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Groß R, Reßin H, von Maltitz P, Albers D, Schneider L, Bley H, Hoffmann M, Cortese M, Gupta D, Deniz M, Choi JY, Jansen J, Preußer C, Seehafer K, Pöhlmann S, Voelker DR, Goffinet C, Pogge-von Strandmann E, Bunz U, Bartenschlager R, El Andaloussi S, Sparrer KMJ, Herker E, Becker S, Kirchhoff F, Münch J, Müller JA. Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids are an innate defence against apoptotic mimicry viral pathogens. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:905-921. [PMID: 38528146 PMCID: PMC10994849 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Some viruses are rarely transmitted orally or sexually despite their presence in saliva, breast milk, or semen. We previously identified that extracellular vesicles (EVs) in semen and saliva inhibit Zika virus infection. However, the antiviral spectrum and underlying mechanism remained unclear. Here we applied lipidomics and flow cytometry to show that these EVs expose phosphatidylserine (PS). By blocking PS receptors, targeted by Zika virus in the process of apoptotic mimicry, they interfere with viral attachment and entry. Consequently, physiological concentrations of EVs applied in vitro efficiently inhibited infection by apoptotic mimicry dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, Ebola and vesicular stomatitis viruses, but not severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus and herpesviruses that use other entry receptors. Our results identify the role of PS-rich EVs in body fluids in innate defence against infection via viral apoptotic mimicries, explaining why these viruses are primarily transmitted via PS-EV-deficient blood or blood-ingesting arthropods rather than direct human-to-human contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Reßin
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pascal von Maltitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dan Albers
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Bley
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam Deniz
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jae-Yeon Choi
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jenny Jansen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elke Pogge-von Strandmann
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Herker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Bhatt LK, Patel JH, Shah CR, Patel SR, Patel SD, Patel VA, Sundar R, Jain MR. Immunization of laboratory animal workers: occupational health and safety aspects. Pathog Glob Health 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38506667 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2024.2329376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Occupational immunization is an integral part of institutional occupational safety and health (OSH) programs. Laboratory animal workers (LAWs) are personnel working with various small and large vertebrate animals. LAWs are at the risk of contracting a myriad of zoonotic infections as they are occupationally exposed to animals and their biological products. Immunizing employees against such zoonotic pathogens is the best way to prevent disease transmission. This review provides information on various zoonotic diseases, vaccines available to protect against such infections, and vaccination schedules. Certain sections of institutional occupational immunization programs such as risk evaluation, immunizing special categories of personnel and exemption from immunization among others are also described. Additionally, the authors have discussed various probable modes of impact through which occupational immunization of laboratory animal workers fulfills different United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxit K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Jitendra H Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Chitrang R Shah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sudhir R Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shital D Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vipul A Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh Sundar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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3
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Hcini N, Lambert V, Picone O, Carod JF, Carles G, Pomar L, Epelboin L, Nacher M. Arboviruses and pregnancy: are the threats visible or hidden? Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38355934 PMCID: PMC10868105 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-023-00213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviral diseases are a global concern and can have severe consequences on maternal, neonatal, and child health. Their impact on pregnancy tends to be neglected in developing countries. Despite hundreds of millions of infections, 90% pregnancies being exposed, scientific data on pregnant women is poor and sometimes non-existent. Recently and since the 2016 Zika virus outbreak, there has been a newfound interest in these diseases. Through various neuropathogenic, visceral, placental, and teratogenic mechanisms, these arbovirus infections can lead to fetal losses, obstetrical complications, and a wide range of congenital abnormalities, resulting in long-term neurological and sensory impairments. Climate change, growing urbanization, worldwide interconnectivity, and ease of mobility allow arboviruses to spread to other territories and impact populations that had never been in contact with these emerging agents before. Pregnant travelers are also at risk of infection with potential subsequent complications. Beyond that, these pathologies show the inequalities of access to care on a global scale in a context of demographic growth and increasing urbanization. It is essential to promote research, diagnostic tools, treatments, and vaccine development to address this emerging threat.Background The vulnerability of pregnant women and fetuses to emergent and re-emergent pathogens has been notably illustrated by the outbreaks of Zika virus. Our comprehension of the complete scope and consequences of these infections during pregnancy remains limited, particularly among those involved in perinatal healthcare, such as obstetricians and midwives. This review aims to provide the latest information and recommendations regarding the various risks, management, and prevention for pregnant women exposed to arboviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeh Hcini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana.
- CIC Inserm 1424 and DFR Santé Université Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.
| | - Véronique Lambert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Olivier Picone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, Assistance Publique : Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, CEDEX, Colombes, France
| | - Jean-Francois Carod
- Department of Biology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Gabriel Carles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Léo Pomar
- Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Apaydın ÇB, Göktaş F, Naesens L, Karalı N. Novel 2-indolinone derivatives as promising agents against respiratory syncytial and yellow fever viruses. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:295-310. [PMID: 38288568 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: A vaccine or antiviral drug for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and a specific antiviral drug for yellow fever virus (YFV) infections has not yet been developed. Method: In this study, 2-indolinone-based N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamides were synthesized. Along with these new compounds, previously synthesized 2-indolinone-based N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamides were evaluated against various DNA and RNA viruses. Results: Some 2-indolinone compounds exhibited nontoxic and selective antiviral activities against RSV and YFV. Halogen substitution at the indole ring increased the anti-RSV activities. Moreover, 1-benzyl and 5-halogen or nitro-substituted compounds were the most effective compounds against YFV. Conclusion: Generally, the 3-sulfonamide-substituted compounds were determined to be more effective than 4-sulfonamide-substituted compounds against RSV and YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Begüm Apaydın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Füsun Göktaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nilgün Karalı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
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Francese R, Peila C, Donalisio M, Lamberti C, Cirrincione S, Colombi N, Tonetto P, Cavallarin L, Bertino E, Moro GE, Coscia A, Lembo D. Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection? Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1389-1415. [PMID: 37604306 PMCID: PMC10721544 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of nutrition for infant growth and health. This nourishment is unique and changes constantly during lactation to adapt to the physiological needs of the developing infant. It is also recognized as a potential route of transmission of some viral pathogens although the presence of a virus in HM rarely leads to a disease in an infant. This intriguing paradox can be explained by considering the intrinsic antiviral properties of HM. In this comprehensive and schematically presented review, we have described what viruses have been detected in HM so far and what their potential transmission risk through breastfeeding is. We have provided a description of all the antiviral compounds of HM, along with an analysis of their demonstrated and hypothesized mechanisms of action. Finally, we have also analyzed the impact of HM pasteurization and storage methods on the detection and transmission of viruses, and on the antiviral compounds of HM. We have highlighted that there is currently a deep knowledge on the potential transmission of viral pathogens through breastfeeding and on the antiviral properties of HM. The current evidence suggests that, in most cases, it is unnecessarily to deprive an infant of this high-quality nourishment and that the continuation of breastfeeding is in the best interest of the infant and the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina "Ferdinando Rossi", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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Medina A, Rusnak R, Richardson R, Zimmerman MG, Suthar M, Schoof N, Kovacs-Balint Z, Mavigner M, Sanchez M, Chahroudi A, Raper J. Treatment with sofosbuvir attenuates the adverse neurodevelopmental consequences of Zika virus infection in infant rhesus macaques. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578148. [PMID: 37451078 PMCID: PMC10528946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during infancy in a rhesus macaque (RM) model negatively impacts brain development resulting in long-term behavioral alterations. The current study investigated whether postexposure prophylaxis could alleviate these negative neurodevelopmental consequences. Three RM infants received a 14-day course of sofosbuvir (SOF; 15 mg/kg p.o.) treatment starting at 3 days post-infection with a Puerto Rican strain of ZIKV (PRVABC59) and were then monitored longitudinally for one year. In contrast to ZIKV-infected infant RMs who did not receive SOF, postexposure SOF treatment mitigated the neurodevelopmental, behavioral and cognitive changes seen after postnatal ZIKV infection even while not accelerating viral clearance from the blood. These data suggest that antiviral treatment may help ameliorate some, but not all, of the neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with early postnatal ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Medina
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca Rusnak
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca Richardson
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Matthew G Zimmerman
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mehul Suthar
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nils Schoof
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zsofia Kovacs-Balint
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mar Sanchez
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jessica Raper
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Pargin E, Roach MJ, Skye A, Papudeshi B, Inglis LK, Mallawaarachchi V, Grigson SR, Harker C, Edwards RA, Giles SK. The human gut virome: composition, colonization, interactions, and impacts on human health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:963173. [PMID: 37293229 PMCID: PMC10244655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.963173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut virome is an incredibly complex part of the gut ecosystem. Gut viruses play a role in many disease states, but it is unknown to what extent the gut virome impacts everyday human health. New experimental and bioinformatic approaches are required to address this knowledge gap. Gut virome colonization begins at birth and is considered unique and stable in adulthood. The stable virome is highly specific to each individual and is modulated by varying factors such as age, diet, disease state, and use of antibiotics. The gut virome primarily comprises bacteriophages, predominantly order Crassvirales, also referred to as crAss-like phages, in industrialized populations and other Caudoviricetes (formerly Caudovirales). The stability of the virome's regular constituents is disrupted by disease. Transferring the fecal microbiome, including its viruses, from a healthy individual can restore the functionality of the gut. It can alleviate symptoms of chronic illnesses such as colitis caused by Clostridiodes difficile. Investigation of the virome is a relatively novel field, with new genetic sequences being published at an increasing rate. A large percentage of unknown sequences, termed 'viral dark matter', is one of the significant challenges facing virologists and bioinformaticians. To address this challenge, strategies include mining publicly available viral datasets, untargeted metagenomic approaches, and utilizing cutting-edge bioinformatic tools to quantify and classify viral species. Here, we review the literature surrounding the gut virome, its establishment, its impact on human health, the methods used to investigate it, and the viral dark matter veiling our understanding of the gut virome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah K. Giles
- Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Raphael LMS, de Mello IS, Gómez MM, Ribeiro IP, Furtado ND, Lima NS, Dos Santos AAC, Fernandes DR, da Cruz SOD, Damasceno LS, Brasil P, Bonaldo MC. Phenotypic and Genetic Variability of Isolates of ZIKV-2016 in Brazil. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050854. [PMID: 35630300 PMCID: PMC9146765 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of a Zika virus epidemic resurgence requires studies to understand its mechanisms of pathogenicity. Here, we describe the isolation of the Zika virus from breast milk (Rio-BM1) and compare its genetic and virological properties with two other isolates (Rio-U1 and Rio-S1) obtained during the same epidemic period. Complete genomic analysis of these three viral isolates showed that they carry characteristics of the American isolates and belong to the Asian genotype. Furthermore, we detected eight non-synonymous single nucleotide variants and multiple nucleotide polymorphisms that reflect phenotypic changes. The new isolate, Rio-BM1, showed the lowest replication rates in mammalian cells, induced lower cell death rates, was more susceptible to treatment with type I IFN, and was less pathogenic than Rio-U1 in a murine model. In conclusion, the present study shows evidence that the isolate Rio-BM1 is more attenuated than Rio-U1, probably due to the impact of genetic alterations in the modulation of virulence. The results obtained in our in vitro model were consistent with the pathogenicity observed in the animal model, indicating that this method can be used to assess the virulence level of other isolates or to predict the pathogenicity of reverse genetic constructs containing other polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Menezes Souza Raphael
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Iasmim Silva de Mello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Mariela Martínez Gómez
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Division, Molecular Biology Department, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Nathália Dias Furtado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Noemia Santana Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Alexandre Araújo Cunha Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Déberli Ruiz Fernandes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Stephanie Oliveira Diaz da Cruz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
| | - Luana Santana Damasceno
- Laboratory of Acute Febrile Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.S.D.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Laboratory of Acute Febrile Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.S.D.); (P.B.)
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.M.S.R.); (I.S.d.M.); (I.P.R.); (N.D.F.); (N.S.L.); (A.A.C.D.S.); (D.R.F.); (S.O.D.d.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Curry K, Chandler R, Kostas-Polston EA, Alexander I, Orsega S, Johnson-Mallard V. Recommendations for managing sexually transmitted infections: Incorporating the 2021 guidelines. Nurse Pract 2022; 47:10-18. [PMID: 35349512 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000822528.27483.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common and costly, with about 26 million STIs occurring each year in the US. Guidelines for the prevention and management of STIs are updated periodically. In 2021, the CDC updated its guidelines for the treatment of STIs. This article provides information on the most recent updates on managing STIs to help advanced practice nurses in their practice.
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10
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Ferreira G, Blasina F, Rodríguez Rey M, Anesetti G, Sapiro R, Chavarría L, Cardozo R, Rey G, Sobrevia L, Nicolson GL. Pathophysiological and molecular considerations of viral and bacterial infections during maternal-fetal and -neonatal interactions of SARS-CoV-2, Zika, and Mycoplasma infectious diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166285. [PMID: 34624499 PMCID: PMC8492386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, a series of physiological changes are determined at the molecular, cellular and macroscopic level that make the mother and fetus more susceptible to certain viral and bacterial infections, especially the infections in this and the companion review. Particular situations increase susceptibility to infection in neonates. The enhanced susceptibility to certain infections increases the risk of developing particular diseases that can progress to become morbidly severe. For example, during the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, epidemiological studies have established that pregnant women with COVID-19 disease are more likely to be hospitalized. However, the risk for intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation is not increased compared with nonpregnant women. Although much remains unknown with this particular infection, the elevated risk of progression during pregnancy towards more severe manifestations of COVID-19 disease is not associated with an increased risk of death. In addition, the epidemiological data available in neonates suggest that their risk of acquiring COVID-19 is low compared with infants (<12 months of age). However, they might be at higher risk for progression to severe COVID-19 disease compared with older children. The data on clinical presentation and disease severity among neonates are limited and based on case reports and small case series. It is well documented the importance of the Zika virus infection as the main cause of several congenital anomalies and birth defects such as microcephaly, and also adverse pregnancy outcomes. Mycoplasma infections also increase adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review will focus on the molecular, pathophysiological and biophysical characteristics of the mother/placental-fetal/neonatal interactions and the possible mechanisms of these pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, ZIKV, and Mycoplasmas) for promoting disease at this level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ferreira
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling, Dept. of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay,Corresponding author
| | - Fernanda Blasina
- Dept. of Neonatology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marianela Rodríguez Rey
- Dept. of Neonatology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Anesetti
- Dept. of Histology and Development, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosana Sapiro
- Dept. of Histology and Development, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luisina Chavarría
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling, Dept. of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Cardozo
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling, Dept. of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Grazzia Rey
- Dept. of Clinical Ginecology and Obstetrics B, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain,Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Garth L. Nicolson
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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11
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Ferreira G, Santander A, Savio F, Guirado M, Sobrevia L, Nicolson GL. SARS-CoV-2, Zika viruses and mycoplasma: Structure, pathogenesis and some treatment options in these emerging viral and bacterial infectious diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166264. [PMID: 34481867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of life on earth along with changing environmental, conditions has rendered mankind susceptible to endemic and pandemic emerging infectious diseases. The effects of certain systemic viral and bacterial infections on morbidity and mortality are considered as examples of recent emerging infections. Here we will focus on three examples of infections that are important in pregnancy and early childhood: SARS-CoV-2 virus, Zika virus, and Mycoplasma species. The basic structural characteristics of these infectious agents will be examined, along with their general pathogenic mechanisms. Coronavirus infections, such as caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, likely evolved from zoonotic bat viruses to infect humans and cause a pandemic that has been the biggest challenge for humanity since the Spanish Flu pandemic of the early 20th century. In contrast, Zika Virus infections represent an expanding infectious threat in the context of global climate change. The relationship of these infections to pregnancy, the vertical transmission and neurological sequels make these viruses highly relevant to the topics of this special issue. Finally, mycoplasmal infections have been present before mankind evolved, but they were rarely identified as human pathogens until recently, and they are now recognized as important coinfections that are able to modify the course and prognosis of various infectious diseases and other chronic illnesses. The infectious processes caused by these intracellular microorganisms are examined as well as some general aspects of their pathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnoses. We will finally consider examples of treatments that have been used to reduce morbidity and mortality of these infections and discuss briefly the current status of vaccines, in particular, against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is important to understand some of the basic features of these emerging infectious diseases and the pathogens involved in order to better appreciate the contributions of this special issue on how infectious diseases can affect human pregnancy, fetuses and neonates.
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12
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Lednicky JA, Tagliamonte MS, White SK, Blohm GM, Alam MM, Iovine NM, Salemi M, Mavian C, Morris JG. Isolation of a Novel Recombinant Canine Coronavirus From a Visitor to Haiti: Further Evidence of Transmission of Coronaviruses of Zoonotic Origin to Humans. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:e1184-e1187. [PMID: 34718467 PMCID: PMC9402678 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated a novel coronavirus from a medical team member presenting with fever and malaise after travel to Haiti. The virus showed 99.4% similarity with a recombinant canine coronavirus recently identified in a pneumonia patient in Malaysia, suggesting that infection with this virus and/or recombinant variants occurs in multiple locations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah K White
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriela M Blohm
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Md Mahbubul Alam
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole M Iovine
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Correspondence: G. Morris, Emerging Pathogens Institute, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL32610-0009 ()
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13
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Filgueiras IS, Torrentes de Carvalho A, Cunha DP, Mathias da Fonseca DL, El Khawanky N, Freire PP, Cabral-Miranda G, Schimke LF, Camara NOS, Ochs HD, Peron JPS, Cabral-Marques O, de Vasconcelos ZFM. The clinical spectrum and immunopathological mechanisms underlying ZIKV-induced neurological manifestations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009575. [PMID: 34351896 PMCID: PMC8341629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2015 to 2016 outbreak in America, Zika virus (ZIKV) infected almost 900,000 patients. This international public health emergency was mainly associated with a significant increase in the number of newborns with congenital microcephaly and abnormal neurologic development, known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Furthermore, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a neuroimmune disorder of adults, has also been associated with ZIKV infection. Currently, the number of ZIKV-infected patients has decreased, and most of the cases recently reported present as a mild and self-limiting febrile illness. However, based on its natural history of a typical example of reemerging pathogen and the lack of specific therapeutic options against ZIKV infection, new outbreaks can occur worldwide, demanding the attention of researchers and government authorities. Here, we discuss the clinical spectrum and immunopathological mechanisms underlying ZIKV-induced neurological manifestations. Several studies have confirmed the tropism of ZIKV for neural progenitor stem cells by demonstrating the presence of ZIKV in the central nervous system (CNS) during fetal development, eliciting a deleterious inflammatory response that compromises neurogenesis and brain formation. Of note, while the neuropathology of CZS can be due to a direct viral neuropathic effect, adults may develop neuroimmune manifestations such as GBS due to poorly understood mechanisms. Antiganglioside autoantibodies have been detected in multiple patients with ZIKV infection-associated GBS, suggesting a molecular mimicry. However, further additional immunopathological mechanisms remain to be uncovered, paving the way for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Salerno Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Torrentes de Carvalho
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology of Federal University of Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Prado Cunha
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paula Paccielli Freire
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F. Schimke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Otávio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Mate A, Reyes-Goya C, Santana-Garrido Á, Sobrevia L, Vázquez CM. Impact of maternal nutrition in viral infections during pregnancy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166231. [PMID: 34343638 PMCID: PMC8325560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Other than being a physiological process, pregnancy is a condition characterized by major adaptations of maternal endocrine and metabolic homeostasis that are necessary to accommodate the fetoplacental unit. Unfortunately, all these systemic, cellular, and molecular changes in maternal physiology also make the mother and the fetus more prone to adverse outcomes, including numerous alterations arising from viral infections. Common infections during pregnancy that have long been recognized as congenitally and perinatally transmissible to newborns include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses (originally coined as ToRCH infections). In addition, enterovirus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis virus, varicella-zoster virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Zika and Dengue virus, and, more recently, coronavirus infections including Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (especially the novel SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic), constitute relevant targets for current research on maternal-fetal interactions in viral infections during pregnancy. Appropriate maternal education from preconception to the early postnatal period is crucial to promote healthy pregnancies in general and to prevent and/or reduce the impact of viral infections in particular. Specifically, an adequate lifestyle based on proper nutrition plans and feeding interventions, whenever possible, might be crucial to reduce the risk of virus-related gestational diseases and accompanying complications in later life. Here we aim to provide an overview of the emerging literature addressing the impact of nutrition in the context of potentially harmful viral infections during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Mate
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Claudia Reyes-Goya
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Santana-Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Medical School (Faculty of Medicine), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen M Vázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Fikatas A, Vervaeke P, Meyen E, Llor N, Ordeix S, Boonen I, Bletsa M, Kafetzopoulou LE, Lemey P, Amat M, Pannecouque C, Schols D. A Novel Series of Indole Alkaloid Derivatives Inhibit Dengue and Zika Virus Infection by Interference with the Viral Replication Complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0234920. [PMID: 34001508 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02349-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we identified a novel class of compounds which demonstrated good antiviral activity against dengue and Zika virus infection. These derivatives constitute intermediates in the synthesis of indole (ervatamine-silicine) alkaloids and share a tetracyclic structure, with an indole and a piperidine fused to a seven-membered carbocyclic ring. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated the importance of substituent at position C-6 and especially the presence of a benzyl ester for the activity and cytotoxicity of the molecules. In addition, the stereochemistry at C-7 and C-8, as well as the presence of an oxazolidine ring, influenced the potency of the compounds. Mechanism of action studies with two analogues of this family (compounds 22 and trans-14) showed that this class of molecules can suppress viral infection during the later stages of the replication cycle (RNA replication/assembly). Moreover, a cell-dependent antiviral profile of the compounds against several Zika strains was observed, possibly implying the involvement of a cellular factor(s) in the activity of the molecules. Sequencing of compound-resistant Zika mutants revealed a single nonsynonymous amino acid mutation (aspartic acid to histidine) at the beginning of the predicted transmembrane domain 1 of NS4B protein, which plays a vital role in the formation of the viral replication complex. To conclude, our study provides detailed information on a new class of NS4B-associated inhibitors and strengthens the importance of identifying host-virus interactions in order to tackle flavivirus infections.
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16
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Desgraupes S, Hubert M, Gessain A, Ceccaldi PE, Vidy A. Mother-to-Child Transmission of Arboviruses during Breastfeeding: From Epidemiology to Cellular Mechanisms. Viruses 2021; 13:1312. [PMID: 34372518 PMCID: PMC8310101 DOI: 10.3390/v13071312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most viruses use several entry sites and modes of transmission to infect their host (parenteral, sexual, respiratory, oro-fecal, transplacental, transcutaneous, etc.). Some of them are known to be essentially transmitted via arthropod bites (mosquitoes, ticks, phlebotomes, sandflies, etc.), and are thus named arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses. During the last decades, several arboviruses have emerged or re-emerged in different countries in the form of notable outbreaks, resulting in a growing interest from scientific and medical communities as well as an increase in epidemiological studies. These studies have highlighted the existence of other modes of transmission. Among them, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) during breastfeeding was highlighted for the vaccine strain of yellow fever virus (YFV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), and suggested for other arboviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and West Nile virus (WNV). In this review, we summarize all epidemiological and clinical clues that suggest the existence of breastfeeding as a neglected route for MTCT of arboviruses and we decipher some of the mechanisms that chronologically occur during MTCT via breastfeeding by focusing on ZIKV transmission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Desgraupes
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (M.H.); (A.G.); (P.-E.C.)
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Hubert
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (M.H.); (A.G.); (P.-E.C.)
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (M.H.); (A.G.); (P.-E.C.)
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (M.H.); (A.G.); (P.-E.C.)
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurore Vidy
- Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (M.H.); (A.G.); (P.-E.C.)
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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17
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Van de Perre P, Molès J, Nagot N, Tuaillon E, Ceccaldi P, Goga A, Prendergast AJ, Rollins N. Revisiting Koch's postulate to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by human milk. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:835-842. [PMID: 33594740 PMCID: PMC8359252 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As breastfeeding is of utmost importance for child development and survival, identifying whether breast milk is a route of transmission for human viruses is critical. Based on the principle of Koch's postulate, we propose an analytical framework to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by breast milk. This framework is based on five criteria: viral infection in children receiving breast milk from infected mothers; the presence of virus, viral antigen, or viral genome in the breast milk of infected mothers; the evidence for the virus in breast milk being infectious; the attempts to rule out other transmission modalities; and the reproduction of viral transmission by oral inoculation in an animal model. We searched for evidence in published reports to determine whether the 5 criteria are fulfilled for 16 human viruses that are suspected to be transmissible by breast milk. We considered breast milk transmission is proven if all 5 criteria are fulfilled, as probable if 4 of the 5 criteria are met, as possible if 3 of the 5 criteria are fulfilled, and as unlikely if less than 3 criteria are met. Only five viruses have proven transmission through breast milk: human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. The other 11 viruses fulfilled some but not all criteria and were categorized accordingly. Our framework analysis is useful for guiding public health recommendations and for identifying knowledge gaps amenable to original experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Jean‐Pierre Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre‐Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus OncogènesCNRS UMR 3569Institut PasteurUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Ameena Goga
- HIV Prevention Research UnitSouth African Medical Research CouncilCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health ResearchHarareZimbabwe
| | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and AgeingWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
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18
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Dinleyici M, Pérez-Brocal V, Arslanoglu S, Aydemir O, Sevuk Ozumut S, Tekin N, Vandenplas Y, Moya A, Dinleyici EC. Human Milk Virome Analysis: Changing Pattern Regarding Mode of Delivery, Birth Weight, and Lactational Stage. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061779. [PMID: 34071061 PMCID: PMC8224552 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human milk (HM) microbiota is a significant source of microbes that colonize the infant gut early in life. The aim of this study was to compare transient and mature HM virome compositions, and also possible changes related to the mode of delivery, gestational age, and weight for gestational age. Overall, in the 81 samples analyzed in this study, reads matching bacteriophages accounted for 79.5% (mainly Podoviridae, Myoviridae, and Siphoviridae) of the reads, far more abundant than those classified as eukaryotic viruses (20.5%, mainly Herpesviridae). In the whole study group of transient human milk, the most abundant families were Podoviridae and Myoviridae. In mature human milk, Podoviridae decreased, and Siphoviridae became the most abundant family. Bacteriophages were predominant in transient HM samples (98.4% in the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, 92.1% in the premature group, 89.9% in the C-section group, and 68.3% in the large for gestational age group), except in the small for gestational age group (only ~45% bacteriophages in transient HM samples). Bacteriophages were also predominant in mature HM; however, they were lower in mature HM than in transient HM (71.7% in the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, 60.8% in the C-section group, 56% in the premature group, and 80.6% in the large for gestational age group). Bacteriophages still represented 45% of mature HM in the small for gestational age group. In the transient HM of the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, the most abundant family was Podoviridae; however, in mature HM, Podoviridae became less prominent than Siphoviridae. Myoviridae was predominant in both transient and mature HM in the premature group (all C-section), and Podoviridae was predominant in transient HM, while Siphoviridae and Herpesviridae were predominant in mature HM. In the small for gestational age group, the most abundant taxa in transient HM were the family Herpesviridae and a species of the genus Roseolovirus. Bacteriophages constituted the major component of the HM virome, and we showed changes regarding the lactation period, preterm birth, delivery mode, and birth weight. Early in life, the HM virome may influence the composition of an infant's gut microbiome, which could have short- and long-term health implications. Further longitudinal mother-newborn pair studies are required to understand the effects of these variations on the composition of the HM and the infant gut virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Dinleyici
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey;
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), 46020 Valencia, Spain; (V.P.-B.); (A.M.)
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sertac Arslanoglu
- Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34720, Turkey; (S.A.); (S.S.O.)
| | - Ozge Aydemir
- Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; (O.A.); (N.T.)
| | - Sibel Sevuk Ozumut
- Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34720, Turkey; (S.A.); (S.S.O.)
| | - Neslihan Tekin
- Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; (O.A.); (N.T.)
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Department of Pediatrics, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Unversiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Andrés Moya
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), 46020 Valencia, Spain; (V.P.-B.); (A.M.)
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UVEG), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-222-239-29-79 (ext. 2722)
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Bhardwaj U, Pandey N, Rastogi M, Singh SK. Gist of Zika Virus pathogenesis. Virology 2021; 560:86-95. [PMID: 34051478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic flavivirus. ZIKV infection may lead to microcephaly in developing fetus and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) like symptoms in adults. ZIKV was first reported in humans in 1952 from Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Later, ZIKV outbreak was reported in 2007 from the Yap Island. ZIKV re-emerged as major outbreak in the year 2013 from French Polynesia followed by second outbreak in the year 2015 from Brazil. ZIKV crosses the blood-tissue barriers to enter immune-privileged organs. Clinical manifestations in ZIKV disease includes rash, fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, headache, transverse myelitis, meningoencephalitis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The understanding of the molecular mechanism of ZIKV pathogenesis is very important to develop potential diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for ZIKV infected patients.
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Ginige S, Flower R, Viennet E. Neonatal Outcomes From Arboviruses in the Perinatal Period: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pediatrics 2021; 147:peds.2020-009720. [PMID: 33737375 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-009720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2016 Zika outbreak and the understanding of the teratogenic effect of this infection, there has been a newfound interest in arbovirus infections and their effects on pregnancy, resulting in numerous publications in the last 5 years. However, limited literature focuses on arbovirus infection in different stages of pregnancy and their effect on the neonate. There is currently no consensus management of perinatal acquisition of arboviruses, and current evidence is largely anecdotal observational reports. Teratogens can have different effects on the developing fetus depending on the time of infection, so infections during pregnancy should be analyzed by trimester. A better understanding of arbovirus infection in the perinatal period is required to assist obstetric, neonatal, and pediatric clinicians in making decisions about the management of mother and neonate. Our objective was to assess the evidence of adverse neonatal outcomes for several arboviral infections when contracted during the perinatal period to guide clinicians in managing these patients. There are 8 arboviruses for which neonatal outcomes from maternal acquisition in the perinatal period have been reported, with the most data for dengue and Chikungunya virus infections. The evidence reviewed in this article supports the adoption of preventive strategies to avoid ticks and mosquitoes close to the date of delivery. For the other arbovirus infections, further community-based cohort studies during outbreaks are required to evaluate whether these infections have a similar teratogenic impact.
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Centeno-Tablante E, Medina-Rivera M, Finkelstein JL, Herman HS, Rayco-Solon P, Garcia-Casal MN, Rogers L, Ghezzi-Kopel K, Zambrano Leal MP, Andrade Velasquez JK, Chang Asinc JG, Peña-Rosas JP, Mehta S. Update on the Transmission of Zika Virus Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010123. [PMID: 33477428 PMCID: PMC7830280 DOI: 10.3390/v13010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically searched regional and international databases and screened 1658 non-duplicate records describing women with suspected or confirmed ZIKV infection, intending to breastfeed or give breast milk to an infant to examine the potential of mother-to-child transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) through breast milk or breastfeeding-related practices. Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria and inform this analysis. These studies reported on 97 mother-children pairs who provided breast milk for ZIKV assessment. Seventeen breast milk samples from different women were found positive for ZIKV via RT-PCR, and ZIKV replication was found in cell cultures from five out of seven breast milk samples from different women. Only three out of six infants who had ZIKV infection were breastfed, no evidence of clinical complications was found to be associated with ZIKV RNA in breast milk. This review updates our previous report by including 12 new articles, in which we found no evidence of ZIKV mother-to-child transmission through breast milk intake or breastfeeding. As the certainty of the present evidence is low, additional studies are still warranted to determine if ZIKV can be transmitted through breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Centeno-Tablante
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (E.C.-T.); (M.M.-R.); (J.L.F.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Melisa Medina-Rivera
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (E.C.-T.); (M.M.-R.); (J.L.F.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Julia L. Finkelstein
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (E.C.-T.); (M.M.-R.); (J.L.F.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Heather S. Herman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (E.C.-T.); (M.M.-R.); (J.L.F.); (H.S.H.)
| | - Pura Rayco-Solon
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland;
| | - Maria Nieves Garcia-Casal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland; (M.N.G.-C.); (L.R.); (J.P.P.-R.)
| | - Lisa Rogers
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland; (M.N.G.-C.); (L.R.); (J.P.P.-R.)
| | | | - Mildred P. Zambrano Leal
- Hospital de Niños Roberto Gilbert Elizalde, Guayaquil 090514, Ecuador; (M.P.Z.L.); (J.K.A.V.); (J.G.C.A.)
| | - Joyce K. Andrade Velasquez
- Hospital de Niños Roberto Gilbert Elizalde, Guayaquil 090514, Ecuador; (M.P.Z.L.); (J.K.A.V.); (J.G.C.A.)
| | - Juan G. Chang Asinc
- Hospital de Niños Roberto Gilbert Elizalde, Guayaquil 090514, Ecuador; (M.P.Z.L.); (J.K.A.V.); (J.G.C.A.)
| | - Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland; (M.N.G.-C.); (L.R.); (J.P.P.-R.)
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (E.C.-T.); (M.M.-R.); (J.L.F.); (H.S.H.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Raper J, Chahroudi A. Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Adverse Neurodevelopment after Postnatal Zika Virus Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010010. [PMID: 33445671 PMCID: PMC7838975 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes mild or no symptoms in adults, during the 2015−2016 outbreak, ZIKV infection in pregnancy resulted in a spectrum of diseases in infants, including birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders identified in childhood. While intense clinical and basic science research has focused on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal ZIKV infection, less is known about the consequences of infection during early life. Considering the neurotropism of ZIKV and the rapidly-developing postnatal brain, it is important to understand how infection during infancy may disrupt neurodevelopment. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding early postnatal ZIKV infection. Emerging clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that ZIKV infection during infancy can result in negative neurologic consequences. However, clinical data regarding postnatal ZIKV infection in children are limited; as such, animal models play an important role in understanding the potential complications of ZIKV infection related to the vulnerable developing brain. Preclinical data provide insight into the potential behavioral, cognitive, and motor domains that clinical studies should examine in pediatric populations exposed to ZIKV during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Raper
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence:
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23
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Calvet GA, Kara EO, Landoulsi S, Habib N, Bôtto-Menezes CHA, Franca RFDO, Neto AM, Castilho MDC, Fernandes TJ, Pereira GF, Giozza SP, Bermúdez XPD, Modjarrad K, Lima N, Brasil P, de Lacerda MVG, de Filippis AMB, Broutet NJN. Cohort profile: Study on Zika virus infection in Brazil (ZIKABRA study). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244981. [PMID: 33400705 PMCID: PMC7785242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been detected in blood, urine, semen, cerebral spinal fluid, saliva, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. In most ZIKV infected individuals, the virus is detected in the blood to one week after the onset of symptoms and has been found to persist longer in urine and semen. To better understand virus dynamics, a prospective cohort study was conducted in Brazil to assess the presence and duration of ZIKV and related markers (viral RNA, antibodies, T cell response, and innate immunity) in blood, semen, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions/menstrual blood, rectal swab and sweat. The objective of the current manuscript is to describe the cohort, including an overview of the collected data and a description of the baseline characteristics of the participants. Men and women ≥ 18 years with acute illness and their symptomatic and asymptomatic household contacts with positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test for ZIKV in blood and/or urine were included. All participants were followed up for 12 months. From July 2017 to June 2019, a total of 786 participants (284 men, 502 women) were screened. Of these, 260 (33.1%) were enrolled in the study; index cases: 64 men (24.6%), 162 (62.3%) women; household contacts: 12 men (4.6%), 22 (8.5%) women. There was a statistically significant difference in age and sex between enrolled and not enrolled participants (p<0.005). Baseline sociodemographic and medical data were collected at enrollment from all participants. The median and interquartile range (IQR) age was 35 (IQR; 25.3, 43) for men and 36.5 years (IQR; 28, 47) for women. Following rash, which was one of the inclusion criteria for index cases, the most reported symptoms in the enrollment visit since the onset of the disease were fever, itching, arthralgia with or without edema, non-purulent conjunctivitis, headache, and myalgia. Ten hospitalizations were reported by eight patients (two patients were hospitalized twice) during follow up, after a median of 108 days following symptom onset (range 7 to 266 days) and with a median of 1.5 days (range 1 to 20 days) of hospital stay. A total of 4,137 visits were performed, 223 (85.8%) participants have attended all visits and 37 (14.2%) patients were discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Amaral Calvet
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Edna Oliveira Kara
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sihem Landoulsi
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ndema Habib
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camila Helena Aguiar Bôtto-Menezes
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Armando Menezes Neto
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcia da Costa Castilho
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Jorge Fernandes
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerson Fernando Pereira
- Department of Chronic Condition Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Silvana Pereira Giozza
- Department of Chronic Condition Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Noemia Lima
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães de Lacerda
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Song W, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li R, Han Y, Lin Y, Jiang J. Repurposing clinical drugs is a promising strategy to discover drugs against Zika virus infection. Front Med 2020; 15:404-415. [PMID: 33369711 PMCID: PMC7768800 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen associated with neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and microcephaly in fetuses and newborns. This mosquito-borne flavivirus causes important social and sanitary problems owing to its rapid dissemination. However, the development of antivirals against ZIKV is lagging. Although various strategies have been used to study anti-ZIKV agents, approved drugs or vaccines for the treatment (or prevention) of ZIKV infections are currently unavailable. Repurposing clinically approved drugs could be an effective approach to quickly respond to an emergency outbreak of ZIKV infections. The well-established safety profiles and optimal dosage of these clinically approved drugs could provide an economical, safe, and efficacious approach to address ZIKV infections. This review focuses on the recent research and development of agents against ZIKV infection by repurposing clinical drugs. Their characteristics, targets, and potential use in anti-ZIKV therapy are presented. This review provides an update and some successful strategies in the search for anti-ZIKV agents are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanxing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Abstract
Human milk contains a dynamic and complex site-specific microbiome, which is not assembled in an aleatory way, formed by organized microbial consortia and networks. Presence of some genera, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium (formerly known as Propionibacterium), Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium, has been detected by both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. DNA from some gut-associated strict anaerobes has also been repeatedly found and some studies have revealed the presence of cells and/or nucleic acids from viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa in human milk. Colostrum and milk microbes are transmitted to the infant and, therefore, they are among the first colonizers of the human gut. Still, the significance of human milk microbes in infant gut colonization remains an open question. Clinical studies trying to elucidate the question are confounded by the profound impact of non-microbial human milk components to intestinal microecology. Modifications in the microbiota of human milk may have biological consequences for infant colonization, metabolism, immune and neuroendocrine development, and for mammary health. However, the factors driving differences in the composition of the human milk microbiome remain poorly known. In addition to colostrum and milk, breast tissue in lactating and non-lactating women may also contain a microbiota, with implications in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and in some of the adverse outcomes associated with breast implants. This and other open issues, such as the origin of the human milk microbiome, and the current limitations and future prospects are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leónides Fernández
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pia S. Pannaraj
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuli Rautava
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Alomar AA, Eastmond BH, Alto BW. The effects of exposure to pyriproxyfen and predation on Zika virus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008846. [PMID: 33201875 PMCID: PMC7707533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen that can cause global public health threats. In the absence of effective antiviral medications, prevention measures rely largely on reducing the number of adult mosquito vectors by targeting juvenile stages. Despite the importance of juvenile mosquito control measures in reducing adult population size, a full understanding of the effects of these measures in determining mosquito phenotypic traits and in mosquito-arbovirus interactions is poorly understood. Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analog that primarily blocks adult emergence, but does not cause mortality in larvae. This mechanism has the potential to work in combination with other juvenile sources of mortality in nature such as predation to affect mosquito populations. Here, we experimentally evaluated the effects of juvenile exposure to pyriproxyfen and predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus on Aedes aegypti phenotypes including susceptibility to ZIKV infection and transmission. We discovered that combined effects of pyriproxyfen and Tx. rutilus led to higher inhibition of adult emergence in Ae. aegypti than observed in pyriproxyfen or Tx. rutilus treatments alone. Adult body size was larger in treatments containing Tx. rutilus and in treatments mimicking the daily mortality of predation compared to control or pyriproxyfen treatments. Susceptibility to infection with ZIKV in Ae. aegypti was reduced in predator treatment relative to those exposed to pyriproxyfen. Disseminated infection, transmission, and titers of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti were similar in all treatments relative to controls. Our data suggest that the combination of pyriproxyfen and Tx. rutilus can inhibit adult Ae. aegypti emergence but may confer a fitness advantage in survivors and does not inhibit their vector competence for ZIKV relative to controls. Understanding the ultimate consequences of juvenile mosquito control measures on subsequent adults’ ability to transmit pathogens is critical to fully understand their overall impacts. Mosquito control approaches primarily depend on lowering the number of potential adult mosquito vectors by inhibiting juvenile stages to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission. Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analog that inhibits the emergence of adult mosquitoes by interrupting metamorphosis, but does not target larvae. This mechanism allows natural sources of mortality like predation to act in combination with pyriproxyfen to affect mosquito population size. Here, we determined the effects of juvenile exposure to pyriproxyfen and predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus on adult Aedes aegypti traits, including infection with Zika virus. Combined effects of pyriproxyfen and Tx. rutilus led to strong inhibition of adult emergence in Ae. aegypti. Treatments containing predators or those mimicking the daily mortality of predation produced larger sized adults. Susceptibility to ZIKV infection was lowest in the predator treatment and highest in the pyriproxyfen treatment. Disseminated infection, transmission, and viral titers of ZIKV were similar between treatments. Our data suggest that the combination of pyriproxyfen and predators can enhance inhibition of adult Ae. aegypti emergence, but survivors may have fitness benefits such being larger mosquitoes. Understanding the consequences of control approaches in mosquito-pathogen interactions will assist to evaluate their suitability in mosquito control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Alomar
- University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bradley H. Eastmond
- University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barry W. Alto
- University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Hubert M, Jeannin P, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Roingeard P, Gessain A, Ceccaldi PE, Vidy A. Evidence That Zika Virus Is Transmitted by Breastfeeding to Newborn A129 ( Ifnar1 Knock-Out) Mice and Is Able to Infect and Cross a Tight Monolayer of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:524678. [PMID: 33193119 PMCID: PMC7649816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.524678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. Mainly transmitted via mosquito bites (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus), ZIKV has been classified in the large category of arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses. However, during the past two outbreaks in French Polynesia (2013–2014) and Latin America (2015–2016), several cases of ZIKV human-to-human transmission were reported, either vertically via transplacental route but also horizontally after sexual intercourse. Interestingly, high viral burdens were detected in the colostrum and breast milk of infected women and mother-to-child transmission of ZIKV during breastfeeding was recently highlighted. In a previous study, we highlighted the implication of the mammary epithelium (blood–milk barrier) in ZIKV infectious particles excretion in breast milk. However, mechanisms of their further transmissibility to the newborn via oral route through contaminated breast milk remain unknown. In this study, we provide the first experimental proof-of-concept of the existence of the breastfeeding as a route for mother-to-child transmission of ZIKV and characterized the neonatal oral transmission in a well-established mouse model of ZIKV infection. From a mechanistical point-of-view, we demonstrated for the first time that ZIKV was able to infect and cross an in vitro model of tight human intestinal epithelium without altering its barrier integrity, permitting us to consider the gut as an entry site for ZIKV after oral exposure. By combining in vitro and in vivo experiments, this study strengthens the plausibility of mother-to-child transmission of ZIKV during breastfeeding and helps to better characterize underlying mechanisms, such as the crossing of the newborn intestinal epithelium by ZIKV. As a consequence, these data could serve as a basis for a reflection about the implementation of measures to prevent ZIKV transmission, while keeping in mind breastfeeding-associated benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Hubert
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Jeannin
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plate-forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plate-forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Vidy
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569, Paris, France
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28
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Parker EL, Silverstein RB, Verma S, Mysorekar IU. Viral-Immune Cell Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:522047. [PMID: 33117336 PMCID: PMC7576479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.522047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human decidua and placenta form a distinct environment distinguished for its promotion of immunotolerance to infiltrating semiallogeneic trophoblast cells to enable successful pregnancy. The maternal-fetal interface also successfully precludes transmission of most pathogens. This barrier function occurs in conjunction with a diverse influx of decidual immune cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and T cells. However, several viruses, among other microorganisms, manage to escape destruction by the host adaptive and innate immune system, leading to congenital infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we describe mechanisms of pathogenicity of two such viral pathogens, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) at the maternal-fetal interface. Host decidual immune cell responses to these specific pathogens will be considered, along with their interactions with other cell types and the ways in which these immune cells may both facilitate and limit infection at different stages of pregnancy. Neither HCMV nor ZIKV naturally infect commonly used animal models [e.g., mice] which makes it challenging to understand disease pathogenesis. Here, we will highlight new approaches using placenta-on-a-chip and organoids models that are providing functional and physiologically relevant ways to study viral-host interaction at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel B. Silverstein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sonam Verma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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29
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Francese R, Civra A, Donalisio M, Volpi N, Capitani F, Sottemano S, Tonetto P, Coscia A, Maiocco G, Moro GE, Bertino E, Lembo D. Anti-Zika virus and anti-Usutu virus activity of human milk and its components. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008713. [PMID: 33027261 PMCID: PMC7571670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of human milk are mediated by multiple nutritional, trophic, and immunological components, able to promote infant's growth, maturation of its immature gut, and to confer protection against infections. Despite these widely recognized properties, breast-feeding represents an important mother-to-child transmission route of some viral infections. Different studies show that some flaviviruses can occasionally be detected in breast milk, but their transmission to the newborn is still controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral activity of human milk (HM) in its different stages of maturation against two emerging flaviviruses, namely Zika virus (ZIKV) and Usutu virus (USUV) and to verify whether HM-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to the milk protective effect. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected from 39 healthy donors. The aqueous fractions were tested in vitro with specific antiviral assays and EVs and GAGs were derived and characterized. HM showed antiviral activity against ZIKV and USUV at all the stages of lactation with no significant differences in the activity of colostrum, transitional or mature milk. Mechanism of action studies demonstrated that colostrum does not inactivate viral particles, but it hampers the binding of both flaviviruses to cells. We also demonstrated that HM-EVs and HM-GAGs contribute, at least in part, to the anti-ZIKV and anti-USUV action of HM. This study discloses the intrinsic antiviral activity of HM against ZIKV and USUV and demonstrates the contribution of two bioactive components in mediating its protective effect. Since the potential infectivity of HM during ZIKV and USUV infection is still unclear, these data support the World Health Organization recommendations about breast-feeding during ZIKV infection and could contribute to producing new guidelines for a possible USUV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Maiocco
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E. Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
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30
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Agarwal A, Chaurasia D. The expanding arms of Zika virus: An updated review with recent Indian outbreaks. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:1-9. [PMID: 33216418 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and their adverse clinical consequences have raised concerns throughout the world. ZIKV was little known during the initial outbreaks in Yap islands and French Polynesia, but it came to attention after the series of Brazil outbreaks in which severe complications like microcephaly in newborn babies was detected. During 2018, outbreaks of ZIKV occurred in two states of India which, being a tropical country, has congenial climatic conditions, abundance of highly competent mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and an immunologically naïve population. In this review, we will briefly discuss the history, epidemiology, evolution, transmission (vector-borne and non-vector borne), pathogenesis, clinical signs and unusual presentations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of ZIKV. Finally, we suggest priorities for urgent research required to address unanswered questions about Zika infections and help bring this virus under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agarwal
- State Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, India
| | - Deepti Chaurasia
- State Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, India
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31
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Raper J, Kovacs-Balint Z, Mavigner M, Gumber S, Burke MW, Habib J, Mattingly C, Fair D, Earl E, Feczko E, Styner M, Jean SM, Cohen JK, Suthar MS, Sanchez MM, Alvarado MC, Chahroudi A. Long-term alterations in brain and behavior after postnatal Zika virus infection in infant macaques. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2534. [PMID: 32439858 PMCID: PMC7242369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has a profound impact on the fetal nervous system. The postnatal period is also a time of rapid brain growth, and it is important to understand the potential neurobehavioral consequences of ZIKV infection during infancy. Here we show that postnatal ZIKV infection in a rhesus macaque model resulted in long-term behavioral, motor, and cognitive changes, including increased emotional reactivity, decreased social contact, loss of balance, and deficits in visual recognition memory at one year of age. Structural and functional MRI showed that ZIKV-infected infant rhesus macaques had persistent enlargement of lateral ventricles, smaller volumes and altered functional connectivity between brain areas important for socioemotional behavior, cognitive, and motor function (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum). Neuropathological changes corresponded with neuroimaging results and were consistent with the behavioral and memory deficits. Overall, this study demonstrates that postnatal ZIKV infection in this model may have long-lasting neurodevelopmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Raper
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark W Burke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jakob Habib
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cameron Mattingly
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Damien Fair
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Eric Earl
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Eric Feczko
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sherrie M Jean
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joyce K Cohen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mar M Sanchez
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria C Alvarado
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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32
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Pang W, Lin YL, Xin R, Chen XX, Lu Y, Zheng CB, Yang LM, Zheng YT. Zika virus transmission via breast milk in suckling mice. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:469.e1-7. [PMID: 32344170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infectious Zika viral particles were detected in human milk; however, whether they can be transmitted via breastfeeding remains unknown, so our objective was to clarify this. METHODS Here, in a natural breastfeeding model, wild-type (C57Bl/6; WT) or interferon α/β (IFNα/β) receptor-deficient (A129; KO) murine dams on day 1 post-delivery were infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) intraperitoneally, and the neonates were suckled. In a novel artificial feeding model, WT suckling mice at 1 day old were fed with ZIKV alone or ZIKV and human breast milk mixtures. Thereafter, the virus distribution, clinical progression and neuropathology in the WT or KO neonates were characterized to evaluate the risk of ZIKV transmission through breast milk. RESULTS In natural breastfeeding, viral RNAs (8/8) and infectious viral particles (7/8) were extensively present in the mammary glands of KO dams. All tested KO neonates (5/5), and none of WT neonates (0/9), were infected with ZIKV. In artificial feeding, 100% of the WT neonates (two groups, 12/12 and 16/16) were infected and developed some signs of neurodegeneration. ZIKV tended to seed and accumulate in the lungs and were subsequently disseminated to other tissues in both 16 naturally suckled and 19 artificially fed infected neonates. As human breast milk was mixed with ZIKV and fed to WT neonates, 45% individuals (9/20) were infected; in the infected neonates, the viral spread to the brain was delayed, and the clinical outcomes were alleviated. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that suckling mice can be infected with ZIKV through suckling, and breast milk has potential antiviral activity, inhibiting ZIKV infection.
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33
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Blohm GM, Márquez-Colmenarez MC, Lednicky JA, Bonny TS, Mavian C, Salemi M, Delgado-Noguera L, Morris JG, Paniz-Mondolfi AE. Isolation of Mayaro Virus from a Venezuelan Patient with Febrile Illness, Arthralgias, and Rash: Further Evidence of Regional Strain Circulation and Possible Long-Term Endemicity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:1219-1225. [PMID: 31595869 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-two febrile patients living in Barquisimeto, Venezuela, were screened for arbovirus infection by virus culture during an outbreak of what was thought to be Zika virus infection. We report identification of Mayaro virus (MAYV) on culture of plasma from one patient, an 18-year-old woman with acute febrile illness, arthralgias, and psoriasiform rash. The strain was sequenced and was found to be most closely related to a 1999 strain from French Guiana, which, in turn, was related to two 2014 strains from Haiti. By contrast, previously reported outbreak-related MAYV strains from a sylvatic area approximately 80 miles from where the case patient lived were most closely related to Peruvian isolates. The two strain groups show evidence of having diverged genetically approximately 100 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Blohm
- Venezuelan Science Research Incubator, Zoonoses and Emerging Pathogens Collaborative Network, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marilianna C Márquez-Colmenarez
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Venezuelan Science Research Incubator, Zoonoses and Emerging Pathogens Collaborative Network, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - John A Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tania S Bonny
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lourdes Delgado-Noguera
- Venezuelan Science Research Incubator, Zoonoses and Emerging Pathogens Collaborative Network, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - John Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alberto E Paniz-Mondolfi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling and Parasite Biochemistry, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas, Venezuela.,Venezuelan Science Research Incubator, Zoonoses and Emerging Pathogens Collaborative Network, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Instituto Diagnóstico Barquisimeto (IDB), Barquisimeto, Venezuela
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34
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Morelli F, Souza RP, Cruz TED, Damke GMZF, Damke E, Suehiro TT, Silva VRSD, Consolaro MEL. Zika virus infection in the genital tract of non-pregnant females: a systematic review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e16. [PMID: 32130356 PMCID: PMC7051180 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a general overview on the positivity and persistence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in female genital tract (FGT) of non-pregnant women and animals, as well as in cell cultures, and its influence on FGT health. We performed a systematic review based on the PRISMA statement to identify studies focused on "Zika virus" and "non-pregnant female" in PubMed, Embase, Scopus Scholar and Web of Knowledge databases of full-text papers and abstracts published in English, with no restrictions regarding the initial date of publication, up to August 2019. Our search terms yielded 625 records, that were 108 after removal of duplicates, leaving 517 items for title and abstract reviews. Of these, 475 did not meet the inclusion criteria, leaving 42 records for full-text review and resulting in the exclusion of 6 additional records. The remaining 36 met our inclusion criteria. Variations were observed regarding the presence and persistence of ZIKV in lower and upper genital samples. However, the FGT was the place in which ZIKV RNA has been detected, sometimes for relatively long periods, even after the clearance from blood and urine. In addition to the vagina and cervix, the endometrium, uterus and ovary (oocytes and follicles) could also be involved in persistent ZIKV infections. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the effect of ZIKV on FGT health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Morelli
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pantarotto Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Taís Elisângela da Cruz
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Marconi Zago Ferreira Damke
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edilson Damke
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tamy Tuani Suehiro
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia Ramos Sela da Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcia Edilaine Lopes Consolaro
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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35
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Teixeira FME, Pietrobon AJ, Oliveira LDM, Oliveira LMDS, Sato MN. Maternal-Fetal Interplay in Zika Virus Infection and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:175. [PMID: 32117303 PMCID: PMC7033814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the organization of complex tolerance mechanisms occurs to assure non-rejection of the semiallogeneic fetus. Pregnancy is a period of vulnerability to some viral infections, mainly during the first and second trimesters, that may cause congenital damage to the fetus. Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has gained great notoriety due to the occurrence of congenital ZIKV syndrome, characterized by fetal microcephaly, which results from the ability of ZIKV to infect placental cells and neural precursors in the fetus. Importantly, in addition to the congenital effects, studies have shown that perinatal ZIKV infection causes a number of disorders, including maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. In this paper, we contextualize the immunological aspects involved in the maternal-fetal interface and vulnerability to ZIKV infection, especially the alterations resulting in perinatal outcomes. This highlights the need to develop protective maternal vaccine strategies or interventions that are capable of preventing fetal or even neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda Mara da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Dénes A, Ibrahim MA, Oluoch L, Tekeli M, Tekeli T. Impact of weather seasonality and sexual transmission on the spread of Zika fever. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17055. [PMID: 31745123 PMCID: PMC6863851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We establish a compartmental model to study the transmission of Zika virus disease including spread through sexual contacts and the role of asymptomatic carriers. To incorporate the impact of the seasonality of weather on the spread of Zika, we apply a nonautonomous model with time-dependent mosquito birth rate and biting rate, which allows us to explain the differing outcome of the epidemic in different countries of South America: using Latin Hypercube Sampling for fitting, we were able to reproduce the different outcomes of the disease in various countries. Sensitivity analysis shows that, although the most important factors in Zika transmission are the birth rate of mosquitoes and the transmission rate from mosquitoes to humans, spread through sexual contacts also highly contributes to the transmission of Zika virus: our study suggests that the practice of safe sex among those who have possibly contracted the disease, can significantly reduce the number of Zika cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Dénes
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Mahmoud A Ibrahim
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.,Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Lillian Oluoch
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tekeli
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tekeli
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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37
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de Paula Guimarães C, Macedo MS, Barbosa MA, Marques SM, Costa PS, de Oliveira ÊC. Clinical findings in congenital infection by Zika virus: a retrospective study in a reference hospital in Central-West Brazil. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:389. [PMID: 31660908 PMCID: PMC6819383 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increased number of congenital Zika virus infections with neurological and musculoskeletal malformations have been diagnosed worldwide, however, there are still several gaps in the knowledge about this infection, its associated mechanism, timing of transmission, and description of throughout findings of signs and symptoms, which is described in this paper. The purpose of this study is to describe aspects of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) beyond the central nervous system comprising detailed delineation of all the other clinical findings. Methods A retrospective research developed using electronic medical records. We analyzed the files of 69 children with an initial diagnosis of microcephaly by Zika vírus who were born in 2015, 2016 and 2017, treated during the period from 2016 to 2017. Results The newborns presented several neurological and musculoskeletal malformations, eye damage, hearing impairment and other malformations. Conclusions The present study has significant impact for health care teams following lactents with Congenital Zika Syndrome.
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Larocca RA, Mendes EA, Abbink P, Peterson RL, Martinot AJ, Iampietro MJ, Kang ZH, Aid M, Kirilova M, Jacob-Dolan C, Tostanoski L, Borducchi EN, De La Barrera RA, Barouch DH. Adenovirus Vector-Based Vaccines Confer Maternal-Fetal Protection against Zika Virus Challenge in Pregnant IFN-αβR -/- Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:591-600.e4. [PMID: 31668877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) can lead to microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities of the fetus. Although ZIKV vaccines that prevent or reduce viremia in non-pregnant mice have been described, a maternal vaccine that provides complete fetal protection would be desirable. Here, we show that adenovirus (Ad) vector-based ZIKV vaccines induce potent neutralizing antibodies that confer robust maternal and fetal protection against ZIKV challenge in pregnant, highly susceptible IFN-αβR-/- mice. Moreover, passive transfer of maternal antibodies from vaccinated dams protected pups against post-natal ZIKV challenge. These data suggest that Ad-based ZIKV vaccines may be able to provide protection in pregnant females against fetal ZIKV transmission in utero as well as in infants against ZIKV infection after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Larocca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erica A Mendes
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rebecca L Peterson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark Justin Iampietro
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zi H Kang
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marinela Kirilova
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lisa Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Hubert M, Chiche A, Legros V, Jeannin P, Montange T, Gessain A, Ceccaldi PE, Vidy A. Productive Infection of Mouse Mammary Glands and Human Mammary Epithelial Cells by Zika Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E950. [PMID: 31619008 DOI: 10.3390/v11100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the large category of arboviruses. Surprisingly, several human-to-human transmissions of ZIKV have been notified, either following sexual intercourse or from the mother to fetus during pregnancy. Importantly, high viral loads have been detected in the human breast milk of infected mothers, and the existence of breastfeeding as a new mode of mother-to-child transmission of ZIKV was recently hypothesized. However, the maternal origin of infectious particles in breast milk is currently unknown. Here, we show that ZIKV disseminates to the mammary glands of infected mice after both systemic and local exposure with differential kinetics. Ex vivo, we demonstrate that primary human mammary epithelial cells were sensitive and permissive to ZIKV infection in this study. Moreover, by using in vitro models, we prove that mammary luminal- and myoepithelial-phenotype cell lines are both able to produce important virus progeny after ZIKV exposure. Our data suggest that the dissemination of ZIKV to the mammary glands and subsequent infection of the mammary epithelium could be one mechanism of viral excretion in human breast milk.
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40
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Ferraris P, Yssel H, Missé D. Zika virus infection: an update. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:353-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has caused global concern because of its association with fetal microcephaly and serious neurological complications in adults since 2016. Currently, no specific anti-ZIKV therapy is available to control ZIKV infection. During the last couple of years, the intensive investigation of ZIKV structure has provided significant information for structure-based vaccine and drug design. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the structures of ZIKV and its component proteins. We analyzed the structure identity and the differences between ZIKV and other flaviviruses. This information is crucial to guiding structure-based anti-ZIKV inhibitors and vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Hu
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Lei Sun
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 20032, China
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42
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Conzelmann C, Zou M, Groß R, Harms M, Röcker A, Riedel CU, Münch J, Müller JA. Storage-Dependent Generation of Potent Anti-ZIKV Activity in Human Breast Milk. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070591. [PMID: 31261806 PMCID: PMC6669682 DOI: 10.3390/v11070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes congenital neurologic birth defects, notably microcephaly, and has been associated with other serious complications in adults. The virus has been detected in human breast milk and possible transmissions via breastfeeding have been reported. Breast milk is rich in nutrients and bio-active substances that might directly affect viral infectivity. Thus, here, we analyzed the effect of human breast milk on ZIKV infection. We observed that fresh human breast milk had no effect on ZIKV, but found that upon storage, milk effectively suppressed infection. The antiviral activity is present in the fat-containing cream fraction of milk and results in the destruction of the structural integrity of viral particles, thereby abrogating infectivity. The release of the factor is time dependent but varies with donors and incubation temperatures. The viral titer of milk that was spiked with ZIKV decreased considerably upon storage at 37 °C for 8 h, was lost entirely after 2 days of 4 °C storage, but was not affected at -20 °C. This suggests that cold storage of milk inactivates ZIKV and that the antiviral factor in milk may also be generated upon breastfeeding and limit this transmission route of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Min Zou
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mirja Harms
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika Röcker
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Gordon-Lipkin E, Peacock G. The Spectrum of Developmental Disability with Zika Exposure: What Is Known, What Is Unknown, and Implications for Clinicians. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2019; 40:387-95. [PMID: 30921103 DOI: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians who treat children with neurodevelopmental disabilities may encounter infants with congenital Zika syndrome or those exposed to Zika virus (ZIKV), either in utero or postnatally, in their practice and may have questions about diagnosis, management, and prognosis. In this special report, we reviewed the current literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the findings and needs of children exposed to ZIKV in utero and postnatally. The current literature is sparse, and thus, this review is preliminary. We found that infants and children exposed to ZIKV in utero have a variety of health and developmental outcomes that suggest a wide range of lifelong physical and developmental needs. Postnatal exposure does not seem to have significant long-lasting health or developmental effects. We provide a comprehensive examination of the current knowledge on health and developmental care needs in children exposed to Zika in utero and postnatally. This can serve as a guide for health care professionals on the management and public health implications of this newly recognized population.
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Shaily S, Upadhya A. Zika virus: Molecular responses and tissue tropism in the mammalian host. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2050. [PMID: 31095819 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have raised alarm because of reports of congenital Zika virus syndrome in infants. The virus is also known to cause the debilitating Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. As a result, extensive research has been carried out on the virus over the past few years. To study the molecular responses of viral infectivity in mammals, in vitro two-dimensional and three-dimensional cellular models have been employed. The in vivo models of mouse, pig, chicken, and nonhuman primates are primarily used to investigate the teratogenicity of the virus, to study effects of the virus on specific tissues, and to study the systemic effects of a proposed antiviral agent. The virus exhibits wide tissue tropism in the mammalian host. The major host tissues of viral persistence and propagation are neural tissue, ocular tissue, testicular tissue and placental tissue. An understanding of the function of viral components, viral replication cycle, and the molecular responses elicited in the host tissues is imperative for designing antiviral treatment strategies and for development of vaccines. This review provides an update on ZIKV research models and mammalian host responses with respect to ZIKV tissue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangya Shaily
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana Upadhya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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Cagno V, Tseligka ED, Bettex Q, Huang S, Constant S, Tapparel C. Growth of Zika virus in human reconstituted respiratory, intestinal, vaginal and neural tissues. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:1042.e1-4. [PMID: 31075547 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Zika virus (ZIKV) is mostly mosquito borne but it can also be transmitted via the sexual route and persists in semen for a prolonged time. Moreover, viral RNA has been detected in breast milk, saliva, lacrimal fluids and urine, suggesting other possible transmission routes. The aim of our research is to better define ZIKV tropism. METHODS We investigated the tropism of Asian and African strains of ZIKV using human-derived neural, vaginal, intestinal and respiratory tissues. RESULTS Asian and African strains of ZIKV were able to grow in all tissues tested, although with different efficiency (7.3 log RNA copies released apically in vaginal tissues versus 9.8 log RNA copies released in intestinal tissues), without the need for major adaptation. CONCLUSIONS Our results underline that ZIKV tropism may be broader than expected in humans and stress the need to better explore all possible virus-shedding sites and transmission routes.
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46
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Pomar L, Musso D, Malinger G, Vouga M, Panchaud A, Baud D. Zika virus during pregnancy: From maternal exposure to congenital Zika virus syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:420-430. [PMID: 30866073 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Pomar
- Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Musso
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée infection, Marseille, France
- Private practitioner, Punaauia, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Gustavo Malinger
- Division of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center & Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Manon Vouga
- Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice Panchaud
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Geneva University and Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Department "Woman-Mother-Child", Lausanne University Hospital, Materno-Fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Vielle NJ, García-Nicolás O, Oliveira Esteves BI, Brügger M, Summerfield A, Alves MP. The Human Upper Respiratory Tract Epithelium Is Susceptible to Flaviviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:811. [PMID: 31057517 PMCID: PMC6477545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses replicate in a wide variety of species and have a broad cellular tropism. They are isolated from various body fluids, and Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV) RNAs have been detected in nasopharyngeal swabs. Consequently, we evaluated the cellular tropism and host responses upon ZIKV, JEV, WNV, and Usutu virus (USUV) infection using a relevant model of the human upper respiratory tract epithelium based on primary human nasal epithelial cells (NECs) cultured at the air-liquid interface. NECs were susceptible to all the viruses tested, and confocal analysis showed evidence of infection of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Each flavivirus productively infected NECs, leading to apical and basolateral live virus shedding with particularly high basal release for JEV and WNV. As demonstrated by a paracellular permeability assay, the integrity of the epithelium was not affected by flavivirus infection, suggesting an active release of live virus through the basolateral surface. Also, we detected a significant secretion of interferon type III and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IP-10/CXCL10 upon infection with JEV. Taken together, our data suggest that the human upper respiratory tract epithelium is a target for flaviviruses and could potentially play a role in the spread of infection to other body compartments through basolateral virus release. Undoubtedly, further work is required to evaluate the risks and define the adapted measures to protect individuals exposed to flavivirus-contaminated body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie J Vielle
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandina I Oliveira Esteves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Brügger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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48
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Hugo LE, Stassen L, La J, Gosden E, Ekwudu O, Winterford C, Viennet E, Faddy HM, Devine GJ, Frentiu FD. Vector competence of Australian Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus for an epidemic strain of Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007281. [PMID: 30946747 PMCID: PMC6467424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemics of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Pacific and the Americas have highlighted its potential as an emerging pathogen of global importance. Both Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Ae. albopictus are known to transmit ZIKV but variable vector competence has been observed between mosquito populations from different geographical regions and different virus strains. Since Australia remains at risk of ZIKV introduction, we evaluated the vector competence of local Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus for a Brazilian epidemic ZIKV strain. In addition, we evaluated the impact of daily temperature fluctuations around a mean of 28°C on ZIKV transmission and extrinsic incubation period. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mosquitoes were orally challenged with a Brazilian ZIKV strain (8.8 log CCID50/ml) and maintained at either 28°C constant or fluctuating temperature conditions. At 3, 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi), ZIKV RNA copies were quantified in mosquito bodies, as well as wings and legs, using qRT-PCR, while virus antigen in saliva (a proxy for transmission) was detected using a cell culture ELISA. Despite high body and disseminated infection rates in both vectors, the transmission rates of ZIKV in saliva of Ae. aegypti (50-60%) were significantly higher than in Ae. albopictus (10%) at 14 dpi. Both species supported a high viral load in bodies, with no significant differences between constant and fluctuating temperature conditions. However, a significant difference in viral load in wings and legs between species was observed, with higher titres in Ae. aegypti maintained at constant temperature conditions. For ZIKV transmission to occur in Ae. aegypti, a disseminated virus load threshold of 7.59 log10 copies had to be reached. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Australian Ae. aegypti are better able to transmit a Brazilian ZIKV strain than Ae. albopictus. The results are in agreement with the global consensus that Ae. aegypti is the major vector of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E. Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liesel Stassen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica La
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward Gosden
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - O’mezie Ekwudu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clay Winterford
- QIMR Berghofer Histotechnology Facility, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elvina Viennet
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen M. Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregor J. Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francesca D. Frentiu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Understanding Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission and the risk of birth defects associated with infection during the childbearing years is imperative. Current knowledge helps guide communication, prevention, and planning efforts between health care providers and female patients of childbearing age. Providers must follow updated data and implement ongoing rapid, sensitive, and specific screening and diagnostic testing for ZIKV. Surveillance of infants with known, in utero ZIKV exposure or infection must be maintained to gain a broader understanding of potential defects or injuries that are not immediately obvious at birth and in early infancy.
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50
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Hemachudha P, Wacharapluesadee S, Buathong R, Petcharat S, Bunprakob S, Ruchiseesarod C, Roeksomtawin P, Hemachudha T. Lack of Transmission of Zika Virus Infection to Breastfed Infant. Clin Med Insights Case Rep 2019; 12:1179547619835179. [PMID: 30886528 PMCID: PMC6415467 DOI: 10.1177/1179547619835179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) continues to affect certain parts of the World. Here we report a case that supports breastfeeding regardless of mother ZIKV status by providing clinical and virological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasin Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rome Buathong
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sininat Petcharat
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Bunprakob
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanida Ruchiseesarod
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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