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Dayarathna S, Senadheera B, Jeewandara C, Dissanayaka M, Bary F, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Dengue NS1 interaction with lipids alters its pathogenic effects on monocyte derived macrophages. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.24.24307786. [PMID: 38854029 PMCID: PMC11160833 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.24307786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background While dengue NS1 antigen has been shown to be associated with disease pathogenesis in some studies, it has not been linked in other studies, with the reasons remaining unclear. NS1 antigen levels in acute dengue are often associated with increased disease severity, but there have been a wide variation in results based on past dengue infection and infecting dengue virus (DENV) serotype. As NS1 engages with many host lipids, we hypothesize that the type of NS1-lipid interactions alters its pathogenicity. Methods Primary human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) were co-cultured with NS1 alone or with HDL, LDL, LPS and/or platelet activating factor (PAF) from individuals with a history of past dengue fever (DF=8) or dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF=8). IL-1β levels were measured in culture supernatants, and gene expression analysis carried out in MDMs. Monocyte subpopulations were assessed by flow cytometry. Hierarchical cluster analysis with Euclidean distance calculations were used to differentiate clusters. Differentially expressed variables were extracted and a classifier model was developed to differentiate between past DF and DHF. Results Significantly higher levels of IL-1β were seen in culture supernatants when NS1 was co-cultured with LDL (p=0.01), but with lower levels with HDL (p=0.05). MDMs of those past DHF produced more IL-1β when NS1 with PAF (p=0.02). MDMs of individuals with past DHF, were significantly more likely to down-regulate RPLP2 gene expression when macrophages were co-cultured with either PAF alone, or NS1 combined with PAF, or NS1 combined with LDL. When NS1 was co-cultured with PAF, HDL or LDL two clusters were detected based on IL10 expression, but these did not differentiate those with past DF or DHF. Conclusions As RPLP2 is important in DENV replication and in regulating cellular stress responses and immune responses and IL-10 is associated with severe disease, it would be important to further explore how differential expression of RPLP2 and IL-10 could lead to disease pathogenesis based on NS1 and lipid interactions.
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Perera DR, Ranadeva ND, Sirisena K, Wijesinghe KJ. Roles of NS1 Protein in Flavivirus Pathogenesis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:20-56. [PMID: 38110348 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses are highly concerning pathogens that pose significant risks to public health. The NS1 protein is conserved among flaviviruses and is synthesized as a part of the flavivirus polyprotein. It plays a critical role in viral replication, disease progression, and immune evasion. Post-translational modifications influence NS1's stability, secretion, antigenicity, and interactions with host factors. NS1 protein forms extensive interactions with host cellular proteins allowing it to affect vital processes such as RNA processing, gene expression regulation, and cellular homeostasis, which in turn influence viral replication, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. NS1 acts as an immune evasion factor by delaying complement-dependent lysis of infected cells and contributes to disease pathogenesis by inducing endothelial cell damage and vascular leakage and triggering autoimmune responses. Anti-NS1 antibodies have been shown to cross-react with host endothelial cells and platelets, causing autoimmune destruction that is hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, in contrast, immunization of animal models with the NS1 protein confers protection against lethal challenges from flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Understanding the multifaceted roles of NS1 in flavivirus pathogenesis is crucial for effective disease management and control. Therefore, further research into NS1 biology, including its host protein interactions and additional roles in disease pathology, is imperative for the development of strategies and therapeutics to combat flavivirus infections successfully. This Review provides an in-depth exploration of the current available knowledge on the multifaceted roles of the NS1 protein in the pathogenesis of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayangi R Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
| | - Nadeeka D Ranadeva
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, KIU Campus Sri Lanka 10120
| | - Kavish Sirisena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
- Section of Genetics, Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Sri Lanka 10120
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de Arruda TB, Bavia L, Mosimann ALP, Aoki MN, Sarzi ML, Conchon-Costa I, Wowk PF, Duarte dos Santos CN, Pavanelli WR, Silveira GF, Bordignon J. Viremia and Inflammatory Cytokines in Dengue: Interleukin-2 as a Biomarker of Infection, and Interferon-α and -γ as Markers of Primary versus Secondary Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1362. [PMID: 38003826 PMCID: PMC10675515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Dengue virus (DENV) infection is complex and involves viral replication that may trigger an inflammatory response leading to severe disease. Here, we investigated the correlation between viremia and cytokine levels in the serum of DENV-infected patients. Between 2013 and 2014, 138 patients with a diagnosis of acute-phase DENV infection and 22 patients with a non-dengue acute febrile illness (AFI) were enrolled. Through a focus-forming assay (FFU), we determined the viremia levels in DENV-infected patients and observed a peak in the first two days after the onset of symptoms. A higher level of viremia was observed in primary versus secondary DENV-infected patients. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between viremia and inflammatory cytokine levels in DENV-infected patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that IL-2 has the potential to act as a marker to distinguish dengue from other febrile illnesses and is positively correlated with Th1 cytokines. IFN-α and IFN-γ appear to be potential markers of primary versus secondary infection in DENV-infected patients, respectively. The results also indicate that viremia levels are not the main driving force behind inflammation in dengue and that cytokines could be used as infection biomarkers and for differentiation between primary versus secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Bonato de Arruda
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil; (T.B.d.A.); (A.L.P.M.)
| | - Lorena Bavia
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil; (T.B.d.A.); (A.L.P.M.)
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil; (T.B.d.A.); (A.L.P.M.)
| | - Mateus Nobrega Aoki
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil; (T.B.d.A.); (A.L.P.M.)
- Laboratório de Ciências & Tecnologias Aplicadas a Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Lo Sarzi
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Cambé, Cambé 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratório de Protozoologia Experimental, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil (W.R.P.)
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil; (T.B.d.A.); (A.L.P.M.)
| | - Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil; (T.B.d.A.); (A.L.P.M.)
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratório de Protozoologia Experimental, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil (W.R.P.)
| | | | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Paraná, Brazil; (T.B.d.A.); (A.L.P.M.)
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Fung T, Clapham HE, Chisholm RA. Temporary Cross-Immunity as a Plausible Driver of Asynchronous Cycles of Dengue Serotypes. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:124. [PMID: 37962713 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Many infectious diseases exist as multiple variants, with interactions between variants potentially driving epidemiological dynamics. These diseases include dengue, which infects hundreds of millions of people every year and exhibits complex multi-serotype dynamics. Antibodies produced in response to primary infection by one of the four dengue serotypes can produce a period of temporary cross-immunity (TCI) to infection by other serotypes. After this period, the remaining antibodies can facilitate the entry of heterologous serotypes into target cells, thus enhancing severity of secondary infection by a heterologous serotype. This represents antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). In this study, we analyze an epidemiological model to provide novel insights into the importance of TCI and ADE in producing cyclic outbreaks of dengue serotypes. Our analyses reveal that without TCI, such cyclic outbreaks are synchronous across serotypes and only occur when ADE produces high transmission rates. In contrast, the presence of TCI allows asynchronous cycles of serotypes by inducing a time lag between recovery from primary infection by one serotype and secondary infection by another, with such cycles able to occur without ADE. Our results suggest that TCI is a fundamental driver of asynchronous cycles of dengue serotypes and possibly other multi-variant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Hannah E Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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Nwe KM, Ngwe Tun MM, Muthugala R, Nabeshima T, Balingit JC, Rajamanthri L, Jayawardana D, Attanayake S, Inoue S, Takamatsu Y, Urano T, Morita K. Clinical, Virological, and Immunological Features in Cosmopolitan Genotype DENV-2-Infected Patients during a Large Dengue Outbreak in Sri Lanka in 2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:917-925. [PMID: 37696512 PMCID: PMC10551097 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2017, Sri Lanka experienced its largest dengue epidemic and reported severe and unusual presentations of dengue with high morbidity. This outbreak was associated with the reemergence of dengue virus-2 (DENV-2), with the responsible strain identified as a variant of the previously circulating DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype. In this study, we characterized the DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype from patients during this epidemic. Also, we identified host factors that contributed to the severity of dengue infection in patients infected with this particular virus. Ninety-one acute serum samples from patients at the National Hospital in Kandy were randomly selected. Of these, 40.2% and 48.9% were positive for dengue IgM and IgG, respectively. NS1 antigen levels were significantly higher in primary infections. The severe dengue (SD) and dengue with warning signs (DWWS) groups exhibited significantly higher viral genome and infectivity titers than the dengue without warning signs (DWoWS) group. The highest viremia level was observed in SD patients. As for host cytokine response, interferon α (IFN-α) levels were significantly higher in the DWoWS group than in the DWWS and SD groups, whereas interleukin (IL)-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels in SD patients were significantly higher than in the other two groups. The TNF-α, IL-4, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations were positively correlated with NS1 antigen levels. From whole-genome analysis, NS4 had the highest frequency of amino acid variants, followed by the E gene. Our study suggests that viremia levels and immune responses contributed to SD outcomes, and these findings may help in identifying an effective therapeutic strategy against SD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khine Mya Nwe
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jean Claude Balingit
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shingo Inoue
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urano
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ooi EE, Kalimuddin S. Insights into dengue immunity from vaccine trials. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh3067. [PMID: 37437017 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The quest for an effective dengue vaccine has culminated in two approved vaccines and another that has completed phase 3 clinical trials. However, shortcomings exist in each, suggesting that the knowledge on dengue immunity used to develop these vaccines was incomplete. Vaccine trial findings could refine our understanding of dengue immunity, because these are experimentally derived, placebo-controlled data. Results from these trials suggest that neutralizing antibody titers alone are insufficient to inform protection against symptomatic infection, implicating a role for cellular immunity in protection. These findings have relevance for both future dengue vaccine development and application of current vaccines for maximal public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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de Sousa FTG, Warnes CM, Manuli ER, Ng A, D’Elia Zanella LGFAB, Ho YL, Bhat S, Romano CM, Beatty PR, Biering SB, Kallas EG, Sabino EC, Harris E. Yellow fever disease severity and endothelial dysfunction are associated with elevated serum levels of viral NS1 protein and syndecan-1. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.29.23292053. [PMID: 37425955 PMCID: PMC10327263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.23292053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) infections can cause severe disease manifestations, including hepatic injury, endothelial damage, coagulopathy, hemorrhage, systemic organ failure, and shock, and are associated with high mortality in humans. While nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of the related dengue virus is implicated in contributing to vascular leak, little is known about the role of YFV NS1 in severe YF and mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in YFV infections. Here, using serum samples from qRT-PCR-confirmed YF patients with severe (n=39) or non-severe (n=18) disease in a well-defined hospital cohort in Brazil, plus samples from healthy uninfected controls (n=11), we investigated factors associated with disease severity. We developed a quantitative YFV NS1 capture ELISA and found significantly increased levels of NS1, as well as syndecan-1, a marker of vascular leak, in serum from severe YF as compared to non-severe YF or control groups. We also showed that hyperpermeability of endothelial cell monolayers treated with serum from severe YF patients was significantly higher compared to non-severe YF and control groups as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Further, we demonstrated that YFV NS1 induces shedding of syndecan-1 from the surface of human endothelial cells. Notably, YFV NS1 serum levels significantly correlated with syndecan-1 serum levels and TEER values. Syndecan-1 levels also significantly correlated with clinical laboratory parameters of disease severity, viral load, hospitalization, and death. In summary, this study points to a role for secreted NS1 in YF disease severity and provides evidence for endothelial dysfunction as a mechanism of YF pathogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle T. G. de Sousa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403000, Brazil
| | - Colin M. Warnes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erika R. Manuli
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo-SP, 05403000, Brazil
| | - Arash Ng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luiz G. F. A. B. D’Elia Zanella
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo-SP, 05403000, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo-SP, 01246-900, Brazil
| | - Yeh-Li Ho
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo-SP, 05403000, Brazil
| | - Samhita Bhat
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Camila M. Romano
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo-SP, 05403000, Brazil
| | - P. Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott B. Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo-SP, 05403000, Brazil
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403000, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo-SP, 05403000, Brazil
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Serum biomarkers and anti-flavivirus antibodies at presentation as indicators of severe dengue. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010750. [PMID: 36848385 PMCID: PMC9997924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is the most common vector-borne viral disease worldwide. Most cases are mild, but some evolve into severe dengue (SD), with high lethality. Therefore, it is important to identify biomarkers of severe disease to improve outcomes and judiciously utilize resources. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS One hundred forty-five confirmed dengue cases (median age, 42; range <1-91 years), enrolled from February 2018 to March 2020, were selected from an ongoing study of suspected arboviral infections in metropolitan Asunción, Paraguay. Cases included dengue virus types 1, 2, and 4, and severity was categorized according to the 2009 World Health Organization guidelines. Testing for anti-dengue virus IgM and IgG and serum biomarkers (lipopolysaccharide binding protein and chymase) was performed on acute-phase sera in plate-based ELISAs; in addition, a multiplex ELISA platform was used to measure anti-dengue virus and anti-Zika virus IgM and IgG. Complete blood counts and chemistries were performed at the discretion of the care team. Age, gender, and pre-existing comorbidities were associated with SD vs. dengue with/without warning signs in logistic regression with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.07 (per year; 95% confidence interval, 1.03, 1.11), 0.20 (female; 0.05,0.77), and 2.09 (presence; 1.26, 3.48) respectively. In binary logistic regression, for every unit increase in anti-DENV IgG in the multiplex platform, odds of SD increased by 2.54 (1.19-5.42). Platelet count, lymphocyte percent, and elevated chymase were associated with SD in a combined logistic regression model with ORs of 0.99 (1,000/μL; 0.98,0.999), 0.92 (%; 0.86,0.98), and 1.17 (mg/mL; 1.03,1.33) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Multiple, readily available factors were associated with SD in this population. These findings will aid in the early detection of potentially severe dengue cases and inform the development of new prognostics for use in acute-phase and serial samples from dengue cases.
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Ghetia C, Bhatt P, Mukhopadhyay C. Association of dengue virus non-structural-1 protein with disease severity: a brief review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:986-995. [PMID: 36125197 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) was discovered by P. M. Ashburn and Charles F. Craig in 1907. Evidence of dengue-like illness was observed before 1907 and DENV epidemics have been reported from different parts of the world since then, with increased morbidity rates every year. DENV typically causes a febrile illness that ranges from mild asymptomatic infection to fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and/or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Host mechanisms through which mild infection progresses to the fatal forms are still unknown. Few factors have been associated to aid severe disease acquisition, DENV non-structural 1 (NS1) protein being one of them. NS1 is a highly conserved glycoprotein among the Flavivirus and is often used as a biomarker for dengue diagnosis. This review focuses on assessing the role of NS1 in severe dengue. In this review, hospital-based studies on the association of dengue NS1 with severe dengue from all over the world have been assessed and analysed and the majority of the studies positively correlate high NS1 levels with DHF/DSS acquisition. The review also discusses a few experimental studies on NS1 that have shown it contributes to dengue pathogenesis. This review assesses the role of NS1 and disease severity from hospital-based studies and aims to provide better insights on the kinetics and dynamics of DENV infection with respect to NS1 for a better understanding of the role of NS1 in dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmi Ghetia
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Puneet Bhatt
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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Poltep K, Phadungsombat J, Kosoltanapiwat N, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Wiriyarat W, Suwanpakdee S, Prompiram P, Nakayama EE, Suzuki K, Iwamoto H, Shioda T, Leaungwutiwong P. Performance of the onstructural 1 Antigen Rapid Test for detecting all four DENV serotypes in clinical specimens from Bangkok, Thailand. Virol J 2022; 19:169. [PMID: 36303183 PMCID: PMC9610331 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is an arboviral disease that has a large effect on public health in subtropical and tropical countries. Rapid and accurate detection of dengue infection is necessary for diagnosis and disease management. We previously developed highly sensitive immunochromatographic devices, the TKK 1st and TKK 2nd kits, based on dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 1 detection. However, these TKK kits were evaluated mainly using DENV type 2 clinical specimens collected in Bangladesh, and further validation using clinical specimens of other serotypes was needed. METHODS In the present study, one of the TKK kits, TKK 2nd, was evaluated using 10 DENV-1, 10 DENV-2, 4 DENV-3, 16 DENV-4, and 10 zika virus-infected clinical specimens collected in Bangkok, Thailand. RESULTS The TKK 2nd kit successfully detected all four DENV serotypes in patient serum specimens and did not show any cross-reactivities against zika virus serum specimens. The IgM and/or IgG anti-DENV antibodies were detected in seven serum specimens, but did not seem to affect the results of antigen detection in the TKK 2nd kit. CONCLUSION The results showed that the TKK 2nd kit successfully detected all four DENV serotypes in clinical specimens and confirmed the potential of the kit for dengue diagnosis in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaporn Poltep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Phirom Prompiram
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- POCT Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, 2-73, 254-0076, Shinmachi, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisahiko Iwamoto
- POCT Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, 2-73, 254-0076, Shinmachi, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand.
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11
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Chan KR, Ismail AA, Thergarajan G, Raju CS, Yam HC, Rishya M, Sekaran SD. Serological cross-reactivity among common flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:975398. [PMID: 36189346 PMCID: PMC9519894 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.975398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus is made up of viruses that are either mosquito-borne or tick-borne and other viruses transmitted by unknown vectors. Flaviviruses present a significant threat to global health and infect up to 400 million of people annually. As the climate continues to change throughout the world, these viruses have become prominent infections, with increasing number of infections being detected beyond tropical borders. These include dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Several highly conserved epitopes of flaviviruses had been identified and reported to interact with antibodies, which lead to cross-reactivity results. The major interest of this review paper is mainly focused on the serological cross-reactivity between DENV serotypes, ZIKV, WNV, and JEV. Direct and molecular techniques are required in the diagnosis of Flavivirus-associated human disease. In this review, the serological assays such as neutralization tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination-inhibition test, Western blot test, and immunofluorescence test will be discussed. Serological assays that have been developed are able to detect different immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, IgG, and IgA); however, it is challenging when interpreting the serological results due to the broad antigenic cross-reactivity of antibodies to these viruses. However, the neutralization tests are still considered as the gold standard to differentiate these flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rol Chan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amni Adilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaythri Thergarajan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Devi Sekaran, ; Chandramathi Samudi Raju,
| | - Hock Chai Yam
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manikam Rishya
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Devi Sekaran
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Devi Sekaran, ; Chandramathi Samudi Raju,
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12
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Campos D, Girgis M, Sanda M. Site-specific glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2: Big challenges in mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2100322. [PMID: 35700310 PMCID: PMC9349404 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of viral proteins is required for the progeny formation and infectivity of virtually all viruses. It is increasingly clear that distinct glycans also play pivotal roles in the virus's ability to shield and evade the host's immune system. Recently, there has been a great advancement in structural identification and quantitation of viral glycosylation, especially spike proteins. Given the ongoing pandemic and the high demand for structure analysis of SARS-CoV-2 densely glycosylated spike protein, mass spectrometry methodologies have been employed to accurately determine glycosylation patterns. There are still many challenges in the determination of site-specific glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein. This is compounded by some conflicting results regarding glycan site occupancy and glycan structural characterization. These are probably due to differences in the expression systems, form of expressed spike glycoprotein, MS methodologies, and analysis software. In this review, we recap the glycosylation of spike protein and compare among various studies. Also, we describe the most recent advancements in glycosylation analysis in greater detail and we explain some misinterpretation of previously observed data in recent publications. Our study provides a comprehensive view of the spike protein glycosylation and highlights the importance of consistent glycosylation determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campos
- Max‐Planck‐Institut fuer Herz‐ und LungenforschungBad NauheimGermany
| | - Michael Girgis
- Department of BioengineeringVolgenau School of Engineering and ComputingGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginiaUSA
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Max‐Planck‐Institut fuer Herz‐ und LungenforschungBad NauheimGermany
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research CenterGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
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13
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Acute-phase Serum Cytokine Levels and Correlation with Clinical Outcomes in Children and Adults with Primary and Secondary Dengue Virus Infection in Myanmar between 2017 and 2019. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050558. [PMID: 35631079 PMCID: PMC9144711 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus (DENV) has been endemic in Myanmar since 1970, causing outbreaks every 2–3 years. DENV infection symptoms range from mild fever to lethal hemorrhage. Clinical biomarkers must be identified to facilitate patient risk stratification in the early stages of infection. We analyzed 45 cytokines and other factors in serum samples from the acute phase of DENV infection (within 3–5 days of symptom onset) from 167 patients in Yangon, Myanmar, between 2017 and 2019. All of the patients tested positive for serum DENV nonstructural protein 1 antigen (NS1 Ag); 78.4% and 62.9% were positive for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG), respectively; and 18.0%, 19.8%, and 11.9% tested positive for serotypes 1, 3, and 4, respectively. Although the DENV-4 viral load was significantly higher than those of DENV-1 or DENV-3, disease severity was not associated with viral load or serotype. Significant correlations were identified between disease severity and CCL5, SCF, PDGF-BB, IL-10, and TNF-α levels; between NS1 Ag and SCF, CCL5, IFN-α, IL-1α, and IL-22 levels; between thrombocytopenia and IL-2, TNF-α, VEGF-D, and IL-6 levels; and between primary or secondary infection and IL-2, IL-6, IL-31, IL-12p70, and MIP-1β levels. These circulating factors may represent leading signatures in acute DENV infections, reflecting the clinical outcomes in the dengue endemic region, Myanmar.
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14
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Ghosh A, Sukla S, Nath H, Saha R, De A, Biswas S. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) variants from dengue virus clinical samples revealed mutations that influence NS1 production and secretion. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:803-814. [PMID: 35397074 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dengue diagnosis primarily relies on NS1 ELISA and serological (IgG/IgM) tests. There are reports of low and variable sensitivity of the widely used NS1 ELISA tests. Poor sensitivity has been attributed to patient's infection status, prevalent serotypes, and the geographical origin of the samples. We investigated whether NS1 mutations directly have any impact on NS1 ELISA-based dengue virus (DENV) detection in clinical samples. Fifty-eight serum samples were collected from dengue-endemic area during 2015-2017 and tested with three commonly used NS1 ELISA kits. The samples were subjected to diagnostic RT-PCR and sequencing of structural gene(s). Sequencing of NS1 gene revealed amino acid changes which were transferred to respective wild type NS1 backbone to determine their effects on NS1 production and secretion in Huh-7, Vero, and A549 cells. Eighty-seven percent samples were virus RNA-positive but 65% of these were NS1 ELISA-positive. NS1-gene mutations like Val236➔Ala (DENV2) or Trp68➔stop codon in DENV3 were associated with decreased NS1 production and secretion. These mutations were originally identified in NS1 ELISA-negative clinical isolates. All DENV1 and > 80% DENV2 were NS1 ELISA-positive. The three NS1 ELISA could not detect recently circulating DENV3 single infections despite being RNA-positive. Among serotypes 1-3, wild-type NS1 production was highest for DENV1 and lowest for DENV3 in all cell lines tested. Mutations in circulating DENV directly correlated with NS1 production and secretion and, hence, ELISA-based NS1 detection. Further studies to define more NS1 mutations in clinical samples are needed to optimize ELISA kits for more sensitive dengue diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Ghosh
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumi Sukla
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, Kolkata, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Himadri Nath
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajdeep Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek De
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, Kolkata, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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15
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Finding a chink in the armor: Update, limitations, and challenges toward successful antivirals against flaviviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010291. [PMID: 35482672 PMCID: PMC9049358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have caused large epidemics and ongoing outbreaks for centuries. They are now distributed in every continent infecting up to millions of people annually and may emerge to cause future epidemics. Some of the viruses from this group cause severe illnesses ranging from hemorrhagic to neurological manifestations. Despite decades of research, there are currently no approved antiviral drugs against flaviviruses, urging for new strategies and antiviral targets. In recent years, integrated omics data-based drug repurposing paired with novel drug validation methodologies and appropriate animal models has substantially aided in the discovery of new antiviral medicines. Here, we aim to review the latest progress in the development of both new and repurposed (i) direct-acting antivirals; (ii) host-targeting antivirals; and (iii) multitarget antivirals against flaviviruses, which have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, with an emphasis on their targets and mechanisms. The search yielded 37 compounds that have been evaluated for their efficacy against flaviviruses in animal models; 20 of them are repurposed drugs, and the majority of them exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The review also highlighted the major limitations and challenges faced in the current in vitro and in vivo evaluations that hamper the development of successful antiviral drugs for flaviviruses. We provided an analysis of what can be learned from some of the approved antiviral drugs as well as drugs that failed clinical trials. Potent in vitro and in vivo antiviral efficacy alone does not warrant successful antiviral drugs; current gaps in studies need to be addressed to improve efficacy and safety in clinical trials.
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16
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Needs SH, Sirivisoot S, Jegouic S, Prommool T, Luangaram P, Srisawat C, Sriraksa K, Limpitikul W, Mairiang D, Malasit P, Avirutnan P, Puttikhunt C, Edwards AD. Smartphone multiplex microcapillary diagnostics using Cygnus: Development and evaluation of rapid serotype-specific NS1 detection with dengue patient samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010266. [PMID: 35389998 PMCID: PMC8989202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) infection including DENV serotyping requires skilled labor and well-equipped settings. DENV NS1 lateral flow rapid test (LFT) provides simplicity but lacks ability to identify serotype. A simple, economical, point-of-care device for serotyping is still needed. We present a gravity driven, smartphone compatible, microfluidic device using microcapillary film (MCF) to perform multiplex serotype-specific immunoassay detection of dengue virus NS1. A novel device–termed Cygnus–with a stackable design allows analysis of 1 to 12 samples in parallel in 40 minutes. A sandwich enzyme immunoassay was developed to specifically detect NS1 of all four DENV serotypes in one 60-μl plasma sample. This test aims to bridge the gap between rapid LFT and laboratory microplate ELISAs in terms of sensitivity, usability, accessibility and speed. The Cygnus NS1 assay was evaluated with retrospective undiluted plasma samples from 205 DENV infected patients alongside 50 febrile illness negative controls. Against the gold standard RT-PCR, clinical sensitivity for Cygnus was 82% in overall (with 78, 78, 80 and 76% for DENV1-4, respectively), comparable to an in-house serotyping NS1 microplate ELISA (82% vs 83%) but superior to commercial NS1-LFT (82% vs 74%). Specificity of the Cygnus device was 86%, lower than that of NS1-microplate ELISA and NS1-LFT (100% and 98%, respectively). For Cygnus positive samples, identification of DENV serotypes DENV2-4 matched those by RT-PCR by 100%, but for DENV1 capillaries false positives were seen, suggesting an improved DENV1 capture antibody is needed to increase specificity. Overall performance of Cygnus showed substantial agreement to NS1-microplate ELISA (κ = 0.68, 95%CI 0.58–0.77) and NS1-LFT (κ = 0.71, 95%CI 0.63–0.80). Although further refinement for DENV-1 NS1 detection is needed, the advantages of multiplexing and rapid processing time, this Cygnus device could deliver point-of-care NS1 antigen testing including serotyping for timely DENV diagnosis for epidemic surveillance and outbreak prediction. Diagnosis of the important mosquito-transmitted dengue virus (DENV) requires laboratory assays to detect viral genome (RT-PCR), viral NS1 protein (immunoassay) or DENV specific antibodies. Current point-of-care NS1 tests cannot distinguish serotype, so laboratory tests are still essential to determine which of 4 DENV serotypes is present. Here we present a rapid serotype-specific NS1 test in a portable microfluidic format. Ten parallel 0.2 mm tubes inside a flat plastic ribbon perform multiplex NS1 immunoassays. A simple cassette delivers sample and reagents sequentially through the microcapillaries by gravity. By stacking cassettes, 12 tests could be performed in under 40 minutes, with results recorded by smartphone. When evaluated with 205 patients plus 50 control samples, and results compared to conventional RT-PCR, the sensitivity for DENV1 to 4 was 78%, 78%, 80%, and 76%, respectively, with specificity of 100% for DENV2-4. DENV1 showed some false positives due to cross-reactivity of the capture antibody. Serotyping performance with MCF-Cygnus devices showed substantial agreement to the serotyping-NS1 microplate ELISA. Therefore, these simple and portable microcapillary immunoassay devices could support dengue NS1 serotyping with potential benefits for near-patient diagnosis, real-time epidemic surveillance and outbreak mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Helen Needs
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sirintra Sirivisoot
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sophie Jegouic
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Tanapan Prommool
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Prasit Luangaram
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Srisawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sriraksa
- Pediatric Department, Khon Kaen Hospital, Ministry of Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wannee Limpitikul
- Pediatric Department, Songkhla Hospital, Ministry of Health, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Dumrong Mairiang
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prida Malasit
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panisadee Avirutnan
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (PA); (CH); (ADE)
| | - Chunya Puttikhunt
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (PA); (CH); (ADE)
| | - Alexander Daniel Edwards
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
- Capillary Film Technology Ltd, Billingshurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PA); (CH); (ADE)
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17
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Rox K, Heyner M, Krull J, Harmrolfs K, Rinne V, Hokkanen J, Perez Vilaro G, Díez J, Müller R, Kröger A, Sugiyama Y, Brönstrup M. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model for the Treatment of Dengue Infections Applied to the Broad Spectrum Antiviral Soraphen A. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1499-1513. [PMID: 34661071 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While a drug treatment is unavailable, the global incidence of Dengue virus (DENV) infections and its associated severe manifestations continues to rise. We report the construction of the first physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model that predicts viremia levels in relevant target organs based on preclinical data with the broad spectrum antiviral soraphen A (SorA), an inhibitor of the host cell target acetyl-CoA-carboxylase. SorA was highly effective against DENV in vitro (EC50 = 4.7 nM) and showed in vivo efficacy by inducing a significant reduction of viral load in the spleen and liver of IFNAR-/- mice infected with DENV-2. PBPK/PD predictions for SorA matched well with the experimental infection data. Transfer to a human PBPK/PD model for DENV to mimic a clinical scenario predicted a reduction in viremia by more than one log10 unit for an intravenous infusion regimen of SorA. The PBPK/PD model is applicable to any DENV drug lead and, thus, represents a valuable tool to accelerate and facilitate DENV drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Rox
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maxi Heyner
- Research Group Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jana Krull
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kirsten Harmrolfs
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E 8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Gemma Perez Vilaro
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juana Díez
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rolf Müller
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E 8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Research Group Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Zhong L, Zhu L, Cai ZW. Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics and Glycoproteomics in COVID-19 Biomarkers Identification: A Mini-review. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2021; 5:298-313. [PMID: 34513131 PMCID: PMC8423835 DOI: 10.1007/s41664-021-00197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first corona-pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a huge health crisis and incalculable damage worldwide. Knowledge of how to cure the disease is urgently needed. Emerging immune escaping mutants of the virus suggested that it may be potentially persistent in human society as a regular health threat as the flu virus. Therefore, it is imperative to identify appropriate biomarkers to indicate pathological and physiological states, and more importantly, clinic outcomes. Proteins are the performers of life functions, and their abundance and modification status can directly reflect the immune status. Protein glycosylation serves a great impact in modulating protein function. The use of both unmodified and glycosylated proteins as biomarkers has also been proved feasible in the studies of SARS, Zika virus, influenza, etc. In recent years, mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics, as well as proteomics approaches, advanced significantly due to the evolution of mass spectrometry. We focus on the current development of the mass spectrometry-based strategy for COVID-19 biomarkers' investigation. Potential application of glycoproteomics approaches and challenges in biomarkers identification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zong-Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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19
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Nguyen HD, Chaudhury S, Waickman AT, Friberg H, Currier JR, Wallqvist A. Stochastic Model of the Adaptive Immune Response Predicts Disease Severity and Captures Enhanced Cross-Reactivity in Natural Dengue Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696755. [PMID: 34484195 PMCID: PMC8416063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus circulates as four distinct serotypes, where a single serotype infection is typically asymptomatic and leads to acquired immunity against that serotype. However, the developed immunity to one serotype is thought to underlie the severe manifestation of the disease observed in subsequent infections from a different serotype. We developed a stochastic model of the adaptive immune response to dengue infections. We first delineated the mechanisms initiating and sustaining adaptive immune responses during primary infections. We then contrasted these immune responses during secondary infections of either a homotypic or heterotypic serotype to understand the role of pre-existing and reactivated immune pathways on disease severity. Comparison of non-symptomatic and severe cases from heterotypic infections demonstrated that overproduction of specific antibodies during primary infection induces an enhanced population of cross-reactive antibodies during secondary infection, ultimately leading to severe disease manifestations. In addition, the level of disease severity was found to correlate with immune response kinetics, which was dependent on beginning lymphocyte levels. Our results detail the contribution of specific lymphocytes and antibodies to immunity and memory recall that lead to either protective or pathological outcomes, allowing for the understanding and determination of mechanisms of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung D Nguyen
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing (HPC) Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Adam T Waickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Heather Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing (HPC) Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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Malavige GN, Jeewandara C, Ghouse A, Somathilake G, Tissera H. Changing epidemiology of dengue in Sri Lanka-Challenges for the future. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009624. [PMID: 34411101 PMCID: PMC8375976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue infections are on the rise in Sri Lanka and are spreading to all areas in the country. Here, we discuss the changes in dengue epidemiology in Sri Lanka in relation to changes in age distribution, changes in seroprevalence rates over time, and possible reasons contributing to such changes. METHODS AND FINDINGS Although the incidence of dengue increased 20-fold from the year 2000 to 2012 and a further 3-fold from 2012 to 2019, this increase is not reflected in a similar increase in the age-stratified seropositivity rates for dengue. For instance, the annual seroconversion rates were 0.76% in 2013 and 0.91% in 2017. The annual seroconversion rates in the 6 to 17 age group were 1.5% per year in 2003, 3.9% in 2013, and 4.1% in 2017. In addition, although a 13-fold increase in dengue was seen in those who were <19 years of age, a 52.4-fold increase was seen in the 40- to 59-year age group. The case fatality rates (CFRs) have similarly changed, with 61.8% of deaths occurring in those <19 years of age in the year 2000, while in 2012 to 2018, the highest CFR were seen in those who were aged 20 to 39 years. Although there has been a marked increase in the number of cases, the vector densities did not change during a 4-year period. The proportion of adult individuals experiencing a secondary dengue infection has also remained between 65% and 75% between the years 2004 and 2018. CONCLUSIONS A change in the ratio of symptomatic to asymptomatic infections can give rise to changes in the reported incidence of dengue. In order to take an appropriate policy decision in dengue control activities, it would be important to study the changes in virus serotypes, vector dispersion, and densities. Further, the contribution of the rise in metabolic diseases to an increase in the symptomatic as well as more severe infections due to dengue is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Centre for Dengue Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit (AICBU), Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima Jeewandara
- Centre for Dengue Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit (AICBU), Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Azhar Ghouse
- Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayasha Somathilake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit (AICBU), Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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21
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Kulkarni R, Shrivastava S, Patil HP, Tiraki D, Mishra AC, Arankalle VA. Correlation of serostatus and viraemia levels among Indian dengue patients at the time of first diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:513-520. [PMID: 32484863 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a public health problem worldwide. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against dengue virus (DENV) are likely to be available soon. In view of the feasibility issues pertaining to pretreatment viraemia quantitation for therapy decisions, we conducted this study for investigation of a correlation between patient serostatus (NS1/immunoglobulin M [IgM]/IgG) and viraemia levels among Indian dengue patients at the time of first diagnosis. METHODS The study included 297 serum samples from dengue patients in Pune, India. The samples were tested for NS1, IgM and IgG (capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for identifying secondary dengue) using Panbio ELISAs. Quantitation of viraemia was conducted using an NS1 ELISA-based 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) test in Vero cells. RESULTS Viraemia was detectable only among NS1-positive patients (n = 229, range 0.5-8.3 logTCID50/ml) with a mean titre of 1.9 logTCID50/ml. Among the NS1-positive patients, DENV titres were higher in IgM-negative than IgM-positive patients (p < 0.0001) and in primary (IgG < 18 Panbio units) versus secondary (IgG > 22 Panbio units) dengue patients (p = 0.002). Virus titres were higher during the first 3 days of illness and decreased later (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The study provides a range of infectious DENV titres in relation to serologic status among dengue patients in India. The data suggest the possibility of using serological markers (NS1/IgM) as a basis for treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Kulkarni
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411043, India
| | - Shubham Shrivastava
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411043, India
| | - Harshad P Patil
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411043, India
| | - Divya Tiraki
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411043, India
| | - Akhilesh Chandra Mishra
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411043, India
| | - Vidya A Arankalle
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411043, India
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22
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Prabowo MH, Chatchen S, Rijiravanich P, Klamkam P, Chalermwatanachai T, Limkittikul K, Surareungchai W. Clinical evaluation of a developed paper-based Dengue NS1 rapid diagnostic test for febrile illness patients. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:271-277. [PMID: 33991681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (DEN-NS1-PAD) based on a rapid NS1 antigen test for diagnosing dengue at the point of care. METHODS 219 serum samples from suspected dengue cases were tested with the developed DEN-NS1-PAD and commercial RDT by SD BIOLINE. The results were compared with the nested-PCR results. RESULTS The limit of detection of DEN-NS1-PAD was 0.78 ng mL-1. It showed 88.89% sensitivity, 86.67% specificity, and a substantial agreement correlation (κ = 0.7522) compared with nested-PCR. In contrast, SD BIOLINE for NS1 (SD-NS1) detection showed 87.88% sensitivity, 90.00% specificity, and had a substantial agreement correlation with nested-PCR (κ = 0.7788). CONCLUSIONS DEN-NS1-PAD is a valuable tool for diagnosing DENV infections, especially for diagnosed patients with early acute phase samples with high viral load. DEN-NS1-PAD has better sensitivity than SD-NS1 but less specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hatta Prabowo
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok 10150, Thailand; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Supawat Chatchen
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Patsamon Rijiravanich
- Bioscience and System Biology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Sciences and Technology Development Agency at King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Pana Klamkam
- Department of Otolaryngology, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanit Chalermwatanachai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kriengsak Limkittikul
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
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23
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Application of One-Step Reverse Transcription Droplet Digital PCR for Dengue Virus Detection and Quantification in Clinical Specimens. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040639. [PMID: 33916081 PMCID: PMC8066273 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection and quantification of viruses in laboratory and clinical samples are standard assays in dengue virus (DENV) studies. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is considered to be the standard for DENV detection and quantification due to its high sensitivity. However, qRT-PCR offers only quantification relative to a standard curve and consists of several "in-house" components resulting in interlaboratory variations. We developed and optimized a protocol for applying one-step RT-droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) for DENV detection and quantification. The lower limit of detection (LLOD95) and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for RT-ddPCR were estimated to be 1.851 log10-copies/reaction and 2.337 log10-copies/reaction, respectively. The sensitivity of RT-ddPCR was found to be superior to qRT-PCR (94.87% vs. 90.38%, p = 0.039) while no false positives were detected. Quantification of DENV in clinical samples was independently performed in three laboratories showing interlaboratory variations with biases <0.5 log10-copies/mL. The RT-ddPCR protocol presented here could help harmonize DENV quantification results and improve findings in the field such as identifying a DENV titer threshold correlating with disease severity.
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24
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Lee PX, Ting DHR, Boey CPH, Tan ETX, Chia JZH, Idris F, Oo Y, Ong LC, Chua YL, Hapuarachchi C, Ng LC, Alonso S. Relative contribution of nonstructural protein 1 in dengue pathogenesis. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151891. [PMID: 32584412 PMCID: PMC7478733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major public health concern in the tropical and subtropical world, with no effective treatment. The controversial live attenuated virus vaccine Dengvaxia has boosted the pursuit of subunit vaccine approaches, and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has recently emerged as a promising candidate. However, we found that NS1 immunization or passive transfer of NS1 antibodies failed to confer protection in symptomatic dengue mouse models using two non–mouse-adapted DENV2 strains that are highly virulent. Exogenous administration of purified NS1 also failed to worsen in vivo vascular leakage in sublethally infected mice. Neither method of NS1 immune neutralization changed the disease outcome of a chimeric strain expressing a vascular leak-potent NS1. Instead, virus chimerization involving the prME structural region indicated that these proteins play a critical role in driving in vivo fitness and virulence of the virus, through induction of key proinflammatory cytokines. This work highlights that the pathogenic role of NS1 is DENV strain dependent, which warrants reevaluation of NS1 as a universal dengue vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xuan Lee
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald Heng Rong Ting
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clement Peng Hee Boey
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Tze Xin Tan
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janice Zuo Hui Chia
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fakhriedzwan Idris
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukei Oo
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Ching Ong
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Leong Chua
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute at National Environment Agency, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Disease Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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25
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del Valle-Mendoza J, Aguilar-Luis M, Carrillo-Ng H, Kym S, Silva-Caso W, Verne E, del Valle L, Bazán-Mayra J, Zavaleta-Gavidia V, Cornejo-Pacherres D, Tarazona-Castro Y, Aquino-Ortega R, Cornejo-Tapia A. Detection of dengue virus serotype 3 in Cajamarca, Peru: Molecular diagnosis and clinical characteristics. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.326257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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26
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Bhatt P, Sabeena SP, Varma M, Arunkumar G. Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Dengue Virus Infection. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:17-32. [PMID: 33231723 PMCID: PMC7815537 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02284-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of dengue virus infection is attributed to complex interplay between virus, host genes and host immune response. Host factors such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), memory cross-reactive T cells, anti-DENV NS1 antibodies, autoimmunity as well as genetic factors are major determinants of disease susceptibility. NS1 protein and anti-DENV NS1 antibodies were believed to be responsible for pathogenesis of severe dengue. The cytokine response of cross-reactive CD4+ T cells might be altered by the sequential infection with different DENV serotypes, leading to further elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing a detrimental immune response. Fcγ receptor-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) results in release of cytokines from immune cells leading to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and increased vascular permeability. Genomic variation of dengue virus and subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) suppressing host immune response are viral determinants of disease severity. Dengue infection can lead to the generation of autoantibodies against DENV NS1antigen, DENV prM, and E proteins, which can cross-react with several self-antigens such as plasminogen, integrin, and platelet cells. Apart from viral factors, several host genetic factors and gene polymorphisms also have a role to play in pathogenesis of DENV infection. This review article highlights the various factors responsible for the pathogenesis of dengue and also highlights the recent advances in the field related to biomarkers which can be used in future for predicting severe disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Bhatt
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | | | - Muralidhar Varma
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576101 India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
- Present Address: WHO Country Office, Kathmandu, Nepal
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27
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Vuong NL, Quyen NTH, Tien NTH, Tuan NM, Kien DTH, Lam PK, Tam DTH, Van Ngoc T, Yacoub S, Jaenisch T, Geskus RB, Simmons CP, Wills BA. Higher Plasma Viremia in the Febrile Phase Is Associated With Adverse Dengue Outcomes Irrespective of Infecting Serotype or Host Immune Status: An Analysis of 5642 Vietnamese Cases. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 72:e1074-e1083. [PMID: 33340040 PMCID: PMC8204785 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the generally accepted constructs of dengue pathogenesis is that clinical disease severity is at least partially dependent upon plasma viremia, yet data on plasma viremia in primary versus secondary infections and in relation to clinically relevant endpoints remain limited and contradictory. METHODS Using a large database comprising detailed clinical and laboratory characterization of Vietnamese participants enrolled in a series of research studies executed over a 15-year period, we explored relationships between plasma viremia measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and 3 clinically relevant endpoints-severe dengue, plasma leakage, and hospitalization-in the dengue-confirmed cases. All 4 dengue serotypes and both primary and secondary infections were well represented. In our logistic regression models we allowed for a nonlinear effect of viremia and for associations between viremia and outcome to differ by age, serotype, host immune status, and illness day at study enrollment. RESULTS Among 5642 dengue-confirmed cases we identified 259 (4.6%) severe dengue cases, 701 (12.4%) patients with plasma leakage, and 1441 of 4008 (40.0%) patients recruited in outpatient settings who were subsequently hospitalized. From the early febrile phase onwards, higher viremia increased the risk of developing all 3 endpoints, but effect sizes were modest (ORs ranging from 1.12-1.27 per 1-log increase) compared with the effects of a secondary immune response (ORs, 1.67-7.76). The associations were consistent across age, serotype, and immune status groups, and in the various sensitivity and subgroup analyses we undertook. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma viremia is associated with increased dengue severity, regardless of serotype or immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Lam Vuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Correspondence: N. L. Vuong, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ()
| | - Nguyen Than Ha Quyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hanh Tien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Duong Thi Hue Kien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phung Khanh Lam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dong Thi Hoai Tam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Ngoc
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronald B Geskus
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Institute for Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bridget A Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Kalimuddin S, Xie W, Watanabe S, Tham JY, Sam H, Chan KWK, Yap TS, Totman JJ, Chacko AM, Vasudevan SG, Low JG. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a window into human dengue pathophysiology. Antiviral Res 2020; 185:104991. [PMID: 33279522 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mouse models of dengue virus (DENV) infection, 18F-FDG PET is able to sensitively detect tissue-specific sites of inflammation and disease activity, as well as track therapeutic response to anti- DENV agents. However, the use of 18F-FDG PET to study the pathogenesis of inflammation and disease activity in DENV infection in humans, has not been clinically validated. Here we report the 18F-FDG PET imaging results of two patients during the febrile phase of acute DENV infection, paired with serial serum viral load, NS1 and proinflammatory cytokine measurements. Our findings demonstrate that 18F-FDG PET is able to sensitively detect and quantify organ-specific inflammation in the lymph nodes and spleen, in classic acute dengue fever. This raises the potential for 18F-FDG PET to be used as a research tool that may provide further insights into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kalimuddin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS), Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wanying Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS), Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jing Yang Tham
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Huizhen Sam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kitti Wing Ki Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS), Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tiang Siew Yap
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - John J Totman
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Ann-Marie Chacko
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS), Medical School, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny G Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS), Medical School, Singapore.
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Ho TS, Weng TC, Wang JD, Han HC, Cheng HC, Yang CC, Yu CH, Liu YJ, Hu CH, Huang CY, Chen MH, King CC, Oyang YJ, Liu CC. Comparing machine learning with case-control models to identify confirmed dengue cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008843. [PMID: 33170848 PMCID: PMC7654779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the global incidence of dengue has increased. Affected countries have responded with more effective surveillance strategies to detect outbreaks early, monitor the trends, and implement prevention and control measures. We have applied newly developed machine learning approaches to identify laboratory-confirmed dengue cases from 4,894 emergency department patients with dengue-like illness (DLI) who received laboratory tests. Among them, 60.11% (2942 cases) were confirmed to have dengue. Using just four input variables [age, body temperature, white blood cells counts (WBCs) and platelets], not only the state-of-the-art deep neural network (DNN) prediction models but also the conventional decision tree (DT) and logistic regression (LR) models delivered performances with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves areas under curves (AUCs) of the ranging from 83.75% to 85.87% [for DT, DNN and LR: 84.60% ± 0.03%, 85.87% ± 0.54%, 83.75% ± 0.17%, respectively]. Subgroup analyses found all the models were very sensitive particularly in the pre-epidemic period. Pre-peak sensitivities (<35 weeks) were 92.6%, 92.9%, and 93.1% in DT, DNN, and LR respectively. Adjusted odds ratios examined with LR for low WBCs [≤ 3.2 (x103/μL)], fever (≥38°C), low platelet counts [< 100 (x103/μL)], and elderly (≥ 65 years) were 5.17 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.96-6.76], 3.17 [95%CI: 2.74-3.66], 3.10 [95%CI: 2.44-3.94], and 1.77 [95%CI: 1.50-2.10], respectively. Our prediction models can readily be used in resource-poor countries where viral/serologic tests are inconvenient and can also be applied for real-time syndromic surveillance to monitor trends of dengue cases and even be integrated with mosquito/environment surveillance for early warning and immediate prevention/control measures. In other words, a local community hospital/clinic with an instrument of complete blood counts (including platelets) can provide a sentinel screening during outbreaks. In conclusion, the machine learning approach can facilitate medical and public health efforts to minimize the health threat of dengue epidemics. However, laboratory confirmation remains the primary goal of surveillance and outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Chia Weng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung-Der Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Public Heath, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsieh-Cheng Han
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hao-Chien Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chieh Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Jung Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien Hsiang Hu
- Department of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hong Chen
- Department of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Jen Oyang
- Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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30
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Matangkasombut P, Manopwisedjaroen K, Pitabut N, Thaloengsok S, Suraamornkul S, Yingtaweesak T, Duong V, Sakuntabhai A, Paul R, Singhasivanon P. Dengue viremia kinetics in asymptomatic and symptomatic infection. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:90-97. [PMID: 32992011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue infection is a global health threat. While symptomatic cases contribute to morbidity and mortality, the majority of infected people are asymptomatic but serve as an important reservoir. However, the kinetics of viremia in asymptomatic infections remains unknown. METHODS We enrolled 279 hospital-based symptomatic index cases and quantified dengue virus (DENV) RNA at enrollment and at the day of defervescence. To identify asymptomatic cases, 175 household members of index cases were monitored for clinical symptoms during follow-up, and blood was taken twice weekly to test for and quantify DENV RNA until cleared. RESULTS We detected DENV in thirteen asymptomatic household members (7.43%). Their DENV serotypes were primarily the same as those of their family index cases. The median peak DENV viremia in asymptomatic subjects was lower than that of symptomatic individuals during the febrile phase, and the viral decay rate was slower in asymptomatic infections. CONCLUSIONS DENV level and kinetics in asymptomatic individuals differed significantly from those of symptomatic cases. Despite the lower viremia, the slower decay rate in asymptomatic infections could lead to their prolonging the infectious reservoir. The improvement of transmission control to prevent such long-lived asymptomatic infections from transmitting the DENV is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Nada Pitabut
- Office of Research Services, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasikanya Thaloengsok
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, UMR 2000 (CNRS), Paris 75015, France
| | - Richard Paul
- Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, UMR 2000 (CNRS), Paris 75015, France
| | - Pratap Singhasivanon
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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31
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Umakanth M, Suganthan N. Unusual Manifestations of Dengue Fever: A Review on Expanded Dengue Syndrome. Cureus 2020; 12:e10678. [PMID: 33133844 PMCID: PMC7593129 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue infection may manifest as dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The World Health Organization (WHO) came up with the term "expanded dengue syndrome" (EDS) to designate cases which do not fall into either DHF or DSS, with unusual manifestations in other organs such as the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, the kidneys, the gut, and the hematological system, which have been increasingly reported and called EDS. Furthermore, EDS is becoming widespread globally with unusual features and increased severity. There are increasing reports of under-recognized and infrequent manifestations with severe organ involvement. This review gives knowledge of expanded dengue syndrome which helps to catch the diagnosis of dengue early, particularly during the ongoing epidemics and escaping from further series of unnecessary investigations.
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32
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Morsy S, Hashan MR, Hieu TH, Mohammed AT, Elawady SS, Ghosh P, Elgendy MA, Le HH, Hamad WMA, Iqtadar S, Dumre SP, Hirayama K, Huy NT. The association between dengue viremia kinetics and dengue severity: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:1-10. [PMID: 32856357 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to assess the association of dengue viremia with dengue severity. The study protocol was developed and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016039864). We searched nine databases to find potential papers. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included. We, based our analysis on three outcomes which are disease severity, dengue serotype and disease infection type. Thirty studies with 3316 patients were included. Our analysis revealed that viremia is significantly higher in dengue hemorrhagic fever patients than dengue fever in days 5 to 6. Regarding the serotype of dengue, the maximum viremia titre of serotype 1 was significantly higher than serotype 3 and the viremia in dengue serotype 2 was significantly higher than serotype 4 in days 2 to 4. However, comparison of the daily viremia level between the primary and secondary dengue infection revealed that secondary infection was significantly higher than the primary infection on seventh day and on the eighth day. Viremia is strongly associated with disease severity and type of infection which gave viremia a high indicative power to be used as a clinical predictor. Dengue serotype is also associated with viral load with higher viremia in DENV-2/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morsy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mohammad Rashidul Hashan
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Respiratory and Enteric Infections Department, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Truong Hong Hieu
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Abdelrahman Tarek Mohammed
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh Samir Elawady
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Prithwish Ghosh
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,College Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, West Bengal University of Health Science, West Bengal, India
| | - Manal A Elgendy
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Huu-Hoai Le
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Saigon General Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Walid Mohamed Attiah Hamad
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Internal Medicine Department Infectious Diseases Unit, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Somia Iqtadar
- Online research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shyam Prakash Dumre
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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33
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Yu L, Wen Y, Xiang M, Hong W, Zhao L, Zhang F. The Limitation of Rapid Tests for DENV2 Infection in Host with Unique Immune Status: Low NS1 Antigenemia and Deficient Antibody Responses. Virol Sin 2020; 35:478-480. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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34
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Rathore APS, Senanayake M, Athapathu AS, Gunasena S, Karunaratna I, Leong WY, Lim T, Mantri CK, Wilder-Smith A, St John AL. Serum chymase levels correlate with severe dengue warning signs and clinical fluid accumulation in hospitalized pediatric patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11856. [PMID: 32678248 PMCID: PMC7367272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue induces a spectrum of severity in humans from the milder dengue fever to severe disease, or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Chymase is a candidate biomarker that may aid dengue prognosis. This prospective study aimed to identify whether warning signs of severe dengue, including hypovolemia and fluid accumulation, were associated with elevated chymase. Serum chymase levels were quantified prospectively and longitudinally in hospitalized pediatric dengue patients in Sri Lanka. Warning signs were determined based on daily clinical assessments, laboratory tests and ultrasound findings. Chymase was significantly elevated during the acute phase of disease in DHF or Severe dengue, defined by either the 1997 or 2009 WHO diagnosis guidelines, and persisted longer in the most severe patients. Chymase levels were higher in patients with narrow pulse pressure and clinical warning signs such as severe leakage, fluid accumulation, pleural effusion, gall-bladder wall thickening and rapid haematocrit rise concurrent with thrombocytopenia. No association between chymase and liver enlargement was observed. This study confirms that serum chymase levels are associated with DHF/Severe dengue disease in hospitalized pediatric patients. Chymase levels correlate with warning signs of vascular dysfunction highlighting the possible functional role of chymase in vascular leakage during dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P S Rathore
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Rd., Level 9, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manouri Senanayake
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,Lady Ridgeway Children's Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sunethra Gunasena
- Department of Virology, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Wei Yee Leong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ting Lim
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Rd., Level 9, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chinmay Kumar Mantri
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Rd., Level 9, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Rd., Level 9, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
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35
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Cantero C, Cardozo F, Waggoner JJ, Pinsky BA, Espínola A, Infanzón B, Acosta ME, Aria L, Arévalo de Guillén Y, Cuevas T, Rojas V, Segovia C, Centurión A, Rojas A. Implementation of a Multiplex rRT-PCR for Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue Viruses: Improving Arboviral Detection in an Endemic Region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:625-628. [PMID: 31933462 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral diagnosis has been complicated throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas by the recent co-circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and dengue virus (DENV). The aim of this study was to implement a multiplex real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) for ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV in Paraguay to test patients who were clinically suspected of having dengue. We tested 110 sera from patients who presented to the Hospital de Clínicas in 2016 and had testing for DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1; 40 positive and 70 negative). Using a composite reference standard, we confirmed 51 dengue cases (46.4%): 38/40 NS1 positive and 13/70 NS1 negative. Chikungunya virus and ZIKV were detected in one sample each, both were DENV NS1 negative. The NS1 test demonstrated good agreement with rRT-PCR for DENV. However, multiplex rRT-PCR identified a subset of dengue cases and additional arboviral infections that would not be detected if NS1 assays are relied upon for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Cantero
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Fátima Cardozo
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Jesse J Waggoner
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anibal Espínola
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Belén Infanzón
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - María Eugenia Acosta
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Laura Aria
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Yvalena Arévalo de Guillén
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Teresa Cuevas
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Vicenta Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Clotilde Segovia
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Ana Centurión
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Alejandra Rojas
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
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36
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Waggoner JJ, Katzelnick LC, Burger-Calderon R, Gallini J, Moore RH, Kuan G, Balmaseda A, Pinsky BA, Harris E. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Severe Disease Is Mediated by Serum Viral Load in Pediatric Dengue Virus Infections. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1846-1854. [PMID: 32236481 PMCID: PMC7213574 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low preexisting anti-dengue virus (DENV) antibody levels are associated with elevated disease severity. While antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue is thought to be driven by viral load, this has not been conclusively shown. We evaluated the association between preinfection anti-DENV antibody titers, viral load, and disease severity among 133 dengue cases in a Nicaraguan pediatric cohort study. METHODS Viral load was quantified in acute-phase serum by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and analyzed in relation to preinfection antibody titer (measured by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and dengue severity, categorized using 3 definitions. RESULTS Higher viral load was significantly associated with dengue severity; for each increase of 1.0 log10 copies/mL, the odds of severe dengue increased approximately 50%, regardless of severity definition. Viral load at presentation and the odds of severe disease were highest among patients with low to intermediate preinfection antibody titers and lowest among those with the highest antibody titers. We showed the effect of preinfection antibody titer on disease severity was mediated by viral load for each of 3 dengue severity outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the association between preinfection anti-DENV antibody titer, serum viral load, and disease severity, and provides evidence for the mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Waggoner
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Julia Gallini
- Biostatistics Collaboration Core, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renee H Moore
- Biostatistics Collaboration Core, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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37
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Monge S, García-Ortúzar V, López Hernández B, Lopaz Pérez M, Delacour-Estrella S, Sánchez-Seco M, Fernández Martinez B, García San Miguel L, García-Fulgueiras A, Sierra Moros M. Characterization of the first autochthonous dengue outbreak in Spain (August-September 2018). Acta Trop 2020; 205:105402. [PMID: 32088276 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On October 3rd 2018, dengue virus (DENV) infection was confirmed in three family members (symptoms onset between August 18th and 27th) without travel history outside of Spain. They had been together in the Autonomous Communities (AC) of Murcia and Andalusia. By the end of October, a second cluster of two dengue cases (symptoms onset on September 27th and 30th) was confirmed in the AC of Murcia. DENV type 1 sequence was identical to the first cluster, and the epidemiological link was a visit from a case of the first cluster to a fruit-farm neighboring the small village of residence of the second cluster. The entomological investigation found Aedes albopictus activity in this area although all mosquitoes were PCR-negative for DENV. This is the first autochthonous dengue outbreak identified in Spain. This outbreak highlights challenges to timely detect and respond to DENV transmission and opens questions on dengue dynamics in a non-endemic context.
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38
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Akther T, Muraduzzaman AKM, Parvin SM, Tabssum S, Munshi SU. Molecular & serological study of dengue virus-infected patients attending a tertiary hospital of Dhaka city, Bangladesh (2013 to 2016). Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:96-100. [PMID: 31571636 PMCID: PMC6798611 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_738_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tahmina Akther
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Muraduzzaman
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - S Monira Parvin
- Department of Virology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shahina Tabssum
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saif Ullah Munshi
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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39
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Tan W, Liew JWK, Selvarajoo S, Lim XY, Foo CJ, Refai WF, Robson N, Othman S, Hadi HA, Mydin FHM, Malik TFA, Lau YL, Vythilingam I. Inapparent dengue in a community living among dengue-positive Aedes mosquitoes and in a hospital in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105330. [PMID: 31917959 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The public health burden of dengue is most likely under reported. Current dengue control measures only considered symptomatic dengue transmission. Hence, there is a paucity of information on the epidemiology of inapparent dengue. This study reports that many people have been unknowingly exposed to dengue infection. Almost 10% and 70% of individuals without any history of dengue infection and living in a dengue hotspot, in Selangor, Malaysia, were dengue IgM and IgG positive respectively. When dengue-positive mosquitoes were detected in the hotspot, 11 (6.3%) of the 174 individuals tested were found to have dengue viremia, of which 10 were asymptomatic. Besides, upon detection of a dengue-infected mosquito, transmission was already widespread. In a clinical setting, it appears that people living with dengue patients have been exposed to dengue, whether asymptomatic or symptomatic. They can either have circulating viral RNA and/or presence of NS1 antigen. It is also possible that they are dengue seropositive. Collectively, the results indicate that actions taken to control dengue transmission after the first report of dengue cases may be already too late. The current study also revealed challenges in diagnosing clinically inapparent dengue in hyperendemic settings. There is no one best method for diagnosing inapparent dengue. This study demonstrates empirical evidence of inapparent dengue in different settings. Early dengue surveillance in the mosquito population and active serological/virological surveillance in humans can go hand in hand. More studies are required to investigate the epidemiology, seroprevalence, diagnostics, and control of inapparent dengue. It is also crucial to educate the public, health staff and medical professionals on asymptomatic dengue and to propagate awareness, which is important for controlling transmission.
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Barbachano-Guerrero A, Endy TP, King CA. Dengue virus non-structural protein 1 activates the p38 MAPK pathway to decrease barrier integrity in primary human endothelial cells. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:484-496. [PMID: 32141809 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes an estimated 390 million infections worldwide annually, with severe forms of disease marked by vascular leakage. Endothelial cells (EC) are directly responsible for vascular homeostasis and are highly responsive to circulating mediators but are not commonly infected. DENV encodes seven non-structural (NS) proteins; with only one of those, NS1, secreted from infected cells and accumulating in the blood of patients. NS1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular permeability, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Here we used primary endothelial cells and an array of in vitro approaches to study the effect of NS1 in disease-relevant human ECs. Confocal microscopy demonstrated rapid NS1 internalization by ECs into endosomes with accumulation over time. Transcriptomic and pathway analysis showed significant changes in functions associated with EC homeostasis and vascular permeability. Functional significance of this activation was assessed by trans-endothelial electrical resistance and showed that NS1 induced rapid and transient loss in EC barrier function within 3 h post-treatment. To understand the molecular mechanism by which NS1 induced EC activation, we evaluated the stress-sensing p38 MAPK pathway known to be directly involved in EC permeability and inflammation. WB analysis of NS1-stimulated ECs showed clear activation of p38 MAPK and downstream effectors MAPKAPK-2 and HSP27 with chemical inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase pathway restoring barrier function. Our results suggest that DENV NS1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe dengue by activating the p38 MAPK in ECs, promoting increased permeability that characterizes severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Christine A King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse NY, USA
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Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of dengue virus detection correlates with severity in primary but not in secondary dengue infection. J Clin Virol 2020; 124:104259. [PMID: 31968278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of dengue virus circulates in the serum of patients during the acute phase of the disease. OBJECTIVES To determine whether NS1 screening can serve in diagnosing primary and secondary infection and to evaluate its utility as a marker for predicting the severity of dengue in children. STUDY DESIGN Patients ≤15 years of age hospitalized for dengue between 2012-2018, with NS1 determination (Panbio, Australia) were included. Clinical y laboratorial characteristics were collected in a standardized data table for analysis of correlation between serotypes, primary or secondary condition of infection, severity, and presence of NS1. RESULTS Of 709 children hospitalized for dengue with NS1 determination, 479 (67.5 %) had the positive test. Of the 378 primary cases, 320 (85 %) were NS1 (+). while among the 242 secondary cases only 103 (42.5 %) were NS1 (+) (p < 0001). Of the 479 patients with NS1 (+), 344 (72 %) were warnig-signed cases (WSC) and 94 (19 %) were severe cases (SC), being these figures 62 % and 34 %, in the NS1 negative patients respectively (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the frequency of WSC or SC between patients with NS1 positive or negative test in secondary dengue; however, in primary dengue, the figures were 68 % vs 32 % (p < 0.001), and 87 % vs 12 % (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The presence of NS1 positive test is associated with the condition of infection (primary or secondary) and exhibited an increased risk of developing forms with warning signs or severe dengue in primary cases, but not in secondary cases.
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Alejo-Cancho I, Navero-Castillejos J, Peiró-Mestres A, Albarracín R, Barrachina J, Navarro A, Gonzalo V, Pastor V, Muñoz J, Martínez MJ. Evaluation of a novel microfluidic immuno-magnetic agglutination assay method for detection of dengue virus NS1 antigen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008082. [PMID: 32069280 PMCID: PMC7048294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) is the most important arbovirus worldwide, causing infections in endemic countries and returning travellers from these areas. Rapid diagnostic tests are needed to improve patient management and monitor local transmission. The detection of DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a useful tool for the diagnosis, but the currently available methods can be time consuming or lack sensitivity. The objective of our study was to evaluate a new rapid and semi-quantitative microfluidic DENV NS1 immuno-magnetic agglutination assay based on aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles detected by an electronic reader (Virotrack Dengue Acute and Blubox, Blusense diagnostics, Copenhagen, Denmark). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A panel of 135 serum samples from travelers returning from dengue endemic countries was analyzed (74 DENV positive samples including the four DENV serotypes, 26 Zika virus positive samples, 25 chikungunya virus positive samples, 5 malaria positive samples and 5 negative samples). Samples were tested by three different antigen detection methods: SD Dengue NS1 Ag ELISA, SD BIOLINE Dengue Duo and ViroTrack Dengue Acute. The sensitivity observed for SD Dengue NS1 Ag ELISA, ViroTrack Dengue Acute and SD BIOLINE Dengue Duo was 97.2%, 91.1% and 68.1%, respectively. All methods showed high specificity (98.4% for ViroTrack Dengue Acute and 100% for both SD Dengue NS1 Ag ELISA and SD BIOLINE Dengue Duo). SD Dengue NS1 Ag ELISA and ViroTrack Dengue Acute only failed to detect samples positive for DENV-2. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE ViroTrack Dengue Acute is a sensitive and specific assay for DENV NS1 detection. It provides faster results than the ELISA method and a better performance than the rapid immunochromatographic tests. ViroTrack Dengue Acute could represent a valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of DENV infections in returning travellers from endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Navero-Castillejos
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Peiró-Mestres
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Albarracín
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Barrachina
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Navarro
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Gonzalo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Pastor
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Muñoz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel J. Martínez
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. It is a single-stranded positive-sense ribonucleic acid virus with 10,700 bases. The genus Flavivirus includes other arthropod borne viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus. It infects ~50–200 million people annually, putting over 3.6 billion people living in tropical regions at risk and causing ~20,000 deaths annually. The expansion of dengue is attributed to factors such as the modern dynamics of climate change, globalization, travel, trade, socioeconomics, settlement, and also viral evolution. There are four antigenically different serotypes of DENV based on the differences in their viral structural and nonstructural proteins. DENV infection causes a spectrum of illness ranging from asymptomatic to dengue fever to severe dengue shock syndrome. Infection with one serotype confers lifelong immunity against that serotype, but heterologus infection leads to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Diagnosis of dengue infections is based mainly on serological detection of either antigen in acute cases or antibodies in both acute and chronic infection. Viral detection and real-time PCR detection though helpful is not feasible in resource poor setup. Treatment of dengue depends on symptomatic management along with fluid resuscitation and may require platelet transfusion. Although vaccine development is in late stages of development, developing a single vaccine against four serotypes often causes serious challenges to researchers; hence, the main stay of prevention is vector control and management.
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Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity to Dengue Nonstructural Protein 1 Antigen Detection Assays. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 10:diagnostics10010011. [PMID: 31878299 PMCID: PMC7167843 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are flaviviruses of public health relevance. Both viruses circulate in the same endemic settings and acute infections generally manifest similar symptoms. This highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis for clinical management and outbreak control. One of the commonly used acute diagnostic markers for flaviviruses is nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). However, false positives due to antigenic cross-reactivity have been reported between DENV and ZIKV infections when using DENV NS1 antigen (NS1 Ag) detection assays in acute cases. Therefore, we investigated the lowest detectable virus titres and cross-reactivity of three commercial dengue NS1 Ag rapid assays and two ELISAs for different flaviviruses. Our results showed that substantially high viral titres of ZIKV, Kunjin virus (KUNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) are required to give false-positive results when using DENV NS1 rapid detection assays. Commercial DENV NS1 ELISAs did not react with ZIKV and YFV. In comparison, tested assays detected DENV at a significantly low virus titre. Given the relatively low viral loads reported in clinical samples, our findings suggest that commercially available dengue NS1 Ag detection assays are less likely to generate false-positive results among clinical samples in areas where multiple flaviviruses cocirculate.
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Gao M, Waggoner JJ, Hecht SM, Chen S. Selective Detection of Dengue Virus Serotypes Using Tandem Toehold-Mediated Displacement Reactions. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1907-1914. [PMID: 31529946 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common human arboviral infection worldwide and can present with severe clinical manifestations. Timely DENV detection improves clinical outcomes, and identification of the DENV serotype (DENV-1-4) may provide beneficial epidemiologic data to inform the initiation of control measures. Here, DENV RNA-triggered, enzyme-free tandem toehold-mediated displacement reactions were developed to identify and serotype DENV in RNA controls and contrived samples through the amplification of a fluorescent signal detected by the use of a fluorescent scanner and a confocal microscope. Each DENV serotype was detected selectively using both imaging methods. In addition, a 384-well plate was used to prepare an array for diagnosis of the four DENV RNA serotypes from contrived clinical samples. The four serotypes of dengue virus were detected using novel enzyme-free amplification reactions, which are more facile than amplification using reverse transcriptase PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Gao
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shengxi Chen
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Persistent Dengue Infection in an Immunosuppressed Patient Reveals the Roles of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Virus Clearance. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:601-605.e3. [PMID: 31676304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detailed understanding of the roles of humoral and cellular immune responses in sterilizing dengue virus (DENV) infection in humans is required to inform effective vaccine development. We report an unusual case of persistent DENV infection in a lymphopenic renal transplant recipient who was therapeutically immunosuppressed to prevent organ rejection. Following resolution of symptomatic dengue, this patient remained positive for DENV3 RNA in the blood for 4 months and viruric up to 9 months post-infection despite demonstrable levels of serum neutralizing antibodies throughout this period. Full resolution of DENV infection instead coincided with recovery of CD8+ T cell counts during reversal from lymphopenia. Taken collectively, our observations suggest a role for cellular immunity in sterilizing DENV infection in humans. Any dengue vaccine should thus be able to induce both humoral and cellular immunity that respectively prevent symptomatic infection and enable effective viral clearance.
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Rojas A, Cardozo F, Cantero C, Stittleburg V, López S, Bernal C, Gimenez Acosta FE, Mendoza L, Pinsky BA, Arévalo de Guillén I, Páez M, Waggoner J. Characterization of dengue cases among patients with an acute illness, Central Department, Paraguay. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7852. [PMID: 31616598 PMCID: PMC6790102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, Paraguay experienced a large dengue virus (DENV) outbreak. The primary objective of this study was to characterize dengue cases in the Central Department, where the majority of cases occur, and identify factors associated with DENV infection. METHODS Patients were enrolled from January-May 2018 if they presented with a suspected arboviral illness. Acute-phase specimens (≤8 days after symptom onset) were tested using rRT-PCR, a rapid diagnostic test for DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and anti-DENV IgM and IgG, and ELISA for IgG against NS1 from Zika virus (ZIKV). RESULTS A total of 231 patients were enrolled (95.2% adults) at two sites: emergency care and an outpatient clinical site. Patients included 119 (51.5%) dengue cases confirmed by rRT-PCR (n = 115, 96.6%) and/or the detection of NS1 and anti-DENV IgM (n = 4, 3.4%). DENV-1 was the predominant serotype (109/115, 94.8%). Epidemiologically, dengue cases and non-dengue cases were similar, though dengue cases were less likely to reside in a house/apartment or report a previous dengue case. Clinical and laboratory findings associated with dengue included red eyes, absence of sore throat, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. At an emergency care site, 26% of dengue cases (26/100) required hospitalization. In univariate analysis, hospitalization was associated with increased viral load, anti-DENV IgG, and thrombocytopenia. Among dengue cases that tested positive for IgG against ZIKV NS1, the odds of DENV NS1 detection in the acute phase were decreased 10-fold (OR 0.1, 0.0-0.3). CONCLUSIONS Findings from a predominantly adult population demonstrate clinical and laboratory factors associated with DENV infections and the potential severity of dengue in this group. The combination of viral load and specific IgG antibodies warrant further study as a prognostic to identify patients at risk for severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rojas
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Fátima Cardozo
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - César Cantero
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Victoria Stittleburg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sanny López
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Cynthia Bernal
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Laura Mendoza
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ivalena Arévalo de Guillén
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Malvina Páez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Jesse Waggoner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Rathore AP, Mantri CK, Aman SA, Syenina A, Ooi J, Jagaraj CJ, Goh CC, Tissera H, Wilder-Smith A, Ng LG, Gubler DJ, St John AL. Dengue virus-elicited tryptase induces endothelial permeability and shock. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4180-4193. [PMID: 31265436 DOI: 10.1172/jci128426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes a characteristic pathology in humans involving dysregulation of the vascular system. In some patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), vascular pathology can become severe, resulting in extensive microvascular permeability and plasma leakage into tissues and organs. Mast cells (MCs), which line blood vessels and regulate vascular function, are able to detect DENV in vivo and promote vascular leakage. Here, we identified that a MC-derived protease, tryptase, is consequential for promoting vascular permeability during DENV infection, through inducing breakdown of endothelial cell tight junctions. Injected tryptase alone was sufficient to induce plasma loss from the circulation and hypovolemic shock in animals. A potent tryptase inhibitor, nafamostat mesylate, blocked DENV-induced vascular leakage in vivo. Importantly, in two independent human dengue cohorts, tryptase levels correlated with the grade of DHF severity. This study defines an immune mechanism by which DENV can induce vascular pathology and shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Ps Rathore
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chinmay Kumar Mantri
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siti Ab Aman
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ayesa Syenina
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyril J Jagaraj
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi Ching Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hasitha Tissera
- Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health and National Dengue Control Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duane J Gubler
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Watanabe S, Tan NWW, Chan KWK, Vasudevan SG. Assessing the utility of antivirals for preventing maternal-fetal transmission of zika virus in pregnant mice. Antiviral Res 2019; 167:104-109. [PMID: 31051186 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes and birth defects such as microcephaly in newborn children. Congenital malformations associated with ZIKV are believed to occur via direct infection of the fetus. Unfortunately, there are no licensed therapeutic or preventative tools to block maternal-fetal transmission of ZIKV. In this study, we developed a mouse model of ZIKV infection that specifically establishes vertical maternal-fetal transmission of ZIKV in 40-60% of fetuses when the dams acquire ZIKV infection during pregnancy. This mouse model somewhat mirrors the experience in humans at the peak of the epidemic in the Americas. Using this model, we demonstrate that a well-documented directly acting antiviral (DAA) compound that targets flaviviral RNA synthesis can completely prevent fetal infection when the treatment is started at the time of infection. Notably, we show that the treatment commenced at the time of peak viremia is still able to reduce the risk of fetal infection concomitant with significant reduction in placental viral load. Our results show for the first time the potential for clinical development of antiviral drugs for preventing vertical maternal-fetal transmission of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Nicole Wei Wen Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Kitti Wing Ki Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore.
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Abstract
Mortality from severe dengue is low, but the economic and resource burden on health services remains substantial in endemic settings. Unfortunately, progress towards development of effective therapeutics has been slow, despite notable advances in the understanding of disease pathogenesis and considerable investment in antiviral drug discovery. For decades antibody-dependent enhancement has been the prevalent model to explain dengue pathogenesis, but it was only recently demonstrated in vivo and in clinical studies. At present, the current mainstay of management for most symptomatic dengue patients remains careful observation and prompt but judicious use of intravenous hydration therapy for those with substantial vascular leakage. Various new promising technologies for diagnosis of dengue are currently in the pipeline. New sample-in, answer-out nucleic acid amplification technologies for point-of-care use are being developed to improve performance over current technologies, with the potential to test for multiple pathogens using a single specimen. The search for biomarkers that reliably predict development of severe dengue among symptomatic individuals is also a major focus of current research efforts. The first dengue vaccine was licensed in 2015 but its performance depends on serostatus. There is an urgent need to identify correlates of both vaccine protection and disease enhancement. A crucial assessment of vector control tools should guide a research agenda for determining the most effective interventions, and how to best combine state-of-the-art vector control with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eng-Eong Ooi
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Horstick
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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