Kimura Y, Ito Y, Tanaka T. Temperature-sensitive phenomenon of viral maturation observed in BHK cells persistently infected with HVJ. Virology 1972; 49:453-61. [PMID: 4559687 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Gelderblom H, Bauer H, Graf T. Cell-surface antigens induced by avian RNA tumor viruses: detection by immunoferritin technique. Virology 1972; 47:416-25. [PMID: 4110282 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Morgan C. The use of ferritin-conjugated antibodies in electron microscopy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1972; 32:291-326. [PMID: 4556298 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Ichihashi Y, Matsumoto S, Dales S. Biogenesis of poxviruses: role of A-type inclusions and host cell membranes in virus dissemination. Virology 1971; 46:507-32. [PMID: 4944855 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Wagner RR, Heine JW, Goldstein G, Schnaitman CA. Use of antiviral-antiferritin hybrid antibody for localization of viral antigen in plasma membrane. J Virol 1971; 7:274-7. [PMID: 4106782 PMCID: PMC356109 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.2.274-277.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced Fab' fragments of viral antibody hybridized with reduced Fab' fragments of antiferritin immunoglobulin G bind to viral antigenic sites in the plasma membrane of L cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. The hybrid antibody reacts specifically with ferritin, which can be identified by electron microscopy, and with fluorescein-conjugated apoferritin, which can be identified by fluorescence microscopy.
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25
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Compans RW, Dimmock NJ. An electron microscopic study of single-cycle infection of chick embryo fibroblasts by influenza virus. Virology 1969; 39:499-515. [PMID: 4187931 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Erythrocytes and H-HeLa cells were treated with neuraminidase and then compared with untreated cells for their ability to adsorb to mycoplasma colonies or be agglutinated by suspensions of the mycoplasmas. Of the 17 mycoplasma serotypes examined, only 4 were found to use neuraminic acid receptors; these were Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and mycoplasma WR1. Not all strains of a serotype behaved alike. Thus, removal of receptors on erythrocytes for one strain of M. gallisepticum required at least 100 times the concentration of neuraminidase needed to remove them for another strain. The mechanism of attachment of erythrocytes to mycoplasma colonies does not appear to be the same as that for attachment to mycoplasmas in suspension.
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27
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Kopp JV, Kempf JE, Kroeger AV. Cytoplasmic inclusions observed by electron microscopy late in influenza virus infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Virology 1968; 36:681-3. [PMID: 5723676 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Avrameas S, Bouteille M. Ultrastructural localization of antibody by antigen label with peroxidase. Exp Cell Res 1968; 53:166-76. [PMID: 4177735 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Tanaka H, Moore DH. Electron microscopic localization of viral antigens in mouse mammary tumors by ferritin-labeled antibody. I. The homologous systems. Virology 1967; 33:197-214. [PMID: 4167868 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Levinthal JD, Cerottini JC, Ahmad-Zadeh C, Wicker R. The detection of intracellular adenovirus type 12 antigens by indirect immunoferritin technique. Int J Cancer 1967; 2:85-102. [PMID: 5341938 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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31
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Blough HA. Viral neuraminidase: a cytochemical binding method using a glycoprotein coupled to ferritin. Virology 1967; 31:514-22. [PMID: 6022493 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Beck JS, Currie AR. Immunofluorescence localization of growth hormone in the human pituitary gland and of a related antigen in the syncytiotrophoblast. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1967; 25:89-121. [PMID: 4868324 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Wischnitzer S. Current techniques in biomedical electron microscopy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1967; 22:1-61. [PMID: 4862774 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Stevenson JP, Biddle F. Pleomorphism of influenza virus particles under the electron microscope. Nature 1966; 212:619-21. [PMID: 5971690 DOI: 10.1038/212619a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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35
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Rao PR, Bonar RA, Beard JW. Lipids of the BAI strain A avian tumor virus and of the myeloblast host cell. Exp Mol Pathol 1966; 5:374-88. [PMID: 4288356 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(66)90040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Abstract
Eckert, Edward A. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). Envelope protein(s) derived from influenza virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1907-1910. 1966.-Lipids were extracted from influenza virus, strain PR8, with methanol-chloroform, and the protein residue was dissolved in 67% glacial acetic acid. Hemagglutinating activity and complement-fixing reactivity were markedly reduced or lost during lipid extraction, and then increased after acetic acid treatment and subsequent dialysis. Evidence is presented that the envelope protein(s) responsible for these activities is dissociated in acetic acid and reassociated at neutral pH.
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Zhdanov VM, Azadova NB, Kulberg AY. Synthesis and transport of protein components of Sendai Virus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1965; 17:527-33. [PMID: 4286857 DOI: 10.1007/bf01262230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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DAWSON CR, EPSTEIN MA, HUMMELER K. Cytochemical and Electron Microscopical Observations on the Presence and Origin of Adenosine Triphosphatase-Like Activity at the Surface of Two Myxoviruses. J Bacteriol 1965; 89:1526-32. [PMID: 14291592 PMCID: PMC277688 DOI: 10.1128/jb.89.6.1526-1532.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dawson
, C. R. (The Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, England), M. A.
Epstein, and K. Hummeler
. Cytochemical and electron microscopical observations on the presence and origin of adenosine triphosphatase-like activity at the surface of two myxoviruses. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1526–1532. 1965.—HeLa cells infected with either fowl plague virus (FPV) or Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were examined in thin sections by electron microscopy. Preparations were studied both after direct fixation and embedding and after the application of cytochemical staining for enzymes splitting adenosine triphosphate. Viral particles were identified by their size and characteristic structure, and were found to form at the cell surface by budding out through structurally altered plasmalemma. After cytochemical staining for adenosine triphosphatase activity, extracellular FPV or NDV particles lying close against cell membranes with enzyme activity likewise carried this function, whereas those particles which were associated with cell surfaces without reaction product were themselves free from it. This correspondence between enzyme function in cell membranes and the outer viral membranes of newly formed particles adjacent to them indicates that surface enzymatic capability of the host cell survives even when the cell membrane undergoes morphological and antigenic alteration into myxovirus outer membrane.
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Mekler LB. Genetic information used during synthesis of virus components and antivirus immunity. Nature 1965; 206:343-6. [PMID: 5835700 DOI: 10.1038/206343a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bocciarelli DS. The structure and development of animal viruses. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1965; 15:149-87. [PMID: 4961038 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(65)90007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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