1
|
Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5258. [PMID: 38898034 PMCID: PMC11187135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S. Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control Vi polymerization or acetylation is enough to result in different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper Vi capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo Vi capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper Vi capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buczkowska M, Chattaway MA, Jenkins C, Hungerford D, Katwa P, Kirkbride H, Hawker J. Linking epidemiological and genomic data in cases of enteric fever in England to inform clinical management and public health action. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024:dkae148. [PMID: 38873828 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the feasibility of linking data from enhanced surveillance patient questionnaires from each enteric fever case in England with genome sequencing data, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, from the corresponding isolate of typhoidal salmonellae. METHODS After linking data we interrogated the merged dataset and assessed the utility of passive surveillance data to match and monitor antimicrobial treatment regimens in enteric fever patients with the AMR profiles of the infectious agent. RESULTS A high proportion of cases were given antibiotics (n = 1230/1415; 86.9%); half of the cases stated the class of antibiotic they were given (n = 630/1239) and half were prescribed cephalosporins (n = 316/630). Reported treatment with a combination of antibiotics increased with symptom severity. Nearly half of isolates (n = 644/1415; 45.5%) had mutations conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin. Based on genome-derived AMR profiles, typhoidal salmonellae isolates inferred to be susceptible to the recommended first-line antimicrobials were twice as likely to be isolated from individuals residing in the least deprived areas compared with the most deprived (n = 26/169; 15.4% versus n = 32/442; 7.2%). CONCLUSIONS Due to the high proportion of missing data obtained from patient interviews, we recommend a more transparent and systematic approach to recording the antibiotic prescription details by healthcare professionals in primary and secondary care. A more robust approach to data capture at this point in the care pathway would enable us to audit inconsistencies in the prescribing algorithms across England and ensure equitable treatment across all sections of society. Integrating prescribing data with the genome-derived AMR profiles of the causative agent at the individual patient level provides an opportunity to monitor the impact of treatment on clinical outcomes, and to promote best practice in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Buczkowska
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Refence Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Marie A Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Refence Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Refence Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Daniel Hungerford
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Parisha Katwa
- Travel Health and International Health Regulations Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Hilary Kirkbride
- Travel Health and International Health Regulations Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Hawker
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Field Epidemiology Service, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juliet R, Loganathan A, Neeravi A, Bakthavatchalam YD, Veeraraghavan B, Manohar P, Nachimuthu R. Characterization of Salmonella phage of the genus Kayfunavirus isolated from sewage infecting clinical strains of Salmonella enterica. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391777. [PMID: 38887719 PMCID: PMC11180730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistance in Salmonella, causing food-borne infections, is a significant issue. With over 2,600 serovars in in Salmonella sp., it is crucial to identify specific solutions for each serovar. Phage therapy serves as an alternate treatment option. In this study, vB_SalP_792 phage was obtained from sewage, forming plaques in eight out of 13 tested clinical S. enterica isolates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination revealed a T7-like morphotype. The phage was characterized by its stability, life cycle, antibiofilm, and lytic ability in food sources. The phage remains stable throughout a range of temperatures (-20 to 70°C), pH levels (3-11), and in chloroform and ether. It also exhibited lytic activity within a range of MOIs from 0.0001 to 100. The life cycle revealed that 95% of the phages attached to their host within 3 min, followed by a 5-min latent period, resulting in a 50 PFU/cell burst size. The vB_SalP_792 phage genome has a dsDNA with a length of 37,281 bp and a GC content of 51%. There are 42 coding sequences (CDS), with 24 having putative functions and no resistance or virulence-related genes. The vB_SalP_792 phage significantly reduced the bacterial load in the established biofilms and also in egg whites. Thus, vB_SalP_792 phage can serve as an effective biocontrol agent for preventing Salmonella infections in food, and its potent lytic activity against the clinical isolates of S. enterica, sets out vB_SalP_792 phage as a successful candidate for future in vivo studies and therapeutical application against drug-resistant Salmonella infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Juliet
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Archana Loganathan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ayyanraj Neeravi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Prasanth Manohar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qureshi S, Maria N, Chawla T, Iqbal J, Kazi AM, Adnan M, Hotwani A, Rahman N, Sadiq MW, Charles R, Baker S, Qamar FN. The frequency and associated factors of typhoid carriage in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011775. [PMID: 38865361 PMCID: PMC11168639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi A, B, and C. It continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In highly endemic areas, children are disproportionately affected, and antimicrobial resistance reduces therapeutic options. It is estimated that 2-5% of enteric fever patients develop chronic asymptomatic infection. These carriers may act as reservoirs of infection; therefore, the prospective identification and treatment of carriers are critical for long-term disease control. We aimed to find the frequency of Salmonella Typhi carriers in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. We also compared the detection limit of culturing versus qPCR in detecting S. Typhi, performed a geospatial analysis of the carriers identified using this study, and evaluated the accuracy of anti-Vi and anti-YncE in identifying chronic typhoid carriage. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study in two centers in Pakistan. Gallbladder specimens were subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) and serum samples were analyzed for IgG against YncE and Vi by ELISA. We also mapped the residential location of those with a positive qPCR result. FINDINGS Out of 988 participants, 3.4% had qPCR-positive gallbladder samples (23 S. Typhi and 11 S. Paratyphi). Gallstones were more likely to be qPCR positive than bile and gallbladder tissue. Anti-Vi and YncE were significantly correlated (r = 0.78 p<0.0001) and elevated among carriers as compared to qPCR negative controls, except for anti-Vi response in Paratyphi A. But the discriminatory values of these antigens in identifying carriers from qPCR negative controls were low. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of typhoid carriers observed in this study suggests that further studies are required to gain information that will help in controlling future typhoid outbreaks in a superior manner than they are currently being managed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Noshi Maria
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tabish Chawla
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Momin Kazi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Adnan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Aneeta Hotwani
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Wahhaab Sadiq
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Richelle Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amare A, Asnakew F, Asressie Y, Guadie E, Tirusew A, Muluneh S, Awoke A, Assefa M, Ferede W, Getaneh A, Lemma M. Prevalence of multidrug resistance Salmonella species isolated from clinical specimens at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital Northwest Ethiopia: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301697. [PMID: 38713729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem globally. The disease is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, but there have been limited recent studies about the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from various clinical specimens. OBJECTIVE Aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialised Hospital, northwestern Ethiopia. METHOD A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of isolated from all clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Salmonella Comprehensive Specialised Hospital from June 1st, 2017 to June 3rd, 2022. A total of 26,154 data points were collected using a checklist of records of laboratory registration. Clinical specimens were collected, inoculated, and incubated for about a week with visual inspection for growth and gram staining. The isolates were grown on MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Pure colonies were identified with a conventional biochemical test, and those unidentified at the species level were further identified by the analytical profile index-20E. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The multidrug resistance Salmonella isolates was identified using the criteria set by Magiorakos. Finally, the data was cleaned and checked for completeness and then entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Then the results were displayed using tables and figures. RESULTS Of the total 26,154 Salmonella suspected clinical samples, 41 (0.16%) Salmonella species were isolated. Most of the Salmonella isolates, 19 (46.3%), were in the age group of less than 18 years, followed by the age group of 19-44 years, 11 (26.8%). In this study, S. enterica subsp. arizonae accounts for the highest 21 (51%), followed by S. paratyphi A 9 (22%). Of the Salmonella isolates, S. typhi were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, each accounting for 83.3%. Furthermore, S. paratyphi A was resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.9%), and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The overall multi-drug resistance prevalence was 22 (53.7%; 95% CI: 39.7-61). Accordingly, S. paratyphi A was 100% multidrug-resistant, followed by S. typhi (66.6%). CONCLUSION A low prevalence of Salmonella species was observed in the past six years. Moreover, most S. typhi and S. paratyphi strains in the study area were found to be resistant to routinely recommended antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, compared to what was reported earlier. In addition, all isolates of S. paratyphi A and the majority of S. typhi were multidrug resistant. Therefore, health professionals should consider antimicrobial susceptibility tests and use antibiotics with caution for Salmonellosis management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azanaw Amare
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Asnakew
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Asressie
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetie Guadie
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Tirusew
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Silenat Muluneh
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebew Awoke
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluneh Assefa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Worku Ferede
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alem Getaneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulualem Lemma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohamed Taha A, Abouelmagd K, Mahmoud AM, Elkasaby MH, Nguyen D, Ahmed R, Patel P, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Luna C, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-diphtheria toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine among children below 2 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1385834. [PMID: 38646637 PMCID: PMC11026668 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Vi-diphtheria toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-DT) has shown promising results in preventing typhoid fever in children under 2 years of age. However, a thorough assessment of its safety and immunogenicity is required to inform vaccination strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the safety and immunogenicity of Vi-DT in children below 2 years. Methods We systematically searched multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, for relevant studies published up to September 2023. We included studies reporting on the safety and immunogenicity outcomes of Vi-DT compared to the control or Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugated vaccine (Vi-TT) in children below 2 years. We applied a random-effects model for meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4. We expressed the results as risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results In this analysis, five studies were selected, encompassing 1,292 children under 2 years who received the Vi-DT vaccine. No significant difference in immediate reactions was observed within 30 min post-vaccination between Vi-DT and control groups (RR: 0.99 [95% CI: 0.19, 5.26]), nor between Vi-DT and Vi-TT groups. For solicited adverse events within 4 weeks, the VI-DT group showed no significant increase in adverse events compared to control (RR: 0.93 [95% CI: 0.78, 1.12]) or Vi-TT (RR: 0.86 [95% CI: 0.69, 1.07]). Similarly, within 7 days post-vaccination, risk ratios indicated no significant differences in adverse events between the groups. The 4-week seroconversion rate was significantly higher in the Vi-DT group compared to the control (RR: 1.99 [95% CI: 1.07, 3.69]), but no difference was found between Vi-DT and Vi-TT. Adverse events associated with typhoid conjugate vaccines were predominantly non-serious, including fever and injection site reactions. Serious adverse events were rare but included conditions like pneumonia and gastroenteritis. Conclusion This meta-analysis highlights Vi-DT safety and immunogenicity in six to 24-month-old children. The findings support the use of this Vi-DT to expand typhoid vaccination in endemic regions, in line with WHO's strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Abouelmagd
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | | | | | - Dang Nguyen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ryan Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pari Patel
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Camila Luna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo E, Chou SZ, Lara-Tejero M, Galan JE. Cryo-EM structure of the bacterial effector protein SipA bound to F-actin reveals a unique mechanism for filament stabilization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.21.572903. [PMID: 38187563 PMCID: PMC10769390 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Salmonella spp. modulates cellular processes by delivering effector proteins through its type III secretion systems. Among these effectors, SipA facilitates bacterial invasion and promotes intestinal inflammation. The mechanisms by which this effector carries out these functions are incompletely understood although SipA's ability to modulate actin dynamics is central to some of these activities. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of SipA bound to filamentous actin. We show that this effector stabilizes actin filaments through unique interactions of its carboxy terminal domain with four actin subunits. Furthermore, our structure-function studies revealed that SipA's actin-binding activity is independent from its ability to stimulate intestinal inflammation. Overall, these studies illuminate critical aspects of Salmonella pathogenesis, and provide unique insight into the mechanisms by which a bacterial effector modulates actin dynamics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sakudo A. Effect of combined infection with Salmonella and influenza virus on their respective proliferation in chicken embryonated eggs. Open Vet J 2024; 14:913-918. [PMID: 38682131 PMCID: PMC11052617 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella is a major food-borne bacterial pathogen that causes food poisoning related to the consumption of eggs, milk, and meat. Food safety in relation to Salmonella is particularly important for eggs because their shells as well as their contents can be a source of contamination. Chicken can also be infected with influenza virus, but it remains unclear how co-infection of Salmonella and influenza virus affect each other. Aim The potential influence of co-infection of Salmonella and influenza virus was examined. Methods Salmonella Abony and influenza virus were injected into chicken embryonated eggs. After incubation, proliferation of Salmonella and influenza virus was measured using a direct culture assay for bacteria and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for influenza virus, respectively. Results Our findings indicate that the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of Salmonella did not vary between chicken embryonated eggs co-infected with influenza A virus and Salmonella-only infected eggs. Furthermore, we found the proliferation of influenza A or B virus was not significantly influenced by co-infection of the eggs with Salmonella. Conclusion These results suggest that combined infection of Salmonella with influenza virus does not affect each other, at least in terms of their proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.28.573590. [PMID: 38260632 PMCID: PMC10802248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S . Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control the length or acetylation of Vi is enough to create different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper-capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo-capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper-capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
Collapse
|
11
|
Alugupalli KR. TLR4 Ligands in Typhoid Vi Polysaccharide Subunit Vaccines Contribute to Immunogenicity. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:29-34. [PMID: 38180344 PMCID: PMC10832388 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of B cells and T cells requires the engagement of costimulatory signaling pathways in addition to Ag receptor signaling for efficient immune responses. None of the typhoid Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) subunit vaccines contains adjuvants that could activate costimulatory signaling pathways, yet these vaccines are very immunogenic. I hypothesized that residual TLR ligands present in the ViPS preparation used for making typhoid subunit vaccines account for the robust immune response generated by these vaccines. I show the presence of endotoxin, a potent agonist of TLR4, in ViPS preparations and ViPS vaccines. Furthermore, I found that ViPS obtained from various sources induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 from mouse peritoneal exudate cells. Unconjugated and tetanus toxoid-conjugated ViPS vaccines activate human and mouse TLR4. Mice deficient in TLR4 or the signaling adaptors MyD88 and Trif (Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β) are severely impaired in generating anti-ViPS responses to these vaccines. Elimination of the TLR4 agonist in ViPS preparation resulted in the loss of immunogenicity, and addition of lipid A, a known TLR4 agonist, restored the immunogenicity. These data highlight the importance of associated TLR ligands in the immunogenicity of ViPS subunit vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R. Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martin LB, Khanam F, Qadri F, Khalil I, Sikorski MJ, Baker S. Vaccine value profile for Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A. Vaccine 2023; 41 Suppl 2:S114-S133. [PMID: 37951691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In Asia, there are an estimated 12 million annual cases of enteric fever, a potentially fatal systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (STy) and Paratyphi A (SPA). The recent availability of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV), an increasing incidence of disease caused by SPA and growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across the genus Salmonella makes a bivalent STy/SPA vaccine a useful public health proposition. The uptake of a stand-alone paratyphoid vaccine is likely low thus, there is a pipeline of bivalent STy/SPA candidate vaccines. Several candidates are close to entering clinical trials, which if successful should facilitate a more comprehensive approach for enteric fever control. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) has made advancing the development of vaccines that protect young children and working aged adults against both agents of enteric fever a priority objective. This "Vaccine Value Profile" (VVP) addresses information related predominantly to invasive disease caused by SPA prevalent in Asia. Information is included on stand-alone SPA candidate vaccines and candidate vaccines targeting SPA combined with STy. Out of scope for the first version of this VVP is a wider discussion on the development of a universal Salmonella combination candidate vaccine, addressing both enteric fever and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease, for use globally. This VVP is a detailed, high-level assessment of existing, publicly available information to inform and contextualize the public health, economic, and societal potential of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products for SPA. Future versions of this VVP will be updated to reflect ongoing activities such as vaccine development strategies and "Full Vaccine Value Assessment" that will inform the value proposition of an SPA vaccine. This VVP was developed by an expert working group from academia, non-profit organizations, public-private partnerships, and multi-lateral organizations as well as in collaboration with stakeholders from the WHO South-East Asian Region. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the VVP for SPA and collectively aimed to identify current research and knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Martin
- Independent Consultant (current affiliation US Pharmacopeia Convention), USA.
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh.
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh.
| | | | | | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sajib MSI, Tanmoy AM, Hooda Y, Rahman H, Munira SJ, Sarkar A, Das D, Rahman MA, Islam N, Shahidullah M, Amin MR, Alam MJ, Hanif M, Luby SP, Garrett DO, Saha SK, Saha S. Trends in antimicrobial resistance amongst Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates in Bangladesh: 1999-2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011723. [PMID: 37939101 PMCID: PMC10659154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid and paratyphoid remain common bloodstream infections in areas with suboptimal water and sanitation infrastructure. Paratyphoid, caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A, is less prevalent than typhoid and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends are less documented. Empirical treatment for paratyphoid is commonly based on the knowledge of susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi, which causes typhoid. Hence, with rising drug resistance in Salmonella Typhi, last-line antibiotics like ceftriaxone and azithromycin are prescribed for both typhoid and paratyphoid. However, unlike for typhoid, there is no vaccine to prevent paratyphoid. Here, we report 23-year AMR trends of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Bangladesh. METHODS From 1999 to 2021, we conducted enteric fever surveillance in two major pediatric hospitals and three clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Blood cultures were performed at the discretion of the treating physicians; cases were confirmed by culture, serological and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined following CLSI guidelines. RESULTS Over 23 years, we identified 2,725 blood culture-confirmed paratyphoid cases. Over 97% of the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole, and no isolate was resistant to all three. No resistance to ceftriaxone was recorded, and >99% of the isolates were sensitive to azithromycin. A slight increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is noticed for ceftriaxone but the current average MIC is 32-fold lower than the resistance cut-off. Over 99% of the isolates exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Salmonella Paratyphi A has remained susceptible to most antibiotics, unlike Salmonella Typhi, despite widespread usage of many antibiotics in Bangladesh. The data can guide evidence-based policy decisions for empirical treatment of paratyphoid fever, especially in the post typhoid vaccine era, and with the availability of new paratyphoid diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yogesh Hooda
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Anik Sarkar
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Dipu Das
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - Nazrul Islam
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Shahidullah
- Department of Neonatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ruhul Amin
- Department of Pediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jahangir Alam
- Department of Pediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Hanif
- Department of Pediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Samir K. Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Walter J, Eludin Z, Drabovich AP. Redefining serological diagnostics with immunoaffinity proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:42. [PMID: 37821808 PMCID: PMC10568870 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological diagnostics is generally defined as the detection of specific human immunoglobulins developed against viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases. Serological tests facilitate the detection of past infections, evaluate immune status, and provide prognostic information. Serological assays were traditionally implemented as indirect immunoassays, and their design has not changed for decades. The advantages of straightforward setup and manufacturing, analytical sensitivity and specificity, affordability, and high-throughput measurements were accompanied by limitations such as semi-quantitative measurements, lack of universal reference standards, potential cross-reactivity, and challenges with multiplexing the complete panel of human immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses. Redesign of conventional serological tests to include multiplex quantification of immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses, utilize universal reference standards, and minimize cross-reactivity and non-specific binding will facilitate the development of assays with higher diagnostic specificity. Improved serological assays with higher diagnostic specificity will enable screenings of asymptomatic populations and may provide earlier detection of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. In this review, we present the major clinical needs for serological diagnostics, overview conventional immunoassay detection techniques, present the emerging immunoassay detection technologies, and discuss in detail the advantages and limitations of mass spectrometry and immunoaffinity proteomics for serological diagnostics. Finally, we explore the design of novel immunoaffinity-proteomic assays to evaluate cell-mediated immunity and advance the sequencing of clinically relevant immunoglobulins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Walter
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Zicki Eludin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Andrei P Drabovich
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pokhrel N, Chapagain R, Thakur CK, Basnet A, Amatya I, Singh R, Ghimire R. Salmonella infection among the pediatric population at a tertiary care children's hospital in central Nepal: a retrospective study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1218864. [PMID: 37840726 PMCID: PMC10570616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Typhoid fever, an infective bacterial disease, is capable of causing fatal systemic infection in humans, and in an era of antimicrobial resistance, it has become of public health importance. This study aimed to investigate the laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella bloodstream infection, its serotype, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and seasonal variation at a tertiary care children's hospital. Methods We undertook a retrospective, cross-sectional study by reviewing hospital-based laboratory records of patients whose blood culture samples were submitted from the outpatient department to the laboratory of a tertiary care children's hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, from January 2017 to January 2019. Results Among the total blood culture samples obtained (n = 39,771), bacterial isolates (n = 1,055, 2.65%) belonged either to the Genus Enterobacteriaceae or Genus Acinetobacter. Altogether (n = 91, 8.63%), isolates were positive for Salmonella spp., which were further identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhi (n = 79, 7.49%), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Paratyphi A (n = 11, 1.04%), and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Paratyphi B (n = 1, 0.1%). The median age of patients was 6 years (IQR: 4-9), with male and female patients constituting (n = 53, 58.24%; OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.60-1.67) and (n = 38, 41.76%; OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.49-2.05) cases, respectively. The disease was observed throughout the year, with a high prevalence toward the spring season (March-May). An antibiogram showed resistance more toward nalidixic acid with S. Typhi, comprising half the isolates (n = 52, 65.82%; p = 0.11). Resistance toward β-lactams with β-lactamase inhibitors (amoxicillin/clavulanate; 1.27%) was seen in a single isolate of S. Typhi. The multidrug resistance pattern was not pronounced. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was in the range between 0.14 and 0.22 in S. Typhi and 0.22 and 0.23 in S. Paratyphi. Conclusion Salmonella Typhi was the predominant ser. Infection was common among children between 1 and 5 years of age, showing male predominance and with the spring season contributing to a fairly higher number of cases. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Typhi showed more resistance toward nalidixic acid, with only a single isolate resistant to β-lactamase inhibitors (amoxicillin/clavulanate). Alarming multidrug resistance patterns were not observed. The MAR index in this study indicates the importance of the judicious use of antimicrobials and hospital infection prevention and control practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramhari Chapagain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ajaya Basnet
- Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Isha Amatya
- Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Raghav Ghimire
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Merkushova AV, Shikov AE, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. For Someone, You Are the Whole World: Host-Specificity of Salmonella enterica. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13670. [PMID: 37761974 PMCID: PMC10530738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen known to cause gastrointestinal infections in diverse hosts, including humans and animals. Despite extensive knowledge of virulence mechanisms, understanding the factors driving host specificity remains limited. In this study, we performed a comprehensive pangenome-wide analysis of S. enterica to identify potential loci determining preference towards certain hosts. We used a dataset of high-quality genome assemblies grouped into 300 reference clusters with a special focus on four host groups: humans, pigs, cattle, and birds. The reconstructed pangenome was shown to be open and enriched with the accessory component implying high genetic diversity. Notably, phylogenetic inferences did not correspond to the distribution of affected hosts, as large compact phylogenetic groups were absent. By performing a pangenome-wide association study, we identified potential host specificity determinants. These included multiple genes encoding proteins involved in distinct infection stages, e.g., secretion systems, surface structures, transporters, transcription regulators, etc. We also identified antibiotic resistance loci in host-adapted strains. Functional annotation corroborated the results obtained with significant enrichments related to stress response, antibiotic resistance, ion transport, and surface or extracellular localization. We suggested categorizing the revealed specificity factors into three main groups: pathogenesis, resistance to antibiotics, and propagation of mobile genetic elements (MGEs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V. Merkushova
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU), 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU), 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU), 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khalid K, Poh CL. The Promising Potential of Reverse Vaccinology-Based Next-Generation Vaccine Development over Conventional Vaccines against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1264. [PMID: 37515079 PMCID: PMC10385262 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, leading to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. To address this issue, next-generation vaccines are being developed to prevent antimicrobial resistance caused by MDR bacteria. Traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated vaccines (IVs) and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), were effective in preventing bacterial infections. However, they have shown reduced efficacy against emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MDR M. tuberculosis. Additionally, the large-scale production of LAVs and IVs requires the growth of live pathogenic microorganisms. A more promising approach for the accelerated development of vaccines against antibiotic-resistant bacteria involves the use of in silico immunoinformatics techniques and reverse vaccinology. The bioinformatics approach can identify highly conserved antigenic targets capable of providing broader protection against emerging drug-resistant bacteria. Multi-epitope vaccines, such as recombinant protein-, DNA-, or mRNA-based vaccines, which incorporate several antigenic targets, offer the potential for accelerated development timelines. This review evaluates the potential of next-generation vaccine development based on the reverse vaccinology approach and highlights the development of safe and immunogenic vaccines through relevant examples from successful preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Khalid
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fatima S, Ishaq Z, Irfan M, AlAsmari AF, Achakzai JK, Zaheer T, Ali A, Akbar A. Whole-genome sequencing of multidrug resistance Salmonella Typhi clinical strains isolated from Balochistan, Pakistan. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1151805. [PMID: 37261234 PMCID: PMC10227597 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1151805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, contributing significantly to the global disease burden. Methods In this study, S. Typhi strains were isolated from 100 patients exhibiting symptoms of typhoid fever at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Antimicrobial testing of all isolates was performed to determine the sensitivity and resistance pattern. Three MDR strains, namely QS194, QS430, and QS468, were subjected to whole genome sequencing for genomic characterization. Results and Discussion MLST analysis showed that QS194, belonged to ST19, which is commonly associated with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. In contrast, QS430 and QS468, belonged to ST1, a sequence type frequently associated with S. Typhi. PlasmidFinder identified the presence of IncFIB(S) and IncFII(S) plasmids in QS194, while IncQ1 was found in QS468. No plasmid was detected in QS430. CARD-based analysis showed that the strains were largely resistant to a variety of antibiotics and disinfecting agents/antiseptics, including fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, monobactams, cephamycins, penams, phenicols, tetracyclines, rifamycins, aminoglycosides, etc. The S. Typhi strains possessed various virulence factors, such as Vi antigen, Agf/Csg, Bcf, Fim, Pef, etc. The sequencing data indicated that the strains had antibiotic resistance determinants and shared common virulence factors. Pangenome analysis of the selected S. Typhi strains identified 13,237 genes, with 3,611 being core genes, 2,093 shell genes, and 7,533 cloud genes. Genome-based typing and horizontal gene transfer analysis revealed that the strains had different evolutionary origins and may have adapted to distinct environments or host organisms. These findings provide important insights into the genetic characteristics of S. Typhi strains and their potential association with various ecological niches and host organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sareen Fatima
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Zaara Ishaq
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah F. AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jahangir Khan Achakzai
- Disipline of Biochemistry, Department of Natural and Basic Sciences, University of Turbat Kech, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Zaheer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Akbar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Alghamdi MA, Filimban AAR, Al Mutiri AS, Al-Alyani AM, Alseghayer MS, Almaneea AM, Albar AH, Khormi MA, Bhunia AK. Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091756. [PMID: 37174295 PMCID: PMC10178548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals' contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A R Filimban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al Mutiri
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alyani
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Jeddah 22311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almaneea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A Khormi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Safi AUR, Bendixen E, Rahman H, Khattak B, Wu W, Ullah W, Khan N, Ali F, Yasin N, Qasim M. Molecular identification and differential proteomics of drug resistant Salmonella Typhi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 105:115883. [PMID: 36731197 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate differentially expressed proteins in drug resistant Salmonella Typhi. Among 100 samples, S. typhi were identified in 43 samples. In drug susceptibility profile, 95.3% (41/43), 80% (35/43) and 70% (30/43) resistances were observed against Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin, and Chloramphenicol respectively. No resistance was observed against Imipenum and Azithromycin while only 11% (5/43) isolates were found resistant to Ceftriaxone. Mass spectrometric differential analysis resulted in 23 up-regulated proteins in drug resistant isolates. Proteins found up-regulated are involved in virulence (vipB, galU, tufA, and lpp1), translation (rpsF, rpsG, rplJ, and rplR), antibiotic resistance (zwf, phoP, and ompX), cell metabolism (metK, ftsZ, pepD, and secB), stress response (ridA, rbfA, and dps), housekeeping (gapA and eno) and hypothetical proteins including ydfZ, t1802, and yajQ. These proteins are of diverse nature and functions but highly interconnected. Further characterization may be helpful for elucidation of new biomarker proteins and therapeutic drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ur Rehman Safi
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat Pakistan
| | - Emoke Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hazir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan Pakistan
| | - Baharullah Khattak
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat Pakistan
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing China
| | - Waheed Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat Pakistan
| | - Nasar Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Kohsar University Murree, Kashmir Point, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Farhad Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Yasin
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jacob JJ, Pragasam AK, Vasudevan K, Velmurugan A, Priya Teekaraman M, Priya Thirumoorthy T, Ray P, Gupta M, Kapil A, Bai SP, Nagaraj S, Saigal K, Chandola TR, Thomas M, Bavdekar A, Ebenezer SE, Shastri J, De A, Dutta S, Alexander AP, Koshy RM, Jinka DR, Singh A, Srivastava SK, Anandan S, Dougan G, John J, Kang G, Veeraraghavan B, Mutreja A. Genomic analysis unveils genome degradation events and gene flux in the emergence and persistence of S. Paratyphi A lineages. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010650. [PMID: 37115804 PMCID: PMC10171690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratyphoid fever caused by S. Paratyphi A is endemic in parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The proportion of enteric fever cases caused by S. Paratyphi A has substantially increased, yet only limited data is available on the population structure and genetic diversity of this serovar. We examined the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary trajectory of S. Paratyphi A isolates collected as part of the Indian enteric fever surveillance study "Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI)." In the study period (2017-2020), S. Paratyphi A comprised 17.6% (441/2503) of total enteric fever cases in India, with the isolates highly susceptible to all the major antibiotics used for treatment except fluoroquinolones. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the global S. Paratyphi A collection into seven lineages (A-G), and the present study isolates were distributed in lineages A, C and F. Our analysis highlights that the genome degradation events and gene acquisitions or losses are key molecular events in the evolution of new S. Paratyphi A lineages/sub-lineages. A total of 10 hypothetically disrupted coding sequences (HDCS) or pseudogenes-forming mutations possibly associated with the emergence of lineages were identified. The pan-genome analysis identified the insertion of P2/PSP3 phage and acquisition of IncX1 plasmid during the selection in 2.3.2/2.3.3 and 1.2.2 genotypes, respectively. We have identified six characteristic missense mutations associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis genes of S. Paratyphi A, however, these mutations confer only a low structural impact and possibly have minimal impact on vaccine effectiveness. Since S. Paratyphi A is human-restricted, high levels of genetic drift are not expected unless these bacteria transmit to naive hosts. However, public-health investigation and monitoring by means of genomic surveillance would be constantly needed to avoid S. Paratyphi A serovar becoming a public health threat similar to the S. Typhi of today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karthick Vasudevan
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Pallab Ray
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical & Educational Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical & Educational Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuradha De
- Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Shantha Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob John
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Ankur Mutreja
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Repurposing the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib for use against intracellular multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023:S1684-1182(23)00005-1. [PMID: 36702646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The increasing incidence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica has become a serious threat to global public health. Here, we found that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib exhibits antibacterial activity against intracellular S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in RAW264.7 macrophages. Thus, we aimed to pharmacologically exploit the anti-intracellular Salmonella activity of nilotinib and to elucidate its mechanism of action. METHODS The antibacterial activity of the compounds was assessed by high-content analysis (HCA) and intracellular CFU, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and bacterial growth assays. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated by HCA and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assays. The levels of cellular AMPK, phospho-AMPK, Atg7 and β-actin were determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS The screen identified two small molecule compounds (SCT1101 and SCT1104) with potent activity against intracellular S. Typhimurium. Moreover, SCT1101 and SCT1104 enhanced the efficacy of ciprofloxacin and cefixime against intracellular S. Typhimurium. However, only SCT1101 exhibited activity against intracellular MDR and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. Typhimurium isolates. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed that neither of these nilotinib derivatives increased the phospho-AMPK level in RAW264.7 cells. Neither the AMPK inhibitor compound C nor SBI-0206965 reversed the inhibitory effects of SCT1101 and SCT1104 on intracellular Salmonella. Furthermore, neither blockade of autophagy by 3-MA nor shRNA-mediated knockdown of Atg7 protein expression in RAW264.7 cells affected the antibacterial activity of SCT1101 and SCT1104. CONCLUSION The structure of nilotinib could be used to develop novel therapeutics for controlling MDR S. Typhimurium infections.
Collapse
|
23
|
Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Reduces the Ascorbic Acid Uptake in the Intestine. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:2629262. [PMID: 36704315 PMCID: PMC9873446 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2629262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium infection of the gastrointestinal tract leads to damage that compromises the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and results in enterocolitis and inflammation. Salmonella infection promotes the expression of inflammasome NLRP3, leading to activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, and the infected host often displays altered nutrient levels. To date, the effect of Salmonella infection and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β on the intestinal uptake of ascorbic acid (AA) is unknown. Our results revealed a marked decrease in the rate of AA uptake in mouse jejunum infected with Salmonella wild type (WT). However, the nonpathogenic mutant (Δ invA Δ spiB) strain did not affect AA uptake. The decrease in AA uptake due to Salmonella WT infection is accompanied by significantly lower expression of mouse (m)SVCT1 protein, mRNA, and hnRNA levels. NLRP3 and IL-1β expression levels were markedly increased in Salmonella-infected mouse jejunum. IL-1β-exposed Caco-2 cells displayed marked inhibition in AA uptake and significantly decreased hSVCT1 expression at both protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, the activity of the SLC23A1 promoter was significantly inhibited by IL-1β exposure. In addition, GRHPR (a known SVCT1 interactor) protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in Salmonella-infected mouse jejunum. These results indicate that Salmonella infection inhibits AA absorption in mouse jejunum and IL-1β-exposed Caco-2 cells. The observed inhibitory effect may partially be mediated through transcriptional mechanisms.
Collapse
|
24
|
Identification of collaborative cross mouse strains permissive to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:393. [PMID: 36624251 PMCID: PMC9829673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever restricted to humans and does not replicate in commonly used inbred mice. Genetic variation in humans is far greater and more complex than that in a single inbred strain of mice. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a large panel of recombinant inbred strains which has a wider range of genetic diversity than laboratory inbred mouse strains. We found that the CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc strains are permissive to intraperitoneal but not oral route of S. Typhi infection and show histopathological changes characteristic of human typhoid. These CC strains are immunocompetent, and immunization induces antigen-specific responses that can kill S. Typhi in vitro and control S. Typhi in vivo. Our results indicate that CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc strains can help identify the genetic basis for typhoid susceptibility, S. Typhi virulence mechanism(s) in vivo, and serve as a preclinical mammalian model system to identify effective vaccines and therapeutics strategies.
Collapse
|
25
|
Igiri BE, Okoduwa SIR, Munirat SA, Otu-Bassey IB, Bashir A, Onyiyioza OM, Enang IA, Okoduwa UJ. Diversity in Enteric Fever Diagnostic Protocols and Recommendation for Composite Reference Standard. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 17:22-38. [DOI: 10.30699/ijmm.17.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
26
|
Velleman Y, Blair L, Fleming F, Fenwick A. Water-, Sanitation-, and Hygiene-Related Diseases. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
|
27
|
Ezeabara CA, Ihedimbu MC, Anyanele WC. Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte Ex O’rorke) Baill. PHARMACOPHORE 2023. [DOI: 10.51847/u7or0dujkm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
|
28
|
Paratype: a genotyping tool for Salmonella Paratyphi A reveals its global genomic diversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7912. [PMID: 36564386 PMCID: PMC9782287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Paratyphi A, the primary etiology of paratyphoid, is estimated to cause 3.4 million infections annually, worldwide. With rising antimicrobial resistance and no licensed vaccines, genomic surveillance is key to track and monitor transmission, but there is currently no reliable genotyping framework for this pathogen. Here, we sequence 817 isolates from South Asia and add 562 publicly available genomes to build a global database representing 37 countries, covering 1917-2019. We develop a single nucleotide polymorphism-based genotyping scheme, Paratype, that segregates Salmonella Paratyphi A population into three primary and nine secondary clades, and 18 genotypes. Each genotype is assigned a unique allele definition located on an essential gene. Using Paratype, we identify spatiotemporal genomic variation and antimicrobial resistance markers. We release Paratype as an open-access tool that can use raw read files from both Illumina and Nanopore platforms, and thus can assist surveillance studies tracking Salmonella Paratyphi A across the globe.
Collapse
|
29
|
Alugupalli AS, Cravens MP, Walker JA, Gulandijany D, Dickinson GS, Debes GF, Schifferli DM, Bäumler AJ, Alugupalli KR, Alugupalli KR. The Lack of Natural IgM Increases Susceptibility and Impairs Anti-Vi Polysaccharide IgG Responses in a Mouse Model of Typhoid. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:807-816. [PMID: 36480484 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating IgM present in the body prior to any apparent Ag exposure is referred to as natural IgM. Natural IgM provides protective immunity against a variety of pathogens. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans. Because mice are not permissive to S. Typhi infection, we employed a murine model of typhoid using S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing the Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) of S. Typhi (S. Typhimurium strain RC60) to evaluate the role of natural IgM in pathogenesis. We found that natural mouse IgM binds to S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium. The severity of S. Typhimurium infection in mice is dependent on presence of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) allele; therefore, we infected mice deficient in secreted form of IgM (sIgM) on either a Nramp1-resistant (129S) or -susceptible (C57BL/6J) background. We found that the lack of natural IgM results in a significantly increased susceptibility and an exaggerated liver pathology regardless of the route of infection or the Nramp1 allele. Reconstitution of sIgM-/- mice with normal mouse serum or purified polyclonal IgM restored the resistance to that of sIgM+/+ mice. Furthermore, immunization of sIgM-/- mice with heat-killed S. Typhi induced a significantly reduced anti-ViPS IgG and complement-dependent bactericidal activity against S. Typhi in vitro, compared with that of sIgM+/+ mice. These findings indicate that natural IgM is an important factor in reducing the typhoid severity and inducing an optimal anti-ViPS IgG response to vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil S Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Matthew P Cravens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Justin A Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dania Gulandijany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gregory S Dickinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gudrun F Debes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dieter M Schifferli
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA; and
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Matono T, Izumiya H, Koga H, Kaku M, Ohnishi M, Morita M. Epidemiologic and genomic investigations of an unusual increase in Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A infection among travelers returning from Myanmar in 2015. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 125:170-176. [PMID: 36397608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An unusual increase in Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A infection rate in Japanese travelers returning from Myanmar was observed in 2015. METHODS We analyzed epidemiologic data of returned travelers with enteric fever from 2005-2019. We also analyzed 193 Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates, including 121 isolates with published genomes. RESULTS Annual notification trends showed a rapid increase in Salmonella Paratyphi A infection in travelers returning from Myanmar in 2015: 2-4 cases/100,000 travelers in 2012-2014 and 13 cases/100,000 travelers in 2015 (P <0.001). The genomic analyses revealed that 11 Myanmar-related isolates in 2015 formed a tight cluster in clade 3 with a single nucleotide variant (SNV) distance of 0-11 (primarily 0-7), yielding a wider SNV range than outbreak-associated isolates from Cambodia in 2013 (0-6 SNVs) or China in 2010 (0-5 SNVs). Although all Cambodia-related isolates in 2013 harbored the wild-type gyrA sequence, all Myanmar-related isolates in 2015 had a single, identical mutation (Ser83Phe) in the gyrA gene. CONCLUSION The epidemiologic and molecular investigations suggested an increase in the infection rate with genetically closely related Salmonella Paratyphi A in travelers returning from Myanmar in 2015. Careful monitoring of the infection in Myanmar as an endemic country is warranted, considering the resumption of cross-border travel during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matono
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Koga
- Clinical Research Support Office, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kaku
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Estimating the economic burden of typhoid in children and adults in Blantyre, Malawi: A costing cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277419. [PMID: 36417455 PMCID: PMC9683590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid causes preventable death and disease. The World Health Organization recommends Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine for endemic countries, but introduction decisions depend on cost-effectiveness. We estimated household and healthcare economic burdens of typhoid in Blantyre, Malawi. METHODS In a prospective cohort of culture-confirmed typhoid cases at two primary- and a referral-level health facility, we collected direct medical, non-medical costs (2020 U.S. dollars) to healthcare provider, plus indirect costs to households. RESULTS From July 2019-March 2020, of 109 cases, 63 (58%) were <15 years old, 44 (40%) were inpatients. Mean hospitalization length was 7.7 days (SD 4.1). For inpatients, mean total household and provider costs were $93.85 (95%CI: 68.87-118.84) and $296.52 (95%CI: 225.79-367.25), respectively. For outpatients, these costs were $19.05 (95%CI: 4.38-33.71) and $39.65 (95%CI: 33.93-45.39), respectively. Household costs were due mainly to direct non-medical and indirect costs, medical care was free. Catastrophic illness cost, defined as cost >40% of non-food monthly household expenditure, occurred in 48 (44%) households. CONCLUSIONS Typhoid can be economically catastrophic for families, despite accessible free medical care. Typhoid is costly for government healthcare provision. These data make an economic case for TCV introduction in Malawi and the region and will be used to derive vaccine cost-effectiveness.
Collapse
|
32
|
Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:9640828. [PMID: 36406904 PMCID: PMC9668442 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9640828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: blaTEM, temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), blaTEM, temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ur Rehman Safi A, Mansour Salih M, Rahman H, Khattak B, El Askary A, Hussain Khalifa E, Qasim M. Immunoaffinity-based mass spectrometric characterization of immunoreactive proteins of Salmonella Typhi. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 30:103502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
34
|
Dola NZ, Shamsuzzaman SM, Islam S, Rahman A, Mishu NJ, Nabonee MA. Distribution of Ciprofloxacin- and Azithromycin-Resistant Genes among Salmonella Typhi Isolated from Human Blood. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2022; 12:254-259. [PMID: 36726659 PMCID: PMC9886149 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_17_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Salmonella Typhi has developed resistance to different groups of antibiotics. Aims The purpose of the present study was to assess the distribution of ciprofloxacin- and azithromycin-resistant genes among Salmonella Typhi isolated from human blood. Settings and Design This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh from July 2019-June 2020. Subjects and Methods Clinically suspected enteric fever patients, irrespective of age and gender, who attended the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and outpatient department of Medicine of tertiary care hospital. Blood culture and sensitivity tests were done. The positive growth of Salmonella Typhi was identified by Gram staining, colony morphology, and biochemical test. Then, Salmonella Typhi was identified by using Salmonella-specific antisera. Final identification was made by using 16s rRNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was also done to detect quinolone and azithromycin resistance genes. Results A total number of 83 samples yielded positive cultures, of which 50 isolated organisms were identified as Salmonella species; however, among these isolates, Salmonella Typhi was detected in 40 (48.2%) isolates. Among 12 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, 8 (66.67%) were positive for the gyrA gene, 1 (8.33%) was positive for the qnrB gene and qnrS gene, 2 (16.67%) were positive for aac (6´)-Ib-cr. Among 12 azithromycin-resistant isolates, 2 (16.66%) were positive for mphA and mefA genes, respectively. Conclusion In conclusion, the gyrA, aac (6´)-Ib-cr, mphA, and mefA genes are found for the first time in tertiary care hospitals from the quinolones and azithromycin-resistant Salmonella Typhi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigha Zannat Dola
- Department of Microbiology, Green Life Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Anaesthesia, Green Life Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Ad-Din Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gao Y, Chen H, Li W, Zhang Y, Luo J, Zhao L, Shi F, Ye G, He X, Xu Z, Zhu L, Tang H, Li Y. Chloroform extracts of Atractylodes chinensis inhibit the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella typhimurium. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113633. [PMID: 36063647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 27 million cases of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) reported worldwide annually, which have resulted in 217,000 deaths to date. Thus, there is an urgent requirement to develop novel antibacterial agents to target the multidrug-resistant strains of STM. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of the chloroform extracts of Atractylodes chinensis (Ac-CE) on the virulence of STM in vitro and develop it as a potential antibacterial agent. First, we determined the in vitro effects of Ac-CE on STM biofilm formation, and swimming, swarming, and adhesion to mucin. Further, we evaluated the effect of Ac-CE on the adhesion and invasion of STM at the gene level. Lastly, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of Ac-CE on STM infectivity at the cellular level. Ac-CE could attenuate both the adhesion and invasion abilities of STM in vitro. At the gene level, it could inhibit the expression of flagella, pilus, biofilm, SPI-1, and SPI-2 genes, which are related to the adhesion and invasion ability of STM in cells. Ac-CE significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in an STM infection cell model. It also significantly recovered the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes and proteins in intestinal cells that are damaged during STM infection. Ac-CE is effective as an antivirulence agent in alleviating STM infection. Although the main components of Ac-CE were analyzed.We have not demonstrated the antivirulence effect of the active ingredients in Ac-CE. And the antivirulence effect of Ac-CE and its active ingredients warrant further in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanze Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Helin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Li
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Ethnic Affairs Commission Key Open Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kumar M, Sunder A. Salmonella Paratyphi and multiorgan dysfunction: A rare case report. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:6545-6548. [PMID: 36618154 PMCID: PMC9810968 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_335_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) and Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A), together known as typhoidal Salmonella, are causal agents for an invasive, serious, and sometimes fatal disease of humans called typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever (also known as enteric fever). S. Typhi, the lineage causing typhoid fever, is the main group; whereas S. Paratyphi A, the lineage causing paratyphoid fever, belongs to the second group, which comprises a set of three paratyphoid types (the other two being S. Paratyphi C and d-tartrate-negative S. Paratyphi B). All these lineages are adapted to humans, with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A being strictly restricted to growth in humans, and S. Paratyphi C being able to establish infections in experimental animals quite easily (at moderate infection doses); the host-restriction status of d-tartrate-negative S. Paratyphi B is so far unclear. The potential source of infection is the use of sewage-contaminated water in plants and vegetable irrigation and clinical presentation is varied, mainly presenting with fever, malaise, abdominal discomfort, and nonspecific symptoms often confused with other causes of the febrile syndrome. S. Paratyphi is usually a mild form of disease without any complication, but we report a complicated case of Paratyphi, who presented with fever and gastrointestinal symptoms complicated by multiorgan dysfunction needing mechanical ventilatory support, multiple hemodialysis, and blood transfusion. Fortunately, he recovered from all the insults and was discharged home in stable condition on the 26th day of hospitalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, Tata Main Hospital, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Manish Kumar, Tata Main Hospital, Bistupur, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. E-mail:
| | - Ashok Sunder
- Department of General Medicine, Tata Main Hospital, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sztein MB, Booth JS. Controlled human infectious models, a path forward in uncovering immunological correlates of protection: Lessons from enteric fevers studies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983403. [PMID: 36204615 PMCID: PMC9530043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infectious diseases account for more than a billion disease episodes yearly worldwide resulting in approximately 2 million deaths, with children under 5 years old and the elderly being disproportionally affected. Enteric pathogens comprise viruses, parasites, and bacteria; the latter including pathogens such as Salmonella [typhoidal (TS) and non-typhoidal (nTS)], cholera, Shigella and multiple pathotypes of Escherichia coli (E. coli). In addition, multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains (e.g., S. Typhi H58 strain) of enteric bacteria are emerging; thus, renewed efforts to tackle enteric diseases are required. Many of these entero-pathogens could be controlled by oral or parenteral vaccines; however, development of new, effective vaccines has been hampered by lack of known immunological correlates of protection (CoP) and limited knowledge of the factors contributing to protective responses. To fully comprehend the human response to enteric infections, an invaluable tool that has recently re-emerged is the use of controlled human infection models (CHIMs) in which participants are challenged with virulent wild-type (wt) organisms. CHIMs have the potential to uncover immune mechanisms and identify CoP to enteric pathogens, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines in humans. CHIMs have been used to provide invaluable insights in the pathogenesis, host-pathogen interaction and evaluation of vaccines. Recently, several Oxford typhoid CHIM studies have been performed to assess the role of multiple cell types (B cells, CD8+ T, Tregs, MAIT, Monocytes and DC) during S. Typhi infection. One of the key messages that emerged from these studies is that baseline antigen-specific responses are important in that they can correlate with clinical outcomes. Additionally, volunteers who develop typhoid disease (TD) exhibit higher levels and more activated cell types (e.g., DC and monocytes) which are nevertheless defective in discrete signaling pathways. Future critical aspects of this research will involve the study of immune responses to enteric infections at the site of entry, i.e., the intestinal mucosa. This review will describe our current knowledge of immunity to enteric fevers caused byS. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, with emphasis on the contributions of CHIMs to uncover the complex immunological responses to these organisms and provide insights into the determinants of protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcelo B. Sztein,
| | - Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Jayaum S. Booth,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saluja T, Rai GK, Chaudhary S, Kanodia P, Giri BR, Kim DR, Yang JS, Park IY, Kyung SE, Vemula S, Reddy E J, Kim B, Gupta BP, Jo SK, Ryu JH, Park HK, Shin JH, Lee Y, Kim H, Kim JH, Mojares ZR, Wartel TA, Sahastrabuddhe S. Immune non-interference and safety study of Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine with a measles, mumps and rubella containing vaccine in 9-15 months old Nepalese infants. Vaccine 2022; 40:5828-5834. [PMID: 36064672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is a common disease in developing countries especially in the Indian subcontinent and Africa. The available typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) have been found to be highly immunogenic in infants and children less than 2 years of age. Many countries are planning to adopt TCV in their routine EPI programs around 9 months of age when measles containing vaccines are given. Therefore, Vi-DT TCV was tested in 9-15 months aged healthy infants in Nepal to demonstrate non-interference with a measles containing vaccine. METHODS This was a randomized, open label, phase III study to assess the immune non-interference, safety, and reactogenicity of Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine when given concomitantly with measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. A total of 360 participants aged 9-15 months were enrolled and randomized equally into Vi-DT + MMR (180 participants) or MMR alone (180 participants) group and were evaluated for immunogenicity and safety 28 days post vaccination. RESULTS Using the immunogenicity set, difference between proportions (95% CI) of the Vi-DT + MMR group vs MMR alone group were -2.73% (-8.85, 3.38), -3.19% (-11.25, 4.88) and 2.91% (-3.36, 9.18) for sero-positivity rate of anti-measles, anti-mumps and anti- rubella, respectively. Only the lower bound of the range in difference of the proportions for sero-positivity rate of anti-mumps did not satisfy the non-inferiority criteria as it was above the -10% limit, which may not be of clinical significance. These results were confirmed in the per protocol set. There were no safety concerns reported from the study and both Vi-DT + MMR and MMR alone groups were comparable in terms of solicited and unsolicited adverse events . CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that there is non-interference of MMR vaccine with Vi-DT and Vi-DT conjugate vaccine could be considered as an addition to the EPI schedule among children at risk of contracting typhoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Saluja
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | - Deok Ryun Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Yeon Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sridhar Vemula
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Bomi Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sue Kyoung Jo
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Hun Kim
- SK bioscience, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - T Anh Wartel
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Asreah R, Atta S, SarKo S. Clinical Characteristics and Antibiotics Sensitivity of Culture Positive Typhoid Fever Patients in Baghdad Teaching Hospital - A Single Center Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella Typhi is an endemic disease in Iraq. Variations in presentations make it a diagnostic challenge. If untreated or treated inappropriately then it is a serious disease with potentially life-threatening complications. The recent emergence of drug resistant strains of S. Typhi is a rising public health problem and a clinical concern to the physician.
AIM: The objectives of the study were to assess and describe the patterns of antimicrobial resistance, clinical characteristics, epidemiological distribution, and complications of typhoid fever.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty cases of typhoid fever (culture proven) were collected during the period from February 2019 to November 2019 in the medical wards of Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations were conducted and statistical analysis of the results was done, prospective observational study was conducted.
RESULTS: During the study period, 50 cases of typhoid fever were documented, mean age of presentation was 30.7 ± 12.8, 60% of the cases were male gender, gastrointestinal complications were the most common (90%) followed by hematological complications (71%). Mortality of typhoid fever in our study was 2%. High percentage of resistance to third generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin was found (96%, 56%, and 56%, respectively) while good sensitivity to trimethoprim and meropenem was found (94% and 76%, respectively). Significant association was also found between the development of typhoid fever complications and the presence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia. Significant association was also found between the complications and the infection with strains resistant to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a concerning increase in resistance toward cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin while meropenem and trimethoprim are emerging as effective drugs. There was high incidence of complications found (84%).Lymphopenia, anemia, eosinopenia, and thrombocytopenia are independent risk factors for the development of complications of typhoid fever.
Collapse
|
40
|
Study of the Adsorption of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus Bacteria on Enterosorbent Obtained from Apricot Kernels. Mol Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/c8030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of scientific research on the structural parameters and the adsorption capacity of activated carbon obtained from apricot kernels (AC-A) in a fluidized layer. The obtained results highlight the fact that the described procedure allows obtaining a mesoporous carbon adsorbent with increased adsorption capacities (SBET = 1424 m2/g) and with quality indices corresponding to the requirements of the carbon enterosorbents imposed by the European Pharmacopoeia Monograph. Adsorption kinetics studies of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus have shown that the time to establish the adsorption equilibrium is 75–90 min. The adsorption of the mentioned bacteria on the carbon enterosorbent AC-A was studied depending on the temperature (26 and 36 °C) and pH of the solution (1.97–4.05). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the immobilization of bacteria takes place on the outer surface of the carbon adsorbent due to the fact that the geometric dimensions of the bacteria are often larger than the macro diameter of the activated carbon pores. FTIR investigations also indicated the presence of bacteria on the surface of the activated carbon.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ayub A, Usman M, Ihsan A, Ain Q, Awan AB, Wajid M, Ali A, Haque A, Iqbal M, Sarwar Y. Immunological characterization of chitosan adjuvanted outer membrane proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi as multi-epitope typhoid vaccine candidate. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7377-7387. [PMID: 35713798 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Gram-negative bacteria have been known as potential vaccine targets due to their antigenic properties and host specificity. Here, we focused on the exploration of the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of total OMPs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi due to their multi epitope properties, adjuvanted with nanoporous chitosan particles (NPCPs). The study was designed to extrapolate an effective, low cost prophylactic approach for typhoid fever being getting uncontrolled in Pakistan due to emergence of extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains. METHODS & RESULTS The OMPs of two S. Typhi variants (with and without Vi capsule) alone and with nanoporous chitosan particles as adjuvant were comparatively analyzed for immunogenic potential in mice. Adaptive immunity was evaluated by ELISA and relative quantification of cytokine gene expression (IL4, IL6, IL9, IL17, IL10, TNF, INF and PPIA as house keeping gene) using RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was done using Welch's test. The protection was recorded by challenging the immunized mice with 50% ×LD50 of S. Typhi. The Vi + ve-OMPs of S. Typhi showed the most promising results by ELISA and significantly high expression of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 and 92.5% protective efficacy with no detectable side effects. CONCLUSION We can conclude that the OMPs of Vi + ve S. Typhi are the most promising candidates for future typhoid vaccines because of cost effective preparation without expensive purification steps and multi-epitope properties. Chitosan adjuvant may have applications for oral protein based vaccines but found less effective in injectable preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Ayub
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ihsan
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Quratul Ain
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asad Bashir Awan
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wajid
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haque
- Akhuwat Faisalabad Institute For Research In Science & Technology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Saito N, Solante RM, Guzman FD, Telan EO, Umipig DV, Calayo JP, Frayco CH, Lazaro JC, Ribo MR, Dimapilis AQ, Dimapilis VO, Villanueva AM, Mauhay JL, Suzuki M, Yasunami M, Koizumi N, Kitashoji E, Sakashita K, Yasuda I, Nishiyama A, Smith C, Ariyoshi K, Parry CM. A prospective observational study of community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infections in Metro Manila, the Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010414. [PMID: 35613181 PMCID: PMC9173634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infections are caused by diverse pathogens with changing antimicrobial-resistance patterns. In low-middle income countries in Southeast Asia, where dengue fever is endemic and a leading cause of fever, limited information is available about bacterial bloodstream infections due to challenges of implementing a blood culture service. This study describes bacterial bloodstream pathogens and antimicrobial-resistance patterns in Metro Manila, the Philippines. We aimed to identify the proportion of patients with a positive blood culture, the bacteria isolated and their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the clinical characteristics of these patients, in this dengue endemic area. We conducted a prospective observational study in a single hospital enrolling febrile patients clinically suspected of having a community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infection between 1st July 2015 and 30th June 2019. Each patient had a blood culture and additional diagnostic tests according to their clinical presentation. We enrolled 1315 patients and a significant positive blood culture was found in 77 (5.9%) including Staphylococcus aureus (n = 20), Salmonella enterica Typhi (n = 18), Escherichia coli (n = 16), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 3) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (n = 2). Thirty-four patients had meningococcal disease diagnosed by culture (n = 8) or blood PCR (n = 26). Additional confirmed diagnoses included leptospirosis (n = 177), dengue virus infection (n = 159) and respiratory diphtheria (n = 50). There were 79 (6.0%, 95%CI 4.8%−7.4%) patients who died within 28 days of enrollment. Patients with a positive blood culture were significantly more likely to die than patients with negative culture (15.2% vs 4.4%, P<0.01). Among S. aureus isolates, 11/20 (55%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and ST30: USA1100 was dominant sequence type (88.9%). Antimicrobial-susceptibility was well preserved in S. enterica Typhi. Among hospitalized patients with clinically suspected community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infection in Metro Manila, the Philippines, 5.9% had a blood culture confirmed infection of whom 15.6% died. S. aureus, including a significant number of MRSA (USA1100 clones), S. enterica Typhi, E.coli and Neisseria meningitidis were frequently identified pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Saito
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annavi M. Villanueva
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, the Philippines
| | - Jaira L. Mauhay
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Yasunami
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Kitashoji
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sakashita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ikkoh Yasuda
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chris Smith
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (KA); (CMP)
| | - Christopher M. Parry
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KA); (CMP)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mohammed Y, Dubie T. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from poultry farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1166-1173. [PMID: 35182459 PMCID: PMC9122394 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella has been found to be the major cause of foodborne diseases and a serious public health problem in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial‐resistant strains. Method A cross‐sectional study was conducted on poultry and poultry farms in Addis Ababa from February 2016 to April 2016 to determine the occurrence and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates. A total of 200 samples consisting of the cloacal swab (n = 168), pooled litter (n = 12), hand swab (n = 8), pooled feed and water (n = 12) were collected separately from six poultry farms. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella through culturing on bacteriological media. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi‐square (X2) and bivariate logistic regression were used in the analysis of the data. Accordingly, out of 200 samples, 23 (11.50%) were Salmonella positive, of which 21(12.50%) were in cloacal swab and 2(16.67%) in the pooled litter. There was no statistical association between the bacteriological status of sample type and Salmonella positivity (X2 = 3.07, P = 0.545). However, there was a statistical association between farms and the rate of Salmonella isolation (X2 = 22.21, P ≤ 0.00). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Salmonella isolates was conducted following the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method (1961). Results Out of 23 samples tested, 95.65% of them were resistant to at least one or more antimicrobials. Multiple drug resistances were observed for 69.56% of Salmonella isolates. The highest resistance (73.9%) was observed in kanamycin followed by tetracycline (65.2%) and streptomycin (56.3%). gentamycin was the most effective antibiotic (95.7%; sensitivity) followed by ciprofloxacin (78.3% sensitivity) and ampicillin (69.6% sensitivity. Conclusion This current study finding indicated that further detailed epidemiological and molecular studies are essential on the frequency and sources of acquisition of resistant genes. Salmonellosis is an infectious and economically important disease of humans and animals caused by different Salmonella species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Mohammed
- College of Animal Science, Mekdela Amba University, Mekdela, Ethiopia
| | - Teshager Dubie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gao Q, Liu Z, Xiang J, Zhang Y, Tong MX, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Jiang B, Bi P. Impact of Temperature and Rainfall on Typhoid/Paratyphoid Fever in Taizhou, China: Effect Estimation and Vulnerable Group Identification. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:532-542. [PMID: 34872055 PMCID: PMC8832923 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of temperature and rainfall on the occurrence of typhoid/paratyphoid fever are not fully understood. This study aimed to characterize the effect of daily ambient temperature and total rainfall on the incidence of typhoid/paratyphoid in a sub-tropical climate city of China and to identify the vulnerable groups for disease prevention. Daily notified typhoid/paratyphoid fever cases and meteorological data for Taizhou from 2005 to 2013 were extracted from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and the Meteorological Data Sharing Service System, respectively. Distributed lag nonlinear model was used to quantify the association between daily mean temperature, total rainfall, and typhoid/paratyphoid fever. Subgroup analyses by gender, age, and occupation were conducted to identify the vulnerable groups. A total of 625 typhoid fever cases and 1,353 paratyphoid fever cases were reported during the study period. An increased risk of typhoid fever was detected with the increase of temperature (Each 2°C rise resulted in 6%, 95% [confidence interval] CI: 2-10% increase in typhoid cases), while the increased risk was associated with the higher temperature for paratyphoid (the highest cumulative risk of temperature was 33.40 [95% CI: 12.23-91.19] at 33°C). After the onset of mild precipitation, the relative risk of typhoid fever increased in a short-lasting and with a 13-26 days delay, and the risk was no significant after the continuous increase of precipitation (the highest cumulative risk of rainfall was 24.96 [95% CI: 4.54-87.21] at 100 mm). Whereas the risk of paratyphoid fever was immediate and long lasting, and increase rapidly with the increase of rainfall (each 100 mm increase was associated with 26% increase in paratyphoid fever cases). Significant temperature-typhoid/paratyphoid fever and rainfall-typhoid/paratyphoid fever associations were found in both genders and those aged 0-4 years old, 15-60 years old, farmers, and children. Characterized with a lagged, nonlinear, and cumulative effect, high temperature and rainfall could increase the risk of typhoid/paratyphoid fever in regions with a subtropical climate. Public health interventions such as early warning and community health education should be taken to prevent the increased risk of typhoid/paratyphoid fever, especially for the vulnerable groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China;,Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Personnel, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Xiang
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, China Studies Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Xiaoliang Tong
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shuzi Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China;,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baofa Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China;,Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China;,Address correspondence to Baofa Jiang, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China. E-mail address:
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rauf I, Khuhro NH, Memon RM, Khan IA. Parasitism preference of Chalcid hymenopteran Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) confirms higher parasitism against housefly (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262034. [PMID: 35051199 PMCID: PMC8775544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is capable of transmitting many pathogens that cause severe diseases in humans and animals. Mostly the management tactics rely on synthetic chemicals, but these chemicals creates lethal effects on biological ecosystem. For natural and safe options, bio-control strategy is one of the choice. The present study was a part of such effort to use this strategy and validate the biological performance of the potential pupal parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) against house fly and provide alternative and safe control of filthy flies. This is the first report on parasitism potential and preference of D. giffardii against house fly. The D. giffardii, early reported as an effective pupal parasitoid of tephritid flies, here in the case presented, showed overall 70% reduction in the house fly population by parasitizing pupae. The parasitism efficiency and longevity of hymenopteran parasitoid was remarkably noted two-fold higher and one-fold more female production on house fly pupae as compared to primary hosts (Tephritids). Furthermore, sex ratio of the resultant progeny was also confirmed the dominancy of female by 74% as compared to males. Based on the novel findings we therefore conclude that D. giffardii is the best bio-control agent for controlling house flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Rauf
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Hussain Khuhro
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Raza Muhammad Memon
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed Khan
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang Z, Sun Z, Tian L. Antimicrobial Resistance Among Pathogens Causing Bloodstream Infections: A Multicenter Surveillance Report Over 20 Years (1998–2017). Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:249-260. [PMID: 35115793 PMCID: PMC8800585 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s344875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a common consequence of infectious diseases and cause high morbidity and mortality. Appropriate antibiotic use is critical for patients’ treatment and prognosis. Long-term monitoring and analysis of antimicrobial resistance are important in guiding physicians to choose appropriate antibiotics and understand the changes in antimicrobial resistance and infection control. Here, we report a retrospective study on the trends of antimicrobial resistance in the common BSI-associated pathogens. Methods The identification of strains and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed in each anticipating hospital independently. Data from the Hubei Province Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (HBARSS) from 1998 to 2017 were retrospectively analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software. Results Data from HBARSS (1998–2017) revealed that 40,518 Gram-positive bacteria and 26,568 Gram-negative bacteria caused BSIs, the most common of which were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Salmonella typhi was a predominant BSI-associated pathogen in 1998–2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility data showed that the resistance rates of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to cefotaxime were significantly higher than those to ceftazidime. The proportion of strains of special antimicrobial resistance phenotypes including difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR), carbapenem-resistant (CR), extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant (ECR) and fluoroquinolone resistant (FQR) in E. coli was 0.18%, 0.26%, 13.95%, 22.78% while in K. pneumoniae was 11.95%, 14.00%, 31.91% and 11.40%, respectively. In 2013–2017, K. pneumoniae showed resistance levels reaching 15.8% and 17.5% to imipenem and meropenem, respectively, and Acinetobacter baumannii showed high resistance rates ranging from 60 to 80% to common antibiotics. The detection rate of Salmonella typhi resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones was less than 5%. Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major challenge, and in 2009–2017, the MRSA detection rate was 40–50%. Conclusion Prevalence of CR K. pneumoniae has increased significantly in recent years. Resistance rates of A. baumannii to common antimicrobial agents have increased exponentially, reaching high levels. MRSA remains a challenge to control. For K. pneumoniae, DTR, CR, ECR and FQR were antimicrobial resistance phenotypes that could not be ignored while for E. coli DTR and CR were rare antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. CR K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and MRSA present major challenges for controlling BSIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Tian, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, Email
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Akter T, Chakma M, Tanzina AY, Rumi MH, Shimu MSS, Saleh MA, Mahmud S, Sami SA, Emran TB. Curcumin Analogues as a Potential Drug against Antibiotic Resistant Protein, β-Lactamases and L, D-Transpeptidases Involved in Toxin Secretion in Salmonella typhi: A Computational Approach. BIOMEDINFORMATICS 2021; 2:77-100. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedinformatics2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi gained resistance through multidrug-resistant S. typhi strains. One of the reasons behind β-lactam antibiotic resistance is -lactamase. L, D-Transpeptidases is responsible for typhoid fever as it is involved in toxin release that results in typhoid fever in humans. A molecular modeling study of these targeted proteins was carried out by various methods, such as homology modeling, active site prediction, prediction of disease-causing regions, and by analyzing the potential inhibitory activities of curcumin analogs by targeting these proteins to overcome the antibiotic resistance. The five potent drug candidate compounds were identified to be natural ligands that can inhibit those enzymes compared to controls in our research. The binding affinity of both the Go-Y032 and NSC-43319 were found against β-lactamase was −7.8 Kcal/mol in AutoDock, whereas, in SwissDock, the binding energy was −8.15 and −8.04 Kcal/mol, respectively. On the other hand, the Cyclovalone and NSC-43319 had an equal energy of −7.60 Kcal/mol in AutoDock, whereas −7.90 and −8.01 Kcal/mol in SwissDock against L, D-Transpeptidases. After the identification of proteins, the determination of primary and secondary structures, as well as the gene producing area and homology modeling, was accomplished. The screened drug candidates were further evaluated in ADMET, and pharmacological properties along with positive drug-likeness properties were observed for these ligand molecules. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are required to validate these in silico data to develop novel therapeutics against antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bassey EE, Hasan MM, Costa ACDS, Tsagkaris C, Aborode AT, Karra-Aly A, Essar MY, Ahmad S. Typhoid fever and COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: a call for coordinated action. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2021; 19:eCE6796. [PMID: 34932777 PMCID: PMC8687648 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021ce6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, BD, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Ayah Karra-Aly
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, CA, Canada
| | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, PK, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Khadka S, Shrestha B, Pokhrel A, Khadka S, Joshi RD, Banjara MR. Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Typhi Isolated From a Referral Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal. Microbiol Insights 2021; 14:11786361211056350. [PMID: 34916803 PMCID: PMC8669115 DOI: 10.1177/11786361211056350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever can be significantly reduced with the use of effective antibiotics. At present, fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin are widely used to treat typhoid fever. However, changing antibiotic susceptibility among Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi poses a particular challenge to the therapeutic management of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhi isolates. Patients and Methods: A total of 706 blood specimens were collected from febrile patients attending the outpatient department of Kathmandu Model Hospital during June to September, 2018. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for 11 different antibiotics (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin) was performed by disk diffusion method. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin were determined by agar dilution method. Mutation at gyrA ser83 associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones was determined by PCR-RFLP. Results: Out of 706 blood samples, 6.94% (n = 49) were culture positive for Salmonella enterica (S. Typhi, n = 46). It was revealed that 97.8% S. Typhi isolates were susceptible to conventional first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole), 97.3% to cephalosporins and 95.7% to azithromycin. S. Typhi were either resistant or intermediately susceptible to fluoroquinolones: 97.8% to ciprofloxacin, 91.3% to ofloxacin, and 89.1% to levofloxacin. The MIC of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin for S. Typhi ranged from 0.008 to 32, 0.03 to 16, and 2 to 8 μg/mL, respectively. Out of 46 S. Typhi isolates, 44 (95.65%) had gyrA ser83 mutation. Conclusion: Fluoroquinolones have poor activity against Salmonella Typhi. The trends of increasing azithromycin MIC value among S. Typhi might limit its use for the treatment of typhoid fever. Effectiveness of conventional first-line antibiotics in vitro suggests considering their clinical use after large-scale studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Khadka
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Basudha Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anil Pokhrel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sachin Khadka
- Department of Medicine, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Njoya HF, Awolu MM, Christopher TB, Duclerc JF, Ateudjieu J, Wirsiy FS, Atuhaire C, Cumber SN. Prevalence and awareness of mode of transmission of typhoid fever in patients diagnosed with Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections at the Saint Elisabeth General Hospital Shisong, Bui Division, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:83. [PMID: 34909072 PMCID: PMC8607955 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.83.16893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella enterica subspecies (typhi). It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at determining the prevalence and awareness of the mode of transmission of Salmonella typhi among patients at the Saint Elisabeth General Hospital Shisong of Cameroon. Methods the study carried out from March 1st, 2017 to May 31st, 2017 recruited patients who presented at the hospital with clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever and who had lab requests for stool culture requested by the resident physician. The prevalence of Salmonella typhi infections among the patients and the proportion of patients with adequate knowledge on the mode of transmission of Salmonella typhi were estimated at a 95% CI. Data were analyzed using Epi info7.1.3.3. Results out of the 172 patients recruited for the studies, 52 (30.1%) were diagnosed with Salmonella typhi, 59.6% of which were male. Also, 3 (5.8%) were diagnosed with Salmonella paratyphoid A. A positive correlation between knowledge on the mode of transmission of Salmonella typhi and the level of education was established, showing that 92% of participants with a higher level of education indicating that typhoid fever can be contracted through consumption of contaminated water. Conclusion high prevalence of typhoid fever was observed in our study. The unawareness of the patients on typhoid fever and its contraction through contaminated water and food was positively correlated to the level of educations of the patients. These findings, therefore, suggest a public health challenge faced by inhabitants in this region where typhoid fever remains endemic. Scarcity of potable water, improper drainage systems, and problems of unsanitary toilets in Cameroon require urgent intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heasla Fibuonu Njoya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences PO Box 067, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mbunka Muhamed Awolu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences PO Box 067, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Jerome Ateudjieu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences PO Box 067, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Catherine Atuhaire
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Office of the Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Institute of Health and Caring Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|