1
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Jyoti Mech D, Suhail Rizvi M. Micromechanics of fibrous scaffolds and their stiffness sensing by cells. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025035. [PMID: 38290154 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the tissue engineering scaffolds are known to play a crucial role in cell response. Therefore, an understanding of the cell-scaffold interactions is of high importance. Here, we have utilized discrete fiber network model to quantitatively study the micromechanics of fibrous scaffolds with different fiber arrangements and cross-linking densities. We observe that localized forces on the scaffold result in its anisotropic deformation even for isotropic fiber arrangements. We also see an exponential decay of the displacement field with distance from the location of applied force. This nature of the decay allows us to estimate the characteristic length for force transmission in fibrous scaffolds. Furthermore, we also looked at the stiffness sensing of fibrous scaffolds by individual cells and its dependence on the cellular sensing mechanism. For this, we considered two conditions- stress-controlled, and strain-controlled application of forces by a cell. With fixed strain, we find that the stiffness sensed by a cell is proportional to the scaffold's 'macroscopic' elastic modulus. However, under fixed stress application by the cell, the stiffness sensed by the cell also depends on the cell's own stiffness. In fact, the stiffness values for the same scaffold sensed by the stiff and soft cells can differ from each other by an order of magnitude. The insights from this work will help in designing tissue engineering scaffolds for applications where mechanical stimuli are a critical factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Jyoti Mech
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Mohd Suhail Rizvi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
- Computational Biology Research Lab, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
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2
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Guan P, Ji Y, Kang X, Liu W, Yang Q, Liu S, Lin Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu C, Fan L, Sun Y. Biodegradable Dual-Cross-Linked Hydrogels with Stem Cell Differentiation Regulatory Properties Promote Growth Plate Injury Repair via Controllable Three-Dimensional Mechanics and a Cartilage-like Extracellular Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8986-8998. [PMID: 36752284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in cell transplantation therapy have revealed the promising potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for promoting the regeneration of growth plate cartilage injury. However, the high apoptosis rate and the uncertainty of the differentiation direction of cells often lead to poor therapeutic effects. Cells are often grown under three-dimensional (3D) conditions in vivo, and the stiffness and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are important regulators of stem cell differentiation. To this end, a 3D cartilage-like ECM hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties was designed and synthesized mainly from gelatin methacrylate (GM) and oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) via dynamic Schiff base bonding under UV. The effects of scaffold stiffness and composition on the survival and differentiation of BMSCs in vitro were investigated. A rat model of growth plate injury was developed to validate the effect of the GMOCS hydrogels encapsulated with BMSCs on the repair of growth plate injury. The results showed that 3D GMOCS hydrogels with an appropriate modulus significantly promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and GMOCS/BMSC transplantation could effectively inhibit bone bridge formation and promote the repair of damaged growth plates. Accordingly, GMOCS/BMSC therapy can be engineered as a promising therapeutic candidate for growth plate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuelun Ji
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xinchang Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weilu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qinfeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shencai Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yeying Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zuyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junji Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongjian Sun
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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3
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Xu Y, Guo C, Yang X, Yuan W, Zhang X, Sun Y, Wen G, Wang L, Li H, Xiong C, Yang C. Super-resolution traction force microscopy with enhanced tracer density enables capturing molecular scale traction. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1056-1065. [PMID: 36562450 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01332k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell traction mediates the biochemical and mechanical interactions between the cell and its extracellular matrix (ECM). Traction force microscopy (TFM) is a powerful technique for quantitative cellular scale traction analysis. However, it is challenging to characterize macromolecular scale traction events with current TFM due to the limited sampling density and algorithmic precision. In this article, we introduce a super-resolution TFM by utilizing a novel substrate surface modification method. Our TFM technique achieved a spatial resolution comparable to fluorescence microscopy and precision comparable to the rupture force of an integrin-ligand bond. Correlated imaging of TFM with fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the residing paxillin highly correlated with traction while α5 integrin was located differently. Time-lapse TFM imaging captured a transient traction variation as the adhesion protein passed by. Thus, the novel super-resolution TFM benefits the studies on cellular biochemical and mechanical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanwen Guo
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueyi Yang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weihong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Centre (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gang Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Linbo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Chunyang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System, and Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun Yang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Morales IA, Boghdady CM, Campbell BE, Moraes C. Integrating mechanical sensor readouts into organ-on-a-chip platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1060895. [PMID: 36588933 PMCID: PMC9800895 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1060895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-a-chip have emerged as next-generation tissue engineered models to accurately capture realistic human tissue behaviour, thereby addressing many of the challenges associated with using animal models in research. Mechanical features of the culture environment have emerged as being critically important in designing organs-on-a-chip, as they play important roles in both stimulating realistic tissue formation and function, as well as capturing integrative elements of homeostasis, tissue function, and tissue degeneration in response to external insult and injury. Despite the demonstrated impact of incorporating mechanical cues in these models, strategies to measure these mechanical tissue features in microfluidically-compatible formats directly on-chip are relatively limited. In this review, we first describe general microfluidically-compatible Organs-on-a-chip sensing strategies, and categorize these advances based on the specific advantages of incorporating them on-chip. We then consider foundational and recent advances in mechanical analysis techniques spanning cellular to tissue length scales; and discuss their integration into Organs-on-a-chips for more effective drug screening, disease modeling, and characterization of biological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christopher Moraes
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Christopher Moraes,
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5
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Quantification of cell contractile behavior based on non-destructive macroscopic measurement of tension forces on bioprinted hydrogel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105365. [PMID: 35863297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Contraction assay based on surface measurement have been widely used to evaluate cell contractility in 3D models. This method is straightforward and requires no specific equipment, but it does not provide quantitative data about contraction forces generated by cells. We expanded this method with a new biomechanical model, based on the work-energy theorem, to provide non-destructive longitudinal monitoring of contraction forces generated by cells in 3D. We applied this method on hydrogels seeded with either fibroblasts or osteoblasts. Hydrogel mechanical characteristics were modulated to enhance (condition HCAHigh: hydrogel contraction assay high contraction) or limit (condition HCALow: hydrogel contraction assay low contraction) cell contractile behaviors. Macroscopic measures were further correlated with cell contractile behavior and descriptive analysis of their physiology in response to different mechanical environments. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts contracted their matrix up to 47% and 77% respectively. Contraction stress peaked at day 5 with 1.1 10-14 Pa for fibroblasts and 3.5 10-14 Pa for osteoblasts, which correlated with cell attachment and spreading. Negligible contraction was seen in HCALow. Both fibroblasts and osteoblasts expressed α-SMA contractile fibers in HCAHigh and HCALow. Failure to contract HCALow was attributed to increased cross-linking and resistance to proteolytic degradation of the hydrogel.
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6
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Missirlis D, Baños M, Lussier F, Spatz JP. Facile and Versatile Method for Micropatterning Poly(acrylamide) Hydrogels Using Photocleavable Comonomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3643-3652. [PMID: 35006666 PMCID: PMC8796170 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We here present a micropatterning strategy to introduce small molecules and ligands on patterns of arbitrary shapes on the surface of poly(acrylamide)-based hydrogels. The main advantages of the presented approach are the ease of use, the lack of need to prefabricate photomasks, the use of mild UV light and biocompatible bioconjugation chemistries, and the capacity to pattern low-molecular-weight ligands, such as peptides, peptidomimetics, or DNA fragments. To achieve the above, a monomer containing a caged amine (NVOC group) was co-polymerized in the hydrogel network; upon UV light illumination using a commercially available setup, primary amines were locally deprotected and served as reactive groups for further functionalization. Cell patterning on various cell adhesive ligands was demonstrated, with cells responding to a combination of pattern shape and substrate elasticity. The approach is compatible with standard traction force microscopy (TFM) experimentation and can further be extended to reference-free TFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Missirlis
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- . Tel: +49 6221 486430
| | - Miguel Baños
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Felix Lussier
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Institute, Heidelberg University, INF-253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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7
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Chandra A, Butler MT, Bear JE, Haugh JM. Modeling cell protrusion predicts how myosin II and actin turnover affect adhesion-based signaling. Biophys J 2022; 121:102-118. [PMID: 34861242 PMCID: PMC8758409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchestration of cell migration is essential for development, tissue regeneration, and the immune response. This dynamic process integrates adhesion, signaling, and cytoskeletal subprocesses across spatial and temporal scales. In mesenchymal cells, adhesion complexes bound to extracellular matrix mediate both biochemical signal transduction and physical interaction with the F-actin cytoskeleton. Here, we present a mathematical model that offers insight into both aspects, considering spatiotemporal dynamics of nascent adhesions, active signaling molecules, mechanical clutching, actin treadmilling, and nonmuscle myosin II contractility. At the core of the model is a positive feedback loop, whereby adhesion-based signaling promotes generation of barbed ends at, and protrusion of, the cell's leading edge, which in turn promotes formation and stabilization of nascent adhesions. The model predicts a switch-like transition and optimality of membrane protrusion, determined by the balance of actin polymerization and retrograde flow, with respect to extracellular matrix density. The model, together with new experimental measurements, explains how protrusion can be modulated by mechanical effects (nonmuscle myosin II contractility and adhesive bond stiffness) and F-actin turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Chandra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mitchell T. Butler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E. Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason M. Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Corresponding author
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8
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Boghdady CM, Kalashnikov N, Mok S, McCaffrey L, Moraes C. Revisiting tissue tensegrity: Biomaterial-based approaches to measure forces across length scales. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041501. [PMID: 34632250 PMCID: PMC8487350 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-generated forces play a foundational role in tissue dynamics and homeostasis and are critically important in several biological processes, including cell migration, wound healing, morphogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Quantifying such forces in vivo is technically challenging and requires novel strategies that capture mechanical information across molecular, cellular, and tissue length scales, while allowing these studies to be performed in physiologically realistic biological models. Advanced biomaterials can be designed to non-destructively measure these stresses in vitro, and here, we review mechanical characterizations and force-sensing biomaterial-based technologies to provide insight into the mechanical nature of tissue processes. We specifically and uniquely focus on the use of these techniques to identify characteristics of cell and tissue “tensegrity:” the hierarchical and modular interplay between tension and compression that provide biological tissues with remarkable mechanical properties and behaviors. Based on these observed patterns, we highlight and discuss the emerging role of tensegrity at multiple length scales in tissue dynamics from homeostasis, to morphogenesis, to pathological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikita Kalashnikov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Stephanie Mok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
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9
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Ghilardi SJ, Aronson MS, Sgro AE. Ventral stress fibers induce plasma membrane deformation in human fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1707-1723. [PMID: 34191528 PMCID: PMC8684729 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane are important in many eukaryotic cellular processes. During these processes, actin structures deform the cell membrane outward by applying forces parallel to the fiber’s major axis (as in migration) or they deform the membrane inward by applying forces perpendicular to the fiber’s major axis (as in the contractile ring during cytokinesis). Here we describe a novel actin–membrane interaction in human dermal myofibroblasts. When labeled with a cytosolic fluorophore, the myofibroblasts displayed prominent fluorescent structures on the ventral side of the cell. These structures are present in the cell membrane and colocalize with ventral actin stress fibers, suggesting that the stress fibers bend the membrane to form a “cytosolic pocket” that the fluorophores diffuse into, creating the observed structures. The existence of this pocket was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. While dissolving the stress fibers, inhibiting fiber protein binding, or inhibiting myosin II binding of actin removed the observed pockets, modulating cellular contractility did not remove them. Taken together, our results illustrate a novel actin–membrane bending topology where the membrane is deformed outward rather than being pinched inward, resembling the topological inverse of the contractile ring found in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Ghilardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark S Aronson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Allyson E Sgro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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10
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Patel S, McKeon D, Sao K, Yang C, Naranjo NM, Svitkina TM, Petrie RJ. Myosin II and Arp2/3 cross-talk governs intracellular hydraulic pressure and lamellipodia formation. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:579-589. [PMID: 33502904 PMCID: PMC8101460 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human fibroblasts can switch between lamellipodia-dependent and -independent migration mechanisms on two-dimensional surfaces and in three-dimensional (3D) matrices. RhoA GTPase activity governs the switch from low-pressure lamellipodia to high-pressure lobopodia in response to the physical structure of the 3D matrix. Inhibiting actomyosin contractility in these cells reduces intracellular pressure and reverts lobopodia to lamellipodial protrusions via an unknown mechanism. To test the hypothesis that high pressure physically prevents lamellipodia formation, we manipulated pressure by activating RhoA or changing the osmolarity of the extracellular environment and imaged cell protrusions. We find RhoA activity inhibits Rac1-mediated lamellipodia formation through two distinct pathways. First, RhoA boosts intracellular pressure by increasing actomyosin contractility and water influx but acts upstream of Rac1 to inhibit lamellipodia formation. Increasing osmotic pressure revealed a second RhoA pathway, which acts through nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) to disrupt lamellipodia downstream from Rac1 and elevate pressure. Interestingly, Arp2/3 inhibition triggered a NMII-dependent increase in intracellular pressure, along with lamellipodia disruption. Together, these results suggest that actomyosin contractility and water influx are coordinated to increase intracellular pressure, and RhoA signaling can inhibit lamellipodia formation via two distinct pathways in high-pressure cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Patel
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Donna McKeon
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M Naranjo
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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11
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Kraus Y, Chevalier S, Houliston E. Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica. Dev Biol 2020; 468:59-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Migration of the 3T3 Cell with a Lamellipodium on Various Stiffness Substrates—Tensegrity Model. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in mechanical stimuli and the physiological environment are sensed by the cell. Thesechanges influence the cell’s motility patterns. The cell’s directional migration is dependent on the substrate stiffness. To describe such behavior of a cell, a tensegrity model was used. Cells with an extended lamellipodium were modeled. The internal elastic strain energy of a cell attached to the substrates with different stiffnesses was evaluated. The obtained results show that on the stiffer substrate, the elastic strain energy of the cell adherent to this substrate decreases. Therefore, the substrate stiffness is one of the parameters that govern the cell’s directional movement.
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13
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Jafarkhani M, Salehi Z, Mashayekhan S, Kowsari-Esfahan R, Orive G, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Bonakdar S, Shokrgozar MA. Induced cell migration based on a bioactive hydrogel sheet combined with a perfused microfluidic system. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:045010. [PMID: 32120352 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab7b90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell migration is a crucial step in the process of new blood vessel formation-a necessary process to maintain cell viability inside thick tissue constructs. Here, we report a new method for maintaining cell viability and inducing cell migration using a perfused microfluidic platform based on collagen gel and a gradient hydrogel sheet. Due to the helpful role of the extracellular matrix components in cell viability, we developed a hydrogel sheet from decellularized tissue (DT) of the bovine heart and chitosan (CS). The results showed that hydrogel sheets with an optimum weight ratio of CS/DT = 2 possess a porosity of around 75%, a mechanical strength of 23 kPa, and display cell viability up to 78%. Then, we immobilized a radial gradient of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the hydrogel sheet to promote human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration. Finally, we incorporated the whole system as an entirety on the top of the microfluidic platform and studied cell migration through the hydrogel sheet in the presence of soluble and immobilized VEGF. The results demonstrated that immobilized VEGF stimulated cell migration in the hydrogel sheet at all depths compared with soluble VEGF. The results also showed that applying a VEGF gradient in both soluble and immobilized states had a significant effect on cell migration at limited depths (<100 μm). The main finding of this study is a significant improvement in cell migration using an in vivo imitating, cost-efficient and highly reproducible platform, which may open up a new perspective for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Jafarkhani
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zeinab Salehi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-8639, Iran
| | - Reza Kowsari-Esfahan
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, Nijmegen 6525 EX, The Netherlands
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Barney LE, Hall CL, Schwartz AD, Parks AN, Sparages C, Galarza S, Platt MO, Mercurio AM, Peyton SR. Tumor cell-organized fibronectin maintenance of a dormant breast cancer population. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4157. [PMID: 32195352 PMCID: PMC7065904 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumors can undergo long periods of dormancy, with cancer cells entering a largely quiescent, nonproliferative state before reactivation and outgrowth. To understand the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating tumor dormancy, we created an in vitro cell culture system with carefully controlled ECM substrates to observe entrance into and exit from dormancy with live imaging. We saw that cell populations capable of surviving entrance into long-term dormancy were heterogeneous, containing quiescent, cell cycle-arrested, and actively proliferating cells. Cell populations capable of entering dormancy formed an organized, fibrillar fibronectin matrix via αvβ3 and α5β1 integrin adhesion, ROCK-generated tension, and TGFβ2 stimulation, and cancer cell outgrowth after dormancy required MMP-2-mediated fibronectin degradation. We propose this approach as a useful, in vitro method to study factors important in regulating dormancy, and we used it here to elucidate a role for fibronectin deposition and MMP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Christopher L. Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alyssa D. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Akia N. Parks
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Christopher Sparages
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sualyneth Galarza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Manu O. Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Arthur M. Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shelly R. Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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15
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Wang W, Zuidema A, te Molder L, Nahidiazar L, Hoekman L, Schmidt T, Coppola S, Sonnenberg A. Hemidesmosomes modulate force generation via focal adhesions. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201904137. [PMID: 31914171 PMCID: PMC7041674 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are specialized cell-matrix adhesion structures that are associated with the keratin cytoskeleton. Although the adhesion function of hemidesmosomes has been extensively studied, their role in mechanosignaling and transduction remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that keratinocytes lacking hemidesmosomal integrin α6β4 exhibit increased focal adhesion formation, cell spreading, and traction-force generation. Moreover, disruption of the interaction between α6β4 and intermediate filaments or laminin-332 results in similar phenotypical changes. We further demonstrate that integrin α6β4 regulates the activity of the mechanosensitive transcriptional regulator YAP through inhibition of Rho-ROCK-MLC- and FAK-PI3K-dependent signaling pathways. Additionally, increased tension caused by impaired hemidesmosome assembly leads to a redistribution of integrin αVβ5 from clathrin lattices to focal adhesions. Our results reveal a novel role for hemidesmosomes as regulators of cellular mechanical forces and establish the existence of a mechanical coupling between adhesion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alba Zuidema
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa te Molder
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leila Nahidiazar
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Hoekman
- Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Coppola
- Physics of Life Processes, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Aboubakar Nana F, Vanderputten M, Ocak S. Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1683. [PMID: 31671774 PMCID: PMC6895835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 15% of all lung cancers and it is clinically the most aggressive type, being characterized by a tendency for early metastasis, with two-thirds of the patients diagnosed with an extensive stage (ES) disease and a five-year overall survival (OS) as low as 5%. There are still no effective targeted therapies in SCLC despite improved understanding of the molecular steps leading to SCLC development and progression these last years. After four decades, the only modest improvement in OS of patients suffering from ES-SCLC has recently been shown in a trial combining atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, with carboplatin and etoposide, chemotherapy agents. This highlights the need to pursue research efforts in this field. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several cancers, including SCLC, and contributing to cancer progression and metastasis through its important role in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, spreading, migration, and invasion. FAK also plays a role in tumor immune evasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, radioresistance, and regulation of cancer stem cells. FAK is of particular interest in SCLC, being known for its aggressiveness. The inhibition of FAK in SCLC cell lines demonstrated significative decrease in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we will focus on the role of FAK in cancer cells and their microenvironment, and its potential as a therapeutic target in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Aboubakar Nana
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, UCL, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie Vanderputten
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sebahat Ocak
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCL, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.
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17
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Chandrasekaran A, Kouthouridis S, Lee W, Lin N, Ma Z, Turner MJ, Hanrahan JW, Moraes C. Magnetic microboats for floating, stiffness tunable, air-liquid interface epithelial cultures. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2786-2798. [PMID: 31332423 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To study respiratory diseases, in vitro airway epithelial models are commonly implemented by culturing airway cells on a porous surface at an air-liquid interface (ALI). However, these surfaces are often supraphysiologically stiff, which is known to affect the organization, maturation, and responses of cells to potential therapies in other biological culture models. While it is possible to culture cells on soft hydrogel substrates at an air-liquid interface, these techniques are challenging to implement particularly in high-throughput applications which require robust and repetitive material handling procedures. To address these two limitations and characterize epithelial cultures on substrates of varying stiffness at the ALI, we developed a novel "lung-on-a-boat", in which stiffness-tuneable hydrogels are integrated into the bottoms of polymeric microstructures, which normally float at the air-liquid interface. An embedded magnetic material can be used to sink the boat on demand when a magnetic field is applied, enabling reliable transition between submerged and ALI culture. In this work, we prototype a functional ALI microboat platform, with integrated stiffness-tunable polyacrylamide hydrogel surfaces, and validate the use of this technology with a model epithelial cell line. We verify sufficient transport through the hydrogel base to maintain cell viability and stimulate cultures, using a model nanoparticle with known toxicity. We then demonstrate significant morphological and functional effects on epithelial barrier formation, suggesting that substrate stiffness is an important parameter to consider in the design of in vitro epithelial ALI models for drug discovery and fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonya Kouthouridis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Wontae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Nicholas Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Zhenwei Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Mark J Turner
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John W Hanrahan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada and Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. and Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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18
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Sao K, Jones TM, Doyle AD, Maity D, Schevzov G, Chen Y, Gunning PW, Petrie RJ. Myosin II governs intracellular pressure and traction by distinct tropomyosin-dependent mechanisms. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1170-1181. [PMID: 30865560 PMCID: PMC6724525 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) substrate rigidity promotes myosin II activity to increase traction force in a process negatively regulated by tropomyosin (Tpm) 2.1. We recently discovered that actomyosin contractility can increase intracellular pressure and switch tumor cells from low-pressure lamellipodia to high-pressure lobopodial protrusions during three-dimensional (3D) migration. However, it remains unclear whether these myosin II–generated cellular forces are produced simultaneously, and by the same molecular machinery. Here we identify Tpm 1.6 as a positive regulator of intracellular pressure and confirm that Tpm 2.1 is a negative regulator of traction force. We find that Tpm 1.6 and 2.1 can control intracellular pressure and traction independently, suggesting these myosin II–dependent forces are generated by distinct mechanisms. Further, these tropomyosin-regulated mechanisms can be integrated to control complex cell behaviors on 2D and in 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimheak Sao
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tia M Jones
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Debonil Maity
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Galina Schevzov
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Peter W Gunning
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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19
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Zhao Y, Sun H, Sha X, Gu L, Zhan Z, Li WJ. A Review of Automated Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos. MICROMACHINES 2018; 10:E7. [PMID: 30586877 PMCID: PMC6357019 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cell microinjection is a technique of precise delivery of substances into cells and is widely used for studying cell transfection, signaling pathways, and organelle functions. Microinjection of the embryos of zebrafish, the third most important animal model, has become a very useful technique in bioscience. However, factors such as the small cell size, high cell deformation tendency, and transparent zebrafish embryo membrane make the microinjection process difficult. Furthermore, this process has strict, specific requirements, such as chorion softening, avoiding contacting the first polar body, and high-precision detection. Therefore, highly accurate control and detection platforms are critical for achieving the automated microinjection of zebrafish embryos. This article reviews the latest technologies and methods used in the automated microinjection of zebrafish embryos and provides a detailed description of the current developments and applications of robotic microinjection systems. The review covers key areas related to automated embryo injection, including cell searching and location, cell position and posture adjustment, microscopic visual servoing control, sensors, actuators, puncturing mechanisms, and microinjection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Sha
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Lijia Gu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Wen J Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Academy of Robotics, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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20
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Abstract
Communication between cancer cells enables cancer progression and metastasis. While cell-cell communication in cancer has primarily been examined through chemical mechanisms, recent evidence suggests that mechanical communication through cell-cell junctions and cell-ECM linkages is also an important mediator of cancer progression. Cancer and stromal cells remodel the ECM through a variety of mechanisms, including matrix degradation, cross-linking, deposition, and physical remodeling. Cancer cells sense these mechanical environmental changes through cell-matrix adhesion complexes and subsequently alter their tension between both neighboring cells and the surrounding matrix, thereby altering the force landscape within the microenvironment. This communication not only allows cancer cells to communicate with each other, but allows stromal cells to communicate with cancer cells through matrix remodeling. Here, we review the mechanisms of intercellular force transmission, the subsequent matrix remodeling, and the implications of this mechanical communication on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Paul V Taufalele
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Cynthia A Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
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21
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Bernheim-Groswasser A, Gov NS, Safran SA, Tzlil S. Living Matter: Mesoscopic Active Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707028. [PMID: 30256463 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An introduction to the physical properties of living active matter at the mesoscopic scale (tens of nanometers to micrometers) and their unique features compared with "dead," nonactive matter is presented. This field of research is increasingly denoted as "biological physics" where physics includes chemical physics, soft matter physics, hydrodynamics, mechanics, and the related engineering sciences. The focus is on the emergent properties of these systems and their collective behavior, which results in active self-organization and how they relate to cellular-level biological function. These include locomotion (cell motility and migration) forces that give rise to cell division, the growth and form of cellular assemblies in development, the beating of heart cells, and the effects of mechanical perturbations such as shear flow (in the bloodstream) or adhesion to other cells or tissues. An introduction to the fundamental concepts and theory with selected experimental examples related to the authors' own research is presented, including red-blood-cell membrane fluctuations, motion of the nucleus within an egg cell, self-contracting acto-myosin gels, and structure and beating of heart cells (cardiomyocytes), including how they can be driven by an oscillating, mechanical probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bernheim-Groswasser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Samuel A Safran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Shelly Tzlil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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22
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Kang YG, Jang H, Yang TD, Notbohm J, Choi Y, Park Y, Kim BM. Quantification of focal adhesion dynamics of cell movement based on cell-induced collagen matrix deformation using second-harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-8. [PMID: 29886577 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.6.065001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical interactions of living cells with the surrounding environment via focal adhesion (FA) in three dimensions (3-D) play a key role in dynamic biological events, such as tissue regeneration, wound healing, and cancer invasion. Recently, several methods for observing 3-D cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions have been reported, lacking solid and quantitative analysis on the dynamics of the physical interaction between the cell and the ECM. We measured the submicron displacements of ECM deformation in 3-D due to protrusion-retraction dynamics during cell migration, using second-harmonic generation without labeling the matrix structures. We then quantitatively analyzed the mechanical deformation between the ECM and the cells based on spatiotemporal volumetric correlations. The greatest deformations within the collagen matrix were found to occur at sites of colocalization of the FA site-related proteins vinculin and actin, which confirms that FA sites play a critical role in living cells within the ECM as a point for adhesion, traction, and migration. We believe that this modality can be used in studies of cell-ECM interaction during angiogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guk Kang
- Korea University, Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanseok Jang
- Korea University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeseok Daniel Yang
- Korea University, Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jacob Notbohm
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Engineering Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Youngwoon Choi
- Korea University, Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdoo Park
- Korea University Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- Korea University, Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Mohammadalipour A, Burdick MM, Tees DFJ. Deformability of breast cancer cells in correlation with surface markers and cell rolling. FASEB J 2018; 32:1806-1817. [PMID: 29162703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700762r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has been around for many years, the reliability of cell-surface markers to classify CSCs has remained debatable. The finding that cancerous cells are significantly more deformable than healthy ones has provided motivation to consider mechanical properties as a possible biomarker for stemness. In this study, using the micropipette aspiration technique, mechanical properties of multiple breast cancer cell lines were investigated and correlated with breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) marker, CD44+/CD24-/ALDH1+. The results indicated that Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with CD44+/CD24-/ALDH1+ phenotype were significantly more deformable than the MDA-MB-468 cell line, which did not express the BCSC marker. The BT-20 cell line with intermediate deformability did not express any CD44+/CD24- phenotype, but it expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity. In addition, more-deformable cell lines were found to roll with shear-independent velocities on E-selectin-coated substrates in a parallel-plate flow chamber, which might be a mediating factor for firm adhesion of CSCs to endothelium during metastasis. Our results indicate that rheological properties can be considered as a biomechanical marker in addition to, or as a complement of, surface markers to find more-definitive evidence of CSC characteristics within tumors.-Mohammadalipour, A., Burdick, M. M., Tees, D. F. J. Deformability of breast cancer cells in correlation with surface markers and cell rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Mohammadalipour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA; and.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - David F J Tees
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA; and
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24
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Hu B, Leow WR, Cai P, Li YQ, Wu YL, Chen X. Nanomechanical Force Mapping of Restricted Cell-To-Cell Collisions Oscillating between Contraction and Relaxation. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12302-12310. [PMID: 29131936 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact-mediated cell migration strongly determines the invasiveness of the corresponding cells, collective migration, and morphogenesis. The quantitative study of cellular response upon contact relies on cell-to-cell collision, which rarely occurs in conventional cell culture. Herein, we developed a strategy to activate a robust cell-to-cell collision within smooth muscle cell pairs. Nanomechanical traction force mapping reveals that the collision process is promoted by the oscillatory modulations between contraction and relaxation and orientated by the filopodial bridge composed of nanosized contractile machinery. This strategy can enhance the occurrence of cell-to-cell collision, which renders it advantageous over traditional methods that utilize micropatterned coating to confine cell pairs. Furthermore, modulation of the balance between cell tugging force and traction force can determine the repolarization of cells and thus the direction of cell migration. Overall, our approach could help to reveal the mechanistic contribution in cell motility and provide insights in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhui Hu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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25
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Guo M, Pegoraro AF, Mao A, Zhou EH, Arany PR, Han Y, Burnette DT, Jensen MH, Kasza KE, Moore JR, Mackintosh FC, Fredberg JJ, Mooney DJ, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Weitz DA. Cell volume change through water efflux impacts cell stiffness and stem cell fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8618-E8627. [PMID: 28973866 PMCID: PMC5642688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705179114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells alter their mechanical properties in response to their local microenvironment; this plays a role in determining cell function and can even influence stem cell fate. Here, we identify a robust and unified relationship between cell stiffness and cell volume. As a cell spreads on a substrate, its volume decreases, while its stiffness concomitantly increases. We find that both cortical and cytoplasmic cell stiffness scale with volume for numerous perturbations, including varying substrate stiffness, cell spread area, and external osmotic pressure. The reduction of cell volume is a result of water efflux, which leads to a corresponding increase in intracellular molecular crowding. Furthermore, we find that changes in cell volume, and hence stiffness, alter stem-cell differentiation, regardless of the method by which these are induced. These observations reveal a surprising, previously unidentified relationship between cell stiffness and cell volume that strongly influences cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Adrian F Pegoraro
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Angelo Mao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Enhua H Zhou
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Praveen R Arany
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Yulong Han
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mikkel H Jensen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819
| | - Karen E Kasza
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Jeffrey R Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Frederick C Mackintosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Theoretical Biophysics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | | | - David A Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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26
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Suleiman HY, Roth R, Jain S, Heuser JE, Shaw AS, Miner JH. Injury-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization in podocytes revealed by super-resolution microscopy. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94137. [PMID: 28814668 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The architectural integrity of tissues requires complex interactions, both between cells and between cells and the extracellular matrix. Fundamental to cell and tissue homeostasis are the specific mechanical forces conveyed by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Here we used super-resolution imaging methods to visualize the actin cytoskeleton in the kidney glomerulus, an organized collection of capillaries that filters the blood to make the primary urine. Our analysis of both mouse and human glomeruli reveals a network of myosin IIA-containing contractile actin cables within podocyte cell bodies and major processes at the outer aspects of the glomerular tuft. These likely exert force on an underlying network of myosin IIA-negative, noncontractile actin fibers present within podocyte foot processes that function to both anchor the cells to the glomerular basement membrane and stabilize the slit diaphragm against the pressure of fluid flow. After injuries that disrupt the kidney filtration barrier and cause foot process effacement, the podocyte's contractile actomyosin network relocates to the basolateral surface of the cell, manifesting as sarcomere-like structures juxtaposed to the basement membrane. Our findings suggest a new model of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton in health and disease and suggest the existence of novel mechanisms that regulate podocyte architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Y Suleiman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn Roth
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John E Heuser
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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27
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Kurzawa L, Vianay B, Senger F, Vignaud T, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Dissipation of contractile forces: the missing piece in cell mechanics. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1825-1832. [PMID: 28684608 PMCID: PMC5526557 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are key regulators of cell and tissue physiology. The basic molecular mechanism of fiber contraction by the sliding of actin filament upon myosin leading to conformational change has been known for decades. The regulation of force generation at the level of the cell, however, is still far from elucidated. Indeed, the magnitude of cell traction forces on the underlying extracellular matrix in culture is almost impossible to predict or experimentally control. The considerable variability in measurements of cell-traction forces indicates that they may not be the optimal readout to properly characterize cell contractile state and that a significant part of the contractile energy is not transferred to cell anchorage but instead is involved in actin network dynamics. Here we discuss the experimental, numerical, and biological parameters that may be responsible for the variability in traction force production. We argue that limiting these sources of variability and investigating the dissipation of mechanical work that occurs with structural rearrangements and the disengagement of force transmission is key for further understanding of cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kurzawa
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Senger
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Timothée Vignaud
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
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28
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Abstract
Communication between cells enables them to coordinate their activity and is crucial for the differentiation, development, and function of tissues and multicellular organisms. Cell-cell communication is discussed almost exclusively as having a chemical or electrical origin. Only recently, a new mode of cell communication was elucidated: mechanical communication through the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells can communicate mechanically by responding either to mechanical deformations generated by their neighbors or to a change in the mechanical properties of the ECM induced by a neighboring cell. This newly resolved mode of communication possesses unique features that complement the cellular ability to receive and share information, and to consequently act in a cooperative way with surrounding cells. Herein, we review several examples of mechanical communication, discuss their unique properties, and comment on the major challenges facing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liel Sapir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Shelly Tzlil
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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29
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Raab M, Discher DE. Matrix rigidity regulates microtubule network polarization in migration. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:114-124. [PMID: 27935261 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) frequently polarizes to a position in front of the nucleus during cell migration, but recent work has shown conflicting evidence for MTOC location in migratory polarized cells. Here, we show that subcellular localization of the MTOC is modulated by extracellular matrix stiffness. In scratch wound assays as well as single cell migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) the MTOC appears randomly positioned when cells are migrating on soft matrix, whereas on stiff matrix the MTOC is in front of the nucleus. The bulk of the microtubule density is also equally likely to be in front of or behind the nucleus on soft matrix, but it is polarized in front of the nucleus on stiff matrix. This occurred during cell migration with cells in interphase. During cytokinesis, the centrosomes polarize on either side of the chromosomes even on soft matrix, with MIIB localized strongly in the cleavage furrow which depolarizes only on soft matrix as cells exit cytokinesis. When cells are immobilized on micro-patterns printed on the top of substrates of different stiffness, MIIB polarized if the matrix was sufficiently stiff similar to results with migrating cells. However, the MTOC was randomly positioned with respect to the nucleus independent of matrix stiffness. We deduce that cell migration is necessary to orient the MTOC in front of the nucleus and that matrix stiffness helps to drive cell polarization during migration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Raab
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Physical Sciences in Oncology Center @ Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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30
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Appel JH, Ren H, Sin MLY, Liao JC, Chae J. Rapid bladder cancer cell detection from clinical urine samples using an ultra-thin silicone membrane. Analyst 2017; 141:652-60. [PMID: 26549051 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of initial onset, as well as recurrence, of cancer is paramount for improved patient prognosis and human health. Cancer screening is enhanced by rapid differentiation of cancerous from non-cancerous cells which employs the inherent differences in biophysical properties. Our preliminary testing demonstrates that cell-line derived bladder cancer cells deform our <30 nm silicone membrane within an hour and induce visually distinct wrinkle patterns while cell-line derived non-cancerous cells fail to induce these wrinkle patterns. Herein, we report a platform for the rapid detection of cancerous cells from human clinical urine samples. We performed a blinded study with cells extracted from the urine of human patients suspected to have bladder cancer alongside healthy controls. Wrinkle patterns were induced specifically by the five cancer patient samples within 12 hours and not by the healthy controls. These results were independently validated by the standard diagnostic techniques cystoscopy and cytology. Thus, our ultra-thin membrane approach for cancer diagnosis appears as accurate as standard diagnostic methods while vastly more rapid, less invasive, and requiring limited expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H Appel
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA.
| | - Hao Ren
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA.
| | - Mandy L Y Sin
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Junseok Chae
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, USA.
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31
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Hossain MM, Zhao G, Woo MS, Wang JHC, Jin JP. Deletion of Calponin 2 in Mouse Fibroblasts Increases Myosin II-Dependent Cell Traction Force. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6046-6055. [PMID: 27733037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell traction force (CTF) plays a critical role in controlling cell shape, permitting cell motility, and maintaining cellular homeostasis in many biological processes such as angiogenesis, development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Calponin is an actin filament-associated cytoskeletal protein in smooth muscles and multiple types of non-muscle cells. An established biochemical function of calponin is the inhibition of myosin ATPase in smooth muscle cells. Vertebrates have three calponin isoforms. Among them, calponin 2 is expressed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, myoblasts, and fibroblasts and plays a role in regulating cytoskeleton activities such as cell adhesion, migration, and cytokinesis. Knockout (KO) of the gene encoding calponin 2 (Cnn2) in mice increased cell motility, suggesting a function of calponin 2 in modulating CTF. In this study, we examined fibroblasts isolated from Cnn2 KO and wild-type (WT) mice using CTF microscopy. Primary mouse fibroblasts were cultured on polyacrylamide gel substrates embedded with fluorescent beads to measure root-mean-square traction, total strain energy, and net contractile movement. The results showed that calponin 2-null fibroblasts exhibit traction force greater than that of WT cells. Adherent calponin 2-null fibroblasts de-adhered faster than the WT control during mild trypsin treatment, consistent with an increased CTF. Blebbistatin, an inhibitor of myosin II ATPase, is more effective upon an alteration in cell morphology when calponin 2 is present in WT fibroblasts than that on Cnn2 KO cells, indicating their additive effects in inhibiting myosin motor activity. The novel finding that calponin 2 regulates myosin-dependent CTF in non-muscle cells demonstrates a mechanism for controlling cell motility-based functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moazzem Hossain
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Guangyi Zhao
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Moon-Sook Woo
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - James H-C Wang
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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32
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Hirata H, Ku WC, Yip AK, Ursekar CP, Kawauchi K, Roy A, Guo AK, Vedula SRK, Harada I, Chiam KH, Ishihama Y, Lim CT, Sawada Y, Sokabe M. MEKK1-dependent phosphorylation of calponin-3 tunes cell contractility. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3574-3582. [PMID: 27528401 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MEKK1 (also known as MAP3K1), which plays a major role in MAPK signaling, has been implicated in mechanical processes in cells, such as migration. Here, we identify the actin-binding protein calponin-3 as a new MEKK1 substrate in the signaling that regulates actomyosin-based cellular contractility. MEKK1 colocalizes with calponin-3 at the actin cytoskeleton and phosphorylates it, leading to an increase in the cell-generated traction stress. MEKK1-mediated calponin-3 phosphorylation is attenuated by the inhibition of myosin II activity, the disruption of actin cytoskeletal integrity and adhesion to soft extracellular substrates, whereas it is enhanced upon cell stretching. Our results reveal the importance of the MEKK1-calponin-3 signaling pathway to cell contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hirata
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore
| | - Wei-Chi Ku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ai Kia Yip
- A*STAR Bioinformatics Institute, 138671 Singapore
| | | | - Keiko Kawauchi
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore
| | - Amrita Roy
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore
| | - Alvin Kunyao Guo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore
| | | | - Ichiro Harada
- Locomotive Syndrome Research Institute, Nadogaya Hospital, Kashiwa 277-0032, Japan Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Keng-Hwee Chiam
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore A*STAR Bioinformatics Institute, 138671 Singapore
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore Locomotive Syndrome Research Institute, Nadogaya Hospital, Kashiwa 277-0032, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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33
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Han SJ, Rodriguez ML, Al-Rekabi Z, Sniadecki NJ. Spatial and temporal coordination of traction forces in one-dimensional cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:529-539. [PMID: 27588610 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1221563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of a fibroblast along a collagen fiber can be regarded as cell locomotion in one-dimension (1D). In this process, a cell protrudes forward, forms a new adhesion, produces traction forces, and releases its rear adhesion in order to advance itself along a path. However, how a cell coordinates its adhesion formation, traction forces, and rear release in 1D migration is unclear. Here, we studied fibroblasts migrating along a line of microposts. We found that when the front of a cell protruded onto a new micropost, the traction force produced at its front increased steadily, but did so without a temporal correlation in the force at its rear. Instead, the force at the front coordinated with a decrease in force at the micropost behind the front. A similar correlation in traction forces also occurred at the rear of a cell, where a decrease in force due to adhesion detachment corresponded to an increase in force at the micropost ahead of the rear. Analysis with a bio-chemo-mechanical model for traction forces and adhesion dynamics indicated that the observed relationship between traction forces at the front and back of a cell is possible only when cellular elasticity is lower than the elasticity of the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyoon J Han
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Marita L Rodriguez
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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34
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Hoon JL, Tan MH, Koh CG. The Regulation of Cellular Responses to Mechanical Cues by Rho GTPases. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020017. [PMID: 27058559 PMCID: PMC4931666 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPases regulate many cellular signaling cascades that modulate cell motility, migration, morphology and cell division. A large body of work has now delineated the biochemical cues and pathways, which stimulate the GTPases and their downstream effectors. However, cells also respond exquisitely to biophysical and mechanical cues such as stiffness and topography of the extracellular matrix that profoundly influence cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. As these cellular responses are mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, an involvement of Rho GTPases in the transduction of such cues is not unexpected. In this review, we discuss an emerging role of Rho GTPase proteins in the regulation of the responses elicited by biophysical and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ling Hoon
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Mei Hua Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Cheng-Gee Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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35
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Actin depolymerization mediated loss of SNTA1 phosphorylation and Rac1 activity has implications on ROS production, cell migration and apoptosis. Apoptosis 2016; 21:737-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Wouters OY, Ploeger DTA, van Putten SM, Bank RA. 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-Phenylalanine as a Novel Covalent Linker of Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Polyacrylamide Hydrogels with a Tunable Stiffness. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:91-101. [PMID: 26779898 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells acquire mechanical information from their surrounding and convert this into biochemical activity. The concept and mechanism behind this cellular mechanosensing and mechanotransduction are often studied by means of two-dimensional hydrogels. Polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAAMs) offer chemical, mechanical, and optical advantages but due to their inert surface do not allow protein and cell adherence. Several cross-linkers have been used to functionalize the surface of PAAMs with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to enable cell culture. However, the most commonly used cross-linkers are either unstable, expensive, or laborious and often show heterogeneous coating or require PAAM modification. Here, we introduce 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a novel cross-linker that can functionalize PAAMs with ECM without the above-mentioned disadvantages. A homogenous collagen type I and fibronectin coating was observed after L-DOPA functionalization. Fibroblasts responded to differences in PAAMs' stiffness; morphology, cell area, and protein localization were all affected as expected, in accordance with literature where other cross-linkers were used. In conclusion, L-DOPA can be used as a cross-linker between PAAMs and ECM and represents a novel, straightforward, nonlaborious, and robust method to functionalize PAAMs for cell culture to study cell mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Y Wouters
- 1 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana T A Ploeger
- 1 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M van Putten
- 1 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands .,2 Synvolux Therapeutics , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- 1 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Snyder J, Rin Son A, Hamid Q, Wang C, Lui Y, Sun W. Mesenchymal stem cell printing and process regulated cell properties. Biofabrication 2015; 7:044106. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/044106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Tojkander S, Gateva G, Husain A, Krishnan R, Lappalainen P. Generation of contractile actomyosin bundles depends on mechanosensitive actin filament assembly and disassembly. eLife 2015; 4:e06126. [PMID: 26652273 PMCID: PMC4714978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion and morphogenesis of many non-muscle cells are guided by contractile actomyosin bundles called ventral stress fibers. While it is well established that stress fibers are mechanosensitive structures, physical mechanisms by which they assemble, align, and mature have remained elusive. Here we show that arcs, which serve as precursors for ventral stress fibers, undergo lateral fusion during their centripetal flow to form thick actomyosin bundles that apply tension to focal adhesions at their ends. Importantly, this myosin II-derived force inhibits vectorial actin polymerization at focal adhesions through AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of VASP, and thereby halts stress fiber elongation and ensures their proper contractility. Stress fiber maturation additionally requires ADF/cofilin-mediated disassembly of non-contractile stress fibers, whereas contractile fibers are protected from severing. Taken together, these data reveal that myosin-derived tension precisely controls both actin filament assembly and disassembly to ensure generation and proper alignment of contractile stress fibers in migrating cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06126.001 Muscle cells are the best-known example of a cell in the human body that can contract. These cells contain bundles of filaments made of proteins called actin and myosin, which can generate pulling forces. However, many other cells in the human body also rely on similar “contractile actomyosin bundles” to help them stick to each other, to maintain the correct shape or to migrate from one location to another. These bundles in the non-muscle cells are often called “ventral stress fibers”. Ventral stress fibers develop from structures commonly referred to as “arcs”. Previous work has clearly established that ventral stress fibers are sensitive to mechanical forces. However, the underlying mechanism behind this process was not known, and it remained unclear how external forces could promote these actomyosin bundles to assemble, align and mature. Tojkander et al. documented the formation of ventral stress fibers in migrating human cells grown in the laboratory. This revealed that pre-existing arcs fuse with each other to form thicker and more contractile actomyosin bundles. The formation of these bundles then pulls on the two ends of the stress fibers that are attached to sites on the edges of the cell. Tojkander et al. also showed that this tension inactivates a protein called VASP, which is also found at these sites. Inactivating VASP inhibits the construction of actin filaments, which in turn stops the stress fibers from elongating and allows them to contract. Further experiments then revealed that ventral stress fibers are maintained and can even become thicker under a sustained pulling force. Conversely, stress fibers that were not under tension were decorated by proteins that promote the disassembly of actin filaments. This subsequently led to the disappearance of these fibers. Future studies could now examine whether the newly identified pathway, which allows mechanical forces to control the assembly and alignment of stress fibers, is conserved in other cell-types. Furthermore, and because the assembly of such mechanosensitive actomyosin bundles is often defective in cancer cells, it will also be important to study this pathway’s significance in the context of cancer progression. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06126.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Tojkander
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gergana Gateva
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amjad Husain
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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39
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Swierczewski R, Hedley J, Redfern CPF. High-resolution micromechanical measurement in real time of forces exerted by living cells. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 10:322-30. [PMID: 26645140 PMCID: PMC4951163 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare uniaxial traction forces exerted by different cell types using a novel sensor design and to test the dependence of measured forces on cytoskeletal integrity. The sensor design detects forces generated between 2 contact points by cells spanning a gap. The magnitude of these forces varied according to cell type and were dependent on cytoskeletal integrity. The response time for drug-induced cytoskeletal disruption also varied between cell types: dermal fibroblasts exerted the greatest forces and had the slowest drug response times; EBV-transformed epithelial cells also had slow cytoskeletal depolymerisation times but exerted the lowest forces overall. Conversely, lung epithelial tumor cells exerted low forces but had the fastest depolymerisation drug response. These results provide proof of principle for a new design of force-measurement sensor based on optical interferometry, an approach that can be used to study cytoskeletal dynamics in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Swierczewski
- a School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom.,b Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - John Hedley
- a School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Chris P F Redfern
- b Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
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40
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Jurchenko C, Salaita KS. Lighting Up the Force: Investigating Mechanisms of Mechanotransduction Using Fluorescent Tension Probes. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2570-82. [PMID: 26031334 PMCID: PMC4524122 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00195-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense the physical nature of their surroundings is critical to the survival of multicellular organisms. Cellular response to physical cues from adjacent cells and the extracellular matrix leads to a dynamic cycle in which cells respond by remodeling their local microenvironment, fine-tuning cell stiffness, polarity, and shape. Mechanical regulation is important in cellular development, normal morphogenesis, and wound healing. The mechanisms by which these finely balanced mechanotransduction events occur, however, are not well understood. In large part, this is due to the limited availability of tools to study molecular mechanotransduction events in live cells. Several classes of molecular tension probes have been recently developed which are rapidly transforming the study of mechanotransduction. Molecular tension probes are primarily based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and report on piconewton scale tension events in live cells. In this minireview, we describe the two main classes of tension probes, genetically encoded tension sensors and immobilized tension sensors, and discuss the advantages and limitations of each type. We discuss future opportunities to address major biological questions and outline the challenges facing the next generation of molecular tension probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Jurchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Khalid S Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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41
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Paluch EK, Nelson CM, Biais N, Fabry B, Moeller J, Pruitt BL, Wollnik C, Kudryasheva G, Rehfeldt F, Federle W. Mechanotransduction: use the force(s). BMC Biol 2015; 13:47. [PMID: 26141078 PMCID: PMC4491211 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction - how cells sense physical forces and translate them into biochemical and biological responses - is a vibrant and rapidly-progressing field, and is important for a broad range of biological phenomena. This forum explores the role of mechanotransduction in a variety of cellular activities and highlights intriguing questions that deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Nicolas Biais
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Moeller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Laboratory, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Durand Building Rm 102, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Microsystems Laboratory, Stanford University, by courtesy, 496 Lomita Mall, Durand Building Rm 213, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Carina Wollnik
- Georg-August-University, 3rd Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Galina Kudryasheva
- Georg-August-University, 3rd Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Rehfeldt
- Georg-August-University, 3rd Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Federle
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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42
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Roche PL, Filomeno KL, Bagchi RA, Czubryt MP. Intracellular Signaling of Cardiac Fibroblasts. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:721-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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43
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Hu KK, Bruce MA, Butte MJ. Spatiotemporally and mechanically controlled triggering of mast cells using atomic force microscopy. Immunol Res 2015; 58:211-7. [PMID: 24777418 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are thought to be sensitive to mechanical forces, for example, coughing in asthma or pressure in "physical urticarias." Conversion of mechanical forces to biochemical signals could potentially augment antigenic signaling. Studying the combined effects of mechanical and antigenic cues on mast cells and other hematopoietic cells has proven difficult. Here, we present an approach using a modified atomic force microscope cantilever to deliver antigenic signals to mast cells while simultaneously applying mechanical forces. We developed a strategy to concurrently record degranulation events by fluorescence microscopy during antigenic triggering. Finally, we also measured the mechanical forces generated by mast cells while antigen receptors are ligated. We showed that mast cells respond to antigen delivered by the atomic force microscopy cantilever with prompt degranulation and the generation of strong pushing and pulling forces. We did not discern any relationship between applied mechanical forces and the kinetics of degranulation. These experiments present a new method for dissecting the interactions of mechanical and biochemical cues in the signaling responses of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Hu
- Biophysics Graduate Group, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Huda S, Pilans D, Makurath M, Hermans T, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Microfabricated Systems and Assays for Studying the Cytoskeletal Organization, Micromechanics, and Motility Patterns of Cancerous Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2014; 1:1400158. [PMID: 26900544 PMCID: PMC4757490 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201400158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell motions are driven by coordinated actions of the intracellular cytoskeleton - actin, microtubules (MTs) and substrate/focal adhesions (FAs). This coordination is altered in metastatic cancer cells resulting in deregulated and increased cellular motility. Microfabrication tools, including photolithography, micromolding, microcontact printing, wet stamping and microfluidic devices have emerged as a powerful set of experimental tools with which to probe and define the differences in cytoskeleton organization/dynamics and cell motility patterns in non-metastatic and metastatic cancer cells. In this review, we discuss four categories of microfabricated systems: (i) micropatterned substrates for studying of cell motility sub-processes (for example, MT targeting of FAs or cell polarization); (ii) systems for studying cell mechanical properties, (iii) systems for probing overall cell motility patterns within challenging geometric confines relevant to metastasis (for example, linear and ratchet geometries), and (iv) microfluidic devices that incorporate co-cultures of multiple cells types and chemical gradients to mimic in vivo intravasation/extravasation steps of metastasis. Together, these systems allow for creating controlled microenvironments that not only mimic complex soft tissues, but are also compatible with live cell high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of single cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabil Huda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Didzis Pilans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Monika Makurath
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Hermans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kristiana Kandere-Grzybowska
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA
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45
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Feng Z, Wagatsuma Y, Kikuchi M, Kosawada T, Nakamura T, Sato D, Shirasawa N, Kitajima T, Umezu M. The mechanisms of fibroblast-mediated compaction of collagen gels and the mechanical niche around individual fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8078-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Ali MY, Saif MTA. Substrate Stiffness Mediated Metastasis Like Phenotype of Colon Cancer Cells is Independent of Cell to Gel Adhesion. Cell Mol Bioeng 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-014-0345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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47
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Heras-Bautista CO, Katsen-Globa A, Schloerer NE, Dieluweit S, Abd El Aziz OM, Peinkofer G, Attia WA, Khalil M, Brockmeier K, Hescheler J, Pfannkuche K. The influence of physiological matrix conditions on permanent culture of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7374-85. [PMID: 24889032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells mark an important achievement in the development of in vitro pharmacological, toxicological and developmental assays and in the establishment of protocols for cardiac cell replacement therapy. Using CMs generated from murine embryonic stem cells and iPS cells we found increased cell-matrix interaction and more matured embryoid body (EB) structures in iPS cell-derived EBs. However, neither suspension-culture in form of purified cardiac clusters nor adherence-culture on traditional cell culture plastic allowed for extended culture of CMs. CMs grown for five weeks on polystyrene exhibit signs of massive mechanical stress as indicated by α-smooth muscle actin expression and loss of sarcomere integrity. Hydrogels from polyacrylamide allow adapting of the matrix stiffness to that of cardiac tissue. We were able to eliminate the bottleneck of low cell adhesion using 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-6-acrylamidohexanoate as a crosslinker to immobilize matrix proteins on the gels surface. Finally we present an easy method to generate polyacrylamide gels with a physiological Young's modulus of 55 kPa and defined surface ligand, facilitating the culture of murine and human iPS-CMs, removing excess mechanical stresses and reducing the risk of tissue culture artifacts exerted by stiff substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Heras-Bautista
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alisa Katsen-Globa
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Dieluweit
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Osama M Abd El Aziz
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriel Peinkofer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wael A Attia
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Khalil
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Konrad Brockmeier
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kurt Pfannkuche
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Fibroblast migration is essential to normal wound healing and pathological matrix deposition in fibrosis. This review summarizes our understanding of how fibroblasts navigate 2D and 3D extracellular matrices, how this behavior is influenced by the architecture and mechanical properties of the matrix, and how migration is integrated with the other principle functions of fibroblasts, including matrix deposition, contraction, and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kiss A, Horvath P, Rothballer A, Kutay U, Csucs G. Nuclear motility in glioma cells reveals a cell-line dependent role of various cytoskeletal components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93431. [PMID: 24691067 PMCID: PMC3972233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear migration is a general term for the movement of the nucleus towards a specific site in the cell. These movements are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes, such as fertilization, cell division, and embryonic development. Despite of its importance, the mechanism of nuclear migration is still poorly understood in mammalian cells. In order to shed light on the mechanical processes underlying nuclear movements, we adapted a micro-patterning based assay. C6 rat and U87 human glioma cells seeded on fibronectin patterns - thereby forced into a bipolar morphology - displayed oscillatory movements of the nucleus or the whole cell, respectively. We found that both the actomyosin system and microtubules are involved in the nuclear/cellular movements of both cell lines, but their contributions are cell-/migration-type specific. Dynein activity was necessary for nuclear migration of C6 cells but active myosin-II was dispensable. On the other hand, coupled nuclear and cellular movements of U87 cells were driven by actomyosin contraction. We explain these cell-line dependent effects by the intrinsic differences in the overall mechanical tension due to the various cytoskeletal elements inside the cell. Our observations showed that the movements of the nucleus and the centrosome are strongly correlated and display large variation, indicating a tight but flexible coupling between them. The data also indicate that the forces responsible for nuclear movements are not acting directly via the centrosome. Based on our observations, we propose a new model for nuclear oscillations in C6 cells in which dynein and microtubule dynamics are the main drivers of nuclear movements. This mechanism is similar to the meiotic nuclear oscillations of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and may be evolutionary conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Light Microscopy and Screening Centre, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Horvath
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Light Microscopy and Screening Centre, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrike Kutay
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabor Csucs
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Light Microscopy and Screening Centre, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Minner DE, Rauch P, Käs J, Naumann CA. Polymer-tethered lipid multi-bilayers: a biomembrane-mimicking cell substrate to probe cellular mechano-sensing. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1189-1198. [PMID: 24652490 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells tiptoe through their environment forming highly localized and dynamic focal contacts. Experiments on polymeric gels of adjustable elasticity have shown that cells probe the viscoelasticity of their environment through an adaptive process of focal contact assembly/disassembly that critically affects cell adhesion, morphology, and motility. However, the specific mechanisms of this process have not yet been fully revealed. Here we report, for the first time, that fibroblast adhesion, morphology, and migration can also be controlled by altering the number of bilayers in a stack of multiple polymer-tethered lipid bilayers stabilized via maleimide-sulfhydral coupling chemistry. The observed changes in cell morphology, migration, and cytoskeletal organization in response to bilayer stacking correspond well with those previously observed on polymeric substrates of different polymer crosslinking density suggesting that variations in bilayer stacking are associated with changes in substrate viscoelasticity. This is in conceptual agreement with the existing knowledge about the structural, dynamic, and mechanical properties of polymer-lipid composite materials. Several distinct features, such as the lateral mobility of individual cell linkers and the immobilization of linker clusters, make the described substrates highly attractive tools for the study of dynamic, mechano-regulated cell linkages and cellular mechano-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Minner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3274, USA.
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