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Tabata Y, Joanna I, Higuchi A. Stem cell culture and differentiation in 3-D scaffolds. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 199:109-127. [PMID: 37678968 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional two-dimensional (2-D) cultivation are easy to utilize for human pluripotent stem (hPS) cell cultivation in standard techniques and are important for analysis or development of the signal pathways to keep pluripotent state of hPS cells cultivated on 2-D cell culture materials. However, the most efficient protocol to prepare hPS cells is the cell culture in a three dimensional (3-D) cultivation unit because huge numbers of hPS cells should be utilized in clinical treatment. Some 3-D cultivation strategies for hPS cells are considered: (a) microencapsulated cell cultivation in suspended hydrogels, (b) cell cultivation on microcarriers (MCs), (c) cell cultivation on self-aggregated spheroid [cell aggregates; embryoid bodies (EBs) and organoids], (d) cell cultivation on microfibers or nanofibers, and (e) cell cultivation in macroporous scaffolds. These cultivation ways are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Idaszek Joanna
- Division of Materials Design, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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2
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Lam ATL, Ho V, Vassilev S, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. An allied reprogramming, selection, expansion and differentiation platform for creating hiPSC on microcarriers. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13256. [PMID: 36574589 PMCID: PMC9357361 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by monolayer cultures is plagued by low efficiencies, high levels of manipulation and operator unpredictability. We have developed a platform, reprogramming, expansion, and differentiation on Microcarriers, to solve these challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five sources of human somatic cells were reprogrammed, selected, expanded and differentiated in microcarriers suspension cultures. RESULTS Improvement of transduction efficiencies up to 2 times was observed. Accelerated reprogramming in microcarrier cultures was 7 days faster than monolayer, providing between 30 and 50-fold more clones to choose from fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T cells and CD34+ stem cells. This was observed to be due to an earlier induction of genes (β-catenin, E-cadherin and EpCAM) on day 4 versus monolayer cultures which occurred on days 14 or later. Following that, faster induction and earlier stabilization of pluripotency genes occurred during the maturation phase of reprogramming. Integrated expansion without trypsinization and efficient differentiation, without embryoid bodies formation, to the three germ-layers, cardiomyocytes and haematopoietic stem cells were further demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Our method can solve the inherent problems of conventional monolayer cultures. It is highly efficient, cell dissociation free, can be operated with lower labor, and allows testing of differentiation efficiency without trypsinization and generation of embryoid bodies. It is also amenable to automation for processing more samples in a small footprint, alleviating many challenges of manual monolayer selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tin Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Valerie Ho
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Svetlan Vassilev
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Steve Kah Weng Oh
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
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Bomkamp C, Skaalure SC, Fernando GF, Ben‐Arye T, Swartz EW, Specht EA. Scaffolding Biomaterials for 3D Cultivated Meat: Prospects and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102908. [PMID: 34786874 PMCID: PMC8787436 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultivating meat from stem cells rather than by raising animals is a promising solution to concerns about the negative externalities of meat production. For cultivated meat to fully mimic conventional meat's organoleptic and nutritional properties, innovations in scaffolding technology are required. Many scaffolding technologies are already developed for use in biomedical tissue engineering. However, cultivated meat production comes with a unique set of constraints related to the scale and cost of production as well as the necessary attributes of the final product, such as texture and food safety. This review discusses the properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle that will need to be replicated in a successful product and the current state of scaffolding innovation within the cultivated meat industry, highlighting promising scaffold materials and techniques that can be applied to cultivated meat development. Recommendations are provided for future research into scaffolds capable of supporting the growth of high-quality meat while minimizing production costs. Although the development of appropriate scaffolds for cultivated meat is challenging, it is also tractable and provides novel opportunities to customize meat properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bomkamp
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | | | | | - Tom Ben‐Arye
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | - Elliot W. Swartz
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
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Xu Z, Zhang L, Bentil SA, Bratlie KM. Gellan gum-gelatin viscoelastic hydrogels as scaffolds to promote fibroblast differentiation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112370. [PMID: 34579889 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fabricating hydrogel scaffolds that are both bioreactive toward fibroblasts while still mechanically compatible with surrounding tissue is a major challenge in tissue engineering. This is because the outcome of scaffold implantation is largely determined by fibroblasts differentiating toward myofibroblasts, which is characterized by the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Previous studies promoted fibroblasts differentiation by increasing scaffold substrate stiffness. However, the stiffness of scaffold has to be compatible with surrounding tissue, as mismatched stiffness may cause initial hyperplasia and inappropriate endothelial layer development. Therefore, we adjusted the hydrogel chemical component, and thus viscoelasticity to affect the mechano-signaling of fibroblasts and promote fibroblasts differentiation. Elastic gellan gum and viscoelastic gelatin were hybridized at different ratios to fabricate hydrogel scaffold with varied stress-relaxation. Vitronectin (VN) was used to further regulate the interaction between fibroblasts and the substrate. Fibroblast differentiation, characterized by α-SMA area per cell, increased from~3000-4000 μm2/cell on less viscoelastic gels to ~5000 μm2/cell on the most viscoelastic gel. Fibroblasts seeded on hydrogels had a slower migration rate on more viscoelastic hydrogels (slowest at 38 ± 14 μm/h) compared to the migration speed on less viscoelastic hydrogels (74 ± 20 μm/h). VN slowed the migration speed on all hydrogels. The organization of collagen deposited by fibroblasts cultured on the hydrogels was characterized by second harmonic generation (SHG), which showed that collagen was more organized (parallel) on more viscoelastic hydrogels. In summary, we provided a novel strategy to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds that can promote fibroblasts differentiation while keeping the stiffness compatible with blood vessels. The most viscoelastic hydrogel studied here meets these requirements best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Sarah A Bentil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin M Bratlie
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America.
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Martin-Inaraja M, Ferreira M, Taelman J, Eguizabal C, Chuva De Sousa Lopes SM. Improving In Vitro Culture of Human Male Fetal Germ Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082033. [PMID: 34440801 PMCID: PMC8393746 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Male human fetal germ cells (hFGCs) give rise to spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which are the adult precursors of the male gametes. Human SSCs are a promising (autologous) source of cells for male fertility preservation; however, in contrast to mouse SSCs, we are still unable to culture them in the long term. Here, we investigated the effect of two different culture media and four substrates (laminin, gelatin, vitronectin and matrigel) in the culture of dissociated second trimester testes, enriched for hFGCs. After 6 days in culture, we quantified the presence of POU5F1 and DDX4 expressing hFGCs. We observed a pronounced difference in hFGC number in different substrates. The combination of gelatin-coated substrate and medium containing GDNF, LIF, FGF2 and EGF resulted in the highest percentage of hFGCs (10% of the total gonadal cells) after 6 days of culture. However, the vitronectin-coated substrate resulted in a comparable percentage of hFGCs regardless of the media used (3.3% of total cells in Zhou-medium and 4.8% of total cells in Shinohara-medium). We provide evidence that not only the choices of culture medium but also choices of the adequate substrate are crucial for optimizing culture protocols for male hFGCs. Optimizing culture conditions in order to improve the expansion of hFGCs will benefit the development of gametogenesis assays in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Martin-Inaraja
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Basque Centre for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, 48960 Galdakao, Spain; (M.M.-I.); (C.E.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Monica Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Jasin Taelman
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Cristina Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Basque Centre for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, 48960 Galdakao, Spain; (M.M.-I.); (C.E.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Susana M. Chuva De Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.F.); (J.T.)
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-526-9350
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Borys BS, Dang T, So T, Rohani L, Revay T, Walsh T, Thompson M, Argiropoulos B, Rancourt DE, Jung S, Hashimura Y, Lee B, Kallos MS. Overcoming bioprocess bottlenecks in the large-scale expansion of high-quality hiPSC aggregates in vertical-wheel stirred suspension bioreactors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 33436078 PMCID: PMC7805206 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold enormous promise in accelerating breakthroughs in understanding human development, drug screening, disease modeling, and cell and gene therapies. Their potential, however, has been bottlenecked in a mostly laboratory setting due to bioprocess challenges in the scale-up of large quantities of high-quality cells for clinical and manufacturing purposes. While several studies have investigated the production of hiPSCs in bioreactors, the use of conventional horizontal-impeller, paddle, and rocking-wave mixing mechanisms have demonstrated unfavorable hydrodynamic environments for hiPSC growth and quality maintenance. This study focused on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to aid in characterizing and optimizing the use of vertical-wheel bioreactors for hiPSC production. METHODS The vertical-wheel bioreactor was modeled with CFD simulation software Fluent at agitation rates between 20 and 100 rpm. These models produced fluid flow patterns that mapped out a hydrodynamic environment to guide in the development of hiPSC inoculation and in-vessel aggregate dissociation protocols. The effect of single-cell inoculation on aggregate formation and growth was tested at select CFD-modeled agitation rates and feeding regimes in the vertical-wheel bioreactor. An in-vessel dissociation protocol was developed through the testing of various proteolytic enzymes and agitation exposure times. RESULTS CFD modeling demonstrated the unique flow pattern and homogeneous distribution of hydrodynamic forces produced in the vertical-wheel bioreactor, making it the opportune environment for systematic bioprocess optimization of hiPSC expansion. We developed a scalable, single-cell inoculation protocol for the culture of hiPSCs as aggregates in vertical-wheel bioreactors, achieving over 30-fold expansion in 6 days without sacrificing cell quality. We have also provided the first published protocol for in-vessel hiPSC aggregate dissociation, permitting the entire bioreactor volume to be harvested into single cells for serial passaging into larger scale reactors. Importantly, the cells harvested and re-inoculated into scaled-up vertical-wheel bioreactors not only maintained consistent growth kinetics, they maintained a normal karyotype and pluripotent characterization and function. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these protocols provide a feasible solution for the culture of high-quality hiPSCs at a clinical and manufacturing scale by overcoming some of the major documented bioprocess bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tania So
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tamas Revay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Tylor Walsh
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Madalynn Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Yas Hashimura
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Caldwell AS, Aguado BA, Anseth KS. Designing Microgels for Cell Culture and Controlled Assembly of Tissue Microenvironments. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1907670. [PMID: 33841061 PMCID: PMC8026140 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201907670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized hydrogels, termed microgels, are emerging as multifunctional platforms that can recapitulate tissue heterogeneity in engineered cell microenvironments. The microgels can function as either individual cell culture units or can be assembled into larger scaffolds. In this manner, individual microgels can be customized for single or multi-cell co-culture applications, or heterogeneous populations can be used as building blocks to create microporous assembled scaffolds that more closely mimic tissue heterogeneities. The inherent versatility of these materials allows user-defined control of the microenvironments, from the order of singly encapsulated cells to entire three-dimensional cell scaffolds. These hydrogel scaffolds are promising for moving towards personalized medicine approaches and recapitulating the multifaceted microenvironments that exist in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Caldwell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Brian A. Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
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Polanco A, Kuang B, Yoon S. Bioprocess Technologies that Preserve the Quality of iPSCs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1128-1140. [PMID: 32941792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is essential for the treatment of a variety of clinical indications. However, culturing enough iPSCs for clinical applications is problematic due to their sensitive pluripotent state and dependence on a supporting matrix. Developing stem cell bioprocessing strategies that are scalable and meet clinical needs requires incorporating methods that measure and monitor intrinsic markers of cell differentiation state, developmental status, and viability in real time. In addition, proper cell culture modalities that nurture the growth of high-quality stem cells in suspension are critical for industrial scale-up. In this review, we present an overview of cell culture media, suspension modalities, and monitoring techniques that preserve the quality and pluripotency of iPSCs during initiation, expansion, and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
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Dakhore S, Nayer B, Hasegawa K. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture: Current Status, Challenges, and Advancement. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7396905. [PMID: 30595701 PMCID: PMC6282144 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7396905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have gained attention due to their pluripotent and proliferative ability which enables production of almost all cell types in the human body in vitro and makes them an excellent tool to study human embryogenesis and disease, as well as for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapies. Discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) further expanded therapeutic applications of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). hPSCs provide a stable and unlimited original cell source for producing suitable cells and tissues for downstream applications. Therefore, engineering the environment in which these cells are grown, for stable and quality-controlled hPSC maintenance and production, is one of the key factors governing the success of these applications. hPSCs are maintained in a particular niche using specific cell culture components. Ideally, the culture should be free of xenobiotic components to render hPSCs suitable for therapeutic applications. Substantial efforts have been put to identify effective components, and develop culture conditions and protocols, for their large-scale expansion without compromising on quality. In this review, we discuss different media, their components and functions, including specific requirements to maintain the pluripotent and proliferative ability of hPSCs. Understanding the role of culture components would enable the development of appropriate conditions to promote large-scale, quality-controlled expansion of hPSCs thereby increasing their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushrut Dakhore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavana Nayer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Japan
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Lee E, Sivalingam J, Lim ZR, Chia G, Shi LG, Roberts M, Loh YH, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Review: In vitro generation of red blood cells for transfusion medicine: Progress, prospects and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2118-2128. [PMID: 30273713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro generation of red blood cells (RBCs) has the potential to circumvent the shortfalls in global demand for blood for transfusion applications. The conventional approach for RBC generation has been from differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from cord blood, adult bone marrow or peripheral blood. More recently, RBCs have been generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as well as from immortalized adult erythroid progenitors. In this review, we highlight the recent advances to RBC generation from these different approaches and discuss the challenges and new strategies that can potentially make large-scale in vitro generation of RBCs a feasible approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmond Lee
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jaichandran Sivalingam
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Zhong Ri Lim
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gloryn Chia
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Low Gin Shi
- Brilliant Research Pte. Ltd, Singapore 139955, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mackenna Roberts
- Oxford-University College London Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Steve Kah-Weng Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
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Osteoblast-like Cell Growth and Differentiation Behaviors on the Phospholipid Vesicle-Interacted Calcium Phosphate Films. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2018.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Petry F, Weidner T, Czermak P, Salzig D. Three-Dimensional Bioreactor Technologies for the Cocultivation of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Beta Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2547098. [PMID: 29731775 PMCID: PMC5872596 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2547098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prominent health problem caused by the failure of pancreatic beta cells. One therapeutic approach is the transplantation of functional beta cells, but it is difficult to generate sufficient beta cells in vitro and to ensure these cells remain viable at the transplantation site. Beta cells suffer from hypoxia, undergo apoptosis, or are attacked by the host immune system. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) can improve the functionality and survival of beta cells in vivo and in vitro due to direct cell contact or the secretion of trophic factors. Current cocultivation concepts with beta cells are simple and cannot exploit the favorable properties of hMSCs. Beta cells need a three-dimensional (3D) environment to function correctly, and the cocultivation setup is therefore more complex. This review discusses 3D cultivation forms (aggregates, capsules, and carriers) for hMSCs and beta cells and strategies for large-scale cultivation. We have determined process parameters that must be balanced and considered for the cocultivation of hMSCs and beta cells, and we present several bioreactor setups that are suitable for such an innovative cocultivation approach. Bioprocess engineering of the cocultivation processes is necessary to achieve successful beta cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Winchesterstr. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Roh KH, Nerem RM, Roy K. Biomanufacturing of Therapeutic Cells: State of the Art, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 7:455-78. [PMID: 27276552 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-033559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells and other functionally defined therapeutic cells (e.g., T cells) are promising to bring hope of a permanent cure for diseases and disorders that currently cannot be cured by conventional drugs or biological molecules. This paradigm shift in modern medicine of using cells as novel therapeutics can be realized only if suitable manufacturing technologies for large-scale, cost-effective, reproducible production of high-quality cells can be developed. Here we review the state of the art in therapeutic cell manufacturing, including cell purification and isolation, activation and differentiation, genetic modification, expansion, packaging, and preservation. We identify current challenges and discuss opportunities to overcome them such that cell therapies become highly effective, safe, and predictively reproducible while at the same time becoming affordable and widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Roh
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0313; .,The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Robert M Nerem
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332.,The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0313; .,The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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Li J, Lam ATL, Toh JPW, Reuveny S, Oh SKW, Birch WR. Tunable Volumetric Density and Porous Structure of Spherical Poly-ε-caprolactone Microcarriers, as Applied in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Expansion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3068-3079. [PMID: 28221044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric microspheres may serve as microcarrier (MC) matrices, for the expansion of anchorage-dependent stem cells. They require surface properties that promote both initial cell adhesion and the subsequent spreading of cells, which is a prerequisite for successful expansion. When implemented in a three-dimensional culture environment, under agitation, their suspension under low shear rates depends on the MCs having a modest negative buoyancy, with a density of 1.02-1.05 g/cm3. Bioresorbable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), with a density of 1.14 g/cm3, requires a reduction in volumetric density, for the microspheres to achieve high cell viability and yields. Uniform-sized droplets, from solutions of PCL dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM), were generated by coaxial microfluidic geometry. Subsequent exposure to ethanol rapidly extracted the DCM solvent, solidifying the droplets and yielding monodisperse microspheres with a porous structure, which was demonstrated to have tunable porosity and a hollow inner core. The variation in process parameters, including the molecular weight of PCL, its concentration in DCM, and the ethanol concentration, served to effectively alter the diffusion flux between ethanol and DCM, resulting in a broad spectrum of volumetric densities of 1.04-1.11 g/cm3. The solidified microspheres are generally covered by a smooth thin skin, which provides a uniform cell culture surface and masks their internal porous structure. When coated with a cationic polyelectrolyte and extracellular matrix protein, monodisperse microspheres with a diameter of approximately 150 μm and densities ranging from 1.05-1.11 g/cm3 are capable of supporting the expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Validation of hMSC expansion was carried out with a positive control of commercial Cytodex 3 MCs and a negative control of uncoated low-density PCL MCs. Static culture conditions generated more than 70% cell attachment and similar yields of sixfold cell expansion on all coated MCs, with poor cell attachment and growth on the negative control. Under agitation, coated porous microspheres, with a low density of 1.05 g/cm3, achieved robust cell attachment and resulted in high cell yields of ninefold cell expansion, comparable with those generated by commercial Cytodex 3 MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, 138668, Singapore
| | - Jessica Pei Wen Toh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, 138668, Singapore
| | - Steve Kah-Weng Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, 138668, Singapore
| | - William R Birch
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore
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Shekaran A, Lam A, Sim E, Jialing L, Jian L, Wen JTP, Chan JKY, Choolani M, Reuveny S, Birch W, Oh S. Biodegradable ECM-coated PCL microcarriers support scalable human early MSC expansion and in vivo bone formation. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1332-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Microcarrier-based platforms for in vitro expansion and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in bioreactor culture systems. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:71-82. [PMID: 27480342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have attracted a great attention as an unlimited source of cells for cell therapies and other in vitro biomedical applications such as drug screening, toxicology assays and disease modeling. The implementation of scalable culture platforms for the large-scale production of hPSC and their derivatives is mandatory to fulfill the requirement of obtaining large numbers of cells for these applications. Microcarrier technology has been emerging as an effective approach for the large scale ex vivo hPSC expansion and differentiation. This review presents recent achievements in hPSC microcarrier-based culture systems and discusses the crucial aspects that influence the performance of these culture platforms. Recent progress includes addressing chemically-defined culture conditions for manufacturing of hPSC and their derivatives, with the development of xeno-free media and microcarrier coatings to meet good manufacturing practice (GMP) quality requirements. Finally, examples of integrated platforms including hPSC expansion and directed differentiation to specific lineages are also presented in this review.
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Fan Y, Zhang F, Tzanakakis ES. Engineering Xeno-Free Microcarriers with Recombinant Vitronectin, Albumin and UV Irradiation for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Bioprocessing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1510-1518. [PMID: 28989958 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of platforms for the expansion and directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in large quantities under xeno-free conditions is a key step toward the realization of envisioned stem cell-based therapies. Microcarrier bioreactors afford great surface-to-volume ratio, scalability and customization with typical densities of 106-107 cells/ml or higher. In this study, a simple and inexpensive method was established for generating microcarriers without animal-derived components. While coating polystyrene beads with vitronectin alone did not support the culture of hPSCs in stirred suspension, the inclusion of recombinant human serum albumin and UV irradiation led to enhanced seeding efficiency and retention while cells grew more than 20-fold per passage for multiple successive passages and without loss of cell pluripotency. Human PSCs expanded on microcarriers were coaxed to tri-lineage differentiation demonstrating that this system can be used for the self-renewal and specification of hPSCs to therapeutically relevant cell types. Such systems will be critical for the envisioned use of stem cells in regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford MA 02155
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford MA 02155
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford MA 02155.,Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111
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Fabrication of uniform-sized poly-ɛ-caprolactone microspheres and their applications in human embryonic stem cell culture. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 17:105. [PMID: 26458560 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of liquefied poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) droplets by means of a microfluidic device results in uniform-sized microspheres, which are validated as microcarriers for human embryonic stem cell culture. Formed droplet size and size distribution, as well as the resulting PCL microsphere size, are correlated with the viscosity and flow rate ratio of the dispersed (Q d) and continuous (Q c) phases. PCL in dichloromethane increases its viscosity with concentration and molecular weight. Higher viscosity and Q d/Q c lead to the formation of larger droplets, within two observed formation modes: dripping and jetting. At low viscosity of dispersed phase and Q d/Q c, the microfluidic device is operated in dripping mode, which generates droplets and microspheres with greater size uniformity. Solutions with lower molecular weight PCL have lower viscosity, resulting in a wider concentration range for the dripping mode. When coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, the fabricated PCL microspheres are demonstrated capable of supporting the expansion of human embryonic stem cells.
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Badenes SM, Fernandes TG, Cordeiro CSM, Boucher S, Kuninger D, Vemuri MC, Diogo MM, Cabral JMS. Defined Essential 8™ Medium and Vitronectin Efficiently Support Scalable Xeno-Free Expansion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Stirred Microcarrier Culture Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151264. [PMID: 26999816 PMCID: PMC4801338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell culture using Essential 8™ xeno-free medium and the defined xeno-free matrix vitronectin was successfully implemented under adherent conditions. This matrix was able to support hiPS cell expansion either in coated plates or on polystyrene-coated microcarriers, while maintaining hiPS cell functionality and pluripotency. Importantly, scale-up of the microcarrier-based system was accomplished using a 50 mL spinner flask, under dynamic conditions. A three-level factorial design experiment was performed to identify optimal conditions in terms of a) initial cell density b) agitation speed, and c) to maximize cell yield in spinner flask cultures. A maximum cell yield of 3.5 is achieved by inoculating 55,000 cells/cm2 of microcarrier surface area and using 44 rpm, which generates a cell density of 1.4x106 cells/mL after 10 days of culture. After dynamic culture, hiPS cells maintained their typical morphology upon re-plating, exhibited pluripotency-associated marker expression as well as tri-lineage differentiation capability, which was verified by inducing their spontaneous differentiation through embryoid body formation, and subsequent downstream differentiation to specific lineages such as neural and cardiac fates was successfully accomplished. In conclusion, a scalable, robust and cost-effective xeno-free culture system was successfully developed and implemented for the scale-up production of hiPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Badenes
- Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago G. Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Cláudia S. M. Cordeiro
- Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Shayne Boucher
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Kuninger
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohan C. Vemuri
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Higuchi A, Kao SH, Ling QD, Chen YM, Li HF, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Murugan K, Chang SC, Lee HC, Hsu ST, Kumar SS, Umezawa A. Long-term xeno-free culture of human pluripotent stem cells on hydrogels with optimal elasticity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18136. [PMID: 26656754 PMCID: PMC4677349 DOI: 10.1038/srep18136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tentative clinical application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, is restricted by the possibility of xenogenic contamination resulting from the use of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as a feeder layer. Therefore, we investigated hPSC cultures on biomaterials with different elasticities that were grafted with different nanosegments. We prepared dishes coated with polyvinylalcohol-co-itaconic acid hydrogels grafted with an oligopeptide derived from vitronectin (KGGPQVTRGDVFTMP) with elasticities ranging from 10.3 to 30.4 kPa storage moduli by controlling the crosslinking time. The hPSCs cultured on the stiffest substrates (30.4 kPa) tended to differentiate after five days of culture, whereas the hPSCs cultured on the optimal elastic substrates (25 kPa) maintained their pluripotency for over 20 passages under xeno-free conditions. These results indicate that cell culture matrices with optimal elasticity can maintain the pluripotency of hPSCs in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan.,Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shih-Hsuan Kao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, No. 32, Ln 160, Jian-Cheng Road, Hsi-Chi City, Taipei, 221, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Fen Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Abdullah A Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murugan A Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shih-Chang Chang
- Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, No.280, Sec. 4, Ren'ai Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei, 10693, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, No.280, Sec. 4, Ren'ai Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei, 10693, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, 77, Kuangtai Road, Pingjen City, Taoyuan 32405, Taiwan
| | - S Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universities Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Slangor, Malaysia
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Integrated processes for expansion and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in suspended microcarriers cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 473:764-8. [PMID: 26385176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) expansion and differentiation can be limited in scalability and costly (due to their labor intensive nature). This can limit their use in cell therapy, drug screening and toxicity assays. One of the approaches that can overcome these limitations is microcarrier (MC) based cultures in which cells are expanded as cell/MC aggregates and then directly differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) in the same agitated reactor. This integrated process can be scaled up and eliminate the need for some culture manipulation used in common monolayer and EBs cultures. This review describes the principles of such microcarriers based integrated hPSC expansion and differentiation process, and parameters that can affect its efficiency (such as MC type and extracellular matrix proteins coatings, cell/MC aggregates size, and agitation). Finally examples of integrated process for generation cardiomyocytes (CM) and neural progenitor cells (NPC) as well as challenges to be solved are described.
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Sirabella D, Cimetta E, Vunjak-Novakovic G. "The state of the heart": Recent advances in engineering human cardiac tissue from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1008-18. [PMID: 26069271 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215589910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressing need for effective cell therapy for the heart has led to the investigation of suitable cell sources for tissue replacement. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cell research expanded tremendously, in particular since the derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In parallel, bioengineering technologies have led to novel approaches for in vitro cell culture. The combination of these two fields holds potential for in vitro generation of high-fidelity heart tissue, both for basic research and for therapeutic applications. However, this new multidisciplinary science is still at an early stage. Many questions need to be answered and improvements need to be made before clinical applications become a reality. Here we discuss the current status of human stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes and the combined use of bioengineering approaches for cardiac tissue formation and maturation in developmental studies, disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Sirabella
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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Lam ATL, Li J, Chen AKL, Birch WR, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Improved Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Attachment and Spreading on Xeno-Free Laminin-521-Coated Microcarriers Results in Efficient Growth in Agitated Cultures. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:242-57. [PMID: 26309800 PMCID: PMC4540119 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2015.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are self-renewing cells having the potential of differentiation into the three lineages of somatic cells and thus can be medically used in diverse cellular therapies. One of the requirements for achieving these clinical applications is development of completely defined xeno-free systems for large-scale cell expansion and differentiation. Previously, we demonstrated that microcarriers (MCs) coated with mouse laminin-111 (LN111) and positively charged poly-l-lysine (PLL) critically enable the formation and evolution of cells/MC aggregates with high cell yields obtained under agitated conditions. In this article, we further improved the MC system into a defined xeno-free MC one in which the MCs are coated with recombinant human laminin-521 (LN521) alone without additional positive charge. The high binding affinity of the LN521 to cell integrins enables efficient initial HES-3 cell attachment (87%) and spreading (85%), which leads to generation of cells/MC aggregates (400 μm in size) and high cell yields (2.4–3.5×106 cells/mL) within 7 days in agitated plate and scalable spinner cultures. The universality of the system was demonstrated by propagation of an induced pluripotent cells line in this defined MC system. Long-term pluripotent (>90% expression Tra-1-60) cell expansion and maintenance of normal karyotype was demonstrated after 10 cell passages. Moreover, tri-lineage differentiation as well as directed differentiation into cardiomyocytes was achieved. The new LN521-based MC system offers a defined, xeno-free, GMP-compatible, and scalable bioprocessing platform for the production of hPSC with the quantity and quality compliant for clinical applications. Use of LN521 on MCs enabled a 34% savings in matrix and media costs over monolayer cultures to produce 108 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore , Singapore
| | - Allen Kuan-Liang Chen
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore , Singapore
| | - William R Birch
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore , Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore , Singapore
| | - Steve Kah-Weng Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore , Singapore
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26
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Enam S, Jin S. Substrates for clinical applicability of stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:243-252. [PMID: 25815112 PMCID: PMC4369484 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The capability of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to differentiate into a variety of cells in the human body holds great promise for regenerative medicine. Many substrates exist on which hPSCs can be self-renewed, maintained and expanded to further the goal of clinical application of stem cells. In this review, we highlight numerous extracellular matrix proteins, peptide and polymer based substrates, scaffolds and hydrogels that have been pioneered. We discuss their benefits and shortcomings and offer future directions as well as emphasize commercially available synthetic peptides as a type of substrate that can bring the benefits of regenerative medicine to clinical settings.
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Abstract
Anchorage-dependent cells are of great interest for various biotechnological applications. (i) They represent a formidable production means of viruses for vaccination purposes at very large scales (in 1000-6000 l reactors) using microcarriers, and in the last decade many more novel viral vaccines have been developed using this production technology. (ii) With the advent of stem cells and their use/potential use in clinics for cell therapy and regenerative medicine purposes, the development of novel culture devices and technologies for adherent cells has accelerated greatly with a view to the large-scale expansion of these cells. Presently, the really scalable systems--microcarrier/microcarrier-clump cultures using stirred-tank reactors--for the expansion of stem cells are still in their infancy. Only laboratory scale reactors of maximally 2.5 l working volume have been evaluated because thorough knowledge and basic understanding of critical issues with respect to cell expansion while retaining pluripotency and differentiation potential, and the impact of the culture environment on stem cell fate, etc., are still lacking and require further studies. This article gives an overview on critical issues common to all cell culture systems for adherent cells as well as specifics for different types of stem cells in view of small- and large-scale cell expansion and production processes.
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Lam ATL, Chen AKL, Li J, Birch WR, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Conjoint propagation and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes in a defined microcarrier spinner culture. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:110. [PMID: 25223792 PMCID: PMC4183116 DOI: 10.1186/scrt498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myocardial infarction is accompanied by a significant loss of cardiomyocytes (CMs). Functional CMs, differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), offer a potentially unlimited cell source for cardiac disease therapies and regenerative cardiovascular medicine. However, conventional production methods on monolayer culture surfaces cannot adequately supply the large numbers of cells required for such treatments. To this end, an integrated microcarrier (MC) bioprocessing system for hESC propagation and subsequent CM differentiation was developed. Methods Production of hESC-derived CMs was initially established in monolayer cultures. This control condition was compared against hESC expansion on laminin-coated MC with cationic surface charge, in a stirred serum-free defined culture. Following expansion, the hESC/MC aggregates were placed in a CM differentiation medium, using Wnt signalling modulators in four different culture conditions. This process eliminated the need for manual colony cutting. The final optimized protocol was tested in stirred spinner flasks, combining expansion and differentiation on the same MC, with only media changes during the culture process. Results In the propagation phase, a 15-fold expansion of viable pluripotent HES-3 was achieved, with homogeneous sized aggregates of 316 ± 11 μm. Of the four differentiation conditions, stirred spinner flask cultures (MC-Sp) provided the best controlled aggregate sizes and yielded 1.9 × 106 CM/ml, as compared to 0.5 × 106 CM/ml using the monolayer cultures method: a four-fold increase in CM/ml. Similar results (1.3 × 106 CM/ml) were obtained with an alternative hESC H7 line. The hESC/MC-derived CM expressed cardiac-specific transcription factors, structural, ion channel genes, and exhibited cross-striations of sarcomeric proteins, thus confirming their cardiac ontogeny. Moreover, E-4031 (0.3 μM) prolonged the QT-interval duration by 40% and verapamil (3 μM) reduced it by 45%, illustrating the suitability of these CM for pharmacological assays. Conclusions We have demonstrated a robust and scalable microcarrier system for generating hESC-derived CM. This platform is enabled by defined microcarrier matrices and it integrates cell propagation and differentiation within a continuous process, in serum-free culture media. It can generate significant numbers of CM, which are potentially suitable for future clinical therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/scrt498) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Higuchi A, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Munusamy M, Alarfajj AA, Umezawa A, Wu GJ. Design of polymeric materials for culturing human pluripotent stem cells: Progress toward feeder-free and xeno-free culturing. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lam ATL, Li J, Chen AKL, Reuveny S, Oh SKW, Birch WR. Cationic surface charge combined with either vitronectin or laminin dictates the evolution of human embryonic stem cells/microcarrier aggregates and cell growth in agitated cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1688-703. [PMID: 24641164 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) for biomedical applications generally compels a defined, reliable, and scalable platform. Bioreactors offer a three-dimensional culture environment that relies on the implementation of microcarriers (MC), as supports for cell anchorage and their subsequent growth. Polystyrene microspheres/MC coated with adhesion-promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, vitronectin (VN), or laminin (LN) have been shown to support hPSC expansion in a static environment. However, they are insufficient to promote human embryonic stem cells (hESC) seeding and their expansion in an agitated environment. The present study describes an innovative technology, consisting of a cationic charge that underlies the ECM coatings. By combining poly-L-lysine (PLL) with a coating of ECM protein, cell attachment efficiency and cell spreading are improved, thus enabling seeding under agitation in a serum-free medium. This coating combination also critically enables the subsequent formation and evolution of hPSC/MC aggregates, which ensure cell viability and generate high yields. Aggregate dimensions of at least 300 μm during early cell growth give rise to ≈15-fold expansion at 7 days' culture. Increasing aggregate numbers at a quasi-constant size of ≈300 μm indicates hESC growth within a self-regulating microenvironment. PLL+LN enables cell seeding and aggregate evolution under constant agitation, whereas PLL+VN requires an intermediate 2-day static pause to attain comparable aggregate sizes and correspondingly high expansion yields. The cells' highly reproducible bioresponse to these defined and characterized MC surface properties is universal across multiple cell lines, thus confirming the robustness of this scalable expansion process in a defined environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- 1 Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore , Singapore
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Perestrelo AR, Mouffouk F, da Costa AMR, Belo JA. Novel triblock co-polymer nanofibre system as an alternative support for embryonic stem cells growth and pluripotency. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:E467-E476. [PMID: 24668905 DOI: 10.1002/term.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventionally, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are cultured on gelatin or over a mitotically inactivated monolayer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFsi). Considering the lack of versatile, non-animal-derived and inexpensive materials for that purpose, we aimed to find a biomaterial able to support ESC growth in a pluripotent state that avoids the need for laborious and time-consuming MEFsi culture in parallel with mouse ESC (mESC) culture. Undifferentiated mESCs were cultured in a new nanofibre material designed for ESC culture, which is based on the self-assembly of a triblock co-polymer, poly(ethyleneglycol-β-trimethylsilyl methacrylate-β-methacrylic acid), conjugated with the peptide glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartate-serine, to evaluate its potential application in ESC research. The morphology, proliferation, viability, pluripotency and differentiation potential of mESCs were assessed. Compared to conventional stem cell culture methodologies, the nanofibres promoted a higher increase in mESCs number, enhanced pluripotency and were able to support differentiation after long-term culture. This newly developed synthetic system allows the elimination of animal-derived matrices and provides an economic method of ESC culture, made of a complex network of nanofibres in a scale similar to native extracellular matrices, where the functional properties of the cells can be observed and manipulated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rubina Perestrelo
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Programme, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Portugal.,Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Estrutural e Molecular (IBB/CBME), Universidade do Algarve, Portugal.,PhD Programme in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
| | - Fouzi Mouffouk
- Kuwait University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Kuwait
| | - Ana M Rosa da Costa
- Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve (CIQA) and Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
| | - José António Belo
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Programme, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Portugal. .,Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Estrutural e Molecular (IBB/CBME), Universidade do Algarve, Portugal.
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Lu SJ, Kelley T, Feng Q, Chen A, Reuveny S, Lanza R, Oh SKW. 3D microcarrier system for efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into hematopoietic cells without feeders and serum [corrected]. Regen Med 2014; 8:413-24. [PMID: 23826696 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been derived and maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeders to keep their undifferentiated status. To realize their clinical potential, a feeder-free and scalable system for large scale production of hESCs and their differentiated derivatives is required. MATERIALS & METHODS hESCs were cultured and passaged on serum/feeder-free 3D microcarriers for five passages. For embryoid body (EB) formation and hemangioblast differentiation, the medium for 3D microcarriers was directly switched to EB medium. RESULTS hESCs on 3D microcarriers maintained pluripotency and formed EBs, which were ten-times more efficient than hESCs cultured under 2D feeder-free conditions (0.11 ± 0.03 EB cells/hESC input 2D vs 1.19 ± 0.32 EB cells/hESC input 3D). After replating, EB cells from 3D culture readily developed into hemangioblasts with the potential to differentiate into hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Furthermore, this 3D system can also be adapted to human induced pluripotent stem cells, which generate functional hemangioblasts with high efficiency. CONCLUSION This 3D serum- and stromal-free microcarrier system is important for future clinical applications, with the potential of developing to a GMP-compatible scalable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Lu
- Advanced Cell Technology, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA.
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33
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Chen A, Ting S, Seow J, Reuveny S, Oh S. Considerations in designing systems for large scale production of human cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:12. [PMID: 24444355 PMCID: PMC4055057 DOI: 10.1186/scrt401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes have attracted attention as an unlimited source of cells for cardiac therapies. One of the factors to surmount to achieve this is the production of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes at a commercial or clinical scale with economically and technically feasible platforms. Given the limited proliferation capacity of differentiated cardiomyocytes and the difficulties in isolating and culturing committed cardiac progenitors, the strategy for cardiomyocyte production would be biphasic, involving hPSC expansion to generate adequate cell numbers followed by differentiation to cardiomyocytes for specific applications. This review summarizes and discusses up-to-date two-dimensional cell culture, cell-aggregate and microcarrier-based platforms for hPSC expansion. Microcarrier-based platforms are shown to be the most suitable for up-scaled production of hPSCs. Subsequently, different platforms for directing hPSC differentiation to cardiomyocytes are discussed. Monolayer differentiation can be straightforward and highly efficient and embryoid body-based approaches are also yielding reasonable cardiomyocyte efficiencies, whereas microcarrier-based approaches are in their infancy but can also generate high cardiomyocyte yields. The optimal target is to establish an integrated scalable process that combines hPSC expansion and cardiomyocyte differentiation into a one unit operation. This review discuss key issues such as platform selection, bioprocess parameters, medium development, downstream processing and parameters that meet current good manufacturing practice standards.
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Sundberg M, Isacson O. Advances in stem-cell–generated transplantation therapy for Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:437-53. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.876986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Human pluripotent stem cell culture: considerations for maintenance, expansion, and therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:13-26. [PMID: 24388173 PMCID: PMC3915741 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide powerful resources for application in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical development. In the past decade, various methods have been developed for large-scale hPSC culture that rely on combined use of multiple growth components, including media containing various growth factors, extracellular matrices, 3D environmental cues, and modes of multicellular association. In this Protocol Review, we dissect these growth components by comparing cell culture methods and identifying the benefits and pitfalls associated with each one. We further provide criteria, considerations, and suggestions to achieve optimal cell growth for hPSC expansion, differentiation, and use in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Fan Y, Hsiung M, Cheng C, Tzanakakis ES. Facile engineering of xeno-free microcarriers for the scalable cultivation of human pluripotent stem cells in stirred suspension. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:588-99. [PMID: 24098972 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A prerequisite for the realization of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) therapies is the development of bioprocesses for generating clinically relevant quantities of undifferentiated hPSCs and their derivatives under xeno-free conditions. Microcarrier stirred-suspension bioreactors are an appealing modality for the scalable expansion and directed differentiation of hPSCs. Comparative analyses of commercially available microcarriers clearly show the need for developing synthetic substrates supporting the adhesion and growth of hPSCs in three-dimensional cultures under agitation-induced shear. Moreover, the low seeding efficiencies during microcarrier loading with hPSC clusters poses a significant process bottleneck. To that end, a novel protocol was developed increasing hPSC seeding efficiency from 30% to over 80% and substantially shortening the duration of microcarrier loading. Importantly, this method was combined with the engineering of polystyrene microcarriers by surface conjugation of a vitronectin-derived peptide, which was previously shown to support the growth of human embryonic stem cells. Cells proliferated on peptide-conjugated beads in static culture but widespread detachment was observed after exposure to stirring. This prompted additional treatment of the microcarriers with a synthetic polymer commonly used to enhance cell adhesion. hPSCs were successfully cultivated on these microcarriers in stirred suspension vessels for multiple consecutive passages with attachment efficiencies close to 40%. Cultured cells exhibited on average a 24-fold increase in concentration per 6-day passage, over 85% viability, and maintained a normal karyotype and the expression of pluripotency markers such as Nanog, Oct4, and SSEA4. When subjected to spontaneous differentiation in embryoid body cultures or directed differentiation to the three embryonic germ layers, the cells adopted respective fates displaying relevant markers. Lastly, engineered microcarriers were successfully utilized for the expansion and differentiation of hPSCs to mesoderm progeny in stirred suspension vessels. Hence, we demonstrate a strategy for the facile engineering of xeno-free microcarriers for stirred-suspension cultivation of hPSCs. Our findings support the use of microcarrier bioreactors for the scalable, xeno-free propagation and differentiation of human stem cells intended for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Fan
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York
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37
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Lambshead JW, Meagher L, O'Brien C, Laslett AL. Defining synthetic surfaces for human pluripotent stem cell culture. CELL REGENERATION 2013; 2:7. [PMID: 25408879 PMCID: PMC4230363 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are able to self-renew indefinitely and to differentiate into all adult cell types. hPSCs therefore show potential for application to drug screening, disease modelling and cellular therapies. In order to meet this potential, culture conditions must be developed that are consistent, defined, scalable, free of animal products and that facilitate stable self-renewal of hPSCs. Several culture surfaces have recently been reported to meet many of these criteria although none of them have been widely implemented by the stem cell community due to issues with validation, reliability and expense. Most hPSC culture surfaces have been derived from extracellular matrix proteins (ECMPs) and their cell adhesion molecule (CAM) binding motifs. Elucidating the CAM-mediated cell-surface interactions that are essential for the in vitro maintenance of pluripotency will facilitate the optimisation of hPSC culture surfaces. Reports indicate that hPSC cultures can be supported by cell-surface interactions through certain CAM subtypes but not by others. This review summarises the recent reports of defined surfaces for hPSC culture and focuses on the CAMs and ECMPs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Lambshead
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia ; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Kragujevac, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Carmel O'Brien
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia ; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Kragujevac, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Andrew L Laslett
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia ; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Kragujevac, Victoria 3800 Australia ; Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3101 Australia
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38
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Application of human mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell microcarrier cultures in cellular therapy: Achievements and future direction. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1032-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sart S, Agathos SN, Li Y. Engineering stem cell fate with biochemical and biomechanical properties of microcarriers. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1354-66. [PMID: 24124017 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcarriers have been widely used for various biotechnology applications because of their high scale-up potential, high reproducibility in regulating cellular behavior, and well-documented compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Recently, microcarriers have been emerging as a novel approach for stem cell expansion and differentiation, enabling potential scale-up of stem cell-derived products in large bioreactors. This review summarizes recent advances of using microcarriers in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and pluripotent stem cell (PSC) cultures. From the reported data, efficient expansion and differentiation of stem cells on microcarriers rely on their ability to modulate cell shape (i.e. round or spreading) and cell organization (i.e. aggregate size). Nonetheless, current screening of microcarriers remains empirical, and accurate understanding of how stem cells interact with microcarriers still remains unknown. This review suggests that accurate characterization of biochemical and biomechanical properties of microcarriers is required to fully exploit their potential in regulating stem cell fate decision. Due to the variety of microcarriers, such detailed analyses should lead to the rational design of application-specific microcarriers, enabling the exploitation of reproducible effects for large scale biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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40
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Wang Y, Cheng L, Gerecht S. Efficient and scalable expansion of human pluripotent stem cells under clinically compliant settings: a view in 2013. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:1357-72. [PMID: 24132657 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for revolutionizing regenerative medicine for their potential applications in disease modeling, drug discovery, and cellular therapy. Many their applications require robust and scalable expansion of hPSCs, even under settings compliant to good clinical practices. Rapid evolution of media and substrates provided safer and more defined culture conditions for long-term expansion of undifferentiated hPSCs in either adhesion or suspension. With well-designed automatic systems or fully controlled bioreactors, production of a clinically relevant quantity of hPSCs could be achieved in the near future. The goal is to find a scalable, xeno-free, chemically defined, and economic culture system for clinical-grade expansion of hPSCs that complies the requirements of current good manufacturing practices. This review provides an updated overview of the current development and challenges on the way to accomplish this goal, including discussions on basic principles for bioprocess design, serum-free media, extracellular matric or synthesized substrate, microcarrier- or cell aggregate-based suspension culture, and scalability and practicality of equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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41
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Pakzad M, Ashtiani MK, Mousavi-Gargari SL, Baharvand H. Development of a simple, repeatable, and cost-effective extracellular matrix for long-term xeno-free and feeder-free self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:635-48. [PMID: 24065274 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential importance of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in translational research and regenerative medicine, the aim of the present study was to develop a simple, safe, and cost-effective substrate to expand hPSCs. We report the development of an extracellular matrix (ECM), designated "RoGel," based on conditioned medium (CM) of human fibroblasts under serum- and xeno-free culture conditions. The long-term self-renewal of hPSCs on RoGel was also assessed. The results showed that self-renewal, pluripotency, plating efficiency, and cloning efficiency of hPSCs on this newly developed ECM were similar to those of Matrigel, the conventional mouse-cell line-derived ECM. The cells had the capability to passage mechanically on a cold surface, which resulted in their long-term maintenance with normal karyotype. We have demonstrated that CM-coated plates preserved for 1 year at room temperature maintained the capability of hPSC expansion. This ECM provides an attractive hPSC culture platform for both research and future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pakzad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Zonca MR, Yune PS, Williams JK, Gu M, Unser AM, Imbrogno J, Belfort G, Xie Y. Enhanced stem cell pluripotency in surface-modified electrospun fibrous matrices. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:215-24. [PMID: 24105973 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A previously screened "hit chemistry" (N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide) that supports strong attachment and long-term self-renewal of ES cells is selected and grafted to poly(ether sulfone) (PES) fibrous matrices through plasma-induced graft polymerization. The 3D modified fibers exhibit higher cell proliferation and greater expression of pluripotency markers of mouse ES cells than 2D membranes. It is the first demonstration of scaling up an optimal synthetic surface chemistry in 2D using a high throughput synthesis, screening, and selection method to 3D that strongly influences pluripotent stem cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Zonca
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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43
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Liu N, Zang R, Yang ST, Li Y. Stem cell engineering in bioreactors for large-scale bioprocessing. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - Ru Zang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL USA
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44
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Chen AKL, Chen X, Lim YM, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Inhibition of ROCK-myosin II signaling pathway enables culturing of human pluripotent stem cells on microcarriers without extracellular matrix coating. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:227-38. [PMID: 23777438 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Large quantities of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) needed for therapeutic applications can be grown in scalable suspended microcarrier cultures. These microcarriers are coated with animal or human extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to promote cell growth and maintain pluripotency. However, the coating is costly for large-scale cultures and it presents safety risks. This study demonstrates that hPSCs can be propagated on noncoated positively charged cellulose microcarriers in a serum-free medium containing the ROCK inhibitor, (Y27632) or myosin inhibitor, Blebbistatin. In the presence of these two inhibitors, myosin phosphatase 1 and myosin light chain 2 were dephosphorylated suggesting that reduced myosin contractility is responsible for hPSC survival and growth on ECM coating-free microcarriers. Cells propagated on the noncoated microcarriers for 12 passages maintained their pluripotency and karyotype stability. Scalability was demonstrated by achieving a cell concentration of 2.3×10⁶ cells/mL with 11.5-fold expansion (HES-3) in a 100-mL spinner flask. The differentiation capability of these cells toward three primary lineages is demonstrated via in vitro embryoid bodies and in vivo teratoma formations. Moreover, the directed differentiation to polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule-positive (PSA-NCAM+) neural progenitors produced high cell concentrations (9.1±1.2×10⁶ cells/mL) with a cell yield of 412±77 neural progenitor cells per seeded HES-3 and a PSA-NCAM expression level of 91±1.1%. This defined serum- and coating-free scalable microcarrier culturing system is a safer and less expensive method for generating large amounts of hPSCs for cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Kuan-Liang Chen
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore, Singapore
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45
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Smith AW, Hoyne JD, Nguyen PK, McCreedy DA, Aly H, Efimov IR, Rentschler S, Elbert DL. Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells using Yamanaka factors on engineered poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6559-71. [PMID: 23773820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming strategies enable rapid conversion of somatic cells to cardiomyocytes or cardiomyocyte-like cells without going through the pluripotent state. A recently described protocol couples Yamanaka factor induction with pluripotency inhibition followed by BMP4 treatment to achieve rapid reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to beating cardiomyocyte-like cells. The original study was performed using Matrigel-coated tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), a stiff material that also non-specifically adsorbs serum proteins. Protein adsorption-resistant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials can be covalently modified to present precise concentrations of adhesion proteins or peptides without the unintended effects of non-specifically adsorbed proteins. Here, we describe an improved protocol that incorporates custom-engineered materials. We first reproduced the Efe et al. protocol on Matrigel-coated TCPS (the original material), reprogramming adult mouse tail-tip mouse fibroblasts (TTF) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) to cardiomyocyte-like cells that demonstrated striated sarcomeric α-actinin staining, spontaneous calcium transients, and visible beating. We then designed poly(ethylene glycol) culture substrates to promote MEF adhesion via laminin and RGD-binding integrins. PEG hydrogels improved proliferation and reprogramming efficiency (evidenced by beating patch number and area, gene expression, and flow cytometry), yielding almost twice the number of sarcomeric α-actinin positive cardiomyocyte-like cells as the originally described substrate. These results illustrate that cellular reprogramming may be enhanced using custom-engineered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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46
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Selekman JA, Grundl NJ, Kolz JM, Palecek SP. Efficient generation of functional epithelial and epidermal cells from human pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:949-60. [PMID: 23560510 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have an unparalleled potential to generate limitless quantities of any somatic cell type. However, current methods for producing populations of various somatic cell types from hPSCs are generally not standardized and typically incorporate undefined cell culture components often resulting in variable differentiation efficiencies and poor reproducibility. To address this, we have developed a defined approach for generating epithelial progenitor and epidermal cells from hPSCs. In doing so, we have identified an optimal starting cell density to maximize yield and maintain high purity of K18+/p63+ simple epithelial progenitors. In addition, we have shown that the use of synthetic, defined substrates in lieu of Matrigel and gelatin can successfully facilitate efficient epithelial differentiation, maintaining a high (>75%) purity of K14+/p63+ keratinocyte progenitor cells and at a two to threefold higher yield than a previously reported undefined differentiation method. These K14+/p63+ cells also exhibited a higher expansion potential compared to cells generated using an undefined differentiation protocol and were able to terminally differentiate and recapitulate an epidermal tissue architecture in vitro. In summary, we have demonstrated the production of populations of functional epithelial and epidermal cells from multiple hPSC lines using a new, completely defined differentiation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Selekman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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Bardy J, Chen AK, Lim YM, Wu S, Wei S, Weiping H, Chan K, Reuveny S, Oh SK. Microcarrier Suspension Cultures for High-Density Expansion and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Neural Progenitor Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:166-80. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jo'an Bardy
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Allen K. Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Ming Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Selena Wu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shunhui Wei
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Weiping
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ken Chan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steve K.W. Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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48
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Reichen M, Macown RJ, Jaccard N, Super A, Ruban L, Griffin LD, Veraitch FS, Szita N. Microfabricated modular scale-down device for regenerative medicine process development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52246. [PMID: 23284952 PMCID: PMC3526573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of milli and micro litre bioreactors to accelerate process development has been successfully demonstrated in traditional biotechnology. However, for regenerative medicine present smaller scale culture methods cannot cope with the wide range of processing variables that need to be evaluated. Existing microfabricated culture devices, which could test different culture variables with a minimum amount of resources (e.g. expensive culture medium), are typically not designed with process development in mind. We present a novel, autoclavable, and microfabricated scale-down device designed for regenerative medicine process development. The microfabricated device contains a re-sealable culture chamber that facilitates use of standard culture protocols, creating a link with traditional small-scale culture devices for validation and scale-up studies. Further, the modular design can easily accommodate investigation of different culture substrate/extra-cellular matrix combinations. Inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEF) and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) colonies were successfully seeded on gelatine-coated tissue culture polystyrene (TC-PS) using standard static seeding protocols. The microfluidic chip included in the device offers precise and accurate control over the culture medium flow rate and resulting shear stresses in the device. Cells were cultured for two days with media perfused at 300 µl.h−1 resulting in a modelled shear stress of 1.1×10−4 Pa. Following perfusion, hESC colonies stained positively for different pluripotency markers and retained an undifferentiated morphology. An image processing algorithm was developed which permits quantification of co-cultured colony-forming cells from phase contrast microscope images. hESC colony sizes were quantified against the background of the feeder cells (iMEF) in less than 45 seconds for high-resolution images, which will permit real-time monitoring of culture progress in future experiments. The presented device is a first step to harness the advantages of microfluidics for regenerative medicine process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Reichen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys J. Macown
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Jaccard
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Super
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmila Ruban
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis D. Griffin
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farlan S. Veraitch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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49
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Schulz JC, Stumpf PS, Katsen-Globa A, Sachinidis A, Hescheler J, Zimmermann H. First steps towards the successful surface-based cultivation of human embryonic stem cells in hanging drop systems. Eng Life Sci 2012; 12:584-587. [PMID: 23486530 PMCID: PMC3588398 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniaturization and parallelization of cell culture procedures are in focus of
research in order to develop test platforms with low material consumption and
increased standardization for toxicity and drug screenings. The cultivation in
hanging drops (HDs) is a convenient and versatile tool for biological
applications and represents an interesting model system for the screening
applications due to its uniform shape, the advantageous gas supply, and the
small volume. However, its application has so far been limited to
non‐adherent and aggregate forming cells. Here, we describe for the first
time the proof-of-principle regarding the adherent cultivation of human
embryonic stem cells in HD. For this microcarriers were added to the droplet as
dynamic cultivation surfaces resulting in a maintained pluripotency and
proliferation capacity for 10 days. This enables the HD technique to be extended
to the cultivation of adherence-dependent stem cells. Also, the possible
automation of this method by implementation of liquid handling systems opens new
possibilities for miniaturized screenings, the improvement of cultivation and
differentiation conditions, and toxicity and drug development.
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50
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Serra M, Brito C, Correia C, Alves PM. Process engineering of human pluripotent stem cells for clinical application. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:350-9. [PMID: 22541338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, constitute an extremely attractive tool for cell therapy. However, flexible platforms for the large-scale production and storage of hPSCs in tightly controlled conditions are necessary to deliver high-quality cells in relevant quantities to satisfy clinical demands. Here we discuss the main principles for the bioprocessing of hPSCs, highlighting the impact of environmental factors, novel 3D culturing approaches and integrated bioreactor strategies for controlling hPSC culture outcome. Knowledge on hPSC bioprocessing accumulated during recent years provides important insights for the establishment of more robust production platforms and should potentiate the implementation of novel hPSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Serra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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