1
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Miotto M, Di Rienzo L, Grassmann G, Desantis F, Cidonio G, Gosti G, Leonetti M, Ruocco G, Milanetti E. Differences in the organization of interface residues tunes the stability of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 complex. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1205919. [PMID: 37441163 PMCID: PMC10333926 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1205919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of novel variants represents one of the major problems in dealing with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Indeed, also due to its prolonged circulation, more than ten variants of concern emerged, each time rapidly overgrowing the current viral version due to improved spreading features. As, up to now, all variants carry at least one mutation on the spike Receptor Binding Domain, the stability of the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human ACE2 receptor seems one of the molecular determinants behind the viral spreading potential. In this framework, a better understanding of the interplay between spike mutations and complex stability can help to assess the impact of novel variants. Here, we characterize the peculiarities of the most representative variants of concern in terms of the molecular interactions taking place between the residues of the spike RBD and those of the ACE2 receptor. To do so, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the RBD-ACE2 complexes of the seven variants of concern in comparison with a large set of complexes with different single mutations taking place on the RBD solvent-exposed residues and for which the experimental binding affinity was available. Analyzing the strength and spatial organization of the intermolecular interactions of the binding region residues, we found that (i) mutations producing an increase of the complex stability mainly rely on instaurating more favorable van der Waals optimization at the cost of Coulombic ones. In particular, (ii) an anti-correlation is observed between the shape and electrostatic complementarities of the binding regions. Finally, (iii) we showed that combining a set of dynamical descriptors is possible to estimate the outcome of point mutations on the complex binding region with a performance of 0.7. Overall, our results introduce a set of dynamical observables that can be rapidly evaluated to probe the effects of novel isolated variants or different molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Miotto
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Rienzo
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Grassmann
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausta Desantis
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gosti
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Soft and Living Matter Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Leonetti
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Soft and Living Matter Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Center for Life Nano-& Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Qin S, Huang H, Xiao W, Chen K, He X, Tang X, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Duan X, Fan N, Zheng Q, Wu M, Lu G, Wei Y, Wei X, Song X. A novel heterologous receptor-binding domain dodecamer universal mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:S2211-3835(23)00010-2. [PMID: 36647424 PMCID: PMC9833852 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently approximately 4,000 mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein gene and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to spread rapidly worldwide. Universal vaccines with high efficacy and safety urgently need to be developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 variants pandemic. Here, we described a novel self-assembling universal mRNA vaccine containing a heterologous receptor-binding domain (HRBD)-based dodecamer (HRBDdodecamer) against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (B.1.1.28.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529). HRBD containing four heterologous RBD (Delta, Beta, Gamma, and Wild-type) can form a stable dodecameric conformation under T4 trimerization tag (Flodon, FD). The HRBDdodecamer -encoding mRNA was then encapsulated into the newly-constructed LNPs consisting of a novel ionizable lipid (4N4T). The obtained universal mRNA vaccine (4N4T-HRBDdodecamer) presented higher efficiency in mRNA transfection and expression than the approved ALC-0315 LNPs, initiating potent immune protection against the immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 caused by evolutionary mutation. These findings demonstrated the first evidence that structure-based antigen design and mRNA delivery carrier optimization may facilitate the development of effective universal mRNA vaccines to tackle SARS-CoV-2 variants pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xi He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoshan Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yupei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xing Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Na Fan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Varela APM, Sant’Anna FH, dos Santos AV, Prichula J, Comerlato J, dos Santos GT, Wendland E. Genomic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection cases in southern Brazil. Arch Virol 2023; 168:19. [PMID: 36593369 PMCID: PMC9807423 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cases of reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported worldwide. We investigated reinfection cases in a set of more than 30,000 samples, and the SARS-CoV-2 genomes from selected samples from four patients with at least two positive diagnoses with an interval ≥ 45 days between tests were sequenced and analyzed. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis confirmed three reinfection cases and suggested that the fourth one was caused by a virus of the same lineage. Viral sequencing is crucial for understanding the natural course of reinfections and for planning public health strategies for management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janira Prichula
- Department of Microbiology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Eliana Wendland
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, PROADI-SUS, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,Department of Community Health, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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4
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Shimada N, Shinoda M, Takei H, Yoshida Y, Nishimura M, Kousaka M, Morikawa M, Sato T, Matsuse H, Shinkai M. A case of reinfection with a different variant of SARS-CoV-2: case report. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 35:13. [PMID: 36785595 PMCID: PMC9907179 DOI: 10.1186/s43162-023-00194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was previously thought to have a low reinfection rate, but there are concerns that the reinfection rate will increase with the emergence and spread of mutant variants. This report describes the case of a 36-year-old, non-immunosuppressed man who was infected twice by two different variants of COVID-19 within a relatively short period. Case presentation A 36-year-old Japanese man with no comorbidities was infected with the E484K variant (R.1 lineage) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Symptoms were mild and improved with symptomatic treatment alone. About four months later he presented to another outpatient department with high fever and headache. We diagnosed him as infected with the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) of SARS-CoV-2 based on SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing (RT-PCR). The patient was hospitalized with high fever. The patient received treatment in the form of anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroid and antibacterial chemotherapy. The patient improved without developing severe disease. Conclusion Concerns have been raised that the reinfection rate of COVID-19 will increase with the emergence of mutant variants. Particularly in mild cases, adequate amounts of neutralizing antibodies may not be produced, and reinfection may thus occur. Continued attention to sufficient infection control is thus essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagashige Shimada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.470115.6Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.470115.6Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Yoshida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.470115.6Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Kousaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwa Morikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsuse
- grid.470115.6Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shinkai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Li M, Ge H, Sun Z, Fu J, Cao L, Feng X, Meng G, Peng Y, Liu Y, Zhao C. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification-enabled analytical assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1068015. [PMID: 36619749 PMCID: PMC9816412 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of words: 4645, the number of figures: 4, the number of tables: 1The outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019 caused a global pandemic of acute respiratory disease, and with the increasing virulence of mutant strains and the number of confirmed cases, this has resulted in a tremendous threat to global public health. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is urgently needed for rapid control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. As a new molecular biology technology, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has the advantages of convenient operation, speed, low cost and high sensitivity and specificity. In the past two years, rampant COVID-19 and the continuous variation in the virus strains have demanded higher requirements for the rapid detection of pathogens. Compared with conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR methods, genotyping RT-LAMP method and LAMP plus peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe detection methods have been developed to correctly identified SARS-CoV-2 variants, which is also why LAMP technology has attracted much attention. LAMP detection technology combined with lateral flow assay, microfluidic technology and other sensing technologies can effectively enhance signals by nucleic acid amplification and help to give the resulting output in a faster, more convenient and user-friendly way. At present, LAMP plays an important role in the detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Li
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,College of medical technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongjuan Ge
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,College of medical technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jangshan Fu
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Lele Cao
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Xinrui Feng
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,Medical college, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Guixian Meng
- College of medical laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Yubo Peng
- Business School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yan Liu
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Liu, ; Chen Zhao,
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Liu, ; Chen Zhao,
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6
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Cortellini A, Aguilar-Company J, Salazar R, Bower M, Sita-Lumsden A, Plaja A, Lee AJX, Bertuzzi A, Tondini C, Diamantis N, Martinez-Vila C, Prat A, Apthorp E, Gennari A, Pinato DJ. Natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and breakthrough infections in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1787-1792. [PMID: 35995934 PMCID: PMC9395853 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consolidated evidence suggests spontaneous immunity from SARS-CoV-2 is not durable, leading to the risk of reinfection, especially in the context of newly emerging viral strains. In patients with cancer who survive COVID-19 prevalence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are unknown. METHODS We aimed to document natural history and outcome from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in patients recruited to OnCovid (NCT04393974), an active European registry enrolling consecutive patients with a history of solid or haematologic malignancy diagnosed with COVID-19. RESULTS As of December 2021, out of 3108 eligible participants, 1806 COVID-19 survivors were subsequently followed at participating institutions. Among them, 34 reinfections (1.9%) were reported after a median time of 152 days (range: 40-620) from the first COVID-19 diagnosis, and with a median observation period from the second infection of 115 days (95% CI: 27-196). Most of the first infections were diagnosed in 2020 (27, 79.4%), while most of reinfections in 2021 (25, 73.5%). Haematological malignancies were the most frequent primary tumour (12, 35%). Compared to first infections, second infections had lower prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms (52.9% vs 91.2%, P = 0.0008) and required less COVID-19-specific therapy (11.8% vs 50%, P = 0.0013). Overall, 11 patients (32.4%) and 3 (8.8%) were fully and partially vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 before the second infection, respectively. The 14-day case fatality rate was 11.8%, with four death events, none of which among fully vaccinated patients. CONCLUSION This study shows that reinfections in COVID-19 survivors with cancer are possible and more common in patients with haematological malignancies. Reinfections carry a 11% risk of mortality, which rises to 15% among unvaccinated patients, highlighting the importance of universal vaccination of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cortellini
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
| | - Juan Aguilar-Company
- Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICO L'Hospitalet, Oncobell Program (IDIBELL), CIBERONC, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mark Bower
- Department of Oncology and National Centre for HIV Malignancy, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ailsa Sita-Lumsden
- Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT), London, UK
| | - Andrea Plaja
- Medical Oncology Department, B-ARGO Group, IGTP, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Badalona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alvin J X Lee
- Cancer Division, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Alexia Bertuzzi
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tondini
- Oncology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alessandra Gennari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - David J Pinato
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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7
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Bean DJ, Monroe J, Turcinovic J, Moreau Y, Connor JH, Sagar M. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection Associates With Unstable Housing and Occurs in the Presence of Antibodies. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e208-e215. [PMID: 34755830 PMCID: PMC8689949 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors associated with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection remain poorly defined. METHODS We identified patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and at least 1 repeat reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction result a minimum of 90 days after the initial positive test and before 21 January 2021. Those with a repeat positive test were deemed to have reinfection (n = 75), and those with only negative tests were classified as convalescents (n = 1594). Demographics, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, and treatment histories were obtained from the Boston Medical Center electronic medical record. Humoral responses were analyzed using SARS-CoV-2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and pseudovirus neutralizations in a subset of reinfection (n = 16) and convalescent samples (n = 32). Univariate, multivariate, and time to event analyses were used to identify associations. RESULTS Individuals with reinfection had more frequent testing at shorter intervals compared with the convalescents. Unstable housing was associated with more than 2-fold greater chance of reinfection. Preexisting comorbidities and COVID-19 severity after the initial infection were not associated with reinfection. SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G levels and pseudovirus neutralization were not different within the early weeks after primary infection and at a timepoint at least 90 days later in the 2 groups. In the convalescents, but not in those with reinfection, the late as compared with early humoral responses were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS Reinfection associates with unstable housing, which is likely a marker for virus exposure, and reinfection occurs in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bean
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet Monroe
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Rosenberg M, Chen C, Golzarri-Arroyo L, Carroll A, Menachemi N, Ludema C. SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in a US university setting, Fall 2020 to Spring 2021. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:592. [PMID: 35787250 PMCID: PMC9252534 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are a public health concern because of the potential for transmission and clinical disease, and because of our limited understanding of whether and how well an infection confers protection against subsequent infections. Despite the public health importance, few studies have reported rigorous estimates of reinfection risk. METHODS Leveraging Indiana University's comprehensive testing program to identify both asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, we estimated the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among students, faculty, and staff across the 2020-2021 academic year. We contextualized the reinfection data with information on key covariates: age, sex, Greek organization membership, student vs faculty/staff affiliation, and testing type. RESULTS Among 12,272 people with primary infections, we found a low level of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections (0.6%; 0.4 per 10,000 person-days). We observed higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in Greek-affiliated students. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for low levels of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a large multi-campus university population during a time-period prior to widespread COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Rosenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Aaron Carroll
- Pediatric and Adolescent Comparative Effectiveness Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nir Menachemi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health at IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina Ludema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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9
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Toro-Huamanchumo C, Hilario-Gomez M, Pinedo-Castillo L, Zumarán-Nuñez C, Espinoza-Gonzales F, Caballero-Alvarado J, Rodriguez-Morales A, Barboza J. Clinical and epidemiological features of patients with COVID-19 reinfection: a systematic review. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 48:101021. [PMID: 36060548 PMCID: PMC9420201 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent positivity in a patient with COVID-19 may be due to various reasons, not necessarily reinfection. There is concern about the occurrence frequency of reinfection. Five databases and a preprint/preprint repository were searched. All case reports, case series, and observational studies were included. Bias was assessed for each study with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale tool and reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA-2020). After eligibility, 77 studies were included for qualitative synthesis (52 case reports, 21 case series, and four case-controls; 1131 patients included). Of these, 16 studies described a second contact with the SARS-CoV-2 positive case, five studies described healthcare profession-related infection, ten studies described that the source of reinfection was likely to be from the community, one study described travel-related infection, nine studies described vulnerability-related infection due to comorbidity. The mean number of days from discharge or negative test to reinfection ranged from 23.3 to 57.6 days across the different included studies. The risk of bias for all case report/series studies was moderate/high. For observational studies, the risk of bias was low. Reinfection of patients with COVID-19 occurs between the first and second month after the first infection, but beyond, and 90 days have been proposed as a point to begin to consider it. The main factor for reinfection is contact with COVID-19 positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M.M. Hilario-Gomez
- Sociedad científica de San Fernando, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - L. Pinedo-Castillo
- Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Señor de Sipán, Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana de la Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
- Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - C.J. Zumarán-Nuñez
- Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Señor de Sipán, Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana de la Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
- Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - F. Espinoza-Gonzales
- Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Señor de Sipán, Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana de la Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
- Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - J. Caballero-Alvarado
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Peru
- Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - A.J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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Ghosh A, Kar PK, Gautam A, Gupta R, Singh R, Chakravarti R, Ravichandiran V, Ghosh Dastidar S, Ghosh D, Roy S. An insight into SARS-CoV-2 structure, pathogenesis, target hunting for drug development and vaccine initiatives. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:647-675. [PMID: 35814927 PMCID: PMC9215161 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has been confirmed to be a new coronavirus having 79% and 50% similarity with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. For a better understanding of the features of the new virus SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed a possible correlation between some unique features of the genome of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to pathogenesis. We have also reviewed structural druggable viral and host targets for possible clinical application if any, as cases of reinfection and compromised protection have been noticed due to the emergence of new variants with increased infectivity even after vaccination. We have also discussed the types of vaccines that are being developed against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have tried to give a brief overview of the fundamental factors of COVID-19 research like basic virology, virus variants and the newly emerging techniques that can be applied to develop advanced treatment strategies for the management of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta Kolkata India
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research institute 3081, Nayabad Kolkata-700094 India
| | - Paritosh K Kar
- Foundation on Tropical Diseases & Health Research Development, A Mission on Charitable Health Care Unit Balichak CT, Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 721 124 India
| | - Anupam Gautam
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen Sand 14 72076 Tübingen Germany
- International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen Max-Planck-Ring 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Rudra Chakravarti
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
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Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 New Variants and Their Clinical Significance. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2022; 2022:7336309. [PMID: 35669528 PMCID: PMC9167142 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7336309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a respiration-related disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and was identified in China's Wuhan city. More than 223 countries are affected by the disease worldwide. The new variants of the COVID-19 virus are causing problems, from average to life-threatening pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Presently, there are 170 vaccine candidates, out of which 10 have been approved by the WHO for vaccination, such as Ad26.COV2.S, Pfizer/BioNTech, COVISHIELD, Covovax, Moderna, KoviVac, and some other vaccines to combat the deadly SARS-CoV-2 infection. From all these vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna are showing the highest efficacy against COVID-19. These vaccines are highly efficient against COVID-19 disease, but their potentiality against new variants remains a question. COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective at preventing severe illnesses, hospitalizations, and death. The antibodies elicited by earlier infection or vaccination are the key for possible protection against SARS-CoV-2. The problem has been exacerbated by new information from Africa on the origins of the novel contagious SARS-CoV-2 strain. These new strains occur due to unique mutations in the spike protein, which modify SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection capabilities, limiting the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination. Hence, there is a need to find a potential vaccine against it.
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Gong W, Parkkila S, Wu X, Aspatwar A. SARS-CoV-2 variants and COVID-19 vaccines: Current challenges and future strategies. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 42:393-414. [PMID: 35635216 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2079642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global threat. Despite strict control measures implemented worldwide and immunization using novel vaccines, the pandemic continues to rage due to emergence of several variants of SARS-CoV-2 with increased transmission and immune escape. The rapid spread of variants of concern (VOC) in the recent past has created a massive challenge for the control of COVID-19 pandemic via the currently used vaccines. Vaccines that are safe and effective against the current and future variants of SARS-CoV-2 are essential in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Rapid production and massive rollout of next-generation vaccines against the variants are key steps to control the COVID-19 pandemic and to help us return to normality. Coordinated surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, rapid redesign of new vaccines and extensive vaccination are needed to counter the current SARS-CoV-2 variants and prevent the emergence of new variants. In this article, we review the latest information on the VOCs and variants of interest (VOIs) and present the information on the clinical trials that are underway on evaluating the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines on VOCs. We also discuss the current challenges posed by the VOCs in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and future strategies to overcome the threat posed by the highly virulent and rapidly transmissible variants of SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Bwire G, Ario AR, Eyu P, Ocom F, Wamala JF, Kusi KA, Ndeketa L, Jambo KC, Wanyenze RK, Talisuna AO. The COVID-19 pandemic in the African continent. BMC Med 2022; 20:167. [PMID: 35501853 PMCID: PMC9059455 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and associated disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was identified in China. This virus spread quickly and in March, 2020, it was declared a pandemic. Scientists predicted the worst scenario to occur in Africa since it was the least developed of the continents in terms of human development index, lagged behind others in achievement of the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs), has inadequate resources for provision of social services, and has many fragile states. In addition, there were relatively few research reporting findings on COVID-19 in Africa. On the contrary, the more developed countries reported higher disease incidences and mortality rates. However, for Africa, the earlier predictions and modelling into COVID-19 incidence and mortality did not fit into the reality. Therefore, the main objective of this forum is to bring together infectious diseases and public health experts to give an overview of COVID-19 in Africa and share their thoughts and opinions on why Africa behaved the way it did. Furthermore, the experts highlight what needs to be done to support Africa to consolidate the status quo and overcome the negative effects of COVID-19 so as to accelerate attainment of the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Bwire
- Department of Integrated Epidemiology Surveillance and Public Health Emergencies, Ministry of Health, P.O Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Patricia Eyu
- Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Felix Ocom
- Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Kwadwo A. Kusi
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Latif Ndeketa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rhoda K. Wanyenze
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ambrose O. Talisuna
- Epidemic Preparedness and Response Cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
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Koupaei M, Mohamadi MH, Yashmi I, Shahabi AH, Shabani AH, Heidary M, Khoshnood S. Clinical manifestations, treatment options, and comorbidities in COVID-19 relapse patients: A systematic review. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24402. [PMID: 35396748 PMCID: PMC9102618 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest revolving around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reinfection is escalating rapidly. By definition, reinfection denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), PCR redetection, and COVID-19 recurrence within three months of the initial symptoms. The main aim of the current systematic review was to evaluate the features of COVID-19 relapse patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study, we used a string of terms developed by a skilled librarian and through a systematical search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for eligible studies. Clinical surveys of any type were included from January 2019 to March 2021. Eligible studies consisted of two positive assessments separated by a negative result via RT-PCR. RESULTS Fifty-four studies included 207 cases of COVID-19 reinfection. Children were less likely to have COVID-19 relapse. However, the most patients were in the age group of 20-40 years. Asthenia (66.6%), headache (66.6%), and cough (54.7%) were prevalent symptoms in the first SARS-CoV-2 infection. Asthenia (62.9%), myalgia (62.9%), and headache (61.1%) were most frequent in the second one. The most common treatment options used in first COVID-19 infection were lopinavir/ritonavir (80%), oxygen support (69.2%), and oseltamivir (66.6). However, for the treatment of second infection, mostly antibiotics (100%), dexamethasone (100%), and remdesivir (80%) were used. In addition, obesity (32.5%), kidney failure (30.7%), and hypertension (30.1%) were the most common comorbidities. Unfortunately, approximately 4.5% of patients died. CONCLUSION We found the potency of COVID-19 recurrence as an outstanding issue. This feature should be regarded in the COVID-19 management. Furthermore, the first and second COVID-19 are similar in clinical features. For clinically practical comparison of the symptoms severity between two epochs of infection, uniform data of both are required. We suggest that future studies undertake a homogenous approach to establish the clinical patterns of the reinfection phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Koupaei
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
| | | | - Ilya Yashmi
- Student Research CommitteeSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
| | | | - Amir Hosein Shabani
- Student Research CommitteeSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory SciencesSchool of Paramedical SciencesSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research CenterIlam University of Medical SciencesIlamIran
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15
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Ren X, Zhou J, Guo J, Hao C, Zheng M, Zhang R, Huang Q, Yao X, Li R, Jin Y. Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:12. [PMID: 35488305 PMCID: PMC9051013 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients have become reinfected with the virus. Viral gene sequencing has found that some of these patients were reinfected by the different and others by same strains. This has raised concerns about the effectiveness of immunity after infection and the reliability of vaccines. To this end, we conducted a systematic review to assess the characteristics of patients with reinfection and possible causes. METHODS A systematic search was conducted across eight databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and SinoMed from December 1, 2019 to September 1, 2021. The quality of included studies were assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS This study included 50 studies from 20 countries. There were 118 cases of reinfection. Twenty-five patients were reported to have at least one complication. The shortest duration between the first infection and reinfection was 19 days and the longest was 293 days. During the first infection and reinfection, cough (51.6% and 43.9%) and fever (50% and 30.3%) were the most common symptoms respectively. Nine patients recovered, seven patients died, and five patients were hospitalized, but 97 patients' prognosis were unknown. B.1 is the most common variant strain at the first infection. B.1.1.7, B.1.128 and B.1.351 were the most common variant strains at reinfection. Thirty-three patients were infected by different strains and 9 patients were reported as being infected with the same strain. CONCLUSIONS Our research shows that it is possible for rehabilitated patients to be reinfected by SARS-COV-2. To date, the causes and risk factors of COVID-19 reinfection are not fully understood. For patients with reinfection, the diagnosis and management should be consistent with the treatment of the first infection. The public, including rehabilitated patients, should be fully vaccinated, wear masks in public places, and pay attention to maintaining social distance to avoid reinfection with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Ren
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Acupuncture Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmei Hao
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Mengxue Zheng
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurotumor Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Center for Clinical Practice Guideline Conduction and Evaluation, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiling Li
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Yinghui Jin
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Qiu X, Ding C. Coronavirus Infection and Cholesterol Metabolism. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791267. [PMID: 35529872 PMCID: PMC9069556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cholesterol metabolism remodeling is significantly associated with the spread of human pathogenic coronaviruses, suggesting virus-host relationships could be affected by cholesterol-modifying drugs. Cholesterol has an important role in coronavirus entry, membrane fusion, and pathological syncytia formation, therefore cholesterol metabolic mechanisms may be promising drug targets for coronavirus infections. Moreover, cholesterol and its metabolizing enzymes or corresponding natural products exert antiviral effects which are closely associated with individual viral steps during coronavirus replication. Furthermore, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections are associated with clinically significant low cholesterol levels, suggesting cholesterol could function as a potential marker for monitoring viral infection status. Therefore, weaponizing cholesterol dysregulation against viral infection could be an effective antiviral strategy. In this review, we comprehensively review the literature to clarify how coronaviruses exploit host cholesterol metabolism to accommodate viral replication requirements and interfere with host immune responses. We also focus on targeting cholesterol homeostasis to interfere with critical steps during coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Experimental Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
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To A, Wong TAS, Lieberman MM, Thompson K, Ball AH, Pessaint L, Greenhouse J, Daham N, Cook A, Narvaez B, Flinchbaugh Z, Van Ry A, Yalley-Ogunro J, Elyard HA, Lai CY, Donini O, Lehrer AT. A Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Induces a Potent, Broadly Neutralizing, and Durable Antibody Response in Macaques against the SARS-CoV-2 P.1 (Gamma) Variant. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:825-840. [PMID: 35263081 PMCID: PMC8938837 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FDA-approved and emergency use-authorized vaccines using new mRNA and viral-vector technology are highly effective in preventing moderate to severe disease; however, information on their long-term efficacy and protective breadth against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants of concern (VOCs) is currently scarce. Here, we describe the durability and broad-spectrum VOC immunity of a prefusion-stabilized spike (S) protein adjuvanted with liquid or lyophilized CoVaccine HT in cynomolgus macaques. This recombinant subunit vaccine is highly immunogenic and induces robust spike-specific and broadly neutralizing antibody responses effective against circulating VOCs (B.1.351 [Beta], P.1 [Gamma], and B.1.617 [Delta]) for at least three months after the final boost. Protective efficacy and postexposure immunity were evaluated using a heterologous P.1 challenge nearly three months after the last immunization. Our results indicate that while immunization with both high and low S doses shorten and reduce viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, a higher antigen dose is required to provide durable protection against disease as vaccine immunity wanes. Histologically, P.1 infection causes similar COVID-19-like lung pathology as seen with early pandemic isolates. Postchallenge IgG concentrations were restored to peak immunity levels, and vaccine-matched and cross-variant neutralizing antibodies were significantly elevated in immunized macaques indicating an efficient anamnestic response. Only low levels of P.1-specific neutralizing antibodies with limited breadth were observed in control (nonvaccinated but challenged) macaques, suggesting that natural infection may not prevent reinfection by other VOCs. Overall, these results demonstrate that a properly dosed and adjuvanted recombinant subunit vaccine can provide protective immunity against circulating VOCs for at least three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert To
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Teri Ann S. Wong
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Michael M. Lieberman
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Karen Thompson
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Aquena H. Ball
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Jack Greenhouse
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Anthony Cook
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Brandon Narvaez
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Zack Flinchbaugh
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Alex Van Ry
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Jake Yalley-Ogunro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Hanne Andersen Elyard
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Chih-Yun Lai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Axel T. Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
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18
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Laurén I, Havervall S, Ng H, Lord M, Pettke A, Greilert‐Norin N, Gabrielsson L, Chourlia A, Amoêdo‐Leite C, Josyula VS, Eltahir M, Kerzeli I, Falk AJ, Hober J, Christ W, Wiberg A, Hedhammar M, Tegel H, Burman J, Xu F, Pin E, Månberg A, Klingström J, Christoffersson G, Hober S, Nilsson P, Philipson M, Dönnes P, Lindsay R, Thålin C, Mangsbo S. Long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific and cross-reactive cellular immune responses correlate with humoral responses, disease severity, and symptomatology. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e595. [PMID: 35349756 PMCID: PMC8962644 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular immune memory responses post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been difficult to assess due to the risks of contaminating the immune response readout with memory responses stemming from previous exposure to endemic coronaviruses. The work herein presents a large-scale long-term follow-up study investigating the correlation between symptomology and cellular immune responses four to five months post seroconversion based on a unique severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific peptide pool that contains no overlapping peptides with endemic human coronaviruses. METHODS Peptide stimulated memory T cell responses were assessed with dual interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-2 Fluorospot. Serological analyses were performed using a multiplex antigen bead array. RESULTS Our work demonstrates that long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell responses feature dual IFNγ and IL-2 responses, whereas cross-reactive memory T cell responses primarily generate IFNγ in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation. T cell responses correlated to long-term humoral immune responses. Disease severity as well as specific COVID-19 symptoms correlated with the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell response four to five months post seroconversion. CONCLUSION Using a large cohort and a SARS-CoV-2-specific peptide pool we were able to substantiate that initial disease severity and symptoms correlate with the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Laurén
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Sebastian Havervall
- Department of Clinical SciencesKarolinska Institute, Danderyd HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Henry Ng
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Martin Lord
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Nina Greilert‐Norin
- Department of Clinical SciencesKarolinska Institute, Danderyd HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Lena Gabrielsson
- Department of Clinical SciencesKarolinska Institute, Danderyd HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Aikaterini Chourlia
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Catarina Amoêdo‐Leite
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Vijay S. Josyula
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Mohamed Eltahir
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Iliana Kerzeli
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - August J. Falk
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Jonathan Hober
- Department of Clinical SciencesKarolinska Institute, Danderyd HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institute, Centre for Infectious MedicineStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Wiberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - My Hedhammar
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of NeuroscienceUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Elisa Pin
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institute, Centre for Infectious MedicineStockholmSweden
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Mia Philipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Robin Lindsay
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- Department of Clinical SciencesKarolinska Institute, Danderyd HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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Babajani A, Moeinabadi-Bidgoli K, Niknejad F, Rismanchi H, Shafiee S, Shariatzadeh S, Jamshidi E, Farjoo MH, Niknejad H. Human placenta-derived amniotic epithelial cells as a new therapeutic hope for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic inflammation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:126. [PMID: 35337387 PMCID: PMC8949831 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become in the spotlight regarding the serious early and late complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), systemic inflammation, multi-organ failure and death. Although many preventive and therapeutic approaches have been suggested for ameliorating complications of COVID-19, emerging new resistant viral variants has called the efficacy of current therapeutic approaches into question. Besides, recent reports on the late and chronic complications of COVID-19, including organ fibrosis, emphasize a need for a multi-aspect therapeutic method that could control various COVID-19 consequences. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), a group of placenta-derived amniotic membrane resident stem cells, possess considerable therapeutic features that bring them up as a proposed therapeutic option for COVID-19. These cells display immunomodulatory effects in different organs that could reduce the adverse consequences of immune system hyper-reaction against SARS-CoV-2. Besides, hAECs would participate in alveolar fluid clearance, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system regulation, and regeneration of damaged organs. hAECs could also prevent thrombotic events, which is a serious complication of COVID-19. This review focuses on the proposed early and late therapeutic mechanisms of hAECs and their exosomes to the injured organs. It also discusses the possible application of preconditioned and genetically modified hAECs as well as their promising role as a drug delivery system in COVID-19. Moreover, the recent advances in the pre-clinical and clinical application of hAECs and their exosomes as an optimistic therapeutic hope in COVID-19 have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasra Moeinabadi-Bidgoli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Rismanchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Shafiee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Shariatzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Farjoo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Fajardo Á, Perbolianachis P, Ferreiro I, Moreno P, Moratorio G. Molecular accuracy vs antigenic speed: SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 62:152-158. [PMID: 35042168 PMCID: PMC8687762 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has hit every corner of the world faster than any infectious disease ever known. In this context, rapid and accurate testing of positive cases are essential to follow the test-trace-isolate strategy (TETRIS), which has proven to be a key approach to constrain viral spread. Here, we discuss how to interpret and combine molecular or/and antigen-based detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 as well as when they should be used. Their application can be cleverly designed as an algorithm to prevent viral dissemination according to distinct epidemiological contexts within surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Evolución Experimental de Virus, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula Perbolianachis
- Laboratorio de Evolución Experimental de Virus, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Irene Ferreiro
- Laboratorio de Evolución Experimental de Virus, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pilar Moreno
- Laboratorio de Evolución Experimental de Virus, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Laboratorio de Evolución Experimental de Virus, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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22
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Ruiz-Galiana J, De Lucas Ramos P, García-Botella A, García-Lledó A, Gómez-Pavón J, González Del Castillo J, Hernández-Sampelayo T, Martín-Delgado MC, Martín Sánchez FJ, Martínez-Sellés M, Molero García JM, Moreno Guillén S, Rodríguez-Artalejo FJ, Cantón R, Bouza E. Persistence and viability of SARS-CoV-2 in primary infection and reinfections. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2022; 35:1-6. [PMID: 34661382 PMCID: PMC8790642 DOI: 10.37201/req/129.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, virus isolation in the infected patient was only possible for a short period of time and it was striking that this occurred constantly and did not provide guidance on the clinical course. This fact led to confusion about the efficacy of some of the drugs initially used, which seemed to have a high efficiency in viral clearance and proved ineffective in modifying the course of the disease. The immune response also did not prove to be definitive in terms of evolution, although most of the patients with very mild disease had a weak or no antibody response, and the opposite was true for the most severe patients. With whatever the antibody response, few cases have been re-infected after a first infection and generally, those that have, have not reproduced a spectrum of disease similar to the first infection. Among those re-infected, a large number have been asymptomatic or with very few symptoms, others have had a moderate picture and very few have had a poor evolution. Despite this dynamic of rapid viral clearance, laboratory tests were still able to generate positive results in the recovery of genomic sequences and this occurred in patients who were already symptom-free, in others who were still ill and in those who were very seriously ill. There was also no good correlate. For this reason and with the perspective of this year and the half of pandemic, we compiled what the literature leaves us in these aspects and anticipating that, as always in biology, there are cases that jump the limits of the general behavior of the dynamics of infection in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense. CIBERES. Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Choudhary MC, Crain CR, Qiu X, Hanage W, Li JZ. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Sequence Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Persistence and Reinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:237-245. [PMID: 33906227 PMCID: PMC8135388 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection and persistent infection have been reported, but sequence characteristics in these scenarios have not been described. We assessed published cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and persistence, characterizing the hallmarks of reinfecting sequences and the rate of viral evolution in persistent infection. METHODS A systematic review of PubMed was conducted to identify cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and persistence with available sequences. Nucleotide and amino acid changes in the reinfecting sequence were compared with both the initial and contemporaneous community variants. Time-measured phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to compare intrahost viral evolution in persistent SARS-CoV-2 to community-driven evolution. RESULTS Twenty reinfection and 9 persistent infection cases were identified. Reports of reinfection cases spanned a broad distribution of ages, baseline health status, reinfection severity, and occurred as early as 1.5 months or >8 months after the initial infection. The reinfecting viral sequences had a median of 17.5 nucleotide changes with enrichment in the ORF8 and N genes. The number of changes did not differ by the severity of reinfection and reinfecting variants were similar to the contemporaneous sequences circulating in the community. Patients with persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrated more rapid accumulation of sequence changes than seen with community-driven evolution with continued evolution during convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibody treatment. CONCLUSIONS Reinfecting SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes largely mirror contemporaneous circulating sequences in that geographic region, while persistent COVID-19 has been largely described in immunosuppressed individuals and is associated with accelerated viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish C Choudhary
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles R Crain
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xueting Qiu
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Einav S, Tankel J. The unseen pandemic: treatment delays and loss to follow-up due to fear of COVID. JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIA, ANALGESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2022; 2:5. [PMID: 37386539 PMCID: PMC8795953 DOI: 10.1186/s44158-021-00032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 has transformed public interaction with healthcare professionals and hospitals alike. In turn, this has resulted in a collateral impact on patients' health across medical and surgical paradigms. Understanding the causative factors of this fear, and tackling it head on, is vital to return to pre-pandemic levels of healthcare. MAIN BODY In this editorial, we explore the evidence base behind the fear of healthcare professionals and facilities that has developed during the course of the SARS-CoV-2pandemic. We also reflect on the ways in which these fears have affected the general public. In so doing, we review a recent article from Montalto et al. that has explored fear of SARS-CoV-2 among patients undergoing surgery in Italy. CONCLUSION While fear of SARS-CoV-2 is uncommon among surgical patients, there are still those who delay or avoiding seeking medical care due to fear of transmission. Physicians must lead the fight against this fear in a hope to regain the trust of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Einav
- General Intensive Care Unit of the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre and the Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - James Tankel
- Division of Thoracic and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Montreal General Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Chan CTM, Leung JSL, Lee LK, Lo HWH, Wong EYK, Wong DSH, Ng TTL, Lao HY, Lu KK, Jim SHC, Yau MCY, Lam JYW, Ho AYM, Luk KS, Yip KT, Que TL, To KKW, Siu GKH. A low-cost TaqMan minor groove binder probe-based one-step RT-qPCR assay for rapid identification of N501Y variants of SARS-CoV-2. J Virol Methods 2022; 299:114333. [PMID: 34656702 PMCID: PMC8516123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of N501Y variants of SARS-CoV-2 has kindled global concern due to their enhanced transmissibility. Genome sequencing is the gold standard method to identify the emerging variants of concern. But it is time-consuming and expensive, limiting the widespread deployment of genome surveillance in some countries. Health authorities surge the development of alternative assay to expand screening capacity with reduced time and cost. In this study, we developed an in-house TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB) probe-based one-step RT-qPCR assay to detect the presence of N501Y mutation in SARS-CoV-2. A total of 168 SARS-CoV-2 positive respiratory specimens were collected to determine diagnostic accuracy of the RT-qPCR assay. As a reference standard, PANGO lineages and the mutation patterns of all samples were characterised by whole-genome sequencing. The analytical sensitivity and the ability of the assay to detect low frequency of N501Y variants were also evaluated. A total of 31 PANGO lineages were identified from 168 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases, in which 34 samples belonged to N501Y variants, including B.1.1.7 (n = 20), B.1.351 (n = 12) and P.3 (n = 2). The N501Y RT-qPCR correctly identified all 34 samples as N501Y-positive and the other 134 samples as wildtype. The limit-of-detection of the assay consistently achieved 1.5 copies/μL on four different qPCR platforms. N501Y mutation was successfully detected at an allele frequency as low as 10 % in a sample with mixed SARS-CoV-2 lineage. The N501Y RT-qPCR is simple and inexpensive (US$1.6 per sample). It enables robust high-throughput screening for surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern harbouring N501Y mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Toi-Mei Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jake Siu-Lun Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Lam-Kwong Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hazel Wing-Hei Lo
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Evelyn Yin-Kwan Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Denise Sze-Hang Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Timothy Ting-Leung Ng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hiu-Yin Lao
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kelvin Keru Lu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Stephanie Hoi-Ching Jim
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Miranda Chong-Yee Yau
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jimmy Yiu-Wing Lam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Alex Yat-Man Ho
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kristine Shik Luk
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kam-Tong Yip
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tak-Lun Que
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Gilman Kit-Hang Siu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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26
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de Souza GAP, Le Bideau M, Boschi C, Ferreira L, Wurtz N, Devaux C, Colson P, La Scola B. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Genotypes Show Different Replication Patterns in Human Pulmonary and Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010023. [PMID: 35062227 PMCID: PMC8777977 DOI: 10.3390/v14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread worldwide following its emergence in Wuhan, China, and hit pandemic levels. Its tremendous incidence favoured the emergence of viral variants. The current genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 has a clear impact on epidemiology and clinical practice, especially regarding transmission rates and the effectiveness of vaccines. In this study, we evaluated the replication of different SARS-CoV-2 isolates representing different virus genotypes which have been isolated throughout the pandemic. We used three distinct cell lines, including Vero E6 cells originating from monkeys; Caco-2 cells, an intestinal epithelium cell line originating from humans; and Calu-3 cells, a pulmonary epithelium cell line also originating from humans. We used RT-qPCR to replicate different SARS-CoV-2 genotypes by quantifying the virus released in the culture supernatant of infected cells. We found that the different viral isolates replicate similarly in Caco-2 cells, but show very different replicative capacities in Calu-3 cells. This was especially highlighted for the lineages B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1, which are considered to be variants of concern. These results underscore the importance of the evaluation and characterisation of each SARS-CoV-2 isolate in order to establish the replication patterns before performing tests, and of the consideration of the ideal SARS-CoV-2 genotype-cell type pair for each assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Augusto Pires de Souza
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Le Bideau
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Celine Boschi
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lorène Ferreira
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Wurtz
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Unité de Recherche Microbe Phylogeny and Evoluition (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (G.A.P.d.S.); (M.L.B.); (C.B.); (L.F.); (N.W.); (C.D.); (P.C.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-0413-732-401
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27
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Abrokwa SK, Müller SA, Méndez-Brito A, Hanefeld J, El Bcheraoui C. Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 infections and their potential risk to public health - a systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261221. [PMID: 34882750 PMCID: PMC8659325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To inform quarantine and contact-tracing policies concerning re-positive cases-cases testing positive among those recovered. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically reviewed and appraised relevant literature from PubMed and Embase for the extent of re-positive cases and their epidemiological characteristics. RESULTS In 90 case reports/series, a total of 276 re-positive cases were found. Among confirmed reinfections, 50% occurred within 90 days from recovery. Four reports related onward transmission. In thirty-five observational studies, rate of re-positives ranged from zero to 50% with no onward transmissions reported. In eight reviews, pooled recurrence rate ranged from 12% to 17.7%. Probability of re-positive increased with several factors. CONCLUSION Recurrence of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test is commonly reported within the first weeks following recovery from a first infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Kofi Abrokwa
- Evidence- based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Alice Müller
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alba Méndez-Brito
- Evidence- based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Evidence- based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Heggestad JT, Britton RJ, Kinnamon DS, Wall SA, Joh DY, Hucknall AM, Olson LB, Anderson JG, Mazur A, Wolfe CR, Oguin TH, Sullenger BA, Burke TW, Kraft BD, Sempowski GD, Woods CW, Chilkoti A. Rapid test to assess the escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7682. [PMID: 34860546 PMCID: PMC8641938 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants are concerning in the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we developed a rapid test, termed CoVariant-SCAN, that detects neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) capable of blocking interactions between the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and the spike protein of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and three other variants: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1. Using CoVariant-SCAN, we assessed neutralization/blocking of monoclonal antibodies and plasma from COVID-19–positive and vaccinated individuals. For several monoclonal antibodies and most plasma samples, neutralization against B.1.351 and P.1 variants is diminished relative to WT, while B.1.1.7 is largely cross-neutralized. We also showed that we can rapidly adapt the platform to detect nAbs against an additional variant—B.1.617.2 (Delta)—without reengineering or reoptimizing the assay. Results using CoVariant-SCAN are consistent with live virus neutralization assays and demonstrate that this easy-to-deploy test could be used to rapidly assess nAb response against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Heggestad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rhett J. Britton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David S. Kinnamon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Simone A. Wall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Joh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Angus M. Hucknall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lyra B. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jack G. Anderson
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Mazur
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cameron R. Wolfe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas H. Oguin
- Department of Medicine and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bruce A. Sullenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas W. Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bryan D. Kraft
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Department of Medicine and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Dhillon RA, Qamar MA, Gilani JA, Irfan O, Waqar U, Sajid MI, Mahmood SF. The mystery of COVID-19 reinfections: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 72:103130. [PMID: 34900250 PMCID: PMC8642249 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, reports on disparities in vaccine roll out alongside COVID-19 reinfection have been emerging. We conducted a systematic review to assess the determinants and disease spectrum of COVID-19 reinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search covering relevant databases was conducted for observational studies reporting Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) confirmed infection and reinfection cases. A quality assessment tool developed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) for the assessment of case series was utilized. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 for pooled proportions of findings in first infection and reinfection with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Eighty-one studies reporting 577 cases were included from 22 countries. The mean age of patients was 46.2 ± 18.9 years and 179 (31.0%) cases of comorbidities were reported. The average time duration between first infection and reinfection was 63.6 ± 48.9 days. During first infection and reinfection, fever was the most common symptom (41.4% and 36.4%, respectively) whilst anti-viral therapy was the most common treatment regimen administered (44.5% and 43.0%, respectively). Comparable odds of symptomatic presentation and management were reported for the two infections. However, a higher Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission rate was observed in reinfection compared to first infection (10 vs 3). Ten deaths were reported with respiratory failure being the most common cause of death (7/10 deaths). CONCLUSION Our findings support immunization practices given increased ICU admissions and mortality in reinfections. Our cohort serves as a guide for clinicians and authorities in devising an optimal strategy for controlling the pandemic. (249 words).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Omar Irfan
- Amaris Consulting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usama Waqar
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Faisal Mahmood
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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30
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Does infection with or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 lead to lasting immunity? THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2021; 9:1450-1466. [PMID: 34688434 PMCID: PMC8530467 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many nations are pursuing the rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as an exit strategy from unprecedented COVID-19-related restrictions. However, the success of this strategy relies critically on the duration of protective immunity resulting from both natural infection and vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits an adaptive immune response against a large breadth of viral epitopes, although the duration of the response varies with age and disease severity. Current evidence from case studies and large observational studies suggests that, consistent with research on other common respiratory viruses, a protective immunological response lasts for approximately 5-12 months from primary infection, with reinfection being more likely given an insufficiently robust primary humoral response. Markers of humoral and cell-mediated immune memory can persist over many months, and might help to mitigate against severe disease upon reinfection. Emerging data, including evidence of breakthrough infections, suggest that vaccine effectiveness might be reduced significantly against emerging variants of concern, and hence secondary vaccines will need to be developed to maintain population-level protective immunity. Nonetheless, other interventions will also be required, with further outbreaks likely to occur due to antigenic drift, selective pressures for novel variants, and global population mobility.
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31
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Gularte JS, da Silva MS, Demoliner M, Hansen AW, Heldt FH, Silveira F, Filippi M, Pereira VMDAG, da Silva FP, Mallmann L, Fink P, Laux JL, Weber MN, de Almeida PR, Fleck JD, Spilki FR. Reinfection cases by closely related SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1881-1885. [PMID: 34562232 PMCID: PMC8475897 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the pandemic that started in late 2019 and still affects people's lives all over the world. Lack of protective immunity after primary infection has been involved with reported reinfection cases by SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we described two cases of reinfection caused by non-VOC (Variants of Concern) strains in southern Brazil, being one patient a healthcare worker. The four samples previously positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were sequenced by a high-performance platform and the genomic analysis confirmed that lineages responsible for infections were B.1.91 and B.1.1.33 (patient 1), and B.1.1.33 and B.1.1.28 (patient 2). The interval between the two positive RT-qPCR for patients 1 and 2 was 45 and 61 days, respectively. This data shows that patients may be reinfected even by very closely related SARS-CoV-2 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Schons Gularte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Alana Witt Hansen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Fágner Henrique Heldt
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Flávio Silveira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Micheli Filippi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Vyctoria Malayhka de Abreu Góes Pereira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Francini Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Larissa Mallmann
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Pietra Fink
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Luísa Laux
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Paula Rodrigues de Almeida
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Juliane Deise Fleck
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, Nº 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93525-075, Brazil
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32
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Ahmad L. Implication of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Escape Spike Variants on Secondary and Vaccine Breakthrough Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742167. [PMID: 34804022 PMCID: PMC8596465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic remains an on-going global health and economic threat that has amassed millions of deaths. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of this disease and is constantly under evolutionary pressures that drive the modification of its genome which may represent a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines available. This article highlights the pressures that facilitate the rise of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and the key mutations of the viral spike protein - L452R, E484K, N501Y and D614G- that promote immune escape mechanism and warrant a cautionary point for clinical and public health responses in terms of re-infection, vaccine breakthrough infection and therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyana Ahmad
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah (PAPRSB) Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
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33
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Focosi D, Maggi F. Neutralising antibody escape of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Risk assessment for antibody-based Covid-19 therapeutics and vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2231. [PMID: 33724631 PMCID: PMC8250244 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Spike protein is the target of both antibody-based therapeutics (convalescent plasma, polyclonal serum, monoclonal antibodies) and vaccines. Mutations in Spike could affect efficacy of those treatments. Hence, monitoring of mutations is necessary to forecast and readapt the inventory of therapeutics. Different phylogenetic nomenclatures have been used for the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 clades. The Spike protein has different hotspots of mutation and deletion, the most dangerous for immune escape being the ones within the receptor binding domain (RBD), such as K417N/T, N439K, L452R, Y453F, S477N, E484K, and N501Y. Convergent evolution has led to different combinations of mutations among different clades. In this review we focus on the main variants of concern, that is, the so-called UK (B.1.1.7), South African (B.1.351) and Brazilian (P.1) strains.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Brazil/epidemiology
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Protein Binding
- Risk Assessment
- SARS-CoV-2/classification
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- South Africa/epidemiology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- United Kingdom/epidemiology
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North‐Western Tuscany Blood BankPisa University HospitalPisaItaly
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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Khan A, Khan T, Ali S, Aftab S, Wang Y, Qiankun W, Khan M, Suleman M, Ali S, Heng W, Ali SS, Wei DQ, Mohammad A. SARS-CoV-2 new variants: Characteristic features and impact on the efficacy of different vaccines. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112176. [PMID: 34562770 PMCID: PMC8433040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its new variants reported in different countries have posed a serious threat to human health and social fabrics worldwide. In addition, these new variants hindered the efforts of vaccines and other therapeutic developments. In this review article, we explained the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, their transmission risk, mortality rate, and, more importantly, the impact of each new variant on the efficacy of the developed vaccines reported in different literature and findings. The literature reported that with the emergence of new variants, the efficacy of different vaccines is declined, hospitalization and the risk of reinfection is increased. The reports concluded that the emergence of a variant that entirely evades the immune response triggered by the vaccine is improbable. The emergence of new variants and reports of re-infections are creating a more distressing situation and therefore demands further investigation to formulate an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Taimoor Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shughla Ali
- Department of Zoology, Swat College of Science and Technology (SCST), Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Summiya Aftab
- Department of Zoology, Government Girls Degree College, Thana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Yanjing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wang Qiankun
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Mazhar Khan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei 230027, Anhui, PR China
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Kanju Campus, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Kanju Campus, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Wang Heng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Kanju Campus, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
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35
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Lo Muzio L, Ambosino M, Lo Muzio E, Quadri MFA. SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Is a New Challenge for the Effectiveness of Global Vaccination Campaign: A Systematic Review of Cases Reported in Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11001. [PMID: 34682746 PMCID: PMC8535385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 seems to be a rare phenomenon. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic search of literature on the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in order to understand the success of the global vaccine campaigns. A systematic search was performed. Inclusion criteria included a positive RT-PCR test of more than 90 days after the initial test and the confirmed recovery or a positive RT-PCR test of more than 45 days after the initial test that is accompanied by compatible symptoms or epidemiological exposure, naturally after the confirmed recovery. Only 117 articles were included in the final review with 260 confirmed cases. The severity of the reinfection episode was more severe in 92/260 (35.3%) with death only in 14 cases. The observation that many reinfection cases were less severe than initial cases is interesting because it may suggest partial protection from disease. Another interesting line of data is the detection of different clades or lineages by genome sequencing between initial infection and reinfection in 52/260 cases (20%). The findings are useful and contribute towards the role of vaccination in response to the COVID-19 infections. Due to the reinfection cases with SARS-CoV-2, it is evident that the level of immunity is not 100% for all individuals. These data highlight how it is necessary to continue to observe all the prescriptions recently indicated in the literature in order to avoid new contagion for all people after healing from COVID-19 or becoming asymptomatic positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia (C.I.N.B.O.), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ambosino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Lo Muzio
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82511, Saudi Arabia;
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36
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Pecora ND, Pettengill M. The Role of Laboratory-Based Viral Testing in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin Chem 2021; 68:33-35. [PMID: 34662380 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Pecora
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Pettengill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kohler P, Güsewell S, Seneghini M, Egger T, Leal O, Brucher A, Lemmenmeier E, Möller JC, Rieder P, Ruetti M, Stocker R, Vuichard-Gysin D, Wiggli B, Besold U, Kuster SP, McGeer A, Risch L, Friedl A, Schlegel M, Vernazza P, Kahlert CR. Impact of baseline SARS-CoV-2 antibody status on syndromic surveillance and the risk of subsequent COVID-19-a prospective multicenter cohort study. BMC Med 2021; 19:270. [PMID: 34649585 PMCID: PMC8514323 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a prospective healthcare worker (HCW) cohort, we assessed the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to baseline serostatus. METHODS Baseline serologies were performed among HCW from 23 Swiss healthcare institutions between June and September 2020, before the second COVID-19 wave. Participants answered weekly electronic questionnaires covering information about nasopharyngeal swabs (PCR/rapid antigen tests) and symptoms compatible with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Screening of symptomatic staff by nasopharyngeal swabs was routinely performed in participating facilities. We compared numbers of positive nasopharyngeal tests and occurrence of COVID-19 symptoms between HCW with and without anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. RESULTS A total of 4812 HCW participated, wherein 144 (3%) were seropositive at baseline. We analyzed 107,807 questionnaires with a median follow-up of 7.9 months. Median number of answered questionnaires was similar (24 vs. 23 per person, P = 0.83) between those with and without positive baseline serology. Among 2712 HCW with ≥ 1 SARS-CoV-2 test during follow-up, 3/67 (4.5%) seropositive individuals reported a positive result (one of whom asymptomatic), compared to 547/2645 (20.7%) seronegative participants, 12 of whom asymptomatic (risk ratio [RR] 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07 to 0.66). Seropositive HCWs less frequently reported impaired olfaction/taste (6/144, 4.2% vs. 588/4674, 12.6%, RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.15-0.73), chills (19/144, 13.2% vs. 1040/4674, 22.3%, RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39-0.90), and limb/muscle pain (28/144, 19.4% vs. 1335/4674, 28.6%, RR 0.68 95% CI 0.49-0.95). Impaired olfaction/taste and limb/muscle pain also discriminated best between positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 results. CONCLUSIONS Having SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid antibodies provides almost 80% protection against SARS-CoV-2 re-infection for a period of at least 8 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kohler
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Sabine Güsewell
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Clinical Trials Unit, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Seneghini
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Egger
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Onicio Leal
- Epitrack, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Brucher
- Psychiatry Services of the Canton of St. Gallen (South), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Eva Lemmenmeier
- Clienia Littenheid AG, Private Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Littenheid, Switzerland
| | - J Carsten Möller
- Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, Zihlschlacht, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Ruetti
- Fuerstenland Toggenburg Hospital Group, Wil, Switzerland
| | | | - Danielle Vuichard-Gysin
- Thurgau Hospital Group, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt Wiggli
- Cantonal Hospital Baden, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Besold
- Geriatric Clinic St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Schaan, Liechtenstein.,Clienia Littenheid AG, Private Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Littenheid, Switzerland.,Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrée Friedl
- Cantonal Hospital Baden, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schlegel
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Vernazza
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Kahlert
- Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Goes LR, Siqueira JD, Garrido MM, Alves BM, Pereira ACPM, Cicala C, Arthos J, Viola JPB, Soares MA. New infections by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern after natural infections and post-vaccination in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 94:104998. [PMID: 34252616 PMCID: PMC8270730 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
After a one-year rollout of the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the continuous dissemination of the virus has generated a number of variants with increased transmissibility and infectivity, called variants of concern (VOC), which now predominate worldwide. Concerns about the susceptibility of humans that have already been infected before or those already vaccinated to infection by VOC rise among scientists and clinicians. Herein, we assessed the prevalence of different VOC among recent infections at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). By using a Sanger-based sequencing approach targeting the viral S gene to identify VOC, we have analyzed 72 recent infections. The overall prevalence of VOC was 97%. Among the subjects analyzed, six had been vaccinated with the ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 (n = 4; one with two doses and three with one dose) or the CoronaVac (n = 2; both with 2 doses) vaccine, while five subjects represented reinfection cases, being two of them also part of the vaccinated group (each one with one vaccine type). All vaccinated and re-infected subjects carried VOC irrespective of the vaccine type taken, the number of doses taken, IgG titers or being previously infected during the first wave of the Brazilian pandemic. Importantly, all six vaccinees only had mild symptoms. We present here several examples of how natural infections or vaccination may not be fully capable of conferring sterilizing immunity against VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia R Goes
- Oncovirology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 10 Room 6A08, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Juliana D Siqueira
- Oncovirology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Marianne M Garrido
- Hospital Infection Control Committee, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Praça Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20230-130, Brazil.
| | - Brunna M Alves
- Oncovirology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina P M Pereira
- Section of Anesthesiology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Praça Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20230-130, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 10 Room 6A08, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 10 Room 6A08, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Oncovirology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
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Khan A, Zia T, Suleman M, Khan T, Ali SS, Abbasi AA, Mohammad A, Wei D. Higher infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 new variants is associated with K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y mutants: An insight from structural data. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7045-7057. [PMID: 33755190 PMCID: PMC8251074 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 new variants reported to be 70% more contagious than the earlier one is now spreading fast worldwide. There is an instant need to discover how the new variants interact with the host receptor (ACE2). Among the reported mutations in the Spike glycoprotein of the new variants, three are specific to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and required insightful scrutiny for new therapeutic options. These structural evolutions in the RBD domain may impart a critical role to the unique pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 new variants. Herein, using structural and biophysical approaches, we explored that the specific mutations in the UK (N501Y), South African (K417N-E484K-N501Y), Brazilian (K417T-E484K-N501Y), and hypothetical (N501Y-E484K) variants alter the binding affinity, create new inter-protein contacts and changes the internal structural dynamics thereby increases the binding and eventually the infectivity. Our investigation highlighted that the South African (K417N-E484K-N501Y), Brazilian (K417T-E484K-N501Y) variants are more lethal than the UK variant (N501Y). The behavior of the wild type and N501Y is comparable. Free energy calculations further confirmed that increased binding of the spike RBD to the ACE2 is mainly due to the electrostatic contribution. Further, we find that the unusual virulence of this virus is potentially the consequence of Darwinian selection-driven epistasis in protein evolution. The triple mutants (South African and Brazilian) may pose a serious threat to the efficacy of the already developed vaccine. Our analysis would help to understand the binding and structural dynamics of the new mutations in the RBD domain of the Spike protein and demand further investigation in in vitro and in vivo models to design potential therapeutics against the new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological StatisticsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Tauqir Zia
- Department of MicrobiologyQuaid‐i‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Center for Biotechnology and MicrobiologyUniversity of SwatSwatKhyber‐PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Taimoor Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological StatisticsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and MicrobiologyUniversity of SwatSwatKhyber‐PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Aamir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for BioinformaticsQuaid‐i‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDasman Diabetes InstituteKuwait
| | - Dong‐Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological StatisticsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai‐Islamabad‐Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP.R. China
- Peng Cheng LaboratoryVanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan DistrictGuangdongShenzhenP.R. China
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40
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Yamasaki L, Moi ML. Complexities in Case Definition of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection: Clinical Evidence and Implications in COVID-19 Surveillance and Diagnosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1262. [PMID: 34684211 PMCID: PMC8540172 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinfection cases have been reported in some countries with clinical symptoms ranging from mild to severe. In addition to clinical diagnosis, virus genome sequence from the first and second infection has to be confirmed to either belong to separate clades or had significant mutations for the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. While phylogenetic analysis with paired specimens offers the strongest evidence for reinfection, there remains concerns on the definition of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, for reasons including accessibility to paired-samples and technical challenges in phylogenetic analysis. In light of the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants that are associated with increased transmissibility and immune-escape further understanding of COVID-19 protective immunity, real-time surveillance directed at identifying COVID-19 transmission patterns, transmissibility of emerging variants and clinical implications of reinfection would be important in addressing the challenges in definition of COVID-19 reinfection and understanding the true disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yamasaki
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Tropical and Emerging Virus Diseases, WHO Global Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
- School of International Health/Global Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Meng Ling Moi
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Tropical and Emerging Virus Diseases, WHO Global Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
- School of International Health/Global Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Delgado R. Comprehensive serological strategy for the diagnosis and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2. From infection to vaccine control. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2021; 34 Suppl 1:44-45. [PMID: 34598425 PMCID: PMC8683006 DOI: 10.37201/req/s01.13.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 serology is useful to identify past COVID-19 cases, and it is not useful for acute infection. Levels of specific SARS-CoV-2 anti-N and especially anti-S are expected to be maintained for long periods. At this moment there is not a clear correlate of protection after COVID-19 or vaccination, therefore serological follow up is not indicated in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Delgado
- Rafael Delgado. Servicio de Microbiología. Instituto de Investigación i+12. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid, Spain.
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Novazzi F, Baj A, Genoni A, Spezia PG, Colombo A, Cassani G, Zago C, Pasciuta R, Della Gasperina D, Ageno W, Severgnini P, Dentali F, Focosi D, Maggi F. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 reinfection after previous COVID-19 in two immunocompetent Italian patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5648-5649. [PMID: 33969504 PMCID: PMC8242781 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreina Baj
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Angelo Genoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Pietro G Spezia
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristian Zago
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Renee Pasciuta
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Della Gasperina
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Unit of Internal Medicine, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Department of Emergency, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Severgnini
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Dentali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Unit of Internal Medicine, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Armstrong JN, Campbell L, Rabatsky-her T, Leung V, Parikh S. Repeat positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing in nursing home residents during the initial 9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational retrospective analysis. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 3:100054. [PMID: 34458887 PMCID: PMC8380052 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing homes are high-risk COVID-19 settings with residents who are typically older and have multiple comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 testing occurs frequently in nursing homes, with public health guidance suggesting that repeat testing is generally not warranted in the 90 days following initial positive test results. Interpretation of repeat positive tests beyond 90 days is challenging and the consequences of decisions following these tests are significant. METHODS We utilized a surveillance system for COVID-19 to identify Connecticut nursing home residents who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RNA-based testing ≥ 90 days after initial positive results. We analyzed statewide nursing home testing data over a 9-month period, from the first Connecticut nursing home case identified on March 15 through December 15, 2020, when nursing home COVID-19 vaccinations began in Connecticut. FINDINGS We identified 156 residents (median age 75 years) with positive RNA-based PCR tests occurring ≥90 days after an initial positive test. Residents with repeat positives tests represented approximately 2.6% (156/6,079) of nursing home residents surviving beyond 90 days of their initial SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis statewide since the start of the pandemic, with a median time to repeat positivity of 135 days (range 90-245 days). Deaths were reported in 12.8% (20/156) of residents following the repeat positive test, with 80% (16/20) having one or more intervening negative RT-PCR tests prior to the repeat positive test. INTERPRETATION Our analysis suggests that repeat positive testing in nursing home populations may exceed those reported in younger age groups. Repeat positive tests beyond 90 days may accompany severe outcomes, and should be prospectively investigated with genomic, virologic and additional data, when feasible. Data shed light on the duration of protective immunity following natural infection in this subset of largely elderly and medically frail individuals. FUNDING This work was conducted in the context of the Connecticut DPH COVID-19 response and not supported by specific funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N. Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Vivian Leung
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA,Corresponding author: Sunil Parikh, MD, MPH, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06520; Phone (203) 737-7906.
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44
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Tallei TE, Fatimawali, Yelnetty A, Idroes R, Kusumawaty D, Emran TB, Yesiloglu TZ, Sippl W, Mahmud S, Alqahtani T, Alqahtani AM, Asiri S, Rahmatullah M, Jahan R, Khan MA, Celik I. An Analysis Based on Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Bromelain as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:717757. [PMID: 34489706 PMCID: PMC8417730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.717757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 has compelled the entire world to seek ways to weaken this virus, prevent its spread and also eliminate it. However, no drug has been approved to treat COVID-19. Furthermore, the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on this viral spike protein, as well as several other important parts of this virus, have recently undergone mutations, resulting in new virus variants. While no treatment is currently available, a naturally derived molecule with known antiviral properties could be used as a potential treatment. Bromelain is an enzyme found in the fruit and stem of pineapples. This substance has been shown to have a broad antiviral activity. In this article, we analyse the ability of bromelain to counteract various variants of the SARS-CoV-2 by targeting bromelain binding on the side of this viral interaction with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. We have succeeded in making three-dimensional configurations of various RBD variants using protein modelling. Bromelain exhibited good binding affinity toward various variants of RBDs and binds right at the binding site between RBDs and hACE2. This result is also presented in the modelling between Bromelain, RBD, and hACE2. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations study revealed significant stability of the bromelain and RBD proteins separately up to 100 ns with an RMSD value of 2 Å. Furthermore, despite increases in RMSD and changes in Rog values of complexes, which are likely due to some destabilized interactions between bromelain and RBD proteins, two proteins in each complex remained bonded, and the site where the two proteins bind remained unchanged. This finding indicated that bromelain could have an inhibitory effect on different SARS-CoV-2 variants, paving the way for a new SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor drug. However, more in vitro and in vivo research on this potential mechanism of action is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
- The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Fatimawali
- The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Afriza Yelnetty
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Diah Kusumawaty
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Taha Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Asiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rownak Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Arif Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Albrecht L, Bishop E, Jay B, Lafoux B, Minoves M, Passaes C. COVID-19 Research: Lessons from Non-Human Primate Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:886. [PMID: 34452011 PMCID: PMC8402317 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It emerged from China in December 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, causing a pandemic with unprecedented impacts on public health and economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of curative treatments and vaccines. In humans, COVID-19 pathogenesis shows a wide range of symptoms, from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Identifying animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that reflect the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 is of critical importance. Nonhuman primates (NHPss) correspond to relevant models to assess vaccine and antiviral effectiveness. This review discusses the use of NHPs as models for COVID-19 research, with focus on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, drug discovery and pre-clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Albrecht
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elodie Bishop
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Basile Jay
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Blaise Lafoux
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Minoves
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Département de Sciences du vivant, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
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Massachi J, Donohue KC, Kelly JD. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection Cases Corroborated by Sequencing. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:884-889. [PMID: 34370705 PMCID: PMC8592142 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating cases of reinfection may offer some insight into areas for further investigation regarding durability of immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Sixty cases of reinfection with viral sequencing were identified in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and medRxiv before May 1, 2021.Episodes of infection were separated by a median of 116 days. Severity of illness was greater among individuals reinfected within 90 days of initial infection, no asymptomatic initial cases developed severe reinfection, nearly half of cases had suspected escape variants, and nearly all individuals tested following reinfection were found to have detectable levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This analysis is limited by the heterogeneous methods used among reports. Reinfection continues to be relatively rare. As the case rate presumably increases over time, this review will inform measurements to determine the natural history and causal determinants of reinfection in more rigorous observational cohort studies and other standardized surveillance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Massachi
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - John Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
- F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
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Escandón K, Rasmussen AL, Bogoch II, Murray EJ, Escandón K, Popescu SV, Kindrachuk J. COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:710. [PMID: 34315427 PMCID: PMC8314268 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists across disciplines, policymakers, and journalists have voiced frustration at the unprecedented polarization and misinformation around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several false dichotomies have been used to polarize debates while oversimplifying complex issues. In this comprehensive narrative review, we deconstruct six common COVID-19 false dichotomies, address the evidence on these topics, identify insights relevant to effective pandemic responses, and highlight knowledge gaps and uncertainties. The topics of this review are: 1) Health and lives vs. economy and livelihoods, 2) Indefinite lockdown vs. unlimited reopening, 3) Symptomatic vs. asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, 4) Droplet vs. aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, 5) Masks for all vs. no masking, and 6) SARS-CoV-2 reinfection vs. no reinfection. We discuss the importance of multidisciplinary integration (health, social, and physical sciences), multilayered approaches to reducing risk ("Emmentaler cheese model"), harm reduction, smart masking, relaxation of interventions, and context-sensitive policymaking for COVID-19 response plans. We also address the challenges in understanding the broad clinical presentation of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. These key issues of science and public health policy have been presented as false dichotomies during the pandemic. However, they are hardly binary, simple, or uniform, and therefore should not be framed as polar extremes. We urge a nuanced understanding of the science and caution against black-or-white messaging, all-or-nothing guidance, and one-size-fits-all approaches. There is a need for meaningful public health communication and science-informed policies that recognize shades of gray, uncertainties, local context, and social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Escandón
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleanor J Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Karina Escandón
- Department of Anthropology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Saskia V Popescu
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Colson P, Devaux CA, Lagier JC, Gautret P, Raoult D. A Possible Role of Remdesivir and Plasma Therapy in the Selective Sweep and Emergence of New SARS-CoV-2 Variants. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3276. [PMID: 34362060 PMCID: PMC8348317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since summer 2020, SARS-CoV-2 strains at the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic have suddenly been replaced by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, some of which are highly transmissible and spread at a high rate. These variants include the Marseille-4 lineage (Nextclade 20A.EU2) in Europe, the 20I/501Y.V1 variant first detected in the UK, the 20H/501Y.V2 variant first detected in South Africa, and the 20J/501Y.V3 variant first detected in Brazil. These variants are characterized by multiple mutations in the viral spike protein that is targeted by neutralizing antibodies elicited in response to infection or vaccine immunization. The usual coronavirus mutation rate through genetic drift alone cannot account for such rapid changes. Recent reports of the occurrence of such mutations in immunocompromised patients who received remdesivir and/or convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies to treat prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infections led us to hypothesize that experimental therapies that fail to cure the patients from COVID-19 could favor the emergence of immune escape SARS-CoV-2 variants. We review here the data that support this hypothesis and urge physicians and clinical trial promoters to systematically monitor viral mutations by whole-genome sequencing for patients who are administered these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christian A. Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
- Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.C.); (C.A.D.); (J.-C.L.); (P.G.)
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
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Alsalih NJ, Saeed ZF, Thwiny HT, Al-Yasari AMR, Alnassar AWD, Hobkirk JP, Alsaadawi MA. Case Report: Reinfection of COVID-19, with second infection less severe. F1000Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53652.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is concern that an individual may contract COVID-19 twice, either as a result of being a viral carrier that was not entirely cleared from the body in the first instance or as a result of reinfection. The recurrent infection may be qRT-PCR positive, which must be distinguished from post-COVID-19 symptoms that are qRT-PCR negative. Although it is known that recovered patients of viral diseases can be immune for the next infection, recurrent infections of COVID-19 have been recorded in Brazilian healthcare workers. We report a case of recurrent COVID-19 infection in a 34-year-old man working in the Gynecology and Children Hospital in Al-Muthanna Province, south of Iraq. The patient suffered from a sharp and noticeable rise in the body temperature at 39 ºC and cough on the 16th of July 2020. Then, the patient was symptomized with another course of COVID-19 on the 27th of August 2020, which was contracted from the patient’s workmate. Nose swab PCR test and CT scan were performed to confirm the second infection. The clinical signs of repeated infection with coronavirus were obviously less than the first infection of the same patient. It is clear that the first infection symptoms of COVID-19 are more severe than the signs of recurrent disease.
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Garg J, Agarwal J, Das A, Sen M. Recurrent COVID-19 infection in a health care worker: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:363. [PMID: 34253225 PMCID: PMC8273561 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is an emerging problem and may prove to be one of the greatest problems in controlling the pandemic in the future. Recurrent infections can be due to reactivation of dormant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or reinfection with similar or different strains of SARS-CoV-2. Case presentation Here we present an interesting case of a health care worker working as a laboratory assistant at a COVID-19 laboratory who developed recurrent COVID-19 infection. He did not develop an immune response after the first episode of COVID-19; however, immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected after the second episode. Conclusions Through this case, we discuss the concept of reactivation and reinfection in the post-COVID period. We suggest that standard guidelines should be established to check for viral shedding and immune response among cured cases of COVID-19 after discharge via serial real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing and IgG antibody detection. Further, strict hygiene practices should be stressed to these patients with possibility of COVID-19 recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226010, India
| | - Jyotsna Agarwal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226010, India.
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226010, India
| | - Manodeep Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226010, India
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