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Winichakoon P, Tongjai S. The Emerging of CRF01_AE: A Clinical Story and Future HIV/AIDS Situation in Thailand. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:74-84. [PMID: 31995011 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200129160723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic in Thailand in the 1980's compromised the country's socio-economic development. The epidemic first became evident in the community of men with male sexual partners (MSM), and subsequently spread to intravenous drug users (IVDU), female commercial sex workers (CSW) and their male clients, and, ultimately, to their partners and children. The HIV epidemic has devastated the country's working-age population. The extensive negative impact and social stigma associated with the disease do not only have an impact on the victims of HIV but also on their descendants and relatives. An epicenter of the HIV epidemic has been in the northern provinces of Thailand. An HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE, a complex chimeric virus composed of both A and E subtypes, is prevalent in Northern Thailand. The virus has quickly become a predominant viral strain circulating in Thailand, other neighboring Southeast Asian countries, and China as well as some other countries throughout the world. The epidemiology, evolution, and biology of CRF01_AE offer a unique model for further scientific investigations which would advance the knowledge of and curative strategies against HIV. In addition, Thailand has developed suitable national guidelines on HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention in order to control the epidemic. Effective antiretroviral drugs are, therefore, able to be made available to those who live with HIV. The national surveillance system has also been effective. The great efforts and resources which Thailand has dedicated to the fight against the epidemic have eventually paid off. In 2010, a plan was proposed to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission and Thailand has become the first country to be effective in this objective. Thailand therefore has become recognized as being the global leader in HIV prevention and treatment. The experience which Thailand has gained from the past and the current research and management strategies of the HIV epidemic has prepared the country for emerging strains of HIV-1 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poramed Winichakoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Tambon Sriphum, Amphoe Muang, Thailand
| | - Siripong Tongjai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Tambon Sriphum, Amphoe Muang, Thailand
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Chaudhary O, Wang L, Bose D, Narayan V, Yeh MT, Carville A, Clements JD, Andino R, Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Comparative Evaluation of Prophylactic SIV Vaccination Modalities Administered to the Oral Cavity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:984-997. [PMID: 32962398 PMCID: PMC7703093 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attempts to develop a protective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine have had limited success, especially in terms of inducing protective antibodies capable of neutralizing different viral strains. As HIV transmission occurs mainly via mucosal surfaces, HIV replicates significantly in the gastrointestinal tract, and the oral route of vaccination is a very convenient one to implement worldwide, we explored three SIV vaccine modalities administered orally and composed of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA priming with different boosting immunogens, with the goal of evaluating whether they could provide lasting humoral and cellular responses, including at mucosal surfaces that are sites of HIV entry. Twenty-four Cynomolgus macaques (CyM) were primed with replication-incompetent SIV DNA provirus and divided into three groups for the following booster vaccinations, all administered in the oral cavity: Group 1 with recombinant SIV gp140 and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin adjuvant dmLT, Group 2 with recombinant SIV-Oral Poliovirus (SIV-OPV), and Group 3 with recombinant SIV-modified vaccinia ankara (SIV-MVA). Cell-mediated responses were measured using blood, lymph node, rectal and vaginal mononuclear cells. Significant levels of systemic and mucosal T-cell responses against Gag and Env were observed in all groups. Some SIV-specific plasma IgG, rectal and salivary IgA antibodies were generated, mainly in animals that received SIV DNA + SIV-MVA, but no vaginal IgA was detected. Susceptibility to infection after SIVmac251 challenge was similar in vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals, but acute infection viremia levels were lower in the group that received SIV DNA + SIV-MVA. Nonvaccinated CyM maintained central memory and total CD4+ T-cell levels in the normal range during the 5 months of postinfection follow-up as did the vaccinated animals, precluding evaluation of vaccine impact on disease progression. We conclude that the oral cavity vaccination tested in these regimens can stimulate cell-mediated immunity systemically and mucosally, but humoral response stimulation was limited with the doses and the vaccine platforms used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - John D. Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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S100A14 Is Increased in Activated NK Cells and Plasma of HIV-Exposed Seronegative People Who Inject Drugs and Promotes Monocyte-NK Crosstalk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:234-241. [PMID: 30422902 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-exposed seronegative people who inject drugs (HESN-PWID) have been shown to have increased natural killer (NK) cell and myeloid activation when compared with control donors. METHODS We investigated potential mechanisms maintaining NK activation by conducting quantitative proteome comparisons of NK cells from HESN-PWID subjects and control donors. Proteins upregulated in NK cells were measured in the plasma of HESN-PWID subjects by ELISA and further investigated for their ability to induce innate immune activation in vitro. RESULTS The NK cell proteome comparison showed markedly higher levels of interferon-stimulated proteins and S100 proteins, including S100A14. Consistent with these results, we observed significantly higher levels of S100A14 in the plasma of HESN-PWID subjects compared with controls (P = 0.033, n = 25). In vitro, the addition of recombinant S100A14 protein significantly activated NK cells in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell mixture (P = 0.011, n = 9), but not purified NK cells alone. Treatment of purified monocytes with recombinant S100A14 protein induced secretion of TNF-alpha and led to significantly higher NK CD69 activation (P = 0.0156, n = 7) in a co-culture through a TLR4-dependent interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified S100A14 as a novel protein increased within NK cells and plasma of HESN-PWID subjects with the capacity to sustain NK activation through TLR4-dependent activation of myeloid cells.
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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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KIR3DL1 alleles and their epistatic interactions with human leukocyte antigen class I influence resistance and susceptibility to HIV-1 acquisition in the Pumwani sex worker cohort. AIDS 2018; 32:841-850. [PMID: 29280757 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associations of KIR3DL1/S1(3DL1/S1) and its epistatic interactions with human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) alleles with resistance and susceptibility to HIV-1. DESIGN Despite repeated exposure to HIV-1, a subset of women enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort remain HIV uninfected. Previous studies have shown that specific HLA class I and II alleles were associated with this natural immunity. In this study, we investigated the association of 3DL1/S1 and its epistatic interactions with HLA-I, with resistance or susceptibility to HIV-1 acquisition. METHODS We used a sequence-based typing method to genotype 3DL1/S1 of 641 women in this cohort. The association of 3DL1/S1 and its epistatic interactions with HLA-I were analyzed using SPSS statistics software. RESULTS 3DL1041 is enriched in the HIV-1-resistant women [P = 0.009, Pc = 0.0468, odds ratio (OR): 3.359, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.39-8.32], whereas, 3DL1020 was associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection before correction for multiple comparisons (P = 0.029, Pc = 0.0858, OR: 0.316, 95%CI: 0.10-1.04). Epistatic interactions between several 3DL1 alleles and specific HLA-I alleles were observed. Among them the cocarriage of 3DL1041 with Bw4 (P = 1E - 05, Pc = 0.0015, OR: 13.33, 95%CI: 3.43-51.9), or Bw6 (P = 0.008, Pc = 0.272, OR: 3.92, 95%CI: 1.51-10.17), increased the odds of remaining HIV-1 uninfected. Further, 3DL1041+/Bw4+ women who entered the cohort HIV negative remained uninfected (P = 0.032, Pc = 0.0858). Cocarriage of 3DL101501 with C02 : 10 (P = 2.73E - 07, Pc = 7.0954E - 06), B15 : 03 (P = 3.21E - 04, Pc = 0.0042), A24 supertype (P = 8.89E - 04, Pc = 0.0077), or A23 : 01 (P = 0.0036, Pc = 0.0236) was associated with increased susceptibility to seroconversion. CONCLUSION The effects of interactions between 3DL1 and HLA-I alleles on resistance/susceptibility to HIV-1 infection suggest that innate immunity plays an important role in HIV-1 acquisition and should be studied and explored for HIV prevention.
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Zhang XH, Lian XD, Dai ZX, Zheng HY, Chen X, Zheng YT. α3-Deletion Isoform of HLA-A11 Modulates Cytotoxicity of NK Cells: Correlations with HIV-1 Infection of Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2030-2042. [PMID: 28784847 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing occurs frequently in many genes, especially those involved in immunity. Unfortunately, the functions of many alternatively spliced molecules from immunologically relevant genes remain unknown. Classical HLA-I molecules are expressed on almost all nucleated cells and play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Although splice variants of HLA-I genes have been reported, the details of their functions have not been reported. In the current study, we determined the characteristics, expression, and function of a novel splice variant of HLA-A11 named HLA-A11svE4 HLA-A11svE4 is located on the cell surface without β2-microglobulin (β2m). Additionally, HLA-A11svE4 forms homodimers as well as heterodimers with HLA-A open conformers, instead of combining with β2m. Moreover, HLA-A11svE4 inhibits the activation of NK cells to protect target cells. Compared with β2m and HLA-A11, the heterodimer of HLA-A11svE4 and HLA-A11 protected target cells from lysis by NK cells more effectively. Furthermore, HLA-AsvE4 expression was upregulated by HIV-1 in vivo and by HSV, CMV, and hepatitis B virus in vitro. In addition, our findings indicated that HLA-A11svE4 molecules were functional in activating CD8+ T cells through Ag presentation. Taken together, these results suggested that HLA-A11svE4 can homodimerize and form a novel heterodimeric complex with HLA-A11 open conformers. Furthermore, the data are consistent with HLA-A11svE4 playing a role in the immune escape of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; and
| | - Xiao-Dong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; and
| | - Zheng-Xi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; and
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
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Brief Report: The Relationship Between Injection Drug Use Risk Behaviors and Markers of Immune Activation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:e8-e12. [PMID: 27984557 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High levels of immune activation are reported for people who inject drugs. Studies of the relationship between injection behaviors and immune activation have yielded mixed results, in part due to lack of control for hepatitis C virus in analyses. This study, of 48 HIV-seronegative people who inject drugs, examines this relationship controlling for hepatitis C virus viremia. Frequency of injection was positively related to markers of immune activation (soluble CD14, %CD8CD38HLADR T cells), as was duration of injection (high-specificity C-reactive protein and D-dimer). Sharing injection equipment was not related to markers studied. Findings suggest that efforts to encourage injection cessation or reduction in frequency can have positive health benefits through reducing immune activation.
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Bekri S, Bourdely P, Luci C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Su B, Martinon F, Braud VM, Luque I, Mateo PL, Crespillo S, Conejero-Lara F, Moog C, Le Grand R, Anjuère F. Sublingual Priming with a HIV gp41-Based Subunit Vaccine Elicits Mucosal Antibodies and Persistent B Memory Responses in Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2017; 8:63. [PMID: 28203239 PMCID: PMC5285372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent B cell responses in mucosal tissues are crucial to control infection against sexually transmitted pathogens like human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). The genital tract is a major site of infection by HIV. Sublingual (SL) immunization in mice was previously shown to generate HIV-specific B cell immunity that disseminates to the genital tract. We report here the immunogenicity in female cynomolgus macaques of a SL vaccine based on a modified gp41 polypeptide coupled to the cholera toxin B subunit designed to expose hidden epitopes and to improve mucosal retention. Combined SL/intramuscular (IM) immunization with such mucoadhesive gp41-based vaccine elicited mucosal HIV-specific IgG and IgA antibodies more efficiently than IM immunization alone. This strategy increased the number and duration of gp41-specific IgA secreting cells. Importantly, combined immunization improved the generation of functional antibodies 3 months after vaccination as detected in HIV-neutralizing assays. Therefore, SL immunization represents a promising vaccine strategy to block HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Bekri
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - Pierre Bourdely
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France; INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184 "Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases" , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Bin Su
- INSERM, Unit 1109 INSERM/UNISTRA, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184 "Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases" , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Véronique M Braud
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - Irene Luque
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Pedro L Mateo
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Sara Crespillo
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Francisco Conejero-Lara
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM, Unit 1109 INSERM/UNISTRA, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184 "Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases" , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Fabienne Anjuère
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France; INSERM, Paris, France
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HIV-1-Neutralizing IgA Detected in Genital Secretions of Highly HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Women on Oral Preexposure Prophylaxis. J Virol 2016; 90:9855-9861. [PMID: 27558421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01482-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nonhuman primate studies have shown that simian immunodeficiency virus/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/SHIV) exposure during preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with oral tenofovir can induce SIV immunity without productive infection, this has not been documented in humans. We evaluated cervicovaginal IgA in Partners PrEP Study participants using a subtype C primary isolate and found that women on PrEP had IgA with higher average human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-neutralizing magnitude than women on placebo (33% versus 7%; P = 0.008). Using a cutoff of ≥90% HIV-1 neutralization, 19% of women on-PrEP had HIV-1-neutralizing IgA compared to 0% of women on placebo (P = 0.09). We also estimated HIV-1 exposure and found that the proportion of women with HIV-1-neutralizing IgA was associated with the level of HIV-1 exposure (P = 0.04). Taken together, our data suggest that PrEP and high levels of exposure to HIV may each enhance mucosal HIV-1-specific humoral immune responses in sexually exposed but HIV-1-uninfected individuals. IMPORTANCE Although there is not yet an effective HIV-1 vaccine, PrEP for at-risk HIV-1-uninfected individuals is a highly efficacious intervention to prevent HIV-1 acquisition and is currently being recommended by the CDC and WHO for all individuals at high risk of HIV-1 acquisition. We previously demonstrated that PrEP use does not enhance peripheral blood HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in HIV-exposed individuals. Here, we evaluate for cervicovaginal HIV-neutralizing IgA responses in genital mucosal secretions of HIV-exposed women, which is likely a more relevant site than peripheral blood for observation of potentially protective immune events occurring in response to sexual HIV-1 exposure for various periods. Furthermore, we assess for host response in the context of longitudinal quantification of HIV-1 exposure. We report that HIV-neutralizing IgA is significantly correlated with higher HIV-1 exposure and, furthermore, that there are more women with HIV-1-neutralizing IgA in the on-PrEP group than in the placebo group.
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Beyrer C, Crago AL, Bekker LG, Butler J, Shannon K, Kerrigan D, Decker MR, Baral SD, Poteat T, Wirtz AL, Weir BW, Barré-Sinoussi F, Kazatchkine M, Sidibé M, Dehne KL, Boily MC, Strathdee SA. An action agenda for HIV and sex workers. Lancet 2015; 385:287-301. [PMID: 25059950 PMCID: PMC4302059 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The women, men, and transgender people who sell sex globally have disproportionate risks and burdens of HIV in countries of low, middle, and high income, and in concentrated and generalised epidemic contexts. The greatest HIV burdens continue to be in African female sex workers. Worldwide, sex workers still face reduced access to needed HIV prevention, treatment, and care services. Legal environments, policies, police practices, absence of funding for research and HIV programmes, human rights violations, and stigma and discrimination continue to challenge sex workers' abilities to protect themselves, their families, and their sexual partners from HIV. These realities must change to realise the benefits of advances in HIV prevention and treatment and to achieve global control of the HIV pandemic. Effective combination prevention and treatment approaches are feasible, can be tailored for cultural competence, can be cost-saving, and can help to address the unmet needs of sex workers and their communities in ways that uphold their human rights. To address HIV in sex workers will need sustained community engagement and empowerment, continued research, political will, structural and policy reform, and innovative programmes. But such actions can and must be achieved for sex worker communities everywhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Beyrer
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jenny Butler
- United Nations Population Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate Shannon
- BC Center for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Deanna Kerrigan
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan D Baral
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tonia Poteat
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian W Weir
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Michel Kazatchkine
- UN Special Envoy for HIV in eastern Europe and central Asia, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Russell MW, Whittum-Hudson J, Fidel PL, Hook EW, Mestecky J. Immunity to Sexually Transmitted Infections. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Seaton KE, Ballweber L, Lan A, Donathan M, Hughes S, Vojtech L, Moody MA, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Galloway CG, Richardson BA, Karim SA, Dezzutti CS, McElrath MJ, Tomaras GD, Hladik F. HIV-1 specific IgA detected in vaginal secretions of HIV uninfected women participating in a microbicide trial in Southern Africa are primarily directed toward gp120 and gp140 specificities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101863. [PMID: 25054205 PMCID: PMC4108330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many participants in microbicide trials remain uninfected despite ongoing exposure to HIV-1. Determining the emergence and nature of mucosal HIV-specific immune responses in such women is important, since these responses may contribute to protection and could provide insight for the rational design of HIV-1 vaccines. Methods and Findings We first conducted a pilot study to compare three sampling devices (Dacron swabs, flocked nylon swabs and Merocel sponges) for detection of HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in vaginal secretions. IgG antibodies from HIV-1-positive women reacted broadly across the full panel of eight HIV-1 envelope (Env) antigens tested, whereas IgA antibodies only reacted to the gp41 subunit. No Env-reactive antibodies were detected in the HIV-negative women. The three sampling devices yielded equal HIV-1-specific antibody titers, as well as total IgG and IgA concentrations. We then tested vaginal Dacron swabs archived from 57 HIV seronegative women who participated in a microbicide efficacy trial in Southern Africa (HPTN 035). We detected vaginal IgA antibodies directed at HIV-1 Env gp120/gp140 in six of these women, and at gp41 in another three women, but did not detect Env-specific IgG antibodies in any women. Conclusion Vaginal secretions of HIV-1 infected women contained IgG reactivity to a broad range of Env antigens and IgA reactivity to gp41. In contrast, Env-binding antibodies in the vaginal secretions of HIV-1 uninfected women participating in the microbicide trial were restricted to the IgA subtype and were mostly directed at HIV-1 gp120/gp140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lamar Ballweber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Audrey Lan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michele Donathan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine G. Galloway
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA - Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charlene S. Dezzutti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GDT); (FH)
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GDT); (FH)
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Van Raemdonck G, Zegels G, Coen E, Vuylsteke B, Jennes W, Van Ostade X. Increased Serpin A5 levels in the cervicovaginal fluid of HIV-1 exposed seronegatives suggest that a subtle balance between serine proteases and their inhibitors may determine susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Virology 2014; 458-459:11-21. [PMID: 24928035 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) are persons who remain seronegative despite repeated exposure to HIV, suggesting an in vivo resistance mechanism to HIV. Elucidation of endogenous factors responsible for this phenomenon may aid in the development of new classes of microbicides and therapeutics. We compared cervicovaginal protein abundance profiles between high-risk HESN and two control groups: low-risk HESN and HIV-positives. Four iTRAQ-based quantitative experiments were performed using samples classified based on presence/absence of particular gynaecological conditions. After statistical analysis, two proteins were shown to be differentially abundant between high-risk HESNs and control groups. Serpin A5, a serine proteinase inhibitor and Myeloblastin, a serine protease, were up- and downregulated, respectively. Commercially available ELISA assays were used to confirm differential Serpin A5 levels. These results suggest that HIV resistance in CVF of HESNs is the result of a delicate balance between two complementary mechanisms: downregulation of serine proteinases and upregulation of their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES) and Centre for Proteomics and Mass spectrometry (CFP-CeProMa), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Geert Zegels
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES) and Centre for Proteomics and Mass spectrometry (CFP-CeProMa), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Edmond Coen
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES) and Centre for Proteomics and Mass spectrometry (CFP-CeProMa), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bea Vuylsteke
- HIV/STI Epidemiology and Control Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium Projet and RETRO-CI, Abidjan, Côte d׳Ivoire
| | - Wim Jennes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES) and Centre for Proteomics and Mass spectrometry (CFP-CeProMa), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Immune correlates of HIV exposure without infection in foreskins of men from Rakai, Uganda. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:634-44. [PMID: 24150258 PMCID: PMC3997757 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) susceptibility is heterogenous, with some HIV-exposed but seronegative (HESN) individuals remaining uninfected despite repeated exposure. Previous studies in the cervix have shown that reduced HIV susceptibility may be mediated by immune alterations in the genital mucosa. However, immune correlates of HIV exposure without infection have not been investigated in the foreskin. We collected sub-preputial swabs and foreskin tissue from HESN (n=20) and unexposed control (n=57) men undergoing elective circumcision. Blinded investigators assayed swabs for HIV-neutralizing IgA, innate antimicrobial peptides, and cytokine levels. Functional T-cell subsets from foreskin tissue were assessed by flow cytometry. HESN foreskins had elevated α-defensins (3,027 vs. 1,795 pg ml(-1), P=0.011) and HIV-neutralizing IgA (50.0 vs. 13.5% of men, P=0.019). Foreskin tissue from HESN men contained a higher density of CD3 T cells (151.9 vs. 69.9 cells mm(-2), P=0.018), but a lower proportion of these was Th17 cells (6.12 vs. 8.04% of CD4 T cells, P=0.007), and fewer produced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) (34.3 vs. 41.8% of CD4 T cells, P=0.037; 36.9 vs. 45.7% of CD8 T cells, P=0.004). A decrease in the relative abundance of susceptible CD4 T cells and local TNFα production, in combination with HIV-neutralizing IgA and α-defensins, may represent a protective immune milieu at a site of HIV exposure.
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van Griensven F, Phanuphak N, Srithanaviboonchai K. Biomedical HIV prevention research and epidemic control in Thailand: two sides of the same coin. Sex Health 2014; 11:180-99. [PMID: 25000363 DOI: 10.1071/sh13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For a country with a moderate adult HIV prevalence of just over 1% in 2012, Thailand is widely perceived as having made some extraordinary contributions to the global management of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. It has been promoted as a model of effective HIV control and applauded for its leadership in providing access to antiretroviral treatment. Thailand has also received international recognition for its contribution to biomedical HIV prevention research, which is generally perceived as exceptional. In this paper, Thailand's global role model function as an example of effective HIV/AIDS control and high-quality biomedical HIV prevention research is re-evaluated against the background of currently available data and more recent insights. The results indicate that Thailand's initial response in raising the level of the political significance of HIV/AIDS was indeed extraordinary, which probably prevented a much larger epidemic from occurring. However, this response transpired in unusual extraconstitutional circumstances and its effectiveness declined once the country returned to political normalcy. Available data confirm the country's more than exceptional contribution to biomedical HIV prevention research. Thailand has made a huge contribution to the global management and control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits van Griensven
- Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, 104 Rajadamri Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, 104 Rajadamri Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kriengkrai Srithanaviboonchai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Sriphum, Muang Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Peterson TA, Kimani J, Wachihi C, Bielawny T, Mendoza L, Thavaneswaran S, Narayansingh MJ, Kariri T, Liang B, Ball TB, Ngugi EN, Plummer FA, Luo M. HLA class I associations with rates of HIV-1 seroconversion and disease progression in the Pumwani Sex Worker Cohort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 81:93-107. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Peterson
- HIV and Human Genetics, National Microbiology Laboratory; Winnipeg; MB; Canada
| | | | - C. Wachihi
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Nairobi; Nairobi; Kenya
| | - T. Bielawny
- HIV and Human Genetics, National Microbiology Laboratory; Winnipeg; MB; Canada
| | - L. Mendoza
- HIV and Human Genetics, National Microbiology Laboratory; Winnipeg; MB; Canada
| | - S. Thavaneswaran
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; Canada
| | - M. J. Narayansingh
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; Canada
| | - T. Kariri
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Nairobi; Nairobi; Kenya
| | - B. Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; Canada
| | | | - E. N. Ngugi
- Department of Community Health; University of Nairobi; Nairobi; Kenya
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Yu X, Duval M, Lewis C, Gawron MA, Wang R, Posner MR, Cavacini LA. Impact of IgA constant domain on HIV-1 neutralizing function of monoclonal antibody F425A1g8. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23183895 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the majority of HIV infections resulting from mucosal transmission, induction of an effective mucosal immune response is thought to be pivotal in preventing transmission. HIV-specific IgA, but not IgG, has been detected in the genital tract, seminal fluid, urethral swabs, urine, and vaginal wash samples of HIV-negative sex workers and HIV-status discordant couples. Purified mucosal and plasma IgA from some individuals with highly exposed, persistently seronegative status can neutralize infection and present cross-clade neutralization activity, though present at low levels. We generated a CD4-induced human mAb, F425A1g8, and characterized the impact of its isotype variants on HIV neutralizing activity. The result showed that, in contrast to little neutralization by the F425A1g8 IgG1 in the absence of sCD4, the IgA1 variant of the Ab displayed significant independent neutralization activity against a range of HIV clade B isolates in the absence of sCD4. Studies of the neutralizing function of IgA isotypes, and the functional relationship between different antigenic epitopes and IgA Abs, may also suggest strategies for the intervention of virus transmission and spread within the mucosa of the host, as well as serve to inform the design of vaccine strategies that may be more effective at preventing mucosal transmission. This research clearly suggests that IgA isotype, because of its unique molecular structure, may play an important role in HIV neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Yu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Cervicovaginal HIV-1-neutralizing immunoglobulin A detected among HIV-1-exposed seronegative female partners in HIV-1-discordant couples. AIDS 2012; 26:2155-63. [PMID: 22948273 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328359b99b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cervicovaginal HIV-1-neutralizing immunoglobulin A (IgA) was associated with reduced HIV-1 acquisition in a cohort of commercial sex workers. We aimed to define the prevalence and correlates of HIV-1-neutralizing IgA from HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) women in HIV-1-serodiscordant relationships. METHODS HIV-1-serodiscordant couples in Nairobi were enrolled and followed quarterly up to 2 years, and women in concordant HIV-1-negative relationships were enrolled as controls. Cervicovaginal, seminal, and blood samples were collected at enrollment and follow-up. Cervicovaginal IgA was assessed for HIV-1-neutralizing activity by a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based assay using an HIV-1 clade A primary isolate. RESULTS HESN women in discordant relationships had significantly more HIV-1-neutralizing IgA detected in genital secretions compared with control women [36 of 155 (23%) vs. four of 70 (6%), respectively; odds ratio (OR) 5.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-14.64; P = 0.003]. These responses persisted over time in all available follow-up cervicovaginal samples from women with detectable HIV-1-neutralizing IgA at baseline. Partner median HIV-1 plasma viral load was lower among women who had HIV-1-neutralizing IgA compared with women without detectable activity (4.3 vs. 4.8 log(10) copies/ml, respectively; OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.51-0.94; P = 0.02). A similar trend was found with partner seminal viral load (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.32-1.02; P = 0.06). CONCLUSION HESN women were five times more likely to have neutralizing IgA in cervicovaginal secretions than low-risk control women, and these responses were inversely associated with partner viral load. These observations support the existence of antiviral activity in the mucosal IgA fraction following sexual HIV-1 exposure.
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Stephens HAF. Immunogenetic surveillance of HIV/AIDS. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1481-91. [PMID: 22575339 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary pressure by viruses is most likely responsible for the extraordinary allelic polymorphism of genes encoding class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Such genetic diversity has functional implications for the immune response to viruses and generates population-based variations in HLA class I allele frequencies and KIR gene profiles. The HIV-1 virus has relatively recently established itself as a major human pathogen, rapidly diversifying into a variety of phylogenetic subtypes or clades (A-G) and recombinants in different populations. HIV-1 clade C is the most common subtype in circulation accounting for 48% of all infections, followed by HIV-1 clades A and B which are responsible for 13% and 11% of infections in the current pandemic, respectively. Candidate gene studies of large cohorts of predominantly HIV-1 clade B but also clades C and A infected patients, have consistently shown significant associations between certain HLA class I alleles namely HLA-B*57, B*58, B*27, B*51 and relatively low viraemia. However, there is evidence that other associations between HLA-B*15, B*18 or B*53 and levels of HIV-1 viraemia are clade-specific. Recent genome-wide association studies of HIV-1 clade B exposed cohorts have confirmed that HLA-B, which is the most polymorphic locus in the human genome, is the major genetic locus contributing to immune control of viraemia. Moreover, the presence of natural killer cell receptors encoded by KIR-3DL1 and 3DS1 genes together with certain HLA class I alleles carrying the KIR target motif Bw4Ile80, provides an enhanced ability to control HIV-1 viraemia in some individuals. It is likely that rapid co-evolution of HIV-1 immune escape variants together with an adjustment of human immune response gene profiles has occurred in some exposed populations. Taken together, immunogenetic surveillance of HIV-1 exposed cohorts has revealed important correlates of natural immunity, which could provide a rational platform for the design and testing of future vaccines aimed at controlling the current AIDS pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A F Stephens
- UCL Centre for Nephrology and the Anthony Nolan Laboratories, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Songok EM, Luo M, Liang B, Mclaren P, Kaefer N, Apidi W, Boucher G, Kimani J, Wachihi C, Sekaly R, Fowke K, Ball BT, Plummer FA. Microarray analysis of HIV resistant female sex workers reveal a gene expression signature pattern reminiscent of a lowered immune activation state. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30048. [PMID: 22291902 PMCID: PMC3266890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel biomarkers for HIV-1 resistance, including pathways that may be critical in anti-HIV-1 vaccine design, we carried out a gene expression analysis on blood samples obtained from HIV-1 highly exposed seronegatives (HESN) from a commercial sex worker cohort in Nairobi and compared their profiles to HIV-1 negative controls. Whole blood samples were collected from 43 HIV-1 resistant sex workers and a similar number of controls. Total RNA was extracted and hybridized to the Affymetrix HUG 133 Plus 2.0 micro arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara CA). Output data was analysed through ArrayAssist software (Agilent, San Jose CA). More than 2,274 probe sets were differentially expressed in the HESN as compared to the control group (fold change ≥1.3; p value ≤0.0001, FDR <0.05). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed genes readily distinguished HESNs from controls. Pathway analysis through the KEGG signaling database revealed a majority of the impacted pathways (13 of 15, 87%) had genes that were significantly down regulated. The most down expressed pathways were glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate, phosphatidyl inositol, natural killer cell cytotoxicity and T-cell receptor signaling. Ribosomal protein synthesis and tight junction genes were up regulated. We infer that the hallmark of HIV-1 resistance is down regulation of genes in key signaling pathways that HIV-1 depends on for infection.
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Rainone V, Dubois G, Temchura V, Überla K, Clivio A, Nebuloni M, Lauri E, Trabattoni D, Veas F, Clerici M. CCL28 induces mucosal homing of HIV-1-specific IgA-secreting plasma cells in mice immunized with HIV-1 virus-like particles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26979. [PMID: 22066023 PMCID: PMC3205026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC or CCL28) binds to CCR3 and CCR10 and recruits IgA-secreting plasma cells (IgA-ASCs) in the mucosal lamina propria. The ability of this chemokine to enhance migration of IgA-ASCs to mucosal sites was assessed in a mouse immunization model using HIV-1(IIIB) Virus-like particles (VLPs). Mice receiving either HIV-1(IIIB) VLPs alone, CCL28 alone, or the irrelevant CCL19 chemokine were used as controls. Results showed a significantly increased CCR3 and CCR10 expression on CD19(+) splenocytes of HIV-1(IIIB) VPL-CCL28-treated mice. HIV-1 Env-specific IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-5 production, total IgA, anti-Env IgA as well as gastro-intestinal mucosal IgA-secreting plasma cells were also significantly augmented in these mice. Notably, sera and vaginal secretions from HIV-1(IIIB) VLP-CCL28-treated mice exhibited an enhanced neutralizing activity against both a HIV-1/B-subtype laboratory strain and a heterologous HIV-1/C-subtype primary isolate. These data suggest that CCL28 could be useful in enhancing the IgA immune response that will likely play a pivotal role in prophylactic HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rainone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Bao R, Chen Y, Zhou D, He B, Zhong M, Li Y, Liu F, Li Q, Yang Y, Han C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yan H. Unpolarized release of vaccinia virus and HIV antigen by colchicine treatment enhances intranasal HIV antigen expression and mucosal humoral responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24296. [PMID: 21935396 PMCID: PMC3174162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of a strong mucosal immune response is essential to building successful HIV vaccines. Highly attenuated recombinant HIV vaccinia virus can be administered mucosally, but even high doses of immunization have been found unable to induce strong mucosal antibody responses. In order to solve this problem, we studied the interactions of recombinant HIV vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (rVTT-gagpol) in mucosal epithelial cells (specifically Caco-2 cell layers) and in BALB/c mice. We evaluated the impact of this virus on HIV antigen delivery and specific immune responses. The results demonstrated that rVTT-gagpol was able to infect Caco-2 cell layers and both the nasal and lung epithelia in BALB/c mice. The progeny viruses and expressed p24 were released mainly from apical surfaces. In BALB/c mice, the infection was limited to the respiratory system and was not observed in the blood. This showed that polarized distribution limited antigen delivery into the whole body and thus limited immune response. To see if this could be improved upon, we stimulated unpolarized budding of the virus and HIV antigens by treating both Caco-2 cells and BALB/c mice with colchicine. We found that, in BALB/c mice, the degree of infection and antigen expression in the epithelia went up. As a result, specific immune responses increased correspondingly. Together, these data suggest that polarized budding limits antigen delivery and immune responses, but unpolarized distribution can increase antigen expression and delivery and thus enhance specific immune responses. This conclusion can be used to optimize mucosal HIV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Bao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoqing Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Benxia He
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoming Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Han
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Song W, He D, Brill I, Malhotra R, Mulenga J, Allen S, Hunter E, Tang J, Kaslow RA. Disparate associations of HLA class I markers with HIV-1 acquisition and control of viremia in an African population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23469. [PMID: 21858133 PMCID: PMC3157381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is mediated by a combination of characteristics of the infectious and the susceptible member of a transmission pair, including human behavioral and genetic factors, as well as viral fitness and tropism. Here we report on the impact of established and potential new HLA class I determinants of heterosexual HIV-1 acquisition in the HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) partners of serodiscordant Zambian couples. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We assessed the relationships of behavioral and clinically documented risk factors, index partner viral load, and host genetic markers to HIV-1 transmission among 568 cohabiting couples followed for at least nine months. We genotyped subjects for three classical HLA class I genes known to influence immune control of HIV-1 infection. From 1995 to December 2006, 240 HESNs seroconverted and 328 remained seronegative. In Cox proportional hazards models, HLA-A*68:02 and the B*42-C*17 haplotype in HESN partners were significantly and independently associated with faster HIV-1 acquisition (relative hazards = 1.57 and 1.55; p = 0.007 and 0.013, respectively) after controlling for other previously established contributing factors in the index partner (viral load and specific class I alleles), in the HESN partner (age, gender), or in the couple (behavioral and clinical risk score). Few if any previously implicated class I markers were associated here with the rate of acquiring infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A few HLA class I markers showed modest effects on acquisition of HIV-1 subtype C infection in HESN partners of discordant Zambian couples. However, the striking disparity between those few markers and the more numerous, different markers found to determine HIV-1 disease course makes it highly unlikely that, whatever the influence of class I variation on the rate of infection, the mechanism mediating that phenomenon is identical to that involved in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dongning He
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ilene Brill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rakhi Malhotra
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Susan Allen
- Rwanda-Zambia HIV-1 Research Group, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Vaccine Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Kaslow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mestecky J, Wright PF, Lopalco L, Staats HF, Kozlowski PA, Moldoveanu Z, Alexander RC, Kulhavy R, Pastori C, Maboko L, Riedner G, Zhu Y, Wrinn T, Hoelscher M. Scarcity or absence of humoral immune responses in the plasma and cervicovaginal lavage fluids of heavily HIV-1-exposed but persistently seronegative women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:469-86. [PMID: 21091128 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To address an existing controversy concerning the presence of HIV-1-specific antibodies of the IgA isotype in the female genital tract secretions of highly-exposed but persistently seronegative (HEPSN) women, 41 samples of plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid were distributed to six laboratories for their blinded evaluation using ELISA with 10 different HIV-1 antigens, chemiluminescence-enhanced Western blots (ECL-WB), and virus neutralization. HIV-specific IgG or IgA antibodies in plasma samples from HEPSN women were absent or detectable only at low levels. In CVL, 11/41 samples displayed low levels of reactivity in ELISA against certain antigens. However, only one sample was positive in two of five laboratories. All but one CVL sample yielded negative results when analyzed by ECL-WB. Viral neutralizing activity was either absent or inconsistently detected in plasma and CVL. Plasma and CVL samples from 26 HIV-1-infected women were used as positive controls. Irrespective of the assays and antigens used, the results generated in all laboratories displayed remarkable concordance in the detection of HIV-1-specific antibodies of the IgG isotype. In contrast, IgA antibodies to HIV-1 antigens were not detected with consistency, and where present, IgA antibodies were at markedly lower levels than IgG. Although HIV-neutralizing activity was detected in plasma of all HIV-1-infected women, only a few of their CVL samples displayed such activity. In conclusion, frequent HIV-1 sexual exposure does not stimulate uniformly detectable mucosal or systemic HIV-1-specific responses, as convincingly documented in the present blindly performed study using a broad variety of immunological assays. Although HIV-1-infection leads to vigorous IgG responses in plasma and CVL, it does not stimulate sustained IgA responses in either fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Herman F. Staats
- Department of Pathology and the Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rashada C. Alexander
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rose Kulhavy
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Leonard Maboko
- National Institute for Medical Research–Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Gabriele Riedner
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Terri Wrinn
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wang X, Wang Y, Chen L, Zhao J, Liu L, Gan X, Shi X, Xie D, Nie S, Cheng J. Correlation among HLA alleles A*02/A*24, HLA-DR expression and resistance to HIV-1 infection in Chinese populations. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The reason why populations that are highly exposed to HIV-1 but that remain seronegative (ESNs) possess the capacity of HIV-1 resistance is uncertain. In this study, we tried to find the relationship among certain T-cell receptors, HLA genotype and susceptibility to HIV-1 in Chinese individuals. Materials & methods: T-cell subsets, activation markers of T cells and co-receptors of HIV-1 infection were analyzed in ESNs, healthy controls and HIV-1 carriers. HLA genotypes of the three populations were also assayed. Results: We found that the ESNs had significantly lower percentages of HLA-DR+ CD4 T cells and HLA-DR+ CD8 T cells than healthy controls and HIV-1 carriers. Healthy controls could be clearly divided into a low-expression group and a high-expression group according to HLA-DR+ CD8 T-cell expression. Almost all of the ESNs belonged to the HLA-DR+CD8 low-expression group (33/37), whereas only just over half of the healthy controls were in the low-expression group (59/101; p < 0.001). In healthy controls, the distribution of the A*02 allele showed significant negative correlation with HLA-DR+CD8 expression (p = 0.008), whereas the distribution of the A*24 displayed a significant positive correlation with HLA-DR+CD8 expression (p = 0.045). Conclusion: HLA-DR+ CD8 T-cell expression was an important indicator of susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in Chinese individuals. A*02 and A*24 allelic distribution had a close correlation with HLA-DR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, No.13, Hangkong Road, Hankou District, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of AIDS Control & Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yueyun Wang
- Shenzhen Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of AIDS Control & Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of AIDS Control & Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, No.13, Hangkong Road, Hankou District, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiumin Gan
- Department of Epidemiology & Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, No.13, Hangkong Road, Hankou District, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiangdong Shi
- Department of AIDS Control & Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Duoshuang Xie
- Department of Epidemiology & Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, No.13, Hangkong Road, Hankou District, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | | | - Jinquan Cheng
- Department of AIDS Control & Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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28
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Manrique M, Kozlowski PA, Cobo-Molinos A, Wang SW, Wilson RL, Montefiori DC, Mansfield KG, Carville A, Aldovini A. Long-term control of simian immunodeficiency virus mac251 viremia to undetectable levels in half of infected female rhesus macaques nasally vaccinated with simian immunodeficiency virus DNA/recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3581-93. [PMID: 21317390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of two SIV DNA plus recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara nasal vaccine regimens, one combined with plasmids expressing IL-2 and IL-15, the other with plasmids expressing GM-CSF, IL-12, and TNF-α, which may better stimulate humoral responses, was evaluated in two female rhesus macaque groups. Vaccination stimulated significant SIV-specific mucosal and systemic cell-mediated immunity in both groups, whereas SIV-specific IgA titers were sporadic and IgG titers negative. All vaccinated animals, except one, became infected after intravaginal SIV(mac251) low-dose challenge. Half of the vaccinated, infected animals (7/13) promptly controlled virus replication to undetectable viremia for the duration of the trial (130 wk) and displayed virological and immunological phenotypes similar to those of exposed, uninfected individuals. When all vaccinated animals were considered, a 3-log viremia reduction was observed, compared with controls. The excellent viral replication containment achieved in vaccinated animals translated into significant preservation of circulating α4β7(high+)/CD4(+) T cells and of circulating and mucosal CD4(+)/C(M) T cells and in reduced immune activation. A more significant long-term survival was also observed in these animals. Median survival was 72 wk for the control group, whereas >50% of the vaccinated animals were still disease free 130 wk postchallenge, when the trial was closed. There was a statistically significant correlation between levels of CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+) and CD8(+)/IFN-γ(+) T cell percentages on the day of challenge and the control of viremia at week 60 postchallenge or survival. Postchallenge immunological correlates of protection were systemic anti-SIV Gag + Env CD4(+)/IL-2(+), CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+), and CD8(+)/TNF-α(+) T cells and vaginal anti-SIV Gag + Env CD8(+) T cell total monofunctional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Manrique
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Zegels G, Van Raemdonck GA, Tjalma WA, Van Ostade XW. Use of cervicovaginal fluid for the identification of biomarkers for pathologies of the female genital tract. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:63. [PMID: 21143851 PMCID: PMC3016264 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervicovaginal fluid has an important function in the homeostasis and immunity of the lower female genital tract. Analysis of the cervicovaginal fluid proteome may therefore yield important information about the pathogenesis of numerous gynecological pathologies. Additionally, cervicovaginal fluid has great potential as a source of biomarkers for these conditions. This review provides a detailed discussion about the human cervicovaginal proteome and the proteomics studies performed to characterize this biological fluid. Furthermore, infection-correlated pathological conditions of the female genital tract are discussed for which cervicovaginal fluid has been used in order to identify potential biomarkers. Recent years, numerous studies have analyzed cervicovaginal fluid samples utilizing antibody-based technologies, such as ELISA or Western blotting, to identify biomarkers for preterm birth, premature preterm rupture of membranes, bacterial vaginosis and cervical cancer. The present article will discuss the importance of proteomic technologies as alternative techniques to gain additional meaningful information about these conditions. In addition, the review focuses on recent proteomic studies on cervicovaginal fluid samples for the identification of potential biomarkers. We conclude that the use of proteomic technology for analysis of human cervicovaginal fluid samples is promising and may lead to the discovery of new biomarkers which can improve disease prevention and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Zegels
- Laboratory of Proteinscience, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes research literature regarding mucosal immunity to HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), with an emphasis on work published within the past 18 months. RECENT FINDINGS Notable recent studies have focused on the pivotal events occurring within mucosal tissues during acute HIV/SIV infection that serve to establish a balance between detrimental immune activation and beneficial adaptive responses. In cervicovaginal mucosa, an early inflammatory response leads to recruitment of susceptible target cells. At this acute stage, the in-vivo ratio between CD8 effector cells and infected CD4 T-cells may be critical for limiting viral dissemination. Acute infection is also accompanied by loss of germinal center architecture and T/B cell apoptosis in Peyer's patches of the gastrointestinal tract. During chronic infection, mucosal CD8 T-cells may play a role in immune control, as suggested by studies of elite controllers. SUMMARY Mucosal tissues serve as the major portal of entry for HIV, and house a majority of the body's lymphocytes, including CD4 T-cells that are targets for infection. Recent studies have focused renewed attention on events occurring immediately after transmission, and underscore the concept that the balance between inflammation and protective immunity is established by host responses in mucosal tissues.
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Abstract
The lack of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine and the continued emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains have pushed the research community to explore novel avenues for AIDS therapy. Over the last decade, one new avenue that has been realized involves cellular HIV-1 restriction factors, defined as host cellular proteins or factors that restrict or inhibit HIV-1 replication. Many of these factors are interferon-induced and inhibit specific stages of the HIV-1 lifecycle that are not targeted by current AIDS therapies. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-1 restriction is far from complete, but our current knowledge of these factors offers hope for the future development of novel therapeutic ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Barr
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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32
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Haplotype-dependent HLA susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a Southern Chinese population. Genes Immun 2010; 11:334-42. [PMID: 20072141 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted a comprehensive case-control study of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) population cohort from Guangxi Province of Southern China, a region with one of the highest NPC incidences on record. A total of 1407 individuals including NPC patients, healthy controls, and their adult children were examined for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association, which is so far the largest NPC cohort reported for such studies. Stratified analysis performed in this study clearly demonstrated that while NPC protection is associated with independent HLA alleles, most NPC susceptibility is strictly associated with HLA haplotypes. Our study also detected for the first time that A(*)0206, a unique A2 subtype to South and Southeast Asia is also associated with a high risk for NPC. HLA-A(*)0206, HLA-B(*)3802 alleles plus the A(*)0207-B(*)4601 and A(*)3303-B(*)5801 haplotypes conferred high risk for NPC showing a combined odds ratio (OR) of 2.6 (P<0.0001). HLA alleles that associate with low risk for NPC include HLA-A(*)1101, B(*)27, and B(*)55 with a combined OR of 0.42 (P<0.0001). The overall high frequency of NPC-susceptible HLA factors in the Guangxi population is likely to have contributed to the high-NPC incidence in this region.
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33
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent literature in the field of mucosal immunology as it applies to HIV transmission and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Pertinent recent findings include elucidation of the role of mucosal antigen-presenting cells and retinoic acid in imprinting a gut-homing phenotype on antigen-specific T and B cells, and the identification of Th17 and T regulatory cells as key modulators of the balance between tolerance and inflammation in mucosal tissues. SUMMARY Mucosal surfaces of the body serve as the major portal of entry for HIV. These tissues also house a majority of the body's lymphocytes, including the CD4 T-cells that are the major cellular target for HIV infection. Elucidating mucosal immune responses is critical to our understanding of the host-pathogen relationship for two reasons: first, mucosal barriers are defended by a range of innate and adaptive defenses that might be exploited to develop effective vaccines or microbicides; second, adaptive immune responses in mucosal lymphoid tissues might serve to limit viral replication, decreasing the host's viral burden as well as reducing the likelihood of sexual transmission to a naïve host.
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34
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Antibody-Mediated Fcγ Receptor-Based Mechanisms of HIV Inhibition: Recent Findings and New Vaccination Strategies. Viruses 2009; 1:1265-94. [PMID: 21994593 PMCID: PMC3185537 DOI: 10.3390/v1031265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is one of the most devastating pandemics worldwide. Today, the major route of infection by HIV is sexual transmission. One of the most promising strategies for vaccination against HIV sexual infection is the development of a mucosal vaccine, which should be able to induce strong local and systemic protective immunity. It is believed that both humoral and cellular immune responses are needed for inducing a sterilizing protection against HIV. Recently, passive administration of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies in macaques infected by vaginal challenge demonstrated a crucial role of FcγRs in the protection afforded by these antibodies. This questioned about the role of innate and adaptive immune functions, including ADCC, ADCVI, phagocytosis of opsonized HIV particles and the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, in the mechanism of HIV inhibition in vivo. Other monoclonal antibodies - non-neutralizing inhibitory antibodies - which recognize immunogenic epitopes, have been shown to display potent FcγRs-dependent inhibition of HIV replication in vitro. The potential role of these antibodies in protection against sexual transmission of HIV and their biological relevance for the development of an HIV vaccine therefore need to be determined. This review highlights the potential role of FcγRs-mediated innate and adaptive immune functions in the mechanism of HIV protection.
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35
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Misumi S, Masuyama M, Takamune N, Nakayama D, Mitsumata R, Matsumoto H, Urata N, Takahashi Y, Muneoka A, Sukamoto T, Fukuzaki K, Shoji S. Targeted delivery of immunogen to primate m cells with tetragalloyl lysine dendrimer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6061-70. [PMID: 19414757 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective uptake of Ags by specialized M cells of gut-associated lymphoid tissues is an important step in inducing efficient immune responses after oral vaccination. Although stable nontoxic small molecule mimetics of lectins, such as synthetic multivalent polygalloyl derivatives, may have potential in murine M cell targeting, it remains unclear whether synthetic multivalent polygalloyl derivatives effectively target nonhuman and human M cells. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a tetragalloyl derivative, the tetragalloyl-D-lysine dendrimer (TGDK), to target M cells in both in vivo nonhuman primate and in vitro human M-like cell culture models. TGDK was efficiently transported from the lumen of the intestinal tract into rhesus Peyer's patches by M cells and then accumulated in germinal centers. Oral administration of rhesus CCR5-derived cyclopeptide conjugated with TGDK in rhesus macaque resulted in a statistically significant increase in stool IgA response against rhesus CCR5-derived cyclopeptide and induced a neutralizing activity against SIV infection. Furthermore, TGDK was specifically bound to human M-like cells and efficiently transcytosed from the apical side to the basolateral side in the M-like cell model. Thus, the TGDK-mediated vaccine delivery system represents a potential approach for enabling M cell-targeted mucosal vaccines in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Misumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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36
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Broad neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) elicited from human rhinoviruses that display the HIV-1 gp41 ELDKWA epitope. J Virol 2009; 83:5087-100. [PMID: 19279101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00184-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In efforts to develop AIDS vaccine components, we generated combinatorial libraries of recombinant human rhinoviruses that display the well-conserved ELDKWA epitope of the membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41. The broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 2F5 was used to select for viruses whose ELDKWA conformations resemble those of HIV. Immunization of guinea pigs with different chimeras, some boosted with ELDKWA-based peptides, elicited antibodies capable of neutralizing HIV-1 pseudoviruses of diverse subtypes and coreceptor usages. These recombinant immunogens are the first reported that elicit broad, albeit modest, neutralization of HIV-1 using an ELDKWA-based epitope and are among the few reported that elicit broad neutralization directed against any recombinant HIV epitope, providing a critical advance in developing effective AIDS vaccine components.
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37
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38
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Horton RE, Ball TB, Wachichi C, Jaoko W, Rutherford WJ, Mckinnon L, Kaul R, Rebbapragada A, Kimani J, Plummer FA. Cervical HIV-specific IgA in a population of commercial sex workers correlates with repeated exposure but not resistance to HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:83-92. [PMID: 19108692 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive cross-sectional analysis of total and HIV-specific cervical antibody levels in HIV-1-resistant, uninfected, and infected women in order to examine the role of HIV-specific antibody responses in the female genital tract and examine the effect on antibody levels of various epidemiologic factors in this population. Cervical lavages were collected from 272 subjects of the Pumwani commercial sex worker cohort. Total and HIV-specific genital tract IgA and IgG levels were measured using an ELISA and correlated with behavioral and demographic factors. No significant difference was seen between cervical HIV-specific IgA levels in infected, uninfected, and resistant individuals, nor were any correlations between cervical HIV-specific IgA and neutralization capacity or viral shedding seen. We did, however, note increased HIV-specific IgA in HIV-negative women with four or more clients per day, and decreased HIV-specific IgA in both long-term nonprogressors and long-term survivors. These results show that there is not a strong cohort-wide correlation between HIV-specific cervical IgA levels and resistance to infection by HIV-1 as previously believed, but there is a correlation between exposure to HIV and HIV-specific cervical IgA. Our findings do not preclude the possibility that functional differences in the cervical IgA of HEPS women may play a role in resistance, but argue that HIV-specific responses may not be a universal protective factor. They also indicate that resistance to HIV is a complex condition related to more factors than exposure. Further studies of correlates of immune protection in these individuals would be beneficial to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Horton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - T. Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles Wachichi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - W. John Rutherford
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lyle Mckinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anu Rebbapragada
- Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Frank A. Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratories, PHAC, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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40
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Speelmon EC, Livingston-Rosanoff D, Desbien AL, Lee J, Wick WD, Hladik F, McElrath MJ. Impaired viral entry cannot explain reduced CD4+ T cell susceptibility to HIV type 1 in certain highly exposed individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1415-27. [PMID: 19000021 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare individuals report repeated unprotected HIV-1 sexual exposures, yet remain seronegative for years. We investigated the possibility that reduced in vitro CD4(+) T cell susceptibility to HIV-1 infection protects such highly exposed seronegative (ES) individuals. Susceptibility to three R5-tropic HIV-1 isolates, regardless of inoculating dose, was remarkably similar between 81 ES and 33 low-risk controls. In 94% (99/105) of donors, we observed a 1.36 log-unit range in HIV-1(JR-CSF) production, with similar results for HIV-1(1192). The median frequency of intracellular Gag(+) T cells after single-round infection was similar in ES (5.2%) and controls (7.2%), p = 0.456. However, in repeated testing, CD4(+) T cells from two controls (6.1%) and four ES (4.9%) exhibited a 10- to 2500-fold reduction in HIV-1 production and required 5- to 12-fold greater HIV-1(1192) and HIV-1(JR-CSF) inocula to establish infection (TCID(50)). Reduced viral entry cannot explain the low producer phenotype; no differences in CCR5 receptor density or beta-chemokine production were observed. In conclusion, we have identified a remarkably narrow range of HIV-1 susceptibility in seronegative donors regardless of risk activity, which can be applied as a benchmark to assess vaccine-induced antiviral effector activities. However, CD4(+) T cells from a subset of individuals demonstrated reduced HIV-1 susceptibility unexplained by impaired entry, lending support to the possibility that cellular restriction of HIV-1 may account for continued seronegativity in some of those having repeated sexual exposure. Identifying the host-virus interactions responsible for diminished in vitro susceptibility may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Speelmon
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Devon Livingston-Rosanoff
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Anthony L. Desbien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Jean Lee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - W. David Wick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105
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41
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Excretion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through polarized epithelium by immunoglobulin A. J Virol 2008; 82:11526-35. [PMID: 18829757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01111-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted primarily sexually across mucosal surfaces. After infection, HIV propagates initially in the lamina propria below the polarized epithelium and causes extensive destruction of mucosal T cells. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, produced in the lamina propria and then transcytosed across the mucosal epithelium into the lumen, can be the first line of immune defense against HIV. Here, we used IgA monoclonal antibodies against HIV envelope proteins to investigate the abilities of polarized primate and human epithelial cells to excrete HIV virions from the basolateral to the apical surface via polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR)-mediated binding and the internalization of HIV-IgA immune complexes. African green monkey kidney cells expressing pIgR demonstrated HIV excretion that was dependent on the IgA concentration and the exposure time. Matched IgG antibodies with the same variable regions as the IgA antibodies and IgA antibodies to non-HIV antigens had no HIV excretory function. A mixture of two IgA anti-bodies against gp120 and gp41 showed a synergistic increase in the level of HIV excreted. The capacity for HIV excretion correlated with the ability of IgA antibodies to bind HIV and of the resulting immune complexes to bind pIgR. Consistent with the epithelial transcytosis of HIV-IgA immune complexes, the colocalization of HIV proteins and HIV-specific IgA was detected intracellularly by confocal microscopy. Our results suggest the potential of IgA antibodies to excrete HIV from mucosal lamina propria, thereby decreasing the viral burden, access to susceptible cells, and the chronic activation of the immune system.
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42
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Burgener A, Boutilier J, Wachihi C, Kimani J, Carpenter M, Westmacott G, Cheng K, Ball TB, Plummer F. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the cervical mucosa of HIV-1-resistant sex workers. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4446-54. [PMID: 18707157 DOI: 10.1021/pr800406r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel tools are necessary to understand mechanisms of altered susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in women of the Pumwani Sex Worker cohort, Kenya. In this cohort, more than 140 of the 2000 participants have been characterized to be relatively resistant to HIV-1 infection. Given that sexual transmission of HIV-1 occurs through mucosal surfaces such as that in the cervicovaginal environment, our hypothesis is that innate immune factors in the genital tract may play a role in HIV-1 infection resistance. Understanding this mechanism may help develop microbicides and/or vaccines against HIV-1. A quantitative proteomics technique (2D-DIGE: two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis) was used to examine cervical mucosa of HIV-1 resistant women ( n = 10) for biomarkers of HIV-1 resistance. Over 15 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between HIV-1-resistant women and control groups ( n = 29), some which show a greater than 8-fold change. HIV-1-resistant women overexpressed several antiproteases, including those from the serpin B family, and also cystatin A, a known anti-HIV-1 factor. Immunoblotting for a selection of the identified proteins confirmed the DIGE volume differences. Validation of these results on a larger sample of individuals will provide further evidence these biomarkers are associated with HIV-1 resistance and could help aid in the development of effective microbicides against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Burgener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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43
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Farquhar C, VanCott T, Bosire R, Bermudez C, Mbori-Ngacha D, Lohman-Payne B, Nduati R, Otieno P, John-Stewart G. Salivary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-specific immunoglobulin A in HIV-1-exposed infants in Kenya. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153:37-43. [PMID: 18505437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity, and specifically immunoglobulin A (IgA) that is directed against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, may contribute to protection against HIV-1 acquisition at mucosal surfaces. HIV-1-specific IgA has been detected in genital tract secretions of HIV-1-uninfected commercial sex workers with HIV-1 exposure, and may be produced in parotid saliva by infants exposed orally to HIV-1 during delivery and breastfeeding. To explore this hypothesis, we collected saliva from 145 infants aged < or = 6 months enrolled in a perinatal HIV-1 transmission study in Nairobi and from 55 control infants without HIV-1 exposure who were born to HIV-1-seronegative mothers. Among the 145 infants, 115 (79%) remained uninfected during the 12-month study period and 30 (21%) became HIV-1-infected during follow-up. Nine (8%) of the 115 HIV-1-exposed, uninfected infants had detectable levels of HIV-1 gp160-specific IgA compared with four (13%) of 30 infected infants and none of 55 control infants (P = 0.47 and P = 0.03 respectively). Among the nine HIV-1-exposed, uninfected infants with positive assays, median age was 1 month and none acquired HIV-1 during follow-up. We conclude that HIV-1-specific salivary IgA responses may be generated by very young infants exposed perinatally to maternal HIV-1. Mucosal responses would be an appropriate target for paediatric vaccines against breast milk HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Farquhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104-2499, USA.
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Miyazawa M, Tsuji-Kawahara S, Kanari Y. Host genetic factors that control immune responses to retrovirus infections. Vaccine 2008; 26:2981-96. [PMID: 18255203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several host genes control retroviral replication and pathogenesis. These include genes that directly affect the replication of retroviruses in target cells and those that control the host immune responses to the viral antigens. Host genetic factors that affect retroviral replication and immune responses to the viral antigens have been best studied in mouse models of Friend leukemia virus (FV) infection. Several genes located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), along with a separate gene not linked to the MHC, influence the host immune responses to FV antigens. The latter, the Rfv3, regulates the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and thus affects the duration of viremia. T-cell responses to the viral epitopes are controlled by MHC class I and class II genotypes, and both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cells are required for spontaneous immune resistance to FV infection. When CD4(+) T-helper cells are efficiently primed with a viral epitope, however, CD8(+) T-cells are not required for immune protection against FV infection, while B cells are absolutely required. There are individuals who possess human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-reactive IgA antibodies in their mucosal secretions and show strong T-cell responses to HIV-1 antigens, even though they are negative for HIV-1 genome and HIV-1-reactive serum IgG. These HIV-1-exposed but uninfected individuals rarely possess resistance-associated alleles at known AIDS-restricting loci such as CCR5Delta32. Recent genetic analyses have indicated that a large proportion of such exposed but uninfected individuals may share a common genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Miyazawa
- Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka 589-0023, Japan.
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45
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Not just sheer luck! Immune correlates of protection against HIV-1 infection. Vaccine 2007; 26:3002-7. [PMID: 18180082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to HIV infection is widely different among individuals, and it is known that individuals can be identified who are repeatedly exposed to HIV but in whom neither infection nor disease are seen. The possibility that sheer luck is not the only determinant of this phenomenon begun to be considered in 1989 when it was reported that T cell responses to HIV proteins could be detected in antibody-negative sexual partners of known HIV-positive men. In this review, we will summarize the body of knowledge that stemmed from that first observation.
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Iqbal SM, Kaul R. REVIEW ARTICLE: Mucosal Innate Immunity as a Determinant of HIV Susceptibility. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 59:44-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Castelletti E, Lo Caputo S, Kuhn L, Borelli M, Gajardo J, Sinkala M, Trabattoni D, Kankasa C, Lauri E, Clivio A, Piacentini L, Bray DH, Aldrovandi GM, Thea DM, Veas F, Nebuloni M, Mazzotta F, Clerici M. The mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC/CCL28) modulates immunity in HIV infection. PLoS One 2007; 2:e969. [PMID: 17912348 PMCID: PMC1989139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCL28 (MEC) binds to CCR3 and CCR10 and recruits IgA-secreting plasma cells (IgA-ASC) in the mucosal lamina propria (MLP). Mucosal HIV-specific IgA are detected in HIV-infection and exposure. The CCL28 circuit was analyzed in HIV-infected and-exposed individuals and in HIV-unexposed controls; the effect of CCL28 administration on gastrointestinal MLP IgA-ASC was verified in a mouse model. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS CCL28 was augmented in breast milk (BM) plasma and saliva of HIV-infected and -exposed individuals; CCR3+ and CCR10+ B lymphocytes were increased in these same individuals. Additionally: 1) CCL28 concentration in BM was associated with longer survival in HIV vertically-infected children; and 2) gastro-intestinal mucosal IgA-ASC were significantly increased in VSV-immunized mice receiving CCL28. CONCLUSIONS CCL28 mediates mucosal immunity in HIV exposure and infection. CCL28-including constructs should be considered in mucosal vaccines to prevent HIV infection of the gastro-intestinal MLP via modulation of IgA-ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Castelletti
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Lo Caputo
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, Antella, Firenze, Italy
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manuela Borelli
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Johanna Gajardo
- Laboratory of Retroviral and Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Development, IRD/UR178, Montpellier, France
| | - Moses Sinkala
- Lusaka District Health Management Team, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Eleonora Lauri
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Clivio
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Piacentini
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Technologie Avanzate (LITA) Vialba, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Grace M. Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Thea
- Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francisco Veas
- Laboratory of Retroviral and Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Development, IRD/UR178, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuela Nebuloni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Mazzotta
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, Antella, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Behbahani H, Walther-Jallow L, Klareskog E, Baum L, French AL, Patterson BK, Garcia P, Spetz AL, Landay A, Andersson J. Proinflammatory and type 1 cytokine expression in cervical mucosa during HIV-1 and human papillomavirus infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:9-19. [PMID: 17356467 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180415da7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of immune activation and increased inflammation are prevalent during viral infection. To investigate the role of inflammation in HIV transmission, we studied the infectious and inflammatory milieu in cervical mucosa from HIV-1- and human papillomavirus (HPV)-coinfected and HPV-monoinfected women. The numbers of cytokine-, chemokine-, and p24-expressing cells were determined using in situ imaging analysis and intracellular staining of p24 antigen. Significantly higher expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1alpha/beta, was seen in cervical tissue from HIV/HPV-coinfected as compared with HPV-monoinfected tissues, whereas IL-2- and interferon (IFN)-gamma-expressing cells were higher in HPV-monoinfected tissues. IL-10 was low in both groups, whereas IL-4 was significantly higher in HPV-monoinfected and HIV/HPV-coinfected tissues than in HIV/HPV-negative controls. RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta but not MIP-1alpha were significantly higher in the genital tract of HIV/HPV-coinfected as compared with HPV-monoinfected individuals and controls. HIV/HPV-coinfected tissues had a higher level of human leukocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)-expressing dendritic cells (DCs). There was a positive correlation between the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as CD1a, IL-1alpha, and RANTES expression and p24 antigen-expressing cells in the HIV/HPV-coinfected tissues. These findings suggest the persistence of immune activation and inflammation in the genital tract of women with HPV monoinfection and in HIV-infected women coinfected with HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homira Behbahani
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ball TB, Ji H, Kimani J, McLaren P, Marlin C, Hill AVS, Plummer FA. Polymorphisms in IRF-1 associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection in highly exposed uninfected Kenyan sex workers. AIDS 2007; 21:1091-101. [PMID: 17502719 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3280ef6ae1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the correlation between polymorphisms in the IL-4 gene cluster and resistance to HIV-1 infection. DESIGN : A cross-sectional genetic analysis of polymorphisms within the IL-4 gene cluster was conducted in a well-described female sex worker cohort from Nairobi, Kenya, known to exhibit differential susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. METHODS Microsatellite genotyping was used to screen six microsatellite markers in the IL-4 gene cluster for associations with HIV-1 resistance. Further analysis of the interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) gene was conducted by genomic sequencing. Associations between IRF-1 gene polymorphisms and the HIV-1 resistance phenotype were determined using the chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The functional consequence of IRF-1 polymorphism was conducted by quantitative Western blot. RESULTS Three polymorphisms in IRF-1, located at 619, the microsatellite region and 6516 of the gene, showed associations with resistance to HIV-1 infection. The 619A, 179 at IRF-1 microsatellite and 6516G alleles were associated with the HIV-1-resistant phenotype and a reduced likelihood of seroconversion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with protective IRF-1 genotypes exhibited significantly lower basal IRF-1 expression and reduced responsiveness to exogenous IFN-gamma stimulation. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in the IRF-1 gene are associated with resistance to infection by HIV-1 and a lowered level of IRF-1 protein expression. This study adds IRF-1, a transcriptional immunoregulatory gene, to the list of genetic correlates of altered susceptibility to HIV-1. This is the first report suggesting that a viral transcriptional regulator might contribute to resistance to HIV-1. Further functional analysis on the role of IRF-1 polymorphisms and HIV-1 resistance is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Suresh P, Wanchu A, Bhatnagar A, Sachdeva RK, Sharma M. Spontaneous and antigen-induced chemokine production in exposed but uninfected partners of HIV type 1-infected individuals in North India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:261-8. [PMID: 17331032 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 does not inevitably result in infection and resistance to HIV-1 infection is observed in different categories of at-risk individuals. In this study, the role of beta-chemokines and alpha-chemokine in providing resistance to HIV-1 infection was evaluated in a group of 25 HIV-exposed but uninfected (EU) partners of HIV-1-infected individuals. We studied the levels of regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta , and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha in culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after stimulation with HIV gag p24 antigen and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Higher gag-specific beta-chemokine responses were seen in EU individuals and HIV-positive controls when compared with healthy controls (HC). No significant difference was observed in PHA-specific beta-chemokine production between these three groups. Moreover, a spontaneous production of all the three beta-chemokines by unstimulated PBMCs was observed in EU individuals and HIV-positive controls. No significant difference was observed in alpha-chemokine (SDF-1) levels between the three groups after p24 and PHA stimulation. We conclude that in our cohort of EU individuals, beta-chemokines-mediated resistance against HIV might be present. Since beta-chemokines are produced mainly by activated T cells, our results suggest that enhanced chemokine production might be due to exposure to HIV in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Suresh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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