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Avery D, Morandini L, Gabriec M, Sheakley L, Peralta M, Donahue HJ, Martin RK, Olivares-Navarrete R. Contribution of αβ T cells to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation on titanium implants. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:605-624. [PMID: 37532133 PMCID: PMC10528595 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiochemical cues like topography and wettability can impact the inflammatory response and tissue integration after biomaterial implantation. T cells are essential for immunomodulation of innate immune cells and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. This study aimed to understand how CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, members of the αβ T cell family, polarize in response to smooth, rough, or rough-hydrophilic titanium (Ti) implants and whether their presence modulates immune cell crosstalk and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment following biomaterial implantation. Post-implantation in mice, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets polarized differentially in response to modified Ti surfaces. Additionally, mice lacking αβ T cells had significantly more pro-inflammatory macrophages, fewer anti-inflammatory macrophages, and reduced MSC recruitment in response to modified Ti post-implantation than αβ T cell -competent mice. Our results demonstrate that T cell activation plays a significant role during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, contributing to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation, and the absence of αβ T cells compromises new bone formation at the implantation site. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: T cells are essential for immunomodulation and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. Our results demonstrate that T cells actively participate during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, controlling macrophage phenotype and recruitment of MSCs to the implantation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Avery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lais Morandini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Melissa Gabriec
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luke Sheakley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Matthieu Peralta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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2
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Aghbash PS, Rasizadeh R, Shirvaliloo M, Nahand JS, Baghi HB. Dynamic alterations in white blood cell counts and SARS-CoV-2 shedding in saliva: an infection predictor parameter. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1208928. [PMID: 37396915 PMCID: PMC10313227 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1208928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The recent coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak posed a global threat and quickly escalated to a pandemic. However, accurate information on potential relationships between SARS-CoV-2 shedding in body fluids, especially saliva, and white blood cell (WBC) count is limited. In the present study we investigated the potential correlation between alterations in blood cell counts and viral shedding in saliva in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. Method In this preliminary clinical research, 24 age-matched COVID-19 patients without comorbidities, 12 (50%) men and 12 (50%) women, were followed up for a period of 5 days to investigate whether changes in the level of viral shedding in saliva might parallel with temporal alterations in WBC count. Viral shedding in saliva was qualitatively measured by performing SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests on patient saliva samples, using SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test Kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). These patients were classified into two groups with sputum and non-sputum cough. WBCs counts including leukocyte (LYM), neutrophil (NEU), and LYM counts were recorded for each patient on days 1, 3, and 5. Results The results of the present study showed that the levels of WBC, LYM, and NEU as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increased significantly on the 5th day compared to the first day in both groups with sputum. However, the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) did not show significant changes. Conclusion This study proves that investigating the change in the number of blood LYMs as well as laboratory parameters such as CRP, LDH, and ESR as biomarkers is an accurate indicator to detect the amount of viral shedding in people with sputum and non-sputum. The results of our study denote that the measured parameters exhibit the intensity of viral shedding in people with sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Rasizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Harbour JC, Abdelbary M, Schell JB, Fancher SP, McLean JJ, Nappi TJ, Liu S, Nice TJ, Xia Z, Früh K, Nolz JC. T helper 1 effector memory CD4 + T cells protect the skin from poxvirus infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112407. [PMID: 37083328 PMCID: PMC10281076 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus infections of the skin are a recent emerging public health concern, yet the mechanisms that mediate protective immunity against these viral infections remain largely unknown. Here, we show that T helper 1 (Th1) memory CD4+ T cells are necessary and sufficient to provide complete and broad protection against poxvirus skin infections, whereas memory CD8+ T cells are dispensable. Core 2 O-glycan-synthesizing Th1 effector memory CD4+ T cells rapidly infiltrate the poxvirus-infected skin microenvironment and produce interferon γ (IFNγ) in an antigen-dependent manner, causing global changes in gene expression to promote anti-viral immunity. Keratinocytes express IFN-stimulated genes, upregulate both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II antigen presentation in an IFNγ-dependent manner, and require IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) signaling and MHC class II expression for memory CD4+ T cells to protect the skin from poxvirus infection. Thus, Th1 effector memory CD4+ T cells exhibit potent anti-viral activity within the skin, and keratinocytes are the key targets of IFNγ necessary for preventing poxvirus infection of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Harbour
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mahmoud Abdelbary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Samantha P Fancher
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jack J McLean
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Taylen J Nappi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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4
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Amrute JM, Perry AM, Anand G, Cruchaga C, Hock KG, Farnsworth CW, Randolph GJ, Lavine KJ, Steed AL. Cell specific peripheral immune responses predict survival in critical COVID-19 patients. Nat Commun 2022; 13:882. [PMID: 35169146 PMCID: PMC8847593 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 triggers a complex systemic immune response in circulating blood mononuclear cells. The relationship between immune cell activation of the peripheral compartment and survival in critical COVID-19 remains to be established. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing and Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitomes by sequence mapping to elucidate cell type specific transcriptional signatures that associate with and predict survival in critical COVID-19. Patients who survive infection display activation of antibody processing, early activation response, and cell cycle regulation pathways most prominent within B-, T-, and NK-cell subsets. We further leverage cell specific differential gene expression and machine learning to predict mortality using single cell transcriptomes. We identify interferon signaling and antigen presentation pathways within cDC2 cells, CD14 monocytes, and CD16 monocytes as predictors of mortality with 90% accuracy. Finally, we validate our findings in an independent transcriptomics dataset and provide a framework to elucidate mechanisms that promote survival in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Identifying prognostic indicators among critical COVID-19 patients holds tremendous value in risk stratification and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junedh M Amrute
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexandra M Perry
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Karl G Hock
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher W Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ashley L Steed
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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5
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Li KH, Leong PY, Tseng CF, Wang YH, Wei JCC. Influenza Vaccination Is Associated With Lower Incidental Asthma Risk in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729501. [PMID: 34721391 PMCID: PMC8548273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic march refers to the natural history of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infancy followed by subsequent allergic rhinitis and asthma in later life. Respiratory viruses interact with allergic sensitization to promote recurrent wheezing and the development of asthma. We aimed to evaluate whether influenza vaccination reduces asthma risk in people with AD. Methods This cohort study was conducted retrospectively from 2000 to 2013 by the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Patients with newly diagnosed AD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 691) were enrolled as the AD cohort. We matched each vaccinated patient with one non-vaccinated patient according to age and sex. We observed each participant until their first asthma event, or the end of the study on December 31, 2013, whichever came first. Results Our analyses included 4,414 people with a mean age of 53 years. Of these, 43.8 were male. The incidence density of asthma was 12.6 per 1,000 person-years for vaccinated patients, and 15.1 per 1000 person-years for non-vaccinated patients. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of asthma in the vaccinated cohort relative to the non-vaccinated cohort was 0.69 (95% CI = 0.55–0.87). Vaccinated patients had a lower cumulative incidence of asthma than unvaccinated patients. Vaccinated participants in all age and sex groups trended toward a lower risk of asthma. People will reduce more asthma risk when taking shots every year. Conclusion Influenza vaccination was associated with lower asthma risk in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hong Li
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Pui-Ying Leong
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Fang Tseng
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Regulatory roles of MicroRNA in shaping T cell function, differentiation and polarization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 124:34-47. [PMID: 34446356 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are an integral component of adaptive immunity with pleotropic effector functions. Impairment of T cell activity is implicated in various immune pathologies including autoimmune diseases, AIDS, carcinogenesis, and periodontitis. Evidently, T cell differentiation and function are under robust regulation by various endogenous factors that orchestrate underlying molecular pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of noncoding, regulatory RNAs that post-transcriptionally control multiple mRNA targets by sequence-specific interaction. In this article, we will review the recent progress in our understanding of miRNA-gene networks that are uniquely required by specific T cell effector functions and provide miRNA-mediated mechanisms that govern the fate of T cells. A subset of miRNAs may act in a synergistic or antagonistic manner to exert functional suppression of genes and regulate pathways that control T cell activation and differentiation. Significance of T cell-specific miRNAs and their dysregulation in immune-mediated diseases is discussed. Exosome-mediated horizontal transfer of miRNAs from antigen presenting cells (APCs) to T cells and from one T cell to another T cell subset and their impact on recipient cell functions is summarized.
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7
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Sandberg JT, Ols S, Löfling M, Varnaitė R, Lindgren G, Nilsson O, Rombo L, Kalén M, Loré K, Blom K, Ljunggren HG. Activation and Kinetics of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells, Specific Plasmablast Response, and Development of Neutralizing Antibodies following Yellow Fever Virus Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1033-1043. [PMID: 34321231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A single dose of the replication-competent, live-attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D vaccine provides lifelong immunity against human YFV infection. The magnitude, kinetics, and specificity of B cell responses to YFV 17D are relatively less understood than T cell responses. In this clinical study, we focused on early immune events critical for the development of humoral immunity to YFV 17D vaccination in 24 study subjects. More specifically, we studied the dynamics of several immune cell populations over time and the development of neutralizing Abs. At 7 d following vaccination, YFV RNA in serum as well as several antiviral proteins were detected as a sign of YFV 17D replication. Activation of Th1-polarized circulating T follicular helper cells followed germinal center activity, the latter assessed by the surrogate marker CXCL13 in serum. This coincided with a plasmablast expansion peaking at day 14 before returning to baseline levels at day 28. FluoroSpot-based analysis confirmed that plasmablasts were specific to the YFV-E protein. The frequencies of plasmablasts correlated with the magnitude of neutralizing Ab titers measured at day 90, suggesting that this transient B cell subset could be used as an early marker of induction of protective immunity. Additionally, YFV-specific memory B cells were readily detectable at 28 and 90 d following vaccination, and all study subjects tested developed protective neutralizing Ab titers. Taken together, these studies provide insights into key immune events leading to human B cell immunity following vaccination with the YFV 17D vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Löfling
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renata Varnaitė
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Cell Therapy and Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Rombo
- Center for Clinical Research, Eskilstuna, Sörmland, Sweden; and.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Markus Kalén
- Department of Infection Medicine, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Girón-Pérez DA, Benitez-Trinidad AB, Ruiz-Manzano RA, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramón GH, Covantes-Rosales CE, Ojeda-Durán AJ, Díaz-Reséndiz KJG, Mercado-Salgado U, Girón-Pérez MI. Correlation of hematological parameters and cycle threshold in ambulatory patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:873-880. [PMID: 34075710 PMCID: PMC8239643 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Former studies have shown that hematologic parameters are affected by the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection which has caused a global health problem. Therefore, this research aims to identify the most frequent symptoms and comorbidities in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected outpatients; besides, to analyze hematological parameters and their correlation with cycle threshold (Ct) values. Methods We analyzed a total of sixty outpatients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. They were divided according to sex. Afterward, a questionnaire was carried out to find out their symptoms and comorbidities. Additionally, blood biometry data were correlated with the Ct value, respectively. Results Sixty patients were analyzed; the mean age was 43 years. All patients were from Nayarit, Mexico. The frequency index showed that the main symptoms were headache and anosmia, and the comorbidities were obesity and smoking. The analysis of blood biometry showed a clear increase in red blood cells (RBC) related parameters in women. In both sexes an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBC) was observed. Also, all the hematological alterations correlated with the grade of infection. Conclusion Headache and anosmia are the most common symptoms according to the frequency index, the main comorbidities were obesity and smoking. Also, there is a Ct value correlation with hematological parameters (WBC, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, hemoglobin); they can be used as a prognostic marker of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alberto Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Alma Betsaida Benitez-Trinidad
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Rocio Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Gladys Alejandra Toledo-Ibarra
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Guadalupe Herminia Ventura-Ramón
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Carlos Eduardo Covantes-Rosales
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Ansonny Jhovany Ojeda-Durán
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | | | - Ulises Mercado-Salgado
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
| | - Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA) Unidad Nayarit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, México
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9
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Buschow SI, Jansen DTSL. CD4 + T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B and T Cell-Directed Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051114. [PMID: 34066322 PMCID: PMC8148211 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impaired T cell responses observed in chronic hepatitis B (HBV) patients are considered to contribute to the chronicity of the infection. Research on this impairment has been focused on CD8+ T cells because of their cytotoxic effector function; however, CD4+ T cells are crucial in the proper development of these long-lasting effector CD8+ T cells. In this review, we summarize what is known about CD4+ T cells in chronic HBV infection and discuss the importance and opportunities of including CD4+ T cells in T cell-directed immunotherapeutic strategies to cure chronic HBV.
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10
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Abstract
The presence of immune cells is a morphological hallmark of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, a disease group that includes anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis. The cellular infiltrates include cells from both the innate and the adaptive immune responses. The latter includes CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In the past, CD4+ T cell subsets were viewed as terminally differentiated lineages with limited flexibility. However, it is now clear that Th17 cells can in fact have a high degree of plasticity and convert, for example, into pro-inflammatory Th1 cells or anti-inflammatory Tr1 cells. Interestingly, Th17 cells in experimental GN display limited spontaneous plasticity. Here we review the literature of CD4+ T cell plasticity focusing on immune-mediated kidney disease. We point out the key findings of the past decade, in particular that targeting pathogenic Th17 cells by anti-CD3 injection can be a tool to modulate the CD4+ T cell response. This anti-CD3 treatment can trigger a regulatory phenotype in Th17 cells and transdifferentiation of Th17 cells into immunosuppressive IL-10-expressing Tr1 cells (Tr1exTh17 cells). Thus, targeting Th17 cell plasticity could be envisaged as a new therapeutic approach in patients with glomerulonephritis.
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11
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Stephenson E, Reynolds G, Botting RA, Calero-Nieto FJ, Morgan MD, Tuong ZK, Bach K, Sungnak W, Worlock KB, Yoshida M, Kumasaka N, Kania K, Engelbert J, Olabi B, Spegarova JS, Wilson NK, Mende N, Jardine L, Gardner LCS, Goh I, Horsfall D, McGrath J, Webb S, Mather MW, Lindeboom RGH, Dann E, Huang N, Polanski K, Prigmore E, Gothe F, Scott J, Payne RP, Baker KF, Hanrath AT, Schim van der Loeff ICD, Barr AS, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Bergamaschi L, Mescia F, Barnes JL, Kilich E, de Wilton A, Saigal A, Saleh A, Janes SM, Smith CM, Gopee N, Wilson C, Coupland P, Coxhead JM, Kiselev VY, van Dongen S, Bacardit J, King HW, Rostron AJ, Simpson AJ, Hambleton S, Laurenti E, Lyons PA, Meyer KB, Nikolić MZ, Duncan CJA, Smith KGC, Teichmann SA, Clatworthy MR, Marioni JC, Göttgens B, Haniffa M. Single-cell multi-omics analysis of the immune response in COVID-19. Nat Med 2021; 27:904-916. [PMID: 33879890 PMCID: PMC8121667 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of human blood immune cells provides insights into the coordinated response to viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We performed single-cell transcriptome, surface proteome and T and B lymphocyte antigen receptor analyses of over 780,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a cross-sectional cohort of 130 patients with varying severities of COVID-19. We identified expansion of nonclassical monocytes expressing complement transcripts (CD16+C1QA/B/C+) that sequester platelets and were predicted to replenish the alveolar macrophage pool in COVID-19. Early, uncommitted CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were primed toward megakaryopoiesis, accompanied by expanded megakaryocyte-committed progenitors and increased platelet activation. Clonally expanded CD8+ T cells and an increased ratio of CD8+ effector T cells to effector memory T cells characterized severe disease, while circulating follicular helper T cells accompanied mild disease. We observed a relative loss of IgA2 in symptomatic disease despite an overall expansion of plasmablasts and plasma cells. Our study highlights the coordinated immune response that contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis and reveals discrete cellular components that can be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Michael D Morgan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karsten Bach
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Waradon Sungnak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kaylee B Worlock
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Katarzyna Kania
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justin Engelbert
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bayanne Olabi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Nicola K Wilson
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Mende
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Jardine
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louis C S Gardner
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Issac Goh
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dave Horsfall
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jim McGrath
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simone Webb
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael W Mather
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Emma Dann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ni Huang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Elena Prigmore
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Florian Gothe
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Scott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kenneth F Baker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aidan T Hanrath
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Andrew S Barr
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amada Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Federica Mescia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josephine L Barnes
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eliz Kilich
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Angus de Wilton
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anita Saigal
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Aarash Saleh
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Claire M Smith
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nusayhah Gopee
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Dermatology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Innovation Lab Integrated COVID Hub North East, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Coupland
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Stijn van Dongen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jaume Bacardit
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hamish W King
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony J Rostron
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Integrated Critical Care Unit, Sunderland Royal Hospital, South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - A John Simpson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elisa Laurenti
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marko Z Nikolić
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
| | - John C Marioni
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Department of Dermatology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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12
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Lo CW, Takeshima SN, Okada K, Saitou E, Fujita T, Matsumoto Y, Wada S, Inoko H, Aida Y. Association of Bovine Leukemia Virus-Induced Lymphoma with BoLA-DRB3 Polymorphisms at DNA, Amino Acid, and Binding Pocket Property Levels. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040437. [PMID: 33917549 PMCID: PMC8067502 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leucosis, a malignant B-cell lymphoma in cattle. The DNA sequence polymorphisms of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 have exhibited a correlation with BLV-induced lymphoma in Holstein cows. However, the association may vary between different cattle breeds. Furthermore, little is known about the relationship between BLV-induced lymphoma and DRB3 at the amino acid and structural diversity levels. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the correlation between BLV-induced lymphoma and DRB3 at DNA, amino acid, and binding pocket property levels, using 106 BLV-infected asymptomatic and 227 BLV-induced lymphoma Japanese black cattle samples. DRB3*011:01 was identified as a resistance allele, whereas DRB3*005:02 and DRB3*016:01 were susceptibility alleles. Amino acid association studies showed that positions 9, 11, 13, 26, 30, 47, 57, 70, 71, 74, 78, and 86 were associated with lymphoma susceptibility. Structure and electrostatic charge modeling further indicated that binding pocket 9 of resistance DRB3 was positively charged. In contrast, alleles susceptible to lymphoma were neutrally charged. Altogether, this is the first association study of BoLA-DRB3 polymorphisms with BLV-induced lymphoma in Japanese black cattle. In addition, our results further contribute to understanding the mechanisms regarding how BoLA-DRB3 polymorphisms mediate susceptibility to BLV-induced lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Wen Lo
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Iwate University, 7-360 Mukai-shinden Ukai, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0667, Japan;
| | - Etsuko Saitou
- Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Meat Inspection Center, 49-18 Shitoorinagata, Minamiawaji, Hyogo 656-0152, Japan;
| | - Tatsuo Fujita
- Livestock Research Institute of Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Research Center, Kuju, Taketa, Oita 878-0201, Japan;
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Inoko
- Genome Analysis Division, GenoDive Pharma Inc., 4-14-1 Nakamachi, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0018, Japan;
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.M.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Benno Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Correspondence:
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13
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Penttilä PA, Van Gassen S, Panovska D, Vanderbeke L, Van Herck Y, Quintelier K, Emmaneel A, Filtjens J, Malengier-Devlies B, Ahmadzadeh K, Van Mol P, Borràs DM, Antoranz A, Bosisio FM, Wauters E, Martinod K, Matthys P, Saeys Y, Garg AD, Wauters J, De Smet F. High dimensional profiling identifies specific immune types along the recovery trajectories of critically ill COVID19 patients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3987-4002. [PMID: 33715015 PMCID: PMC7955698 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major burden on healthcare and economic systems across the globe. Even though a majority of the population develops only minor symptoms upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, a significant number are hospitalized at intensive care units (ICU) requiring critical care. While insights into the early stages of the disease are rapidly expanding, the dynamic immunological processes occurring in critically ill patients throughout their recovery at ICU are far less understood. Here, we have analysed whole blood samples serially collected from 40 surviving COVID-19 patients throughout their recovery in ICU using high-dimensional cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) and cytokine multiplexing. Based on the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), we defined four sequential immunotypes during recovery that correlated to various clinical parameters, including the level of respiratory support at concomitant sampling times. We identified classical monocytes as the first immune cell type to recover by restoration of HLA-DR-positivity and the reduction of immunosuppressive CD163 + monocytes, followed by the recovery of CD8 + and CD4 + T cell and non-classical monocyte populations. The identified immunotypes also correlated to aberrant cytokine and acute-phase reactant levels. Finally, integrative analysis of cytokines and immune cell profiles showed a shift from an initially dysregulated immune response to a more coordinated immunogenic interplay, highlighting the importance of longitudinal sampling to understand the pathophysiology underlying recovery from severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Penttilä
- KU Leuven Flow and Mass Cytometry Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Van Gassen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Panovska
- Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Vanderbeke
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Y Van Herck
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology,, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Quintelier
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Emmaneel
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Filtjens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Malengier-Devlies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Ahmadzadeh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Van Mol
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D M Borràs
- Laboratory for Cell Stress and Immunity (CSI), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CMM), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Antoranz
- Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F M Bosisio
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Wauters
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Martinod
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Y Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A D Garg
- Laboratory for Cell Stress and Immunity (CSI), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CMM), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Wauters
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F De Smet
- Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Lesteberg KE, Fader DS, Beckham JD. Pregnancy Alters Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Zika Virus Infection in the Reproductive Tract. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:3107-3121. [PMID: 33127823 PMCID: PMC7686295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) have been associated with birth defects, including microcephaly and neurologic impairment. However, the mechanisms that confer potential susceptibility to ZIKV during pregnancy remain unclear. We hypothesized that poor outcomes from ZIKV infection during pregnancy are due in part to pregnancy-induced alteration of innate immune cell frequencies and cytokine expression. To examine the impact of pregnancy on innate immune responses, we inoculated immunocompetent pregnant and nonpregnant female C57BL/6 mice with 5 × 105 focus-forming units of ZIKV intravaginally. Innate immune cell frequencies and cytokine expression were measured by flow cytometry at day 3 postinfection. Compared with nonpregnant mice, pregnant mice exhibited higher frequencies of uterine macrophages (CD68+) and CD11c+ CD103+ and CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells. Additionally, ZIKV-infected pregnant mice had lower frequencies of CD45+ IL-12+ and CD11b+ IL-12+ cells in the uterus and spleen. Next, we measured the frequencies of Ag-experienced CD4 (CD4+ CD11a+ CD49d+) and CD8 (CD8lo CD11ahi) T cells at day 10 postinfection to determine the impact of pregnancy-associated changes in innate cellular IL-12 responses on the adaptive immune response. We found that pregnant mice had lower frequencies of uterine Ag-experienced CD4 T cells and ZIKV-infected pregnant mice had lower frequencies of uterine Ag-experienced CD8 T cells compared with ZIKV-infected nonpregnant mice. These data show that pregnancy results in altered innate and adaptive immune responses to ZIKV infection in the reproductive tract of mice and that pregnancy-associated immune modulation may play an important role in the severity of acute ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lesteberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dana S Fader
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - J David Beckham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045;
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045
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15
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Chetty A, Omondi MA, Butters C, Smith KA, Katawa G, Ritter M, Layland L, Horsnell W. Impact of Helminth Infections on Female Reproductive Health and Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577516. [PMID: 33329545 PMCID: PMC7719634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of knowledge exists on the influence of helminth infections on allergies and unrelated infections in the lung and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. However, the bystander effects of helminth infections on the female genital mucosa and reproductive health is understudied but important considering the high prevalence of helminth exposure and sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this review, we explore current knowledge about the direct and systemic effects of helminth infections on unrelated diseases. We summarize host disease-controlling immunity of important sexually transmitted infections and introduce the limited knowledge of how helminths infections directly cause pathology to female reproductive tract (FRT), alter susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and reproduction. We also review work by others on type 2 immunity in the FRT and hypothesize how these insights may guide future work to help understand how helminths alter FRT health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Millicent A Omondi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine Ann Smith
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - William Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Keam S, Megawati D, Patel SK, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Harapan H. Immunopathology and immunotherapeutic strategies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2123. [PMID: 32648313 PMCID: PMC7404843 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a major concern globally. As of 14 April 2020, more than 1.9 million COVID-19 cases have been reported in 185 countries. Some patients with COVID-19 develop severe clinical manifestations, while others show mild symptoms, suggesting that dysregulation of the host immune response contributes to disease progression and severity. In this review, we have summarized and discussed recent immunological studies focusing on the response of the host immune system and the immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as immunotherapeutic strategies for COVID-19. Immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2, functional exhaustion of lymphocytes, and cytokine storm have been discussed as part of immunopathology mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some potential immunotherapeutic strategies to control the progression of COVID-19, such as passive antibody therapy and use of interferon αβ and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) inhibitor, have also been discussed. This may help us to understand the immune status of patients with COVID-19, particularly those with severe clinical presentation, and form a basis for further immunotherapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synat Keam
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Indonesia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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17
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Huber JE, Ahlfeld J, Scheck MK, Zaucha M, Witter K, Lehmann L, Karimzadeh H, Pritsch M, Hoelscher M, von Sonnenburg F, Dick A, Barba-Spaeth G, Krug AB, Rothenfußer S, Baumjohann D. Dynamic changes in circulating T follicular helper cell composition predict neutralising antibody responses after yellow fever vaccination. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1129. [PMID: 32419947 PMCID: PMC7221214 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the principal T helper cell subset that provides help to B cells for potent antibody responses against various pathogens. In this study, we took advantage of the live‐attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine strain, YF‐17D, as a model system for studying human antiviral immune responses in vivo following exposure to an acute primary virus challenge under safe and highly controlled conditions, to comprehensively analyse the dynamics of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells. Methods We tracked and analysed the response of cTfh and other T and B cell subsets in peripheral blood of healthy volunteers by flow cytometry over the course of 4 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination. Results Using surface staining of cell activation markers to track YFV‐specific T cells, we found increasing cTfh cell frequencies starting at day 3 and peaking around 2 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination. This kinetic was confirmed in a subgroup of donors using MHC multimer staining for four known MHC class II epitopes of YF‐17D. The subset composition of cTfh cells changed dynamically during the course of the immune response and was dominated by the cTfh1‐polarised subpopulation. Importantly, frequencies of cTfh1 cells correlated with the strength of the neutralising antibody response, whereas frequencies of cTfh17 cells were inversely correlated. Conclusion In summary, we describe detailed cTfh kinetics during YF‐17D vaccination. Our results suggest that cTfh expansion and polarisation can serve as a prognostic marker for vaccine success. These insights may be leveraged in the future to improve current vaccine design and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Huber
- Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Julia Ahlfeld
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP) Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) Neuherberg Germany.,Present address: Department of Pharmacy LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Magdalena K Scheck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Magdalena Zaucha
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutic Agents and Hemostaseology LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Lisa Lehmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Hadi Karimzadeh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP) Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Munich Munich Germany
| | - Frank von Sonnenburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Andrea Dick
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutic Agents and Hemostaseology LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Giovanna Barba-Spaeth
- Structural Virology Unit and CNRS UMR 3569 Virology Department Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfußer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP) Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Planegg-Martinsried Germany.,Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology University Hospital Bonn University of Bonn Bonn Germany
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18
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Reynolds SD, Mathur AN, Chiu YE, Brandling-Bennett HA, Pope E, Siegel MP, Holland KE, Paller AS, Siegfried EC, Tom WL, Lara-Corrales I, Tollefson MM, Maguiness S, Eichenfield LF, Sugarman J, Frieden IJ, Oza VS, Cipriano SD, Huang JT, Shah SD, Lauren CT, Castelo-Soccio L, McMahon P, Cordoro KM. Systemic immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory skin diseases in children: Expert consensus-based guidance for clinical decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Dermatol 2020; 37:424-434. [PMID: 32320494 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about the approach to management of systemic immunosuppressive therapies for dermatologic indications in children. Change to: Given the absence of data to address concerns related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and systemic immunosuppressive therapies in an evidence-based manner, a Pediatric Dermatology COVID-19 Response Task Force (PDCRTF) was assembled to offer time-sensitive guidance for clinicians. METHODS A survey was distributed to an expert panel of 37 pediatric dermatologists on the PDCRTF to assess expert opinion and current practice related to three primary domains of systemic therapy: initiation, continuation, and laboratory monitoring. RESULTS Nearly all respondents (97%) reported that the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted their decision to initiate immunosuppressive medications. The majority of pediatric dermatologists (87%) reported that they were pausing or reducing the frequency of laboratory monitoring for certain immunosuppressive medications. In asymptomatic patients, continuing therapy was the most popular choice across all medications queried. The majority agreed that patients on immunosuppressive medications who have a household exposure to COVID-19 or test positive for new infection should temporarily discontinue systemic and biologic medications, with the exception of systemic steroids, which may require tapering. CONCLUSIONS The ultimate decision regarding initiation, continuation, and laboratory monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy during the pandemic requires careful deliberation, consideration of the little evidence available, and discussion with families. Consideration of an individual's adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures, risk of exposure, and the potential severity if infected must be weighed against the dermatological disease, medication, and risks to the patient of tapering or discontinuing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Reynolds
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anubhav N Mathur
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yvonne E Chiu
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heather A Brandling-Bennett
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elena Pope
- Dermatology Section, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael P Siegel
- Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kristen E Holland
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elaine C Siegfried
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University and Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wynnis L Tom
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Megha M Tollefson
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Children's Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sheilagh Maguiness
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lawrence F Eichenfield
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sugarman
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ilona J Frieden
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vikash S Oza
- Ronald O Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah D Cipriano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jennifer T Huang
- Dermatology Program, Department of Dermatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonal D Shah
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christine T Lauren
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Patrick McMahon
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly M Cordoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Goncalves-Alves E, Saferding V, Schliehe C, Benson R, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Brunner JS, Puchner A, Podesser BK, Smolen JS, Redlich K, Bonelli M, Brewer J, Bergthaler A, Steiner G, Blüml S. MicroRNA-155 Controls T Helper Cell Activation During Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1367. [PMID: 31275315 PMCID: PMC6593301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR) 155 has been implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity as well as autoimmune processes. Importantly, it has been shown to regulate several antiviral responses, but its contribution to the immune response against cytopathic viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infections is not known. Using transgenic/recombinant VSV expressing ovalbumin, we show that miR-155 is crucially involved in regulating the T helper cell response against this virus. Our experiments indicate that miR-155 in CD4+ T cells controls their activation, proliferation, and cytokine production in vitro and in vivo upon immunization with OVA as well as during VSV viral infection. Using intravital multiphoton microscopy we analyzed the interaction of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cells after OVA immunization and found impaired complex formation when using miR-155 deficient CD4+ T cells compared to wildtype CD4+ T cells ex vivo. In contrast, miR-155 was dispensable for the maturation of myeloid APCs and for their T cell stimulatory capacity. Our data provide the first evidence that miR-155 is required for efficient CD4+ T cell activation during anti-viral defense by allowing robust APC-T cell interaction required for activation and cytokine production of virus specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Saferding
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schliehe
- CeMM - Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Benson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julia Stefanie Brunner
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Puchner
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Department of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Redlich
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM - Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Steiner
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Blüml
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Nosrati M, Behbahani M, Mohabatkar H. Towards the first multi-epitope recombinant vaccine against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A computer-aided vaccine design approach. J Biomed Inform 2019; 93:103160. [PMID: 30928513 PMCID: PMC7106074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is considered one of the major public health concerns with case fatality rates of up to 80%. Currently, there is no effective approved vaccine for CCHF. In this study, we used a computer-aided vaccine design approach to develop the first multi-epitope recombinant vaccine for CCHF. For this purpose, linear B-cell and T-cell binding epitopes from two structural glycoproteins of CCHF virus including Gc and Gn were predicted. The epitopes were further studied regarding their antigenicity, allergenicity, hydrophobicity, stability, toxicity and population coverage. A total number of seven epitopes including five T-cell and two B-cell epitopes were screened for the final vaccine construct. Final vaccine construct composed of 382 amino acid residues which were organized in four domains including linear B-cell, T-cell epitopes and cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) along with heat labile enterotoxin IIc B subunit (LT-IIc) as adjuvants. All the segments were joined using appropriate linkers. The physicochemical properties as well as the presence of IFN-γ inducing epitopes in the proposed vaccine, was also checked to determining the vaccine stability, solubility and its ability to induce cell-mediated immune responses. The 3D structure of proposed vaccine was subjected to the prediction of computational B-cell epitopes and molecular docking studies with MHC-I and II molecules. Furthermore, molecular dynamics stimulations were performed to study the vaccine-MHCs complexes stability during stimulation time. The results suggest that our proposed vaccine was stable, well soluble in water and potentially antigenic. Results also demonstrated that the vaccine can induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and could serve as a promising anti-CCHF vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Nosrati
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mandana Behbahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Mohabatkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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21
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Li MM, Zhang WJ, Weng XF, Li MY, Liu J, Xiong Y, Xiong SE, Zou CC, Wang H, Lu MJ, Yang DL, Peng C, Zheng X. CD4 T cell loss and Th2 and Th17 bias are associated with the severity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Clin Immunol 2018; 195:8-17. [PMID: 30036637 PMCID: PMC7185468 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus with high mortality. Immune suppression is thought to be crucial in disease progression. However, data on immune responses during SFTS are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in CD4 T-cell subsets throughout the entirety of infection and analyse their relationships with disease severity in SFTS patients. In parallel with CD4 T-cell depletion, decreased Th1, Th2 and Treg numbers, but comparable Th17-cell numbers, were observed in deceased patients compared with those in surviving patients. Additionally, increased Th2 and Th17-cell percentages in the residual CD4 T-cell population led to aberrant Th2/Th1 and Th17/Treg ratios, which were positively correlated with disease severity. Collectively, our data indicated that CD4 T-cell deficiency, Th2 and Th17 bias were closely correlated with the severity of SFTS, indicating therapeutic potential of early immune interventions to ameliorate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Weng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-E Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Cong Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Ji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dong-Liang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Lee CH, Zhang HH, Singh SP, Koo L, Kabat J, Tsang H, Singh TP, Farber JM. C/EBPδ drives interactions between human MAIT cells and endothelial cells that are important for extravasation. eLife 2018; 7:32532. [PMID: 29469805 PMCID: PMC5869018 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mediators and regulators of extravasation by bona fide human memory-phenotype T cells remain undefined. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like, antibacterial cells that we found excelled at crossing inflamed endothelium. They displayed abundant selectin ligands, with high expression of FUT7 and ST3GAL4, and expressed CCR6, CCR5, and CCR2, which played non-redundant roles in trafficking on activated endothelial cells. MAIT cells selectively expressed CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ). Knockdown of C/EBPδ diminished expression of FUT7, ST3GAL4 and CCR6, decreasing MAIT cell rolling and arrest, and consequently the cells' ability to cross an endothelial monolayer in vitro and extravasate in mice. Nonetheless, knockdown of C/EBPδ did not affect CCR2, which was important for the step of transendothelial migration. Thus, MAIT cells demonstrate a program for extravasastion that includes, in part, C/EBPδ and C/EBPδ-regulated genes, and that could be used to enhance, or targeted to inhibit T cell recruitment into inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Lee
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hongwei H Zhang
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Satya P Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lily Koo
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hsinyi Tsang
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Tej Pratap Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Joshua M Farber
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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23
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Sato F, Kawai E, Martinez NE, Omura S, Park AM, Takahashi S, Yoh K, Tsunoda I. T-bet, but not Gata3, overexpression is detrimental in a neurotropic viral infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10496. [PMID: 28874814 PMCID: PMC5585213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection in mice induces inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system. Although C57BL/6 mice normally resistant to TMEV infection with viral clearance, we have previously demonstrated that RORγt-transgenic (tg) C57BL/6 mice, which have Th17-biased responses due to RORγt overexpression in T cells, became susceptible to TMEV infection with viral persistence. Here, using T-bet-tg C57BL/6 mice and Gata3-tg C57BL/6 mice, we demonstrated that overexpression of T-bet, but not Gata3, in T cells was detrimental in TMEV infection. Unexpectedly, T-bet-tg mice died 2 to 3 weeks after infection due to failure of viral clearance. Here, TMEV infection induced splenic T cell depletion, which was associated with lower anti-viral antibody and T cell responses. In contrast, Gata3-tg mice remained resistant, while Gata3-tg mice had lower IFN-γ and higher IL-4 production with increased anti-viral IgG1 responses. Thus, our data identify how overexpression of T-bet and Gata3 in T cells alters anti-viral immunity and confers susceptibility to TMEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Eiichiro Kawai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,International Institute for Investigative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keigyou Yoh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. .,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. .,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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24
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Stier MT, Goleniewska K, Cephus JY, Newcomb DC, Sherrill TP, Boyd KL, Bloodworth MH, Moore ML, Chen K, Kolls JK, Peebles RS. STAT1 Represses Cytokine-Producing Group 2 and Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells during Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:510-519. [PMID: 28576981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The appropriate orchestration of different arms of the immune response is critical during viral infection to promote efficient viral clearance while limiting immunopathology. However, the signals and mechanisms that guide this coordination are not fully understood. IFNs are produced at high levels during viral infection and have convergent signaling through STAT1. We hypothesized that STAT1 signaling during viral infection regulates the balance of innate lymphoid cells (ILC), a diverse class of lymphocytes that are poised to respond to environmental insults including viral infections with the potential for both antiviral or immunopathologic functions. During infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), STAT1-deficient mice had reduced numbers of antiviral IFN-γ+ ILC1 and increased numbers of immunopathologic IL-5+ and IL-13+ ILC2 and IL-17A+ ILC3 compared with RSV-infected wild-type mice. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we found that both ILC-intrinsic and ILC-extrinsic factors were responsible for this ILC dysregulation during viral infection in STAT1-deficient mice. Regarding ILC-extrinsic mechanisms, we found that STAT1-deficient mice had significantly increased expression of IL-33 and IL-23, cytokines that promote ILC2 and ILC3, respectively, compared with wild-type mice during RSV infection. Moreover, disruption of IL-33 or IL-23 signaling attenuated cytokine-producing ILC2 and ILC3 responses in STAT1-deficient mice during RSV infection. Collectively, these data demonstrate that STAT1 is a key orchestrator of cytokine-producing ILC responses during viral infection via ILC-extrinsic regulation of IL-33 and IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Stier
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kasia Goleniewska
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jacqueline Y Cephus
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dawn C Newcomb
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Taylor P Sherrill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Melissa H Bloodworth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Martin L Moore
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Kong Chen
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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25
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Salas A, Marco-Puche G, Triviño JC, Gómez-Carballa A, Cebey-López M, Rivero-Calle I, Vilanova-Trillo L, Rodríguez-Tenreiro C, Gómez-Rial J, Martinón-Torres F. Strong down-regulation of glycophorin genes: A host defense mechanism against rotavirus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:403-411. [PMID: 27491455 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of rotavirus (RV) infection have been analyzed from different angles but the way in which RV modifies the transcriptome of the host is still unknown. Whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing of peripheral blood samples was used to reveal patterns of expression from the genome of RV-infected patients. RV provokes global changes in the transcriptome of infected cells, involving an over-expression of genes involved in cell cycle and chromatin condensation. While interferon IFI27 was hyper-activated, interferon type II was not suggesting that RV has developed mechanisms to evade the innate response by host cells after virus infection. Most interesting was the inhibition of genes of the glycophorins A and B (GYPA/B) family, which are the major sialoglycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane and receptor of several viruses for host invasion. RV infection induces a complex and global response in the host. The strong inhibition of glycophorins suggests a novel defense mechanism of the host to prevent viral infection, inhibiting the expression of receptors used by the virus for infection. The present results add further support to the systemic nature of RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GENPOB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain,.
| | | | | | - Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GENPOB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - Miriam Cebey-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain,; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Lucía Vilanova-Trillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain,; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Tenreiro
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain,; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain,; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain,; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Leal E, Granja AG, Zarza C, Tafalla C. Distribution of T Cells in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Skin and Responsiveness to Viral Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147477. [PMID: 26808410 PMCID: PMC4726708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the skin constitutes the first line of defense against waterborne pathogens, there is a great lack of information regarding the skin associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) and whether immune components of the skin are homogeneously distributed through the surface of the fish is still unknown. In the current work, we have analyzed the transcription of several immune genes throughout different rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin areas. We found that immunoglobulin and chemokine gene transcription levels were higher in a skin area close to the gills. Furthermore, this skin area as well as other anterior sections also transcribed significantly higher levels of many different immune genes related to T cell immunity such as T cell receptor α (TCRα), TCRγ, CD3, CD4, CD8, perforin, GATA3, Tbet, FoxP3, interferon γ (IFNγ), CD40L and Eomes in comparison to posterior skin sections. In agreement with these results, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that anterior skin areas had a higher concentration of CD3+ T cells and flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes was also higher in anterior skin sections. These results demonstrate for the first time that T cells are not homogeneously distributed throughout the teleost skin. Additionally, we studied the transcriptional regulation of these and additional T cell markers in response to a bath infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). We found that VHSV regulated the transcription of several of these T cell markers in both the skin and the spleen; with some differences between anterior and posterior skin sections. Altogether, our results point to skin T cells as major players of teleost skin immunity in response to waterborne viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Leal
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Aitor G. Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carlos Zarza
- Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, PO Box 48, Stavanger, 4001, Norway
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Yang J, Zhang R, Xu Y, Zheng J, Jiang J, Jiang J, He L, Wang N, Yeung PC, Pan X. Rates and risk factors associated with the progression of HIV to AIDS among HIV patients from Zhejiang, China between 2008 and 2012. AIDS Res Ther 2015; 12:32. [PMID: 26413133 PMCID: PMC4582728 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-015-0074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the rate of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Zhejiang province and to identify specific factors associated with progression of this disease. Methods This study utilized a retrospective cohort to identify the specific factors involved in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to AIDS. We collected data of patients existing in care between 2008 and 2012 from the national surveillance system databases. We performed our analyses using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Results This study included 9216 HIV-positive patients (75.6 % male), which yielded 12,452 person-years (py) of follow-up-data. The AIDS progression rates were 33.9 % (2008), 33.6 % (2009), 38.1 % (2010), 30.6 % (2011) and 25.9 % (2012). We observed a significant reduction in the rate of progression Of HIV to AIDS post-2010 (Pearson χ2 = 4341.9, P < 0.001). The cumulative AIDS progression incidence rates were 33.4, 35.4, 36.4, 37.0 and 37.04 per 100 py in 1 each of the 5 years of follow-up. This study found that age was an independent risk factor for the progression of HIV to AIDS. Compared with patients infected with HIV by homosexual transmission, patients infected with HIV by heterosexuals transmission or blood transfusion had a reduced hazard ratio (HR) for progression to AIDS (heterosexual transmission: HR = 0.695, 0.524, P = 0.007; blood transfusion: HR = 0.524, P = 0.015). Diagnosed with HIV from 2011 to 2012 and having a higher CD4+ cell count (350–500 cells/mm3; or >500 cells/mm3) at baseline were independently associated with lower rates of HIV progression to AIDS [HR = 0.382, 0.380, 0.187, P < 0.001]. Patients with a CD+ T-cell count of 200–350 cells/mm3 or greater than 350 cells/mm3 were less likely to develop AIDS following HIV diagnosis than were those patients without HAART treatment. Conclusion This study found a high progression rate from HIV to AIDS in HIV patients residing within Zhejiang province from 2008 to 2010. This rate decreased after 2010, which coincided with the new criteria for HAART treatment, which likely contributed to the observed reduction in the rate of progression. Initiation of HAART with higher CD4+ T-cell count may reduce rate of AIDS progression. Based on our results, we conclude that efficient strategies for HIV screening, as well as early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to reduce the progression of HIV to AIDS.
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Rabinovich S, Powell RLR, Lindsay RWB, Yuan M, Carpov A, Wilson A, Lopez M, Coleman JW, Wagner D, Sharma P, Kemelman M, Wright KJ, Seabrook JP, Arendt H, Martinez J, DeStefano J, Chiuchiolo MJ, Parks CL. A novel, live-attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus vector displaying conformationally intact, functional HIV-1 envelope trimers that elicits potent cellular and humoral responses in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106597. [PMID: 25215861 PMCID: PMC4162551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Though vaccination with live-attenuated SIV provides the greatest protection from progressive disease caused by SIV challenge in rhesus macaques, attenuated HIV presents safety concerns as a vaccine; therefore, live viral vectors carrying HIV immunogens must be considered. We have designed a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) displaying immunogenic HIV-1 Env trimers and attenuating quantities of the native surface glycoprotein (G). The clade B Env immunogen is an Env-VSV G hybrid (EnvG) in which the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail regions are derived from G. Relocation of the G gene to the 5'terminus of the genome and insertion of EnvG into the natural G position induced a ∼1 log reduction in surface G, significant growth attenuation compared to wild-type, and incorporation of abundant EnvG. Western blot analysis indicated that ∼75% of incorporated EnvG was a mature proteolytically processed form. Flow cytometry showed that surface EnvG bound various conformationally- and trimer-specific antibodies (Abs), and in-vitro growth assays on CD4+CCR5+ cells demonstrated EnvG functionality. Neither intranasal (IN) or intramuscular (IM) administration in mice induced any observable pathology and all regimens tested generated potent Env-specific ELISA titers of 10(4)-10(5), with an IM VSV prime/IN VSV boost regimen eliciting the highest binding and neutralizing Ab titers. Significant quantities of Env-specific CD4+ T cells were also detected, which were augmented as much as 70-fold by priming with IM electroporated plasmids encoding EnvG and IL-12. These data suggest that our novel vector can achieve balanced safety and immunogenicity and should be considered as an HIV vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Rabinovich
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. R. Powell
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Ross W. B. Lindsay
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Maoli Yuan
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexei Carpov
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Aaron Wilson
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Lopez
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John W. Coleman
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Denise Wagner
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Palka Sharma
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Marina Kemelman
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Wright
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John P. Seabrook
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Arendt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanne DeStefano
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Chiuchiolo
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
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Fan R, Dong Y, Huang G, Takeuchi Y. Apoptosis in virus infection dynamics models. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2014; 8:20-41. [PMID: 24963975 PMCID: PMC4220821 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2014.895433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, on the basis of the simplified two-dimensional virus infection dynamics model, we propose two extended models that aim at incorporating the influence of activation-induced apoptosis which directly affects the population of uninfected cells. The theoretical analysis shows that increasing apoptosis plays a positive role in control of virus infection. However, after being included the third population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes immune response in HIV-infected patients, it shows that depending on intensity of the apoptosis of healthy cells, the apoptosis can either promote or comfort the long-term evolution of HIV infection. Further, the discrete-time delay of apoptosis is incorporated into the pervious model. Stability switching occurs as the time delay in apoptosis increases. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the theoretical results and display the different impacts of a delay in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Fan
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Yueping Dong
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu432-8561, Japan
| | - Gang Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara252-5258, Japan
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Stable T-bet(+)GATA-3(+) Th1/Th2 hybrid cells arise in vivo, can develop directly from naive precursors, and limit immunopathologic inflammation. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001633. [PMID: 23976880 PMCID: PMC3747991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable lineage commitment of naïve T helper cells to a hybrid Th1/2 phenotype reveals the cell-intrinsic reconciliation of two opposing T cell differentiation programs and provides a self-limiting mechanism to dampen immunopathology. Differentiated T helper (Th) cell lineages are thought to emerge from alternative cell fate decisions. However, recent studies indicated that differentiated Th cells can adopt mixed phenotypes during secondary immunological challenges. Here we show that natural primary immune responses against parasites generate bifunctional Th1 and Th2 hybrid cells that co-express the lineage-specifying transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 and co-produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The integration of Th1-promoting interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-12 signals together with Th2-favoring IL-4 signals commits naive Th cells directly and homogeneously to the hybrid Th1/2 phenotype. Specifically, IFN-γ signals are essential for T-bet+GATA-3+ cells to develop in vitro and in vivo by breaking the dominance of IL-4 over IL-12 signals. The hybrid Th1/2 phenotype is stably maintained in memory cells in vivo for months. It resists reprogramming into classic Th1 or Th2 cells by Th1- or Th2-promoting stimuli, which rather induce quantitative modulations of the combined Th1 and Th2 programs without abolishing either. The hybrid phenotype is associated with intermediate manifestations of both Th1 and Th2 cell properties. Consistently, hybrid Th1/2 cells support inflammatory type-1 and type-2 immune responses but cause less immunopathology than Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. Thus, we propose the self-limitation of effector T cells based on the stable cell-intrinsic balance of two opposing differentiation programs as a novel concept of how the immune system can prevent excessive inflammation. T helper (Th) cells, a subgroup of white blood cells important in the immune system, can differentiate into diverse lineages, for example Th1 and Th2, whose effector mechanisms target different types of pathogens but cause problems if not properly regulated. Lineage commitment is driven by cytokine signals that control the expression of distinct lineage-specifying “master regulator” transcription factor molecules. Lineage commitment is thought to reflect alternative cell-fate decisions because the initiated differentiation programs have self-amplifying and mutually repressive features. Here we show that the Th1 and Th2 differentiation programs are more compatible with each other than previously thought. Individual naive T cells can simultaneously integrate Th1- and Th2-polarizing signals and develop into hybrid Th1/2 cells that stably co-express both the Th1 master regulator T-bet and the Th2 master regulator GATA-3. We find that hybrid Th1/2 cells arise naturally during parasite infections and that the two opposing differentiation programs can stably co-exist in resting memory Th1/2 cells for periods of months. Th1- or Th2-polarizing stimuli induced quantitative modulations in the hybrid state but did not extinguish either program. The cell-intrinsic antagonism gives the hybrid Th1/2 cells properties that are quantitatively intermediate between those of Th1 and Th2 cells. Thus, in typical Th1 and Th2 immune responses, hybrid Th1/2 cells cause less immunopathology than their classic Th1 or Th2 counterparts, demonstrating a cell-intrinsic self-limiting mechanism that can prevent excessive inflammation.
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Walton S, Mandaric S, Oxenius A. CD4 T cell responses in latent and chronic viral infections. Front Immunol 2013; 4:105. [PMID: 23717308 PMCID: PMC3651995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of tasks which is fulfilled by CD4 T cells in the setting of viral infections is large, ranging from support of CD8 T cells and humoral immunity to exertion of direct antiviral effector functions. While our knowledge about the differentiation pathways, plasticity, and memory of CD4 T cell responses upon acute infections or immunizations has significantly increased during the past years, much less is still known about CD4 T cell differentiation and their beneficial or pathological functions during persistent viral infections. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the differentiation, direct or indirect antiviral effector functions, and the regulation of virus-specific CD4 T cells in the setting of persistent latent or active chronic viral infections with a particular emphasis on herpes virus infections for the former and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Huang G, Takeuchi Y, Korobeinikov A. HIV evolution and progression of the infection to AIDS. J Theor Biol 2012; 307:149-59. [PMID: 22634206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and discuss a possible mechanism, which, via continuous mutations and evolution, eventually enables HIV to break from immune control. In order to investigate this mechanism, we employ a simple mathematical model, which describes the relationship between evolving HIV and the specific CTL response and explicitly takes into consideration the role of CD4(+)T cells (helper T cells) in the activation of the CTL response. Based on the assumption that HIV evolves towards higher replication rates, we quantitatively analyze the dynamical properties of this model. The model exhibits the existence of two thresholds, defined as the immune activation threshold and the immunodeficiency threshold, which are critical for the activation and persistence of the specific cell-mediated immune response: the specific CTL response can be established and is able to effectively control an infection when the virus replication rate is between these two thresholds. If the replication rate is below the immune activation threshold, then the specific immune response cannot be reliably established due to the shortage of antigen-presenting cells. Besides, the specific immune response cannot be established when the virus replication rate is above the immunodeficiency threshold due to low levels of CD4(+)T cells. The latter case implies the collapse of the immune system and beginning of AIDS. The interval between these two thresholds roughly corresponds to the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection. The model shows that the duration of the asymptomatic stage and progression of the disease are very sensitive to variations in the model parameters. In particularly, the rate of production of the naive lymphocytes appears to be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Riou C, Ganusov VV, Campion S, Mlotshwa M, Liu MKP, Whale VE, Goonetilleke N, Borrow P, Ferrari G, Betts MR, Haynes BF, McMichael AJ, Gray CM. Distinct kinetics of Gag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses during acute HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2198-206. [PMID: 22287716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is characterized by a gradual deterioration of immune function, mainly in the CD4 compartment. To better understand the dynamics of HIV-specific T cells, we analyzed the kinetics and polyfunctional profiles of Gag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in 12 subtype C-infected individuals with different disease-progression profiles, ranging from acute to chronic HIV infection. The frequencies of Gag-responsive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells showed distinct temporal kinetics. The peak frequency of Gag-responsive IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T cells was observed at a median of 28 d (interquartile range: 21-81 d) post-Fiebig I/II staging, whereas Gag-specific IFN-γ(+)CD8(+) T cell responses peaked at a median of 253 d (interquartile range: 136-401 d) and showed a significant biphasic expansion. The proportion of TNF-α-expressing cells within the IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T cell population increased (p = 0.001) over time, whereas TNF-α-expressing cells within IFN-γ(+)CD8(+) T cells declined (p = 0.005). Both Gag-responsive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells showed decreased Ki67 expression within the first 120 d post-Fiebig I/II staging. Prior to the disappearance of Gag-responsive Ki67(+)CD4(+) T cells, these cells positively correlated (p = 0.00038) with viremia, indicating that early Gag-responsive CD4 events are shaped by viral burden. No such associations were observed in the Gag-specific CD8(+) T cell compartment. Overall, these observations indicated that circulating Gag-responsive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell frequencies and functions are not synchronous, and properties change rapidly at different tempos during early HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Riou
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7529, South Africa
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Swain SL, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM. Expanding roles for CD4⁺ T cells in immunity to viruses. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:136-48. [PMID: 22266691 PMCID: PMC3764486 DOI: 10.1038/nri3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are orchestrators, regulators and direct effectors of antiviral immunity. Neutralizing antibodies provide protection against many viral pathogens, and CD4+ T cells can help B cells to generate stronger and longer-lived antibody responses. CD4+ T cells help antiviral CD8+ T cells in two main ways: they maximize CD8+ T cell population expansion during a primary immune response and also facilitate the generation of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell populations. In addition to their helper functions, CD4+ T cells contribute directly to viral clearance. They secrete cytokines with antiviral activities and, in some circumstances, can eliminate infected cells through cytotoxic killing. Memory CD4+ T cells provide superior protection during re-infection with a virus. Compared with new effector CD4+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells have enhanced helper and effector functions and can rapidly trigger innate immune defence mechanisms early in the infection.
Immunity to viruses is typically associated with the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, CD4+ T cells are also important for protection during viral infection. Here, the authors describe the various ways in which different CD4+T cell subsets can contribute to the antiviral immune response. Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have uncovered additional roles for CD4+ T cells, some of which are independent of other lymphocytes, and have described previously unappreciated functions for memory CD4+ T cells in immunity to viruses. Here, we review the full range of antiviral functions of CD4+ T cells, discussing the activities of these cells in helping other lymphocytes and in inducing innate immune responses, as well as their direct antiviral roles. We suggest that all of these functions of CD4+ T cells are integrated to provide highly effective immune protection against viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Nair S, Bayer W, Ploquin MJY, Kassiotis G, Hasenkrug KJ, Dittmer U. Distinct roles of CD4+ T cell subpopulations in retroviral immunity: lessons from the Friend virus mouse model. Retrovirology 2011; 8:76. [PMID: 21943070 PMCID: PMC3193819 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that CD4+ T cells play an important role in immunity to infections with retroviruses such as HIV. However, in recent years CD4+ T cells have been subdivided into several distinct populations that are differentially regulated and perform widely varying functions. Thus, it is important to delineate the separate roles of these subsets, which range from direct antiviral activities to potent immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss contributions from the major CD4+ T cell subpopulations to retroviral immunity. Fundamental concepts obtained from studies on numerous viral infections are presented along with a more detailed analysis of studies on murine Friend virus. The relevance of these studies to HIV immunology and immunotherapy is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Nair
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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Woller N, Knocke S, Mundt B, Gürlevik E, Strüver N, Kloos A, Boozari B, Schache P, Manns MP, Malek NP, Sparwasser T, Zender L, Wirth TC, Kubicka S, Kühnel F. Virus-induced tumor inflammation facilitates effective DC cancer immunotherapy in a Treg-dependent manner in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2570-82. [PMID: 21646722 DOI: 10.1172/jci45585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination using DCs pulsed with tumor lysates or specific tumor-associated peptides has so far yielded limited clinical success for cancer treatment, due mainly to the low immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens. In this study, we have identified intratumoral virus-induced inflammation as a precondition for effective antitumor DC vaccination in mice. Administration of a tumor-targeted DC vaccine during ongoing virus-induced tumor inflammation, a regimen referred to as oncolysis-assisted DC vaccination (ODC), elicited potent antitumoral CD8+ T cell responses. This potent effect was not replicated by TLR activation outside the context of viral infection. ODC-elicited immune responses mediated marked tumor regression and successful eradication of preestablished lung colonies, an essential prerequisite for potentially treating metastatic cancers. Unexpectedly, depletion of Tregs during ODC did not enhance therapeutic efficacy; rather, it abrogated antitumor cytotoxicity. This phenomenon could be attributed to a compensatory induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in Treg-depleted and thus vigorously inflamed tumors, which prevented ODC-mediated immune responses. Consequently, Tregs are not only general suppressors of immune responses, but are essential for the therapeutic success of multimodal and temporally fine-adjusted vaccination strategies. Our results highlight tumor-targeting, replication-competent viruses as attractive tools for eliciting effective antitumor responses upon DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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37
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Zhang HH, Song K, Rabin RL, Hill BJ, Perfetto SP, Roederer M, Douek DC, Siegel RM, Farber JM. CCR2 identifies a stable population of human effector memory CD4+ T cells equipped for rapid recall response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6646-63. [PMID: 20980630 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because T cells act primarily through short-distance interactions, homing receptors can identify colocalizing cells that serve common functions. Expression patterns for multiple chemokine receptors on CD4(+) T cells from human blood suggested a hierarchy of receptors that are induced and accumulate during effector/memory cell differentiation. We characterized CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells based on expression of two of these receptors, CCR5 and CCR2, the principal subsets being CCR5(-)CCR2(-) (∼70%), CCR5(+)CCR2(-) (∼25%), and CCR5(+)CCR2(+) (∼5%). Relationships among expression of CCR5 and CCR2 and CD62L, and the subsets' proliferation histories, suggested a pathway of progressive effector/memory differentiation from the CCR5(-)CCR2(-) to CCR5(+)CCR2(-) to CCR5(+)CCR2(+) cells. Sensitivity and rapidity of TCR-mediated activation, TCR signaling, and effector cytokine production by the subsets were consistent with such a pathway. The subsets also showed increasing responsiveness to IL-7, and the CCR5(+)CCR2(+) cells were CD127(bright) and invariably showed the greatest response to tetanus toxoid. CCR5(+)CCR2(+) cells also expressed the largest repertoire of chemokine receptors and migrated to the greatest number of chemokines. By contrast, the CCR5(+)CCR2(-) cells had the greatest percentages of regulatory T cells, activated/cycling cells, and CMV-reactive cells, and were most susceptible to apoptosis. Our results indicate that increasing memory cell differentiation can be uncoupled from susceptibility to death, and is associated with an increase in chemokine responsiveness, suggesting that vaccination (or infection) can produce a stable population of effector-capable memory cells that are highly enriched in the CCR5(+)CCR2(+) subset and ideally equipped for rapid recall responses in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei H Zhang
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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Nair SR, Zelinskyy G, Schimmer S, Gerlach N, Kassiotis G, Dittmer U. Mechanisms of control of acute Friend virus infection by CD4+ T helper cells and their functional impairment by regulatory T cells. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:440-51. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.015834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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39
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Münz C, Lünemann JD, Getts MT, Miller SD. Antiviral immune responses: triggers of or triggered by autoimmunity? Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:246-58. [PMID: 19319143 PMCID: PMC2854652 DOI: 10.1038/nri2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The predisposition of individuals to several common autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, is genetically linked to certain human MHC class II molecules and other immune modulators. However, genetic predisposition is only one risk factor for the development of these diseases, and low concordance rates in monozygotic twins, as well as the geographical distribution of disease risk, suggest the involvement of environmental factors in the development of these diseases. Among these environmental factors, infections have been implicated in the onset and/or promotion of autoimmunity. In this Review, we outline the mechanisms by which viral infection can trigger autoimmune disease and describe the pathways by which infection and immune control of infectious disease might be dysregulated during autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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40
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Iijima N, Linehan MM, Zamora M, Butkus D, Dunn R, Kehry MR, Laufer TM, Iwasaki A. Dendritic cells and B cells maximize mucosal Th1 memory response to herpes simplex virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:3041-52. [PMID: 19047439 PMCID: PMC2605233 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and neutralizing antibodies for antiviral defense is well known, the antiviral mechanism of Th1 remains unclear. We show that Th1 cells mediate noncytolytic antiviral protection independent of direct lysis through local secretion of IFN-gamma after herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 infection. IFN-gamma acted on stromal cells, but not on hematopoietic cells, to prevent further viral replication and spread throughout the vaginal mucosa. Importantly, unlike other known Th1 defense mechanisms, this effector function did not require recognition of virally infected cells via MHC class II. Instead, recall Th1 response was elicited by MHC class II(+) antigen-presenting cells at the site of infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) were not required and only partially sufficient to induce a recall response from memory Th1 cells. Importantly, DCs and B cells together contributed to restimulating memory CD4 T cells to secrete IFN-gamma. In the absence of both DCs and B cells, immunized mice rapidly succumbed to HSV-2 infection and death. Thus, these results revealed a distinct mechanism by which memory Th1 cells mediate noncytolytic IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral protection after recognition of processed viral antigens by local DCs and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Iijima
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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41
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Strowig T, Brilot F, Münz C. Noncytotoxic functions of NK cells: direct pathogen restriction and assistance to adaptive immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7785-91. [PMID: 18523242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells were named after their ability to mediate spontaneous cytotoxicity during innate immune responses. However, it has become clear in recent years that they play an equally important role in restricting infections and assisting the development of adaptive immune responses via their ability to produce cytokines. In humans, a dedicated NK cell subset primarily fulfills these later functions. In this review we discuss the noncytotoxic effector functions of NK cells and how they could be harnessed for immunotherapy and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Strowig
- Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology and Christopher H Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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42
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Immune response in the absence of neurovirulence in mice infected with m protein mutant vesicular stomatitis virus. J Virol 2008; 82:9273-7. [PMID: 18614644 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00915-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix (M) protein mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), such as rM51R-M virus, are less virulent than wild-type (wt) VSV strains due to their inability to suppress innate immunity. Studies presented here show that when inoculated intranasally into mice, rM51R-M virus was cleared from nasal mucosa by day 2 postinfection and was attenuated for spread to the central nervous system, in contrast to wt VSV, thus accounting for its reduced virulence. However, it stimulated an antibody response similar to that in mice infected with the wt virus, indicating that it has the ability to induce adaptive immunity in vivo without causing disease. These results support the use of M protein mutants of VSV as vaccine vectors.
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43
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The microbial mimic poly IC induces durable and protective CD4+ T cell immunity together with a dendritic cell targeted vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:2574-9. [PMID: 18256187 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711976105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Th1 type immunity is implicated in resistance to global infectious diseases. To improve the efficacy of T cell immunity induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines, we are developing a protein-based approach that directly harnesses the function of dendritic cells (DCs) in intact lymphoid tissues. Vaccine proteins are selectively delivered to DCs by antibodies to DEC-205/CD205, a receptor for antigen presentation. We find that polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly IC) independently serves as an adjuvant to allow a DC-targeted protein to induce protective CD4(+) T cell responses at a mucosal surface, the airway. After two doses of DEC-targeted, HIV gag p24 along with poly IC, responder CD4(+) T cells have qualitative features that have been correlated with protective function. The T cells simultaneously make IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-2, and in high amounts for prolonged periods. The T cells also proliferate and continue to secrete IFN-gamma in response to HIV gag p24. The adjuvant role of poly IC requires Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5) receptors, but its analog poly IC(12)U requires only TLR3. We suggest that poly IC be tested as an adjuvant with DC-targeted vaccines to induce numerous multifunctional CD4(+) Th1 cells with proliferative capacity.
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44
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Brideau-Andersen AD, Huang X, Sun SCC, Chen TT, Stark D, Sas IJ, Zadik L, Dawes GN, Guptill DR, McCord R, Govindarajan S, Roy A, Yang S, Gao J, Chen YH, Skartved NJØ, Pedersen AK, Lin D, Locher CP, Rebbapragada I, Jensen AD, Bass SH, Nissen TLS, Viswanathan S, Foster GR, Symons JA, Patten PA. Directed evolution of gene-shuffled IFN-alpha molecules with activity profiles tailored for treatment of chronic viral diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8269-74. [PMID: 17494769 PMCID: PMC1895939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs are unusually pleiotropic cytokines that bind to a single heterodimeric receptor and have potent antiviral, antiproliferative, and immune modulatory activities. The diverse effects of the type I IFNs are of differential therapeutic importance; in cancer therapy, an enhanced antiproliferative effect may be beneficial, whereas in the therapy of viral infections (such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C), the antiproliferative effects lead to dose limiting bone marrow suppression. Studies have shown that various members of the natural IFN-alpha family and engineered variants, such as IFN-con1, vary in the ratios between various IFN-mediated cellular activities. We used DNA shuffling to explore and confirm the hypothesis that one could simultaneously increase the antiviral and Th1-inducing activity and decrease the antiproliferative activity. We report IFN-alpha hybrids wherein the ratio of antiviral:antiproliferative and Th1-inducing: antiproliferative potencies are markedly increased with respsect to IFN-con1 (75- and 80-fold, respectively). A four-residue motif that overlaps with the IFNAR1 binding site and is derived by cross breeding with a pseudogene contributes significantly to this phenotype. These IFN-alphas have an activity profile that may result in an improved therapeutic index and, consequently, better clinical efficacy for the treatment of chronic viral diseases such as hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, HIV, or chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaojian Huang
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Teddy T. Chen
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Diane Stark
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Ian J. Sas
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Linda Zadik
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Glenn N. Dawes
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Robert McCord
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Ajoy Roy
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Shumin Yang
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Judy Gao
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Yong Hong Chen
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | | | - David Lin
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | | | - Anne Dam Jensen
- Maxygen, Anpartsselskab, Agern Alle 1, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Steven H. Bass
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | | | - Graham R. Foster
- Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, The Royal London Hospital, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, England
| | - Julian A. Symons
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and
| | - Phillip A. Patten
- *Maxygen, Incorporated, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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45
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Lünemann JD, Kamradt T, Martin R, Münz C. Epstein-barr virus: environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis? J Virol 2007; 81:6777-84. [PMID: 17459939 PMCID: PMC1933281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00153-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/immunology
- Environment
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/immunology
- HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DQ Antigens/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Longitudinal Studies
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Skin Diseases/epidemiology
- Skin Diseases/etiology
- Skin Diseases/genetics
- Skin Diseases/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- United States/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Lünemann
- Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology, Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 390, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
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46
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Zhou S, Kurt-Jones EA, Fitzgerald KA, Wang JP, Cerny AM, Chan M, Finberg RW. Role of MyD88 in Route-Dependent Susceptibility to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5173-81. [PMID: 17404300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
TLRs are important components of the innate immune response. The role of the TLR signaling pathway in host defense against a natural viral infection has been largely unexplored. We found that mice lacking MyD88, an essential adaptor protein in TLR signaling pathway, were extremely sensitive to intranasal infection with vesicular stomatitis virus, and this susceptibility was dose dependent. We demonstrated that this increased susceptibility correlates with the impaired production of IFN-alpha and defective induction and maintenance of neutralizing Ab. These studies outline the important role of the TLR signaling pathway in nasal mucosae-respiratory tracts-neuroepithelium environment in the protection against microbial pathogen infections. We believe that these results explain how the route of infection, probably by virtue of activating different cell populations, can lead to entirely different outcomes of infection based on the underlying genetics of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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47
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Morandi B, Bougras G, Muller WA, Ferlazzo G, Münz C. NK cells of human secondary lymphoid tissues enhance T cell polarization via IFN-gamma secretion. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2394-400. [PMID: 16917961 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human secondary lymphoid tissues harbor NK cells that predominantly secrete cytokines in response to activation. Here, we demonstrate that these immunoregulatory NK cells assist in the Th1 polarization of primary immune responses, induced by dendritic cells. Tonsilar, but not peripheral blood NK cells enhanced the expansion of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells via their superior ability to produce IFN-gamma. Addition of IFN-gamma increased Th1 polarization while antibody blocking of this cytokine abolished NK cell-dependent Th1 polarization. Our data suggest that NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs assist priming of Th1 cells via cytokine secretion and this effect should be harnessed during vaccination against viruses and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Morandi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology and Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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48
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Natuk RJ, Cooper D, Guo M, Calderon P, Wright KJ, Nasar F, Witko S, Pawlyk D, Lee M, DeStefano J, Tummolo D, Abramovitz AS, Gangolli S, Kalyan N, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Eldridge JH, Udem SA, Kowalski J. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 gD elicit robust CD4+ Th1 immune responses and are protective in mouse and guinea pig models of vaginal challenge. J Virol 2006; 80:4447-57. [PMID: 16611905 PMCID: PMC1472036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.9.4447-4457.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors offer an attractive approach for the induction of robust cellular and humoral immune responses directed against human pathogen target antigens. We evaluated rVSV vectors expressing full-length glycoprotein D (gD) from herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in mice and guinea pigs for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against genital challenge with wild-type HSV-2. Robust Th1-polarized anti-gD immune responses were demonstrated in the murine model as measured by induction of gD-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and increased gamma interferon expression. The isotype makeup of the serum anti-gD immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was consistent with the presence of a Th1-CD4+ anti-gD response, characterized by a high IgG2a/IgG1 IgG subclass ratio. Functional anti-HSV-2 neutralizing serum antibody responses were readily demonstrated in both guinea pigs and mice that had been immunized with rVSV-gD vaccines. Furthermore, guinea pigs and mice were prophylactically protected from genital challenge with high doses of wild-type HSV-2. In addition, guinea pigs were highly protected against the establishment of latent infection as evidenced by low or absent HSV-2 genome copies in dorsal root ganglia after virus challenge. In summary, rVSV-gD vectors were successfully used to elicit potent anti-gD Th1-like cellular and humoral immune responses that were protective against HSV-2 disease in guinea pigs and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Natuk
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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49
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Hangartner L, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Antiviral antibody responses: the two extremes of a wide spectrum. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:231-43. [PMID: 16498452 DOI: 10.1038/nri1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses elicit a diverse spectrum of antiviral antibody responses. In this review, we discuss two widely used experimental model systems for viral infections - non-cytopathic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and acutely cytopathic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) - to analyse two fundamentally different types of antiviral antibody response. The basic principles found in these model infections are discussed in the context of other viral infections, and with regard to protective neutralizing versus non-protective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-detected antibody responses. Issues of antibody specificity, affinity and avidity, maturation and escape are discussed in the context of co-evolution of the host and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hangartner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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50
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Kalies K, Blessenohl M, Nietsch J, Westermann J. T cell zones of lymphoid organs constitutively express Th1 cytokine mRNA: specific changes during the early phase of an immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:741-9. [PMID: 16393957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine milieu of the T cell zones in lymphoid organs is involved in the activation of naive T cells. Quantitative data regarding the local expression of cytokines are lacking. Therefore, the expression of Th1 (IL-2, IL-12p40, IFN-gamma), Th2 (IL-4, IL-10), as well as TGFbeta1 and IL-15 mRNA was studied after laser microdissection in the steady state and during an immune response in rats. Our results show that Th1 cytokines are preferentially found in lymphoid tissues and in the T cell zones, whereas Th2 cytokines are expressed throughout the organs and especially in the B cell zones. After injection of sheep RBC, IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNA are significantly increased in the T cell zone only, a change not seen by analyzing the whole spleen. Studying the spatial and temporal expression of genes will reveal new insights into the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kalies
- Institute of Anatomy, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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