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Cho BH, Kim J, Jang YS. The Papain-like Protease Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Conjugated with Human Beta-Defensin 2 and Co1 Induces Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses against the Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:441. [PMID: 38675823 PMCID: PMC11053661 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the licensed vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target spike proteins to induce viral neutralizing antibodies. However, currently prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants contain many mutations, especially in their spike proteins. The development of vaccine antigens with conserved sequences that cross-react with variants of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to effectively defend against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given that viral infection is initiated in the respiratory mucosa, strengthening the mucosal immune response would provide effective protection. We constructed a mucosal vaccine antigen using the papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of non-structural protein 3 of SARS-CoV-2. To potentiate the mucosal immune response, PLpro was combined with human beta-defensin 2, an antimicrobial peptide with mucosal immune adjuvant activity, and Co1, an M-cell-targeting ligand. Intranasal administration of the recombinant PLpro antigen conjugate into C57BL/6 and hACE2 knock-in (KI) mice induced antigen-specific T-cell and antibody responses with complement-dependent cytotoxic activity. Viral challenge experiments using the Wuhan and Delta strains of SARS-CoV-2 provided further evidence that immunized hACE2 KI mice were protected against viral challenge infections. Our study shows that PLpro is a useful candidate vaccine antigen against SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the inclusion of human beta-defensin 2 and Co1 in the recombinant construct may enhance the efficacy of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeol-Hee Cho
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
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Pilapitiya D, Wheatley AK, Tan HX. Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: triumph of hope over experience. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104585. [PMID: 37146404 PMCID: PMC10154910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is reduced effectiveness of these vaccines in preventing breakthrough infection and/or onward transmission, likely due to poor immunity elicited at the respiratory mucosa. As such, there has been considerable interest in developing novel mucosal vaccines that engenders more localised immune responses to provide better protection and recall responses at the site of virus entry, in contrast to traditional vaccine approaches that focus on systemic immunity. In this review, we explore the adaptive components of mucosal immunity, evaluate epidemiological studies to dissect if mucosal immunity conferred by parenteral vaccination or respiratory infection drives differential efficacy against virus acquisition or transmission, discuss mucosal vaccines undergoing clinical trials and assess key challenges and prospects for mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaki Pilapitiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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3
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Kraft FA, Baur H, Bommer M, Latz A, Fitschen-Oestern S, Fuchs S, Gerken M. Label-free multiplex sensing from buffer and immunoglobulin G sensing from whole blood with photonic crystal slabs using angle-tuning of an optical interference filter. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:2293-2310. [PMID: 37206136 PMCID: PMC10191658 DOI: 10.1364/boe.489138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct detection of biomarkers from unpurified whole blood has been a challenge for label-free detection platforms, such as photonic crystal slabs (PCS). A wide range of measurement concepts for PCS exist, but exhibit technical limitations, which render them unsuitable for label-free biosensing with unfiltered whole blood. In this work, we single out the requirements for a label-free point-of-care setup based on PCS and present a wavelength selecting concept by angle tuning of an optical interference filter, which fulfills these requirements. We investigate the limit of detection (LOD) for bulk refractive index changes and obtain a value of 3.4 E-4 refractive index units (RIU). We demonstrate label-free multiplex detection for different types of immobilization entities, including aptamers, antigens, and simple proteins. For this multiplex setup we detect thrombin at a concentration of 6.3 µg/ml, antibodies of glutathione S-transferase (GST) diluted by a factor of 250, and streptavidin at a concentration of 33 µg/ml. In a first proof of principle experiment, we demonstrate the ability to detect immunoglobulins G (IgG) from unfiltered whole blood. These experiments are conducted directly in the hospital without temperature control of the photonic crystal transducer surface or the blood sample. We set the detected concentration levels into a medical frame of reference and point out possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A. Kraft
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering,
Kiel University, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS,
Kiel University, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Latz
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering,
Kiel University, Germany
- Novatec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Dietzenbach, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Fuchs
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS,
Kiel University, Germany
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Germany
| | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering,
Kiel University, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS,
Kiel University, Germany
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4
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Kok TW, Izzo AA, Costabile M. Intracellular immunoglobulin A (icIgA) in protective immunity and vaccines. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13253. [PMID: 36597220 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus neutralization at respiratory mucosal surfaces is important in the prevention of infection. Mucosal immunity is mediated mainly by extracellular secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and its role has been well studied. However, the protective role of intracellular specific IgA (icIgA) is less well defined. Initially, in vitro studies using epithelial cell lines with surface expressed polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in transwell culture chambers have shown that icIgA can neutralize influenza, parainfluenza, HIV, rotavirus and measles viruses. This effect appears to involve an interaction between polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) and viral particles within an intracellular compartment, since IgA is transported across the polarized cell. Co-localization of specific icIgA with influenza virus in patients' (virus culture positive) respiratory epithelial cells using well-characterized antisera was initially reported in 2018. This review provides a summary of in vitro studies with icIgA on colocalization and neutralization of the above five viruses. Two other highly significant respiratory infectious agents with severe global impacts viz. SARS-2 virus (CoViD pandemic) and the intracellular bacterium-Mycobacterium tuberculosis-are discussed. Further studies will provide more detailed understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of icIgA neutralization in relation to viral entry and early replication steps with a specific focus on mucosal infections. This will inform the design of more effective vaccines against infectious agents transmitted via the mucosal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck-Weng Kok
- University of Adelaide, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- University of Sydney, Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maurizio Costabile
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences and Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Fei C, Nie L, Zhang J, Chen J. Potential Applications of Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and Droplet-Based Microfluidics in Promoting the Discovery of Specific Antibodies for Characterizations of Fish Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771231. [PMID: 34868030 PMCID: PMC8635192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Akin to their mammalian counterparts, teleost fish possess a complex assortment of highly specialized immune cells that are capable of unleashing potent innate immune responses to eradicate or mitigate incoming pathogens, and also differentiate into memory lymphocytes to provide long-term protection. Investigations into specific roles and functions of fish immune cells depend on the precise separation of each cell type. Commonly used techniques, for example, density gradient centrifugation, rely on immune cells to have differing sizes or densities and thus fail to separate between similar cell types (e.g. T and B lymphocytes). Furthermore, a continuously growing database of teleost genomic information has revealed an inventory of cellular markers, indicating the possible presence of immune cell subsets in teleost fish. This further complicates the interpretation of results if subsets of immune cells are not properly separated. Consequently, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against specific cellular markers are required to precisely identify and separate novel subsets of immune cells in fish. In the field of fish immunology, mAbs are largely generated using the hybridoma technology, resulting in the development of mAbs against specific cellular markers in different fish species. Nevertheless, this technology suffers from being labour-intensive, time-consuming and most importantly, the inevitable loss of diversities of antibodies during the fusion of antibody-expressing B lymphocytes and myeloma cells. In light of this, the focus of this review is to discuss the potential applications of fluorescence-activated cell sorting and droplet-based microfluidics, two emerging technologies capable of screening and identifying antigen-specific B lymphocytes in a high-throughput manner, in promoting the development of valuable reagents for fish immunology studies. Our main goal is to encourage the incorporation of alternative technologies into the field of fish immunology to promote the production of specific antibodies in a high-throughput and cost-effective way, which could better allow for the precise separation of fish immune cells and also facilitate the identification of novel immune cell subsets in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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6
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Barda N, Dagan N, Cohen C, Hernán MA, Lipsitch M, Kohane IS, Reis BY, Balicer RD. Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study. Lancet 2021; 398:2093-2100. [PMID: 34756184 PMCID: PMC8555967 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries are experiencing a resurgence of COVID-19, driven predominantly by the delta (B.1.617.2) variant of SARS-CoV-2. In response, these countries are considering the administration of a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine as a booster dose to address potential waning immunity over time and reduced effectiveness against the delta variant. We aimed to use the data repositories of Israel's largest health-care organisation to evaluate the effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS Using data from Clalit Health Services, which provides mandatory health-care coverage for over half of the Israeli population, individuals receiving a third vaccine dose between July 30, 2020, and Sept 23, 2021, were matched (1:1) to demographically and clinically similar controls who did not receive a third dose. Eligible participants had received the second vaccine dose at least 5 months before the recruitment date, had no previous documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, and had no contact with the health-care system in the 3 days before recruitment. Individuals who are health-care workers, live in long-term care facilities, or are medically confined to their homes were excluded. Primary outcomes were COVID-19-related admission to hospital, severe disease, and COVID-19-related death. The third dose effectiveness for each outcome was estimated as 1 - risk ratio using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. FINDINGS 1 158 269 individuals were eligible to be included in the third dose group. Following matching, the third dose and control groups each included 728 321 individuals. Participants had a median age of 52 years (IQR 37-68) and 51% were female. The median follow-up time was 13 days (IQR 6-21) in both groups. Vaccine effectiveness evaluated at least 7 days after receipt of the third dose, compared with receiving only two doses at least 5 months ago, was estimated to be 93% (231 events for two doses vs 29 events for three doses; 95% CI 88-97) for admission to hospital, 92% (157 vs 17 events; 82-97) for severe disease, and 81% (44 vs seven events; 59-97) for COVID-19-related death. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is effective in protecting individuals against severe COVID-19-related outcomes, compared with receiving only two doses at least 5 months ago. FUNDING The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Barda
- Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noa Dagan
- Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cyrille Cohen
- The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miguel A Hernán
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; CAUSALab, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben Y Reis
- The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Predictive Medicine Group, Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran D Balicer
- Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Immune-mediated attenuation of influenza illness after infection: opportunities and challenges. THE LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e715-e725. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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8
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Mahallawi WH, Aljeraisi TM. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 primes immunological memory in human nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Clin Immunol 2021; 231:108850. [PMID: 34506944 PMCID: PMC8423672 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. Little is known regarding the development of immunological memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection or whether immunological memory can provide long-lasting protection against reinfection. Urgent need for vaccines is a considerable issue for all governments worldwide. Methods A total of 39 patients were recruited in this study. Tonsillar mononuclear cells (MNCs) were co-cultured in RPMI medium and stimulated with the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the presence and absence of a CpG-DNA adjuvant. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilised to measure the specific antibody response to the spike protein in the cell culture supernatants. Results The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein primed a potent memory B cell-mediated immune response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) from patients previously infected with the virus. Additionally, spike protein combined with the CpG-DNA adjuvant induced a significantly increased level of specific anti-spike protein IgG antibody compared with the spike protein alone (p < 0.0001, n = 24). We also showed a strong positive correlation between the specific anti-spike protein IgG antibody level in a serum samples and that produced by MNCs derived from the same COVID-19-recovered patients following stimulation (r = 0.76, p = 0.0002, n = 24). Conclusion Individuals with serological evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure showed a significant anti-spike protein-specific memory humoral immune response to the viral spike protein upon stimulation. Additionally, our results demonstrated the functional response of NALT-derived MNCs to the viral spike protein. CpG-DNA adjuvant combined with spike protein induced significantly stronger humoral immune responses than the spike protein alone. These data indicate that the S protein antigen combined with CpG-DNA adjuvant could be used as a future vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Talal M Aljeraisi
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head& Neck Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
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Clarkson KA, Talaat KR, Alaimo C, Martin P, Bourgeois AL, Dreyer A, Porter CK, Chakraborty S, Brubaker J, Elwood D, Frölich R, DeNearing B, Weerts HP, Feijoo B, Halpern J, Sack D, Riddle MS, Fonck VG, Kaminski RW. Immune response characterization in a human challenge study with a Shigella flexneri 2a bioconjugate vaccine. EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103308. [PMID: 33813141 PMCID: PMC8047506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality affecting all ages, but especially children under the age of five in resource-limited settings. Shigella is a leading contributor to diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and is considered a significant antimicrobial resistance threat. While improvements in hygiene, and access to clean water help as control measures, vaccination remains one of the most viable options for significantly reducing morbidity and mortality. METHODS Flexyn2a is a bioconjugate vaccine manufactured using novel conjugation methodologies enzymatically linking the O-polysaccharide of S. flexneri 2a to exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The protective capacity of Flexyn2a was assessed in a controlled human infection model after two intramuscular immunizations. Immune responses pre- and post-immunization and/or infection were investigated and are described here. FINDINGS Flexyn2a induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific serum IgG responses post-immunization which were associated with protection against shigellosis. Additionally, several other immune parameters, including memory B cell responses, bactericidal antibodies and serum IgA, were also elevated in vaccinees protected against shigellosis. Immunization with Flexyn2a also induced gut-homing, LPS-specific IgG and IgA secreting B cells, indicating the vaccine induced immune effectors functioning at the site of intestinal infection. INTERPRETATION Collectively, the results of these immunological investigations provide insights into protective immune mechanisms post-immunization with Flexyn2a which can be used to further guide vaccine development and may have applicability to the larger Shigella vaccine field. FUNDING Funding for this study was provided through a Wellcome Trust grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Clarkson
- Department of Enteric Infections, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Chad K Porter
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Brubaker
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel Elwood
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hailey P Weerts
- Department of Enteric Infections, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Brittany Feijoo
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jane Halpern
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Robert W Kaminski
- Department of Enteric Infections, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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10
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Diana G, Corica C. Human Papilloma Virus vaccine and prevention of head and neck cancer, what is the current evidence? Oral Oncol 2021; 115:105168. [PMID: 33730628 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human Papilloma Virus is associated with the development of cancers in the head and neck region. We have witnessed, in the last decades, an increase in number of cases directly related to HPV infection, in particular in the Western Countries. Recently the FDA expanded the indications for Gardasil-9® to include the prevention of head and neck cancer. Objective of this paper is to review the evidence supporting its use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bibliographic review enquiring Medline, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library to assess the efficacy of vaccination against oncogenic HPV in the prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS Two prospective and 4 retrospective studies have evaluated vaccination in prevention of head and neck cancer, using persistent oral infection as surrogate of efficacy. All studies showed lower prevalence of oral infection up to 4 years following vaccination. Vaccine efficacy was estimated between 88 and 93.3%. Because of low vaccine coverage the estimated population-level effect against oral HPV16/18/6/11 infections was only 17.0%. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies concentration in the oral fluid correlate with serum level, but the threshold to ensure protection is unknown. Duration of protection has not been established. HPV vaccination can provide protection from re-infection (at different mucosal sites) in previously exposed individuals, suggesting possible use of HPV vaccine later in life. Other studies should focus on confirming causal relationship between vaccination and prevention of persistent oral infection and investigate the duration of efficacy, which is crucial in its effectiveness against HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Diana
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Rd, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.
| | - Clementina Corica
- Universidad Europea, Passeig de l'Albereda, 7, 46010 València, Spain
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11
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Mohn KGI, Brokstad KA, Islam S, Oftung F, Tøndel C, Aarstad HJ, Cox RJ. Early Induction of Cross-Reactive CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Tonsils After Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccination in Children. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1528-1537. [PMID: 32255493 PMCID: PMC7137893 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed for prophylaxis of children 2-17 years old in Europe in 2012 and is administered as a nasal spray. Live-attenuated influenza vaccine induces both mucosal and systemic antibodies and systemic T-cell responses. Tonsils are the lymph nodes serving the upper respiratory tract, acting as both induction and effector site for mucosal immunity. METHODS Here, we have studied the early tonsillar T-cell responses induced in children after LAIV. Thirty-nine children were immunized with trivalent LAIV (containing A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses) at days 3, 7, and 14 before tonsillectomy. Nonvaccinated controls were included for comparison. Tonsils and peripheral blood (pre- and postvaccination) were collected to study T-cell responses. RESULTS Tonsillar and systemic T-cell responses differed between influenza strains, and both were found against H3N2 and B viruses, whereas only systemic responses were observed against A/H1N1. A significant increase in cross-reactive tonsillar CD8+ T cells recognizing conserved epitopes from a broad range of seasonal and pandemic viruses occurred at day 14. Tonsillar T cells showed significant cytokine responses (Th1, Th2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the use of LAIV in children to elicit broadly cross-reactive T cells, which are not induced by traditional inactivated influenza vaccines and may provide protection to novel virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G-I Mohn
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Emergency Care Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - K A Brokstad
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Islam
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - F Oftung
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Tøndel
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - H J Aarstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - R J Cox
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Cross DL, Verheul MK, Leipold MD, Obermoser G, Jin C, Jones E, Starr JS, Mohorianu I, Blohmke CJ, Maecker HT, Napolitani G, Hill J, Pollard AJ. Vi-Vaccinations Induce Heterogeneous Plasma Cell Responses That Associate With Protection From Typhoid Fever. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574057. [PMID: 33424833 PMCID: PMC7793947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are efficacious against cases of typhoid fever; however, an absolute correlate of protection is not established. In this study, we investigated the leukocyte response to a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) in comparison with a plain polysaccharide vaccine (Vi-PS) in healthy adults subsequently challenged with Salmonella Typhi. Immunological responses and their association with challenge outcome was assessed by mass cytometry and Vi-ELISpot assay. Immunization induced significant expansion of plasma cells in both vaccines with modest T follicular helper cell responses detectable after Vi-TT only. The Vi-specific IgG and IgM B cell response was considerably greater in magnitude in Vi-TT recipients. Intriguingly, a significant increase in a subset of IgA+ plasma cells expressing mucosal migratory markers α4β7 and CCR10 was observed in both vaccine groups, suggesting a gut-tropic, mucosal response is induced by Vi-vaccination. The total plasma cell response was significantly associated with protection against typhoid fever in Vi-TT vaccinees but not Vi-PS. IgA+ plasma cells were not significantly associated with protection for either vaccine, although a trend is seen for Vi-PS. Conversely, the IgA- fraction of the plasma cell response was only associated with protection in Vi-TT. In summary, these data indicate that a phenotypically heterogeneous response including both gut-homing and systemic antibody secreting cells may be critical for protection induced by Vi-TT vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Cross
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marije K Verheul
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gerlinde Obermoser
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Celina Jin
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Starr
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Mohorianu
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Holden T Maecker
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Roy S, Williams CM, Wijesundara DK, Furuya Y. Impact of Pre-Existing Immunity to Influenza on Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) Immunogenicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040683. [PMID: 33207559 PMCID: PMC7711626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the previous influenza seasons, between 2010 and 2016, the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) provided variable efficacy against influenza in the U.S., causing the recommendation against the use of the LAIV. In striking contrast, pre-clinical studies have repeatedly demonstrated superior efficacy of LAIV against mismatched influenza viruses, compared to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). This disparity in reported vaccine efficacies between pre-clinical and clinical studies may in part be explained by limitations of the animal models of influenza. In particular, the absence of pre-existing immunity in animal models has recently emerged as a potential explanation for the discrepancies between preclinical findings and human studies. This commentary focuses on the potential impact of pre-existing immunity on LAIV induced immunogenicity with an emphasis on cross-protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Roy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.R.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Clare M. Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.R.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Danushka K. Wijesundara
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia;
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.R.); (C.M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Chen Q, Wang L, Xie M, Li X. Recommendations for influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination in elderly people in China. Aging Med (Milton) 2020; 3:1-11. [PMID: 32232186 PMCID: PMC7099755 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza and pneumonia can be prevented by vaccination, but they remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in age-related diseases. In most areas of China, the rates of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination are relatively low and public awareness of vaccination remains insufficient. Thus, it is essential to recommend influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination to elderly people in clinical practice. Based on recently published studies and related documents issued by several vaccination authorities, such as the World Health Organization, the National Health and Wellness Committee, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, we propose official recommendations for influenza and S pneumoniae vaccination in elderly people in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Department of GeriatricsDepartment of Respiratory MedicineXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lijing Wang
- Department of GeriatricsDepartment of Respiratory MedicineXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Mingxuan Xie
- Department of GeriatricsDepartment of Respiratory MedicineXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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15
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Parker KH, Kemp TJ, Isaacs-Soriano K, Abrahamsen M, Pan Y, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmeron J, Pinto LA, Giuliano AR. HPV-specific antibodies at the oral cavity up to 30 months after the start of vaccination with the quadrivalent HPV vaccine among mid-adult aged men. Vaccine 2019; 37:2864-2869. [PMID: 31005426 PMCID: PMC9732814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HPV-16 and HPV-18 cause most oropharyngeal cancers, which are increasing in incidence among males. Although HPV vaccines are highly effective against a number of HPV-associated cancers, efficacy for oropharyngeal cancers has not yet been demonstrated. In addition, the level of antibodies required for protection against oral HPV infection is unknown. METHODS 150 men ages 27-45 years from Tampa, FL, USA, and Cuernavaca, Mexico, received Gardasil at Day 1, Months 2, and 6. Then, sera and oral gargles were collected one month, 12 months, and 24 months after completion of the three doses (Month 7, 18 and 30 of the study) and tested for anti-HPV-16 and HPV-18 IgG antibody levels by a L1 VLP ELISA. RESULTS All participants developed detectable serum anti-HPV-16 and anti-HPV-18 antibodies and most had detectable antibodies in oral gargles at Month 7 (HPV-16: 93.2%; HPV-18: 72.1%). By months 18 and 30, oral antibodies were detectable in a lower number of participants (HPV-16, 39.8% and 29.6%; HPV-18, 10.7% and 4.6% of individuals, respectively). Overall, oral HPV-16- and 18-specific antibody levels, normalized to total IgG at months 7, 18, and 30, correlated with serum levels (HPV-16, R2 = 0.93; HPV-18, R2 = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Reduced detectability of oral and serum HPV-16 and HPV-18 antibodies was observed at months 18 and 30 after initiation of the quadrivalent vaccination. However, when detectable, serum and oral HPV-16 and HPV-18 antibody levels were strongly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H. Parker
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly Isaacs-Soriano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Martha Abrahamsen
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yuanji Pan
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Jorge Salmeron
- National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA,Corresponding author at: Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. (L.A. Pinto)
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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16
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Keshavarz M, Mirzaei H, Salemi M, Momeni F, Mousavi MJ, Sadeghalvad M, Arjeini Y, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Sadri Nahand J, Namdari H, Mokhtari-Azad T, Rezaei F. Influenza vaccine: Where are we and where do we go? Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2014. [PMID: 30408280 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life-threatening problem necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against incoming pandemics. The currently available flu vaccines rely on inactivated viral particles, M2e-based vaccine, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and virus like particle (VLP). While inactivated vaccines can only induce systemic humoral responses, LAIV and VLP vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet, these vaccines have limited protection against newly emerging viral strains. These strains, however, can be targeted by universal vaccines consisting of conserved viral proteins such as M2e and capable of inducing cross-reactive immune response. The lack of viral genome in VLP and M2e-based vaccines addresses safety concern associated with existing attenuated vaccines. With the emergence of new recombinant viral strains each year, additional effort towards developing improved universal vaccine is warranted. Besides various types of vaccines, microRNA and exosome-based vaccines have been emerged as new types of influenza vaccines which are associated with new and effective properties. Hence, development of a new generation of vaccines could contribute to better treatment of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Salemi
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeni
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sadeghalvad
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Bonanni P, Boccalini S, Zanobini P, Dakka N, Lorini C, Santomauro F, Bechini A. The appropriateness of the use of influenza vaccines: Recommendations from the latest seasons in Italy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:699-705. [PMID: 29059004 PMCID: PMC5861775 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1388480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the major infectious causes of excess mortality, hospitalization, and an increase in healthcare expenditure in all countries. In an increasingly ageing population, many members are exposed to flu-related complications. Vaccination coverage rates for the elderly in most European countries, such as Italy, are not satisfactory, and have been decreasing with time due to a sense of skepticism toward vaccination. Nowadays, many types of vaccines are available on the Italian market to prevent influenza illness. Many studies have proven their effectiveness in preventing influenza-related complications in specific risk groups. Any vaccine can be crucial to avoid complications, hospitalizations and death, but use of the most appropriate vaccine could optimize the result at a very modest cost. General practitioners (GPs) should encourage their patients to take the influenza vaccination to prevent complications or deaths. Health authorities should give GPs the opportunity to choose the appropriate vaccines tailored to specific patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bonanni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Boccalini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizio Zanobini
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nawal Dakka
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Lorini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Angela Bechini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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18
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Mohn KGI, Smith I, Sjursen H, Cox RJ. Immune responses after live attenuated influenza vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:571-578. [PMID: 28933664 PMCID: PMC5861782 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1377376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2003 (US) and 2012 (Europe) the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been used as an alternative to the traditional inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). The immune responses elicted by LAIV mimic natural infection and have been found to provide broader clinical protection in children compared to the IIVs. However, our knowledge of the detailed immunological mechanisims induced by LAIV remain to be fully elucidated, and despite 14 years on the global market, there exists no correlate of protection. Recently, matters are further complicated by differing efficacy data from the US and Europe which are not understood. Better understanding of the immune responses after LAIV may aid in achieving the ultimate goal of a future "universal influenza vaccine". In this review we aim to cover the current understanding of the immune responses induced after LAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Smith
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Haakon Sjursen
- Medical Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- The Influenza Center
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Harper JA, South C, Trivedi MH, Toups MS. Pilot investigation into the sickness response to influenza vaccination in adults: Effect of depression and anxiety. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2017; 48:56-61. [PMID: 28779589 PMCID: PMC5606200 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether depressed or anxious patients experience greater affective change than mentally healthy individuals following influenza vaccination. METHODS Participants (n=112) completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) before influenza vaccination and 1-2days post-vaccination (M=32.3h). Pre- and post-vaccination PANAS scores were compared using two-tailed, paired-samples t-tests. Change in positive affect between participants with depression or anxiety and those without was compared using two-way ANOVA. Follow up positive affect was further examined using multiple linear regression. RESULTS Positive affect decreased following vaccination (M=2.18, 95% CI [1.07, 3.29], t(111)=3.89, p<0.001) for all participants and was more pronounced for those with anxiety or depression (F(1, 110)=7.51, p=0.009). Similarly, predicted follow up affect score was higher for those without a mental health conditions (β=3.67, 95% CI [1.18, 6.16], t(103)=2.92, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that influenza vaccine has a greater effect on affect in patients with depression and anxiety than in mentally healthy individuals. This effect was focused on positive affect, suggesting that influenza vaccine induced inflammation may be best suited to examine alterations in positive affect and positive valence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Harper
- Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Charles South
- Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Madhukar H. Trivedi
- Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Marisa S. Toups
- Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712
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20
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Lau D, Lan LYL, Andrews SF, Henry C, Rojas KT, Neu KE, Huang M, Huang Y, DeKosky B, Palm AKE, Ippolito GC, Georgiou G, Wilson PC. Low CD21 expression defines a population of recent germinal center graduates primed for plasma cell differentiation. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/7/eaai8153. [PMID: 28783670 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aai8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report that antigen-specific CD19+CD27+CD21lo (CD21lo) B cells are transiently induced 14 to 28 days after immunization, at the time germinal centers (GCs) peak. Although clonally related to memory B cells and plasmablasts, CD21lo cells form distinct clades within phylogenetic trees based on accumulated variable gene mutations, supporting exit from active GCs. CD21lo cells express a transcriptional program, suggesting that they are primed for plasma cell differentiation and are refractory to GC differentiation, although they do not spontaneously secrete antibody. In addition, CD21lo cells differentially express multiple cell surface markers and have elevated intracellular levels of Blimp-1 and T-bet protein compared with memory B cells. Together, these data support a model in which CD21lo cells are recent GC graduates that represent a distinct population from CD27+ classical memory cells, are refractory to GC reentry, and are predisposed to differentiate into long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lau
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Linda Yu-Ling Lan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Sarah F Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Carole Henry
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Karla Thatcher Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Karlynn E Neu
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Yunping Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Brandon DeKosky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA
| | - Anna-Karin E Palm
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA.,Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
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21
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Comparative analysis of influenza A(H3N2) virus hemagglutinin specific IgG subclass and IgA responses in children and adults after influenza vaccination. Vaccine 2017; 35:191-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Olsen SJ, Karron RA, Jernigan DB, Bresee JS. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016; 65:1-54. [PMID: 27560619 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6505a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This report updates the 2015-16 recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of seasonal influenza vaccines (Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Olsen SJ, Bresee JS, Broder KR, Karron RA. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015-16 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:818-25). Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications. For the 2016-17 influenza season, inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) will be available in both trivalent (IIV3) and quadrivalent (IIV4) formulations. Recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV) will be available in a trivalent formulation (RIV3). In light of concerns regarding low effectiveness against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the United States during the 2013-14 and 2015-16 seasons, for the 2016-17 season, ACIP makes the interim recommendation that live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) should not be used. Vaccine virus strains included in the 2016-17 U.S. trivalent influenza vaccines will be an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus, an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus, and a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus (Victoria lineage). Quadrivalent vaccines will include an additional influenza B virus strain, a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (Yamagata lineage).Recommendations for use of different vaccine types and specific populations are discussed. A licensed, age-appropriate vaccine should be used. No preferential recommendation is made for one influenza vaccine product over another for persons for whom more than one licensed, recommended product is otherwise appropriate. This information is intended for vaccination providers, immunization program personnel, and public health personnel. Information in this report reflects discussions during public meetings of ACIP held on October 21, 2015; February 24, 2016; and June 22, 2016. These recommendations apply to all licensed influenza vaccines used within Food and Drug Administration-licensed indications, including those licensed after the publication date of this report. Updates and other information are available at CDC's influenza website (http://www.cdc.gov/flu). Vaccination and health care providers should check CDC's influenza website periodically for additional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Grohskopf
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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23
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Pinto LA, Kemp TJ, Torres BN, Isaacs-Soriano K, Ingles D, Abrahamsen M, Pan Y, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmeron J, Giuliano AR. Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Induces HPV-Specific Antibodies in the Oral Cavity: Results From the Mid-Adult Male Vaccine Trial. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1276-83. [PMID: 27511896 PMCID: PMC5034962 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human papillomavirus virus type 16 (HPV-16) and HPV-18 cause a large proportion of oropharyngeal cancers, which are increasing in incidence among males, and vaccine efficacy against oral HPV infections in men has not been previously evaluated. Methods. Sera and saliva collected in mouthwash and Merocel sponges at day 1 and month 7 were obtained from 150 men aged 27–45 years from Tampa, Florida, and Cuernavaca, Mexico, who received Gardasil at day 1 and months 2 and 6. Specimens were tested for anti–HPV-16 and anti–HPV-18 immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels by an L1 virus-like particle–based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. All participants developed detectable serum anti–HPV-16 and anti–HPV-18 antibodies, and most had detectable antibodies in both oral specimen types at month 7 (HPV-16 was detected in 93.2% of mouthwash specimens and 95.7% of sponge specimens; HPV-18 was detected in 72.1% and 65.5%, respectively). Antibody concentrations in saliva were approximately 3 logs lower than in serum. HPV-16– and HPV-18–specific antibody levels, normalized to total IgG levels, in both oral specimen types at month 7 were significantly correlated with serum levels (for HPV-16, ρ was 0.90 for mouthwash specimens and 0.92 for sponge specimens; for HPV-18, ρ was 0.89 and 0.86, respectively). Conclusions. This is the first study demonstrating that vaccination of males with Gardasil induces HPV antibody levels at the oral cavity that correlate with circulating levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia A Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Troy J Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - B Nelson Torres
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Donna Ingles
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Martha Abrahamsen
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yuanji Pan
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | | | | | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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Parenteral Vaccination Can Be an Effective Means of Inducing Protective Mucosal Responses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:438-441. [PMID: 27122485 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00214-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current paradigm in vaccine development is that nonreplicating vaccines delivered parenterally fail to induce immune responses in mucosal tissues. However, both clinical and experimental data have challenged this concept, and numerous studies have shown that induction of mucosal immune responses after parenteral vaccination is not a rare occurrence and might, in fact, significantly contribute to the protection against mucosal infections afforded by parenteral vaccines. While the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood, the realization that parenteral vaccination can be an effective means of inducing protective mucosal responses is paradigm-shifting and has potential to transform the way vaccines are designed and delivered.
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Mohn KGI, Brokstad KA, Pathirana RD, Bredholt G, Jul-Larsen Å, Trieu MC, Lartey SL, Montomoli E, Tøndel C, Aarstad HJ, Cox RJ. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Children Induces B-Cell Responses in Tonsils. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:722-31. [PMID: 27247344 PMCID: PMC4978372 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Tonsils play a key role in eliciting immune responses against respiratory pathogens. Little is known about how tonsils contribute to the local immune response after intranasal vaccination. Here, we uniquely report the mucosal humoral responses in tonsils and saliva after intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) vaccination in children. Methods. Blood, saliva, and tonsils samples were collected from 39 children before and after LAIV vaccination and from 16 age-matched, nonvaccinated controls. Serum antibody responses were determined by a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) level was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody-secreting cell (ASC) and memory B-cell (MBC) responses were enumerated in tonsils and blood. Results. Significant increases were observed in levels of serum antibodies and salivary IgA to influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B virus strains as early as 14 days after vaccination but not to influenza A(H1N1). Influenza virus–specific salivary IgA levels correlated with serum HI responses, making this a new possible indicator of vaccine immunogenicity in children. LAIV augmented influenza virus–specific B-cell responses in tonsils and blood. Tonsillar MBC responses correlated with systemic MBC and serological responses. Naive children showed significant increases in MBC counts after LAIV vaccination. Conclusions. This is the first study to demonstrate that LAIV elicits humoral B-cell responses in tonsils of young children. Furthermore, salivary IgA analysis represents an easy method for measuring immunogenicity after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena VisMederi, Siena, Italy
| | - Camilla Tøndel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen Department of Pediatrics
| | - Hans Jørgen Aarstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- The Influenza Center Department of Research & Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Norway
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Panapasa JA, Cox RJ, Mohn KGI, Aqrawi LA, Brokstad KA. The expression of B & T cell activation markers in children's tonsils following live attenuated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1663-72. [PMID: 26148331 PMCID: PMC4514187 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1032486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) can prevent influenza illness and death in children. The absence of known correlates of protection induced by LAIV requires human studies of underlying mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity, to further elucidate the immunological processes occurring. In this study, children scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were enrolled in a clinical trial to evaluate the immune response to LAIV, in order to compare T and B cell gene expression profiles. Twenty-three children (aged 3-17 years) were divided into 4 groups; unvaccinated controls, or vaccinated intranasally with LAIV at days 3-4, 6-7, and 12-15 before tonsillectomy. Total RNA extraction was performed on tonsillar tissue and high RNA quality was assured. The samples were then analyzed using a validated RT2 Profiler PCR Array containing 84 gene-specific primers involved in B and T cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, regulation and polarization. The gene expression after LAIV vaccination was subsequently compared to the controls. We observed that at d 3-4 post vaccination, 6 genes were down-regulated, namely APC, CD3G, FASLG, IL7, CD8A and TLR1. Meanwhile at 6-7 days post vaccination, 9 genes were significantly up-regulated, including RIPK2, TGFB1, MICB, SOCS1, IL2RA, MS4A1, PTPRC, IL2 and IL8. By days 12-15 the genes RIPK2, IL4, IL12B and TLR2 were overexpressed. RIPK2 was upregulated at all 3 time points. Our data suggests an overall proliferation, differentiation and regulation of B and T cells in the tonsils following LAIV, where the majority of genes were up-regulated at days 6-7 and normalized by days 12-15. These findings may provide a first step into defining future biomarkers or correlates of protection after LAIV immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Panapasa
- a Broegelmann Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Bergen ; Bergen , Norway
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Cox RJ, Major D, Pedersen G, Pathirana RD, Hoschler K, Guilfoyle K, Roseby S, Bredholt G, Assmus J, Breakwell L, Campitelli L, Sjursen H. Matrix M H5N1 Vaccine Induces Cross-H5 Clade Humoral Immune Responses in a Randomized Clinical Trial and Provides Protection from Highly Pathogenic Influenza Challenge in Ferrets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131652. [PMID: 26147369 PMCID: PMC4493055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses constitute a pandemic threat and the development of effective vaccines is a global priority. Sixty adults were recruited into a randomized clinical trial and were intramuscularly immunized with two virosomal vaccine H5N1 (NIBRG-14) doses (21 days apart) of 30 μg HA alone or 1.5, 7.5 or 30 μg HA adjuvanted with Matrix M. The kinetics and longevity of the serological responses against NIBRG-14 were determined by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial haemolysis (SRH), microneutralization (MN) and ELISA assays. The cross-H5 clade responses in sera were determined by HI and the antibody-secreting (ASC) cell ELISPOT assays. The protective efficacy of the vaccine against homologous HPAI challenge was evaluated in ferrets. RESULTS The serological responses against the homologous and cross-reactive strains generally peaked one week after the second dose, and formulation with Matrix M augmented the responses. The NIBRG-14-specific seroprotection rates fell significantly by six months and were low against cross-reactive strains although the adjuvant appeared to prolong the longevity of the protective responses in some subjects. By 12 months post-vaccination, nearly all vaccinees had NIBRG-14-specific antibody titres below the protective thresholds. The Matrix M adjuvant was shown to greatly improve ASC and serum IgG responses following vaccination. In a HPAI ferret challenge model, the vaccine protected the animals from febrile responses, severe weight loss and local and systemic spread of the virus. CONCLUSION Our findings show that the Matrix M-adjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine is a promising pre-pandemic vaccine candidate. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00868218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Diane Major
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Pedersen
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rishi D. Pathirana
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Respiratory Unit, Public Health England (PHE) Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Guilfoyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Roseby
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Geir Bredholt
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jörg Assmus
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lucy Breakwell
- Respiratory Unit, Public Health England (PHE) Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Haakon Sjursen
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Medical Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Sridhar S, Brokstad KA, Cox RJ. Influenza Vaccination Strategies: Comparing Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:373-89. [PMID: 26343192 PMCID: PMC4494344 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major respiratory pathogen causing annual outbreaks and occasional pandemics. Influenza vaccination is the major method of prophylaxis. Currently annual influenza vaccination is recommended for groups at high risk of complications from influenza infection such as pregnant women, young children, people with underlying disease and the elderly, along with occupational groups such a healthcare workers and farm workers. There are two main types of vaccines available: the parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine and the intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine. The inactivated vaccines are licensed from 6 months of age and have been used for more than 50 years with a good safety profile. Inactivated vaccines are standardized according to the presence of the viral major surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin and protection is mediated by the induction of vaccine strain specific antibody responses. In contrast, the live attenuated vaccines are licensed in Europe for children from 2-17 years of age and provide a multifaceted immune response with local and systemic antibody and T cell responses but with no clear correlate of protection. Here we discuss the immunological immune responses elicited by the two vaccines and discuss future work to better define correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl A Brokstad
- Broeglemann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Feng L, Yang P, Zhang T, Yang J, Fu C, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Ma C, Liu Z, Wang Q, Zhao G, Yu H. Technical guidelines for the application of seasonal influenza vaccine in China (2014-2015). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2077-101. [PMID: 26042462 PMCID: PMC4635867 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1027470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza, caused by the influenza virus, is a respiratory infectious disease that can severely affect human health. Influenza viruses undergo frequent antigenic changes, thus could spread quickly. Influenza causes seasonal epidemics and outbreaks in public gatherings such as schools, kindergartens, and nursing homes. Certain populations are at risk for severe illness from influenza, including pregnant women, young children, the elderly, and people in any ages with certain chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Public Health; Fudan University; Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Chuanxi Fu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Chunna Ma
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqiu Liu
- Hua Xin Hospital; First Hospital of Tsinghua University; Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
| | - Genming Zhao
- School of Public Health; Fudan University; Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease; Division of Infectious Disease; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, China
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Pidelaserra Martí G, Isdahl Mohn KG, Cox RJ, Brokstad KA. The Influence of Tonsillectomy on Total Serum Antibody Levels. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:377-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Pidelaserra Martí
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - K. G. Isdahl Mohn
- The Influenza Centre; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - R. J. Cox
- The Influenza Centre; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Research and Development; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
- Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - K. A. Brokstad
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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Uraki R, Das SC, Hatta M, Kiso M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Ozawa M, Coban C, Ishii KJ, Kawaoka Y. Hemozoin as a novel adjuvant for inactivated whole virion influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:5295-300. [PMID: 25108216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Because vaccination is an effective means to protect humans from influenza viruses, extensive efforts have been made to develop not only new vaccines, but also for new adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of existing inactivated vaccines. Here, we examined the adjuvanticity of synthetic hemozoin, a synthetic version of the malarial by-product hemozoin, on the vaccine efficacy of inactivated whole influenza viruses in a mouse model. We found that mice immunized twice with hemozoin-adjuvanted inactivated A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm09) or A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) virus elicited higher virus-specific antibody responses than did mice immunized with non-adjuvanted counterparts. Furthermore, mice immunized with hemozoin-adjuvanted inactivated viruses were better protected from lethal challenge with influenza viruses than were mice immunized with non-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines. Our results show that hemozoin improves the immunogenicity of inactivated influenza viruses, and is thus a promising adjuvant for inactivated whole virion influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Subash C Das
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Masato Hatta
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, IFReC, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Jackson KJL, Liu Y, Roskin KM, Glanville J, Hoh RA, Seo K, Marshall EL, Gurley TC, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Walter EB, Liao HX, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Chaparro-Riggers J, Rajpal A, Pons J, Simen BB, Hanczaruk B, Dekker CL, Laserson J, Koller D, Davis MM, Fire AZ, Boyd SD. Human responses to influenza vaccination show seroconversion signatures and convergent antibody rearrangements. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:105-14. [PMID: 24981332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells produce a diverse antibody repertoire by undergoing gene rearrangements. Pathogen exposure induces the clonal expansion of B cells expressing antibodies that can bind the infectious agent. To assess human B cell responses to trivalent seasonal influenza and monovalent pandemic H1N1 vaccination, we sequenced gene rearrangements encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain, a major determinant of epitope recognition. The magnitude of B cell clonal expansions correlates with an individual's secreted antibody response to the vaccine, and the expanded clones are enriched with those expressing influenza-specific monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, B cell responses to pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccination and infection in different people show a prominent family of convergent antibody heavy chain gene rearrangements specific to influenza antigens. These results indicate that microbes can induce specific signatures of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and that pathogen exposure can potentially be assessed from B cell repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J L Jackson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yi Liu
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krishna M Roskin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katie Seo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eleanor L Marshall
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Arvind Rajpal
- Protein Engineering, Rinat-Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jaume Pons
- Protein Engineering, Rinat-Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Birgitte B Simen
- 454 Life Sciences Corporation, a Roche Company, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Bozena Hanczaruk
- 454 Life Sciences Corporation, a Roche Company, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Laserson
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daphne Koller
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Andrew Z Fire
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Serum antibodies against native and denaturated hemagglutinin glycoproteins detected by ELISA as correlates of protection after influenza vaccination in healthy vaccinees and in kidney transplant recipients. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:558-64. [PMID: 23896019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The microneutralization assay is the standard method to investigate immune responses to influenza vaccination. However there remains some uncertainty as to whether ELISA results are a true measure of immunity in healthy or immuno-compromised vaccines. Furthermore it has been questioned if antibodies against native ("folded") and against denaturated ("unfolded") viral glycoproteins can equally be used as a marker of protection. In this study, two different quantitative IgG-ELISA assays detecting (i) antibodies against unfolded recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) (r-ELISA) and (ii) antibodies against the native HA on the influenza virus surface captured by fetuin-linkage (f-ELISA) were compared to microneutralization titers in sera from 29 healthy vaccinees (n=87 sera) and 39 kidney transplant recipients (n=117 sera) collected before, three weeks after and six months after vaccination against influenza A (H1N1) 2009. With both ELISAs a significant increase in antibody levels was detected after vaccination and linear regression analysis demonstrated that r-ELISA and f-ELISA correlated with microneutralization (R=0.622 for r-ELISA vs. R=0.56 for f-ELISA). For the healthy vaccinees both ELISAs were found to be adequate to distinguish protected from non-protected individuals (sensitivity and specificity: 87.5%/85.3% for r-ELISA and 87.5%/88.3% for f-ELISA). Results from the transplant recipients showed a slightly reduced sensitivity of 73.3% for r-ELISA while the f-ELISA demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity as in the healthy vaccinees. However, in order to obtain these assay performances the cut-off-values for protection had to be adjusted for both assays and both investigation cohorts respectively limiting their application in routine laboratories.
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Hofstetter AM, Natarajan K, Rabinowitz D, Martinez RA, Vawdrey D, Arpadi S, Stockwell MS. Timeliness of pediatric influenza vaccination compared with seasonal influenza activity in an urban community, 2004-2008. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e50-8. [PMID: 23678935 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed pediatric influenza vaccination in relation to community influenza activity. METHODS We examined seasonal influenza vaccination in 34,012 children aged 6 months through 18 years from 5 academically affiliated clinics in northern Manhattan, New York (an urban low-income community) during the 2004-2008 seasons using hospital and city immunization registries. We calculated the cumulative number of administered influenza vaccine doses and proportion of children with any (≥ 1 dose) or full (1-2 doses per age recommendations) vaccination at the onset and peak of community polymerase chain reaction-confirmed influenza activity according to state surveillance reports and by March 31 each season. RESULTS Influenza vaccine administration began before October 1, peaked before influenza activity onset, and declined gradually over each season. Coverage at influenza activity onset, peak, and by March 31 increased over the 5 seasons. However, most children lacked full vaccination at these time points, particularly adolescents, minorities, and those requiring 2 doses. CONCLUSIONS Despite early initiation of influenza vaccination, few children were fully vaccinated when influenza began circulating. Interventions should address factors negatively affecting timely influenza vaccination, especially in high-risk populations.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostics that involve the use of oral fluids have become increasingly available commercially in recent years and are of particular interest because of their relative ease of use, low cost and noninvasive collection of oral fluid for testing. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors discuss the use of salivary diagnostics for virus detection with an emphasis on rapid detection of infection by using point-of-care devices. In particular, they review salivary diagnostics for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus and human papillomavirus. Oral mucosal transudate contains secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A, as well as IgM and IgG, which makes it a good source for immunodiagnostic-based devices. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Because patients often visit a dentist more regularly than they do a physician, there is increased discussion in the dental community regarding the need for practitioners to be aware of salivary diagnostics and to be willing and able to administer these tests to their patients.
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Infection with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus primes for immunological memory in human nose-associated lymphoid tissue, offering cross-reactive immunity to H1N1 and avian H5N1 viruses. J Virol 2013; 87:5331-9. [PMID: 23468498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03547-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious mucosal infection in the respiratory tract. The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus infection resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality in humans. Little is known on whether immunological memory develops following pH1N1 infection and whether it provides protection against other virus subtypes. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay was used to analyze hemagglutinin (HA)-specific memory B cell responses after virus antigen stimulation in nose-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) from children and adults. Individuals with serological evidence of previous exposure to pH1N1 showed significant cross-reactive HA-specific memory B cell responses to pH1N1, seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1), and avian H5N1 (aH5N1) viruses upon pH1N1 virus stimulation. pH1N1 virus antigen elicited stronger cross-reactive memory B cell responses than sH1N1 virus. Intriguingly, aH5N1 virus also activated cross-reactive memory responses to sH1N1 and pH1N1 HAs in those who had previous pH1N1 exposure, and that correlated well with the memory response stimulated by pH1N1 virus antigen. These memory B cell responses resulted in cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against sH1N1, 1918 H1N1, and aH5N1 viruses. The 2009 pH1N1 infection appeared to have primed human host with B cell memory in NALT that offers cross-protective mucosal immunity to not only H1N1 but also aH5N1 viruses. These findings may have important implications for future vaccination strategies against influenza. It will be important to induce and/or enhance such cross-protective mucosal memory B cells.
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Udani JK. Immunomodulatory effects of ResistAid™: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multidose study. J Am Coll Nutr 2013; 32:331-8. [PMID: 24219376 PMCID: PMC3856471 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.839907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of a proprietary arabinogalactan extract from the larch tree (ResistAid, Lonza Ltd., Basel, Switzerland) to change the immune response in healthy adults to a standardized antigenic challenge (tetanus and influenza vaccines) in a dose-dependent manner compared to placebo. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 75 healthy adults (18-61 years old). Subjects were randomized to receive either 1.5 or 4.5 g/day of ResistAid or placebo for 60 days. At day 30, subjects were administered both tetanus and influenza vaccines. Serum antigenic response (tetanus immunoglobulin G [IgG], influenza A and B IgG and immunoglobulin M [IgM]) was measured at days 45 (15 days after vaccination) and 60 (30 days after vaccination) of the study and compared to baseline antibody levels. Frequency and intensity of adverse events were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS As expected, all 3 groups demonstrated an expected rise in tetanus IgG levels 15 and 30 days following the vaccine. There was a strongly significant difference in the rise in IgG levels at day 60 in the 1.5 g/day group compared to placebo (p = 0.008). In the 4.5 g/day group, there was significant rise in tetanus IgG at days 45 and 60 compared to baseline (p < 0.01) but these values were not significant compared to placebo. Neither group demonstrated any significant elevations in IgM or IgG antibodies compared to placebo following the influenza vaccine. There were no clinically or statistically significant or serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS ResistAid at a dose of 1.5 g/day significantly increased the IgG antibody response to tetanus vaccine compared to placebo. In conjunction with earlier studies, this validates the effect of ResistAid on the augmentation of the response to bacterial antigens (in the form of vaccine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay K. Udani
- Medicus Research LLC; Medical Director, Northridge Hospital Integrative Medicine Program, Northridge, California
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Tete SM, Horst G, Wilting KR, Klijn MA, Westra J, de Haan A, Huckriede AL, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Sahota SS, Bijl M, Bos N. IgG antibody and TH1 immune responses to influenza vaccination negatively correlate with M-protein burden in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2052-434x-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The natural human antibody response is a rich source of highly specific, neutralizing and self-tolerant therapeutic reagents. Recent advances have been made in isolating and characterizing monoclonal antibodies that are generated in response to natural infection or vaccination. Studies of the human antibody response have led to the discovery of crucial epitopes that could serve as new targets in vaccine design and in the creation of potentially powerful immunotherapies. With a focus on influenza virus and HIV, herein we summarize the technological tools used to identify and characterize human monoclonal antibodies and describe how these tools might be used to fight infectious diseases.
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Panyasing Y, Goodell CK, Wang C, Kittawornrat A, Prickett JR, Schwartz KJ, Ballagi A, Lizano S, Zimmerman JJ. Detection of influenza A virus nucleoprotein antibodies in oral fluid specimens from pigs infected under experimental conditions using a blocking ELISA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:177-84. [PMID: 23046061 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In commercial swine populations, influenza is an important component of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and a pathogen with major economic impact. Previously, a commercial blocking ELISA (FlockChek(™) Avian Influenza Virus MultiS-Screen(®) Antibody Test Kit, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA) designed to detect influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies in avian serum was shown to accurately detect NP antibodies in swine serum. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this assay could detect NP antibodies in swine oral fluid samples. Initially, the procedure for performing the NP-blocking ELISA on oral fluid was modified from the serum testing protocol by changing sample dilution, sample volume, incubation time and incubation temperature. The detection of NP antibody was then evaluated using pen-based oral fluid samples (n = 182) from pigs inoculated with either influenza A virus subtype H1N1 or H3N2 under experimental conditions and followed for 42 days post inoculation (DPI). NP antibodies in oral fluid were detected from DPI 7 to 42 in all inoculated groups, that is, the mean sample-to-negative (S/N) ratio of influenza-inoculated pigs was significantly different (P < 0.0001) from uninoculated controls (unvaccinated or vaccinated-uninoculated groups) through this period. Oral fluid versus serum S/N ratios from the same pen showed a correlation of 0.796 (Pearson's correlation coefficient, P < 0.0001). The results showed that oral fluid samples from influenza virus-infected pigs contained detectable levels of NP antibodies for ≥42 DPI. Future research will be required to determine whether this approach could be used to monitor the circulation of influenza virus in commercial pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Panyasing
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Das SC, Hatta M, Wilker PR, Myc A, Hamouda T, Neumann G, Baker JR, Kawaoka Y. Nanoemulsion W805EC improves immune responses upon intranasal delivery of an inactivated pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:6871-7. [PMID: 22989689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently available influenza vaccines provide suboptimal protection. In order to improve the quality of protective immune responses elicited following vaccination, we developed an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE)-based adjuvant for an intranasally-delivered inactivated influenza vaccine. Using a prime-boost vaccination regimen, we show that intranasal vaccines containing the W(80)5EC NE elicited higher titers of serum hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody and influenza-specific IgG and IgA titers compared to vaccines that did not contain the NE. Similarly, vaccines containing the W(80)5EC NE resulted in higher influenza-specific IgA levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and nasal wash when compared to vaccines formulated without NE. The higher antibody titers in mice immunized with the NE-containing vaccines correlated with reduced viral loads in the lungs and nasal turbinates following a high dose viral challenge. Mice immunized with vaccines containing the W(80)5EC NE also showed a reduction in body weight loss following challenge compared to mice immunized with equivalent vaccines produced without NE. Taken together, our results show that the W(80)5EC NE substantially improves the magnitude of protective influenza-specific antibody responses and is a promising mucosal adjuvant for influenza vaccines and vaccines against other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Das
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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Pathirana RD, Bredholt G, Akselsen PE, Pedersen GK, Cox RJ. A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination of health care workers: improved immune responses in low responders following revaccination. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1660-9. [PMID: 22969149 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a clinical trial in October 2009 to evaluate the immunogenicity of the AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (pH1N1 vaccine) in health care workers (HCWs). By 2 weeks after vaccination, 97% had protective hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titers (≥ 40) however, 16% were low responders (LR) and failed to maintain a protective response 90 days after vaccination. METHODS We analyzed the humoral responses (HI, antibody-secreting cell [ASC], and serum immunoglobulin G [IgG]) in 15 LRs and 25 control HCWs. Twelve LRs were revaccinated with the pH1N1 vaccine, and 7 were subsequently vaccinated with the 2010 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine. We conducted a long-term analysis of the humoral and CD4(+) T-helper (Th) 1 responses. RESULTS The LRs had a slower HI antibody response than the control HCWs, with protective antibody titers not reached until 2 weeks after vaccination in the majority of the participants. The LRs also had significantly lower IgG ASCs at day 7 and HA1-specific serum IgG responses at day 21, compared with the control HCWs. Revaccination with the pH1N1 vaccine elicited rapid HI antibody, ASC, memory B cell, and multifunctional CD4(+) Th1 cell responses. CONCLUSION This study shows that revaccination of low-responding HCWs with the pH1N1 vaccine is required for maintaining long-term protection. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01003288.
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Sardoy MC, Anderson DE, George A, Wilkerson MJ, Skinner S, Ferrer MS. Standardization of a method to detect bovine sperm-bound antisperm antibodies by flow cytometry. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1570-7. [PMID: 22925638 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to standardize some methodological and analytical aspects of a direct technique to detect sperm-bound antisperm antibodies (ASAs) in bovine semen using flow cytometry, including the effects of prefixation of sperm membranes with formalin buffer solution and inclusion of dead cells in the analysis. Fourteen Angus bulls, including ASA-positive (experimentally induced ASAs) and 10 reproductively normal ASA-negative bulls, were used. Fixation of sperm membranes had no significant effect on the percentage of IgG- or IgA-bound spermatozoa detected by flow cytometry. However, including dead cells in the analysis increased the percentage of IgG-bound spermatozoa in fixed (live and dead 18.6 ± 9.7% and live 1.3 ± 0.5%; median ± SEM) and nonfixed samples (live and dead 18.8 ± 9.2%, live 1.5 ± 0.6%; P = 0.0029), as well as IgA-bound spermatozoa in fixed (live and dead 16.3 ± 6.4%, live 0.3 ± 0.5%) and nonfixed samples (live and dead 21.4 ± 4.6%, live 1.0 ± 0.5%; P = 0.0041) in semen from ASA-negative bulls. Intrasample, intra-assay, and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were 0.8%, 4.6%, and 5.3%, respectively, for determination of sperm-bound IgG, and were 2.8%, 8.4%, and 40.3% for determination of sperm-bound IgA. Despite the high interassay CV for IgA determination, all ASA-positive bulls consistently had high percentages of IgA-bound spermatozoa. Flow cytometry correctly identified ASA-positive bulls. Confocal laser microscopy confirmed binding of ASAs to sperm heads and cytoplasmic droplets, and less frequently to midpieces and principal piece. In conclusion, although fixation was not necessary, dead cells should be excluded from the analysis, because ejaculates with a large proportion of dead cells can yield false-positive results. Flow cytometry was accurate and reliable for detection of sperm-bound IgG and IgA and discrimination between ASA-positive and ASA-negative bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Sardoy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Jul-Larsen Å, Madhun AS, Brokstad KA, Montomoli E, Yusibov V, Cox RJ. The human potential of a recombinant pandemic influenza vaccine produced in tobacco plants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:653-61. [PMID: 22634440 PMCID: PMC3495720 DOI: 10.4161/hv.19503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid production of influenza vaccine antigen is an important challenge when a new pandemic occurs. Production of recombinant antigens in plants is a quick, cost effective and up scalable new strategy for influenza vaccine production. In this study, we have characterized a recombinant influenza haemagglutinin antigen (HAC1) that was derived from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) virus and expressed in tobacco plants. Volunteers vaccinated with the 2009 pdmH1N1 oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine provided serum and lymphocyte samples that were used to study the immunogenic properties of the HAC1 antigen in vitro. By 7 d post vaccination, the vaccine fulfilled the licensing criteria for antibody responses to the HA detected by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial hemolysis. By ELISA and ELISPOT analysis we showed that HAC1 was recognized by specific serum antibodies and antibody secreting cells, respectively. We conducted a kinetic analysis and found a peak of serum HAC1 specific antibody response between day 14 and 21 post vaccination by ELISA. We also detected elevated production of IL-2 and IFNγ and low frequencies of CD4(+) T cells producing single or multiple Th1 cytokines after stimulating PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) with the HAC1 antigen in vitro. This indicates that the antigen can interact with T cells, although confirming an effective adjuvant would be required to improve the T-cell stimulation of plant based vaccines. We conclude that the tobacco derived recombinant HAC1 antigen is a promising vaccine candidate recognized by both B- and T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Human Experimentation
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Time Factors
- Nicotiana
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsne Jul-Larsen
- Influenza Centre, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Pauli NT, Henry Dunand CJ, Wilson PC. Exploiting human memory B cell heterogeneity for improved vaccine efficacy. Front Immunol 2011; 2:77. [PMID: 22566866 PMCID: PMC3342318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The major goal in vaccination is establishment of long-term, prophylactic humoral memory to a pathogen. Two major components to long-lived humoral memory are plasma cells for the production of specific immunoglobulin and memory B cells that survey for their specific antigen in the periphery for later affinity maturation, proliferation, and differentiation. The study of human B cell memory has been aided by the discovery of a general marker for B cell memory, expression of CD27; however, new data suggests the existence of CD27⁻ memory B cells as well. These recently described non-canonical memory populations have increasingly pointed to the heterogeneity of the memory compartment. The novel B memory subsets in humans appear to have unique origins, localization, and functions compared to what was considered to be a "classical" memory B cell. In this article, we review the known B cell memory subsets, the establishment of B cell memory in vaccination and infection, and how understanding these newly described subsets can inform vaccine design and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel T. Pauli
- Committee on Immunology, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Carole J. Henry Dunand
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Committee on Immunology, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
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Sacadura-Leite E, Sousa-Uva A, Rebelo-de-Andrade H. Antibody response to the influenza vaccine in healthcare workers. Vaccine 2011; 30:436-41. [PMID: 22064268 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
People vaccinated against influenza develop hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies (Ab) that bind to the virus and neutralize it. Ab titer levels are variable depending on factors insufficiently studied, and tend to decrease over time. In the present study, we analyzed antibodies responses before and after influenza vaccination in nurses working in a hospital, with the aim of: - identifying seroconversion rates to trivalent influenza vaccine one month after immunization; - evaluating if, six months after vaccination, influenza HAI Ab titer fall comparing to one-month post vaccination HAI Ab titer; - studying the association between the lack of HAI Ab response (seroconversion) assessed one month after immunization and: ◦ past influenza vaccinations, ◦ baseline (before vaccination) HAI Ab titer, ◦ baseline (before vaccination) HAI Ab titer ≥ 40 (considered as a protection titer). Hemagglutination inhibition reaction was used to assess specific HAI Ab titers against influenza A(H(1)N(1)), A(H(3)N(2)) and B virus strains included in the influenza vaccine and we used progressive dilutions of two times, starting on 1:10 until 1:20.480. Seroconversion rates, one month after vaccination, were 66.7% for A(H(1)N(1)) strain, 63.2% for A(H(3)N(2)) strain and 56.3% for B strain. The most immunogenic strain used in 2007/08 influenza vaccine was A(H(1)N(1)). Seroconversion rates after one month were negatively associated with past influenza vaccinations, baseline HAI Ab titers ≥ 40 and baseline HAI Ab titers. Six months after vaccination, 50% of participants showed a drop in HAI Ab titers to an half, for each of the considered strains, but they remain high enough to protect against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Sacadura-Leite
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital de Santa Maria/CHLN, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:2250-5. [PMID: 21957937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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