1
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Edgar JE, Bournazos S. Fc-FcγR interactions during infections: From neutralizing antibodies to antibody-dependent enhancement. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39268652 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Advances in antibody technologies have resulted in the development of potent antibody-based therapeutics with proven clinical efficacy against infectious diseases. Several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), mainly against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, Ebola virus, influenza virus, and hepatitis B virus, are currently undergoing clinical testing or are already in use. Although these mAbs exhibit potent neutralizing activity that effectively blocks host cell infection, their antiviral activity results not only from Fab-mediated virus neutralization, but also from the protective effector functions mediated through the interaction of their Fc domains with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on effector leukocytes. Fc-FcγR interactions confer pleiotropic protective activities, including the clearance of opsonized virions and infected cells, as well as the induction of antiviral T-cell responses. However, excessive or inappropriate activation of specific FcγR pathways can lead to disease enhancement and exacerbated pathology, as seen in the context of dengue virus infections. A comprehensive understanding of the diversity of Fc effector functions during infection has guided the development of engineered antiviral antibodies optimized for maximal effector activity, as well as the design of targeted therapeutic approaches to prevent antibody-dependent enhancement of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Edgar
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Shabman RS, Craig M, Laubenbacher R, Reeves D, Brown LL. NIAID/SMB Workshop on Multiscale Modeling of Infectious and Immune-Mediated Diseases. Bull Math Biol 2024; 86:44. [PMID: 38512541 PMCID: PMC10957590 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-024-01276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
On July 19th, 2023, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases co-organized a workshop with the Society of Mathematical Biology, with the authors of this paper as the organizing committee. The workshop, "Bridging multiscale modeling and practical clinical applications in infectious diseases" sought to create an environment for mathematical modelers, statisticians, and infectious disease researchers and clinicians to exchange ideas and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed S Shabman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Morgan Craig
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Reeves
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Liliana L Brown
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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3
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Rijal P, Donnellan FR. A review of broadly protective monoclonal antibodies to treat Ebola virus disease. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101339. [PMID: 37392670 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The filovirus vaccine and the therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) research have made substantial progress. However, existing vaccines and mAbs approved for use in humans are specific to Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). Since other Ebolavirus species are a continuing threat to public health, the search for broadly protective mAbs has drawn attention. Here, we review viral glycoprotein-targeting mAbs that have proved their broader protective efficacy in animal models. MBP134AF, the most advanced of these new-generation mAb therapies, has recently been deployed in Uganda during the Sudan ebolavirus outbreak. Furthermore, we discuss the measures associated with enhancing antibody therapies and the risks associated with them, including the rise of escape mutations following the mAb treatment and naturally occurring EBOV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Rijal
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesca R Donnellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, UK.
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4
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging maternal and infant cord antibody functions from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in pregnancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538955. [PMID: 37205338 PMCID: PMC10187183 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunization in pregnancy is a critical tool that can be leveraged to protect the infant with an immature immune system but how vaccine-induced antibodies transfer to the placenta and protect the maternal-fetal dyad remains unclear. Here, we compare matched maternal-infant cord blood from individuals who in pregnancy received mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, were infected by SARS-CoV-2, or had the combination of these two immune exposures. We find that some but not all antibody neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions are enriched with vaccination compared to infection. Preferential transport to the fetus of Fc functions and not neutralization is observed. Immunization compared to infection enriches IgG1-mediated antibody functions with changes in antibody post-translational sialylation and fucosylation that impact fetal more than maternal antibody functional potency. Thus, vaccine enhanced antibody functional magnitude, potency and breadth in the fetus are driven more by antibody glycosylation and Fc effector functions compared to maternal responses, highlighting prenatal opportunities to safeguard newborns as SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ye jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ann R. McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jessica E. Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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5
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Gunn BM, McNamara RP, Wood L, Taylor S, Devadhasan A, Guo W, Das J, Nilsson A, Shurtleff A, Dubey S, Eichberg M, Suscovich TJ, Saphire EO, Lauffenburger D, Coller BA, Simon JK, Alter G. Antibodies against the Ebola virus soluble glycoprotein are associated with long-term vaccine-mediated protection of non-human primates. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112402. [PMID: 37061918 PMCID: PMC10576837 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2013 Ebola epidemic in Central and West Africa heralded the emergence of wide-spread, highly pathogenic viruses. The successful recombinant vector vaccine against Ebola (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) will limit future outbreaks, but identifying mechanisms of protection is essential to protect the most vulnerable. Vaccine-induced antibodies are key determinants of vaccine efficacy, yet the mechanism by which vaccine-induced antibodies prevent Ebola infection remains elusive. Here, we exploit a break in long-term vaccine efficacy in non-human primates to identify predictors of protection. Using unbiased humoral profiling that captures neutralization and Fc-mediated functions, we find that antibodies specific for soluble glycoprotein (sGP) drive neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis and predict vaccine-mediated protection. Similarly, we show that protective sGP-specific monoclonal antibodies have elevated neutrophil-mediated phagocytic activity compared with non-protective antibodies, highlighting the importance of sGP in vaccine protection and monoclonal antibody therapeutics against Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lianna Wood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabian Taylor
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Wenyu Guo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Avlant Nilsson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Shurtleff
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Roy V, Jung W, Linde C, Coates E, Ledgerwood J, Costner P, Yamshchikov G, Streeck H, Juelg B, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G. Differences in HPV-specific antibody Fc-effector functions following Gardasil® and Cervarix® vaccination. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:39. [PMID: 36922512 PMCID: PMC10017795 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardasil® (Merck) and Cervarix® (GlaxoSmithKline) both provide protection against infection with Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) and Human Papillomavirus 18 (HPV18), that account for around 70% of cervical cancers. Both vaccines have been shown to induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies and are known to protect against progression beyond cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2+), although Cervarix® has been linked to enhanced protection from progression. However, beyond the transmission-blocking activity of neutralizing antibodies against HPV, no clear correlate of protection has been defined that may explain persistent control and clearance elicited by HPV vaccines. Beyond blocking, antibodies contribute to antiviral activity via the recruitment of the cytotoxic and opsonophagocytic power of the immune system. Thus, here, we used systems serology to comprehensively profile Gardasil®- and Cervarix®- induced antibody subclass, isotype, Fc-receptor binding, and Fc-effector functions against the HPV16 and HPV18 major capsid protein (L1). Overall, both vaccines induced robust functional humoral immune responses against both HPV16 and HPV18. However, Cervarix® elicited higher IgG3 and antibody-dependent complement activating responses, and an overall more coordinated response between HPV16 and 18 compared to Gardasil®, potentially related to the distinct adjuvants delivered with the vaccines. Thus, these data point to robust Fc-effector functions induced by both Gardasil® and Cervarix®, albeit with enhanced coordination observed with Cervarix®, potentially underlying immunological correlates of post-infection control of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlyn Linde
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Costner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Galina Yamshchikov
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Boris Juelg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Rapid protection of nonhuman primates against Marburg virus disease using a single low-dose VSV-based vaccine. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104463. [PMID: 36774693 PMCID: PMC9947254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marburg virus (MARV) is the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD) which has a case fatality rate up to ∼90% in humans. Recently, there were cases reported in Guinea and Ghana highlighting this virus as a high-consequence pathogen potentially threatening global public health. There are no licensed treatments or vaccines available today. We used a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine expressing the MARV-Angola glycoprotein (VSV-MARV) as the viral antigen. Previously, a single dose of 1 × 107 plaque-forming units (PFU) administered 7 days before challenge resulted in uniform protection from disease in cynomolgus macaques. METHODS As we sought to lower the vaccination dose to achieve a higher number of vaccine doses per vial, we administered 1 × 105 or 1 × 103 PFU 14 days or 1 × 103 PFU 7 days before challenge to cohorts of cynomolgus macaques and investigated immunity as well as protective efficacy. RESULTS Vaccination resulted in uniform protection with no detectable viremia. Antigen-specific IgG responses were induced by both vaccine concentrations and were sustained until the study endpoint. Neutralizing antibody responses and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis were observed. The cellular response after vaccination was characterized by an early induction of NK cell activation. Additionally, antigen-specific memory T cell subsets were detected in all vaccination cohorts indicating that while the primary protective mechanism of VSV-MARV is the humoral response, a functional cellular response is also induced. INTERPRETATION Overall, this data highlights VSV-MARV as a viable and fast-acting MARV vaccine candidate suitable for deployment in emergency outbreak situations and supports its clinical development. FUNDING This work was funded by the Intramural Research Program NIAID, NIH.
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8
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Brown B, Ojha V, Fricke I, Al-Sheboul SA, Imarogbe C, Gravier T, Green M, Peterson L, Koutsaroff IP, Demir A, Andrieu J, Leow CY, Leow CH. Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36851285 PMCID: PMC9962967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Fricke
- Independent Immunologist and Researcher, 311995 Lamspringe, Germany
| | - Suhaila A Al-Sheboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Medipol University-Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | | | - Tanya Gravier
- Independent Researcher, MPH, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ayça Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University, Istanbul 03030, Turkey
| | - Jonatane Andrieu
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix–Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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9
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lawrence P, Castillo-Olivares J. Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156758. [PMID: 37153606 PMCID: PMC10158532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
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10
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Bharadwaj P, Shrestha S, Pongracz T, Concetta C, Sharma S, Le Moine A, de Haan N, Murakami N, Riella LV, Holovska V, Wuhrer M, Marchant A, Ackerman ME. Afucosylation of HLA-specific IgG1 as a potential predictor of antibody pathogenicity in kidney transplantation. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100818. [PMID: 36384101 PMCID: PMC9729883 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the leading cause of graft failure. While donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are associated with a higher risk of AMR, not all patients with DSAs develop rejection, suggesting that the characteristics of alloantibodies determining their pathogenicity remain undefined. Using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-specific antibodies as a model, we apply systems serology tools to investigate qualitative features of immunoglobulin G (IgG) alloantibodies including Fc-glycosylation patterns and FcγR-binding properties. Levels of afucosylated anti-A2 antibodies are elevated in seropositive patients, especially those with AMR, suggesting potential cytotoxicity via FcγRIII-mediated mechanisms. Afucosylation of both glycoengineered monoclonal and naturally glycovariant polyclonal serum IgG specific to HLA-A2 drives potentiated binding to, slower dissociation from, and enhanced signaling through FcγRIII, a receptor widely expressed on innate effector cells, and greater cytotoxicity against HLA-A2+ cells mediated by natural killer (NK) cells. Collectively, these results suggest that afucosylated DSA may be a biomarker of AMR and contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sweta Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Catalano Concetta
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Shilpee Sharma
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Alain Le Moine
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanda Holovska
- HLA Laboratory, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB), Hôpital Erasme ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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11
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Bates TA, Lu P, Kang YJ, Schoen D, Thornton M, McBride SK, Park C, Kim D, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. BNT162b2-induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions against SARS-CoV-2 diminish with age. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111544. [PMID: 36252569 PMCID: PMC9533669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Each severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant renews concerns about decreased vaccine neutralization weakening efficacy. However, while prevention of infection varies, protection from disease remains and implicates immunity beyond neutralization in vaccine efficacy. Polyclonal antibodies function through Fab domains that neutralize virus and Fc domains that induce non-neutralizing responses via engagement of Fc receptors on immune cells. To understand how vaccines promote protection, we leverage sera from 51 SARS-CoV-2 uninfected individuals after two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. We show that neutralizing activities against clinical isolates of wild-type and five SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron BA.2, link to FcγRIIIa/CD16 non-neutralizing effector functions. This is associated with post-translational afucosylation and sialylation of vaccine-specific antibodies. Further, polyfunctional neutralizing and non-neutralizing breadth, magnitude, and coordination diminish with age. Thus, studying Fc functions in addition to Fab-mediated neutralization provides greater insight into vaccine efficacy for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, against SARS-CoV-2 and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Devin Schoen
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Micah Thornton
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chanhee Park
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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12
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Avatar Mice Underscore the Role of the T Cell-Dendritic Cell Crosstalk in Ebola Virus Disease and Reveal Mechanisms of Protection in Survivors. J Virol 2022; 96:e0057422. [PMID: 36073921 PMCID: PMC9517696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a complex infectious disease characterized by high inflammation, multiorgan failure, the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and coagulation abnormalities. Evidence accumulated over the last 2 decades indicates that, during fatal EVD, the infection of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and the dysregulation of T cell immunity preclude a successful transition between innate and adaptive immunity, which constitutes a key disease checkpoint. In order to better understand the contribution of the APC-T cell crosstalk to EVD pathophysiology, we have developed avatar mice transplanted with human, donor-specific APCs and T cells. Here, we show that the transplantation of T cells and APCs from Ebola virus (EBOV)-naive individuals into avatar mice results in severe disease and death and that this phenotype is dependent on T cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MCH) recognition. Conversely, avatar mice were rescued from death induced by EBOV infection after the transplantation of both T cells and plasma from EVD survivors. These results strongly suggest that protection from EBOV reinfection requires both cellular and humoral immune memory responses. IMPORTANCE The crosstalk between dendritic cells and T cells marks the transition between innate and adaptive immune responses, and it constitutes an important checkpoint in EVD. In this study, we present a mouse avatar model in which T cell and dendritic cell interactions from a specific donor can be studied during EVD. Our findings indicate that T cell receptor-major histocompatibility complex-mediated T cell-dendritic cell interactions are associated with disease severity, which mimics the main features of severe EVD in these mice. Resistance to an EBOV challenge in the model was achieved via the transplantation of both survivor T cells and plasma.
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13
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Karsten CB, Bartsch YC, Shin SA, Slein MD, Heller HM, Kolandaivelu K, Middeldorp JM, Alter G, Julg B. Evolution of functional antibodies following acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010738. [PMID: 36067220 PMCID: PMC9481173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While Epstein-Barr virus causes mostly asymptomatic infection, associated malignancies, and autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases occur. To dissect the evolution of humoral immune responses over the course of EBV infection and to gain a better understanding of the potential contribution of antibody (Ab) function to viral control, we comprehensively profiled Ab specificities and Fc-functionalities using systems serology and VirScan. Ab functions against latent (EBNA1), early (p47/54) and two late (gp350/220 and VCA-p18) EBV proteins were overall modest and/or short-lived, differing from humoral responses induced during acute infection by other viruses such as HIV. In the first year post infection, only p18 elicited robust IgM-driven complement deposition and IgG-driven neutrophil phagocytosis while responses against EBNA-1 were largely Fc-functionally silent and only matured during chronic infection to drive phagocytosis. In contrast, Abs against Influenza virus readily mediated broad Fc-activity in all participants. These data suggest that EBV evades the induction of robust Fc-functional Abs, potentially due to the virus’ life cycle, switching from lytic to latent stages during infection. While previously thought to be largely innocuous, emerging data clearly highlight the pathological role of lifelong EBV infection in driving autoimmunity and malignancies in a small, but not insignificant portion of the population. We therefore aimed to define potential humoral mechanisms associated with viral control, beyond neutralizing Abs, by systematically focusing on antibody Fc-functional activities during acute to convalescent EBV infection applying technologies such as systems serology and VirScan. We found that functions against EBV proteins were overall only modest and either short-lived or delayed, differing from functional antibody responses induced during acute infection by other viruses such as HIV. These data suggest that EBV evades the induction of robust Fc-functional Abs thereby potentially facilitating lifelong, persistent infection with all its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B. Karsten
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute for Translational HIV Research; Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (CBK); (BJ)
| | - Yannic C. Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Kumaran Kolandaivelu
- MIT Institute for Medical Engineering & Science; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CBK); (BJ)
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14
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Bates TA, Lu P, Kang YJ, Schoen D, Thornton M, McBride SK, Park C, Kim D, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. BNT162b2 induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions against SARSCoV-2 diminish with age. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.08.12.22278726. [PMID: 36032979 PMCID: PMC9413715 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.12.22278726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Each novel SARS-CoV-2 variant renews concerns about decreased vaccine efficacy caused by evasion of vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies. However, accumulating epidemiological data show that while vaccine prevention of infection varies, protection from severe disease and death remains high. Thus, immune responses beyond neutralization could contribute to vaccine efficacy. Polyclonal antibodies function through their Fab domains that neutralize virus directly, and Fc domains that induce non-neutralizing host responses via engagement of Fc receptors on immune cells. To understand how vaccine induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing activities synergize to promote protection, we leverage sera from 51 SARS-CoV-2 uninfected health-care workers after two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. We show that BNT162b2 elicits antibodies that neutralize clinical isolates of wildtype and five variants of SARS-CoV-2, including Omicron BA.2, and, critically, induce Fc effector functions. FcγRIIIa/CD16 activity is linked to neutralizing activity and associated with post-translational afucosylation and sialylation of vaccine specific antibodies. Further, neutralizing and non-neutralizing functions diminish with age, with limited polyfunctional breadth, magnitude and coordination observed in those ≥65 years old compared to <65. Thus, studying Fc functions in addition to Fab mediated neutralization provides greater insight into vaccine efficacy for vulnerable populations such as the elderly against SARS-CoV-2 and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ye jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Devin Schoen
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Micah Thornton
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Chanhee Park
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Parkland Health & Hospital System
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15
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A Cloned Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Marburg Vaccine, PHV01, Protects Guinea Pigs from Lethal Marburg Virus Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071004. [PMID: 35891170 PMCID: PMC9324024 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Filoviridae family. Despite having caused numerous outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever with high case fatality rates, there are still no clinically approved therapeutics or vaccines to treat or prevent MARV disease. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) expressing heterologous viral glycoproteins have shown remarkable promise as live-attenuated vaccine vectors, with an rVSV-based Ebola virus vaccine having received regulatory approval in the United States and numerous other countries. Analogous rVSV vaccine vectors have also been developed for MARV and have shown efficacy in several preclinical studies conducted in nonhuman primates. Here, we used a guinea pig model to confirm the protective efficacy of a cloned, rVSV-based candidate vaccine, termed PHV01, expressing the MARV variant Angola glycoprotein. Our results demonstrated that a single dose (2 × 106 PFU) of vaccine administered 28 days prior to challenge with a uniformly lethal dose of guinea-pig-adapted MARV variant Angola provided complete protection from death and disease. Moreover, protection was robust, with as little as 200 PFU of vaccine conferring significant protection. Not only does this study highlight the potential predictive value of the guinea pig model in the evaluation of MARV countermeasures, but it also demonstrates consistent and reproducible protection afforded by a clonal vaccine candidate. Indeed, this study identifies PHV01 as a suitable vaccine candidate for advanced development.
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16
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Fuentes-Villalobos F, Garrido JL, Medina MA, Zambrano N, Ross N, Bravo F, Gaete-Argel A, Oyarzún-Arrau A, Amanat F, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F, Ocampo R, Esveile C, Ferreira L, Cabrera J, Torres V, Rioseco ML, Riquelme R, Barría S, Alvarez R, Pinos Y, Krammer F, Calvo M, Barria MI. Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence. Front Immunol 2022; 13:796481. [PMID: 35197972 PMCID: PMC8859986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.796481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has left researchers scrambling to identify the humoral immune correlates of protection from COVID-19. To date, the antibody mediated correlates of virus neutralization have been extensively studied. However, the extent that non-neutralizing functions contribute to anti-viral responses are ill defined. In this study, we profiled the anti-spike antibody subtype/subclass responses, along with neutralization and antibody-dependent natural killer cell functions in 83 blood samples collected between 4 and 201 days post-symptoms onset from a cohort of COVID-19 outpatients. We observed heterogeneous humoral responses against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Overall, anti-spike profiles were characterized by a rapid rise of IgA and sustained IgG titers. In addition, strong antibody-mediated natural killer effector responses correlated with milder disease and being female. While higher neutralization profiles were observed in males along with increased severity. These results give an insight into the underlying function of antibodies beyond neutralization and suggest that antibody-mediated natural killer cell activity is a key function of the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Garrido
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Matías A Medina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicole Zambrano
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Ross
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Leonila Ferreira
- Hospital Clínico Regional Dr. Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Vivianne Torres
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria L Rioseco
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raúl Riquelme
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sebastián Barría
- Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Calvo
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria I Barria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
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17
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Pinski AN, Messaoudi I. Therapeutic vaccination strategies against EBOV by rVSV-EBOV-GP: the role of innate immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:179-189. [PMID: 34749265 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family. Infection with EBOV causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) characterized by excessive inflammation, lymphocyte death, coagulopathy, and multi-organ failure. In 2019, the FDA-approved the first anti-EBOV vaccine, rVSV-EBOV-GP (Ervebo® by Merck). This live-recombinant vaccine confers both prophylactic and therapeutic protection to nonhuman primates and humans. While mechanisms conferring prophylactic protection are well-investigated, those underlying protection conferred shortly before and after exposure to EBOV remain poorly understood. In this review, we review data from in vitro and in vivo studies analyzing early immune responses to rVSV-EBOV-GP and discuss the role of innate immune activation in therapeutic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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18
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Gunn BM, Bai S. Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4328-4344. [PMID: 34613865 PMCID: PMC8827636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1976580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibody-mediated protection, a growing body of work indicates that the antibody Fc domain also significantly contributes to antiviral protection. Recruitment of innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system by antibodies can lead to direct restriction of viral infection as well as promoting long-term antiviral immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to take advantage of the Fc domain, uncovering a surprising breadth of mechanisms through which antibodies can control viral infection. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of antibody-mediated innate immune effector functions in protection from viral infection and review the current approaches and challenges to effectively leverage innate immune cells via antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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19
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Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, Tipton T, Carroll MW, Longet S. Filovirus Neutralising Antibodies: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091201. [PMID: 34578233 PMCID: PMC8468515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus, cause sporadic outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever with very high case fatality rates in Africa. The 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa provided large survivor cohorts spurring a large number of human studies which showed that specific neutralising antibodies played a key role in protection following a natural Ebola virus infection, as part of the overall humoral response and in conjunction with the cellular adaptive response. This review will discuss the studies in survivors and animal models which described protective neutralising antibody response. Their mechanisms of action will be detailed. Furthermore, the importance of neutralising antibodies in antibody-based therapeutics and in vaccine-induced responses will be explained, as well as the strategies to avoid immune escape from neutralising antibodies. Understanding the neutralising antibody response in the context of filoviruses is crucial to furthering our understanding of virus structure and function, in addition to improving current vaccines & antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Jack Mellors
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-18-6561-7892
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20
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Meyer M, Gunn BM, Malherbe DC, Gangavarapu K, Yoshida A, Pietzsch C, Kuzmina NA, Saphire EO, Collins PL, Crowe JE, Zhu JJ, Suchard MA, Brining DL, Mire CE, Cross RW, Geisbert JB, Samal SK, Andersen KG, Alter G, Geisbert TW, Bukreyev A. Ebola vaccine-induced protection in nonhuman primates correlates with antibody specificity and Fc-mediated effects. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg6128. [PMID: 34261800 PMCID: PMC8675601 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made with Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine measures, the immune correlates of vaccine-mediated protection remain uncertain. Here, five mucosal vaccine vectors based on human and avian paramyxoviruses provided nonhuman primates with varying degrees of protection, despite expressing the same EBOV glycoprotein (GP) immunogen. Each vaccine produced antibody responses that differed in Fc-mediated functions and isotype composition, as well as in magnitude and coverage toward GP and its conformational and linear epitopes. Differences in the degree of protection and comprehensive characterization of the response afforded the opportunity to identify which features and functions were elevated in survivors and could therefore serve as vaccine correlates of protection. Pairwise network correlation analysis of 139 immune- and vaccine-related parameters was performed to demonstrate relationships with survival. Total GP-specific antibodies, as measured by biolayer interferometry, but not neutralizing IgG or IgA titers, correlated with survival. Fc-mediated functions and the amount of receptor binding domain antibodies were associated with improved survival outcomes, alluding to the protective mechanisms of these vaccines. Therefore, functional qualities of the antibody response, particularly Fc-mediated effects and GP specificity, rather than simply magnitude of the response, appear central to vaccine-induced protection against EBOV. The heterogeneity of the response profile between the vaccines indicates that each vaccine likely exhibits its own protective signature and the requirements for an efficacious EBOV vaccine are complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Asuka Yoshida
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, MD 20742, USA
| | - Colette Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Peter L Collins
- RNA Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James J Zhu
- USDA-ARS, FADRU, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Departments of Biomathematics, Biostatistics and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Douglas L Brining
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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21
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Antibodies Elicited in Response to a Single Cycle Glycoprotein D Deletion Viral Vaccine Candidate Bind C1q and Activate Complement Mediated Neutralization and Cytolysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071284. [PMID: 34209320 PMCID: PMC8310317 DOI: 10.3390/v13071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) prevention is a global health priority but, despite decades of research, there is no effective vaccine. Prior efforts focused on generating glycoprotein D (gD) neutralizing antibodies, but clinical trial outcomes were disappointing. The deletion of gD yields a single-cycle candidate vaccine (∆gD-2) that elicits high titer polyantigenic non-gD antibodies that exhibit little complement-independent neutralization but mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP). Active or passive immunization with DgD-2 completely protects mice from lethal disease and latency following challenge with clinical isolates of either serotype. The current studies evaluated the role of complement in vaccine-elicited protection. The immune serum from the DgD-2 vaccinated mice exhibited significantly greater C1q binding compared to the serum from the gD protein vaccinated mice with infected cell lysates from either serotype as capture antigens. The C1q-binding antibodies recognized glycoprotein B. This resulted in significantly greater antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytolysis and neutralization. Notably, complete protection was preserved when the DgD-2 immune serum was passively transferred into C1q knockout mice, suggesting that ADCC and ADCP are sufficient in mice. We speculate that the polyfunctional responses elicited by DgD-2 may prove more effective in preventing HSV, compared to the more restrictive responses elicited by adjuvanted gD protein vaccines.
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22
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Paquin-Proulx D, Gunn BM, Alrubayyi A, Clark DV, Creegan M, Kim D, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Wakabi S, Eller LA, Michael NL, Schoepp RJ, Hepburn MJ, Hensley LE, Robb ML, Alter G, Eller MA. Associations Between Antibody Fc-Mediated Effector Functions and Long-Term Sequelae in Ebola Virus Survivors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682120. [PMID: 34093585 PMCID: PMC8173169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that mediate non-neutralizing functions play an important role in the immune response to Ebola virus (EBOV) and are thought to impact disease outcome. EBOV has also been associated with long term sequelae in survivors, however, the extent to which antibodies that mediate non-neutralizing functions are associated with the development of these sequelae is unknown. Here, the presence of antibodies mediating different effector functions and how they relate to long-term sequelae two years after the 2007 Bundibugyo Ebola virus (BDBV) outbreak was investigated. The majority of survivors demonstrated robust antibody effector functional activity and demonstrated persistent polyfunctional antibody profiles to the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) two years after infection. These functions were strongly associated with the levels of GP-specific IgG1. The odds of developing hearing loss, one of the more common sequelae to BDBV was reduced when antibodies mediating antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody dependent complement deposition (ADCD), or activating NK cells (ADNKA) were observed. In addition, hearing loss was associated with increased levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with lower ADCP. These results are indicating that a skewed antibody profile and persistent inflammation may contribute to long term outcome in survivors of BDBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle V Clark
- Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Creegan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dohoon Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Millard
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Salim Wakabi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Randal J Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Matthew J Hepburn
- Medical Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael A Eller
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Natarajan H, Crowley AR, Butler SE, Xu S, Weiner JA, Bloch EM, Littlefield K, Wieland-Alter W, Connor RI, Wright PF, Benner SE, Bonny TS, Laeyendecker O, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Quinn TC, Larman HB, Casadevall A, Pekosz A, Redd AD, Tobian AAR, Ackerman ME. Markers of Polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Convalescent Plasma. mBio 2021; 12:e00765-21. [PMID: 33879585 PMCID: PMC8092262 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00765-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma is a promising therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the antibody characteristics that contribute to efficacy remain poorly understood. This study analyzed plasma samples from 126 eligible convalescent blood donors in addition to 15 naive individuals, as well as an additional 20 convalescent individuals as a validation cohort. Multiplexed Fc Array binding assays and functional antibody response assays were utilized to evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody composition and activity. Donor convalescent plasma samples contained a range of antibody cell- and complement-mediated effector functions, indicating the diverse antiviral activity of humoral responses observed among recovered individuals. In addition to viral neutralization, convalescent plasma samples contained antibodies capable of mediating such Fc-dependent functions as complement activation, phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2. Plasma samples from a fraction of eligible donors exhibited high activity across all activities evaluated. These polyfunctional plasma samples could be identified with high accuracy with even single Fc Array features, whose correlation with polyfunctional activity was confirmed in the validation cohort. Collectively, these results expand understanding of the diversity of antibody-mediated antiviral functions associated with convalescent plasma, and the polyfunctional antiviral functions suggest that it could retain activity even when its neutralizing capacity is reduced by mutations in variant SARS-CoV-2.IMPORTANCE Convalescent plasma has been deployed globally as a treatment for COVID-19, but efficacy has been mixed. Better understanding of the antibody characteristics that may contribute to its antiviral effects is important for this intervention as well as offer insights into correlates of vaccine-mediated protection. Here, a survey of convalescent plasma activities, including antibody neutralization and diverse effector functions, was used to define plasma samples with broad activity profiles. These polyfunctional plasma samples could be reliably identified in multiple cohorts by multiplex assay, presenting a widely deployable screening test for plasma selection and investigation of vaccine-elicited responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Savannah E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tania S Bonny
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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24
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Gunn BM, Lu R, Slein MD, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Atyeo C, Schendel SL, Kim J, Cain C, Roy V, Suscovich TJ, Takada A, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Pauthner MG, Momoh M, Goba A, Kanneh L, Andersen KG, Schieffelin JS, Grant D, Garry RF, Saphire EO, Bukreyev A, Alter G. A Fc engineering approach to define functional humoral correlates of immunity against Ebola virus. Immunity 2021; 54:815-828.e5. [PMID: 33852832 PMCID: PMC8111768 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protective Ebola virus (EBOV) antibodies have neutralizing activity and induction of antibody constant domain (Fc)-mediated innate immune effector functions. Efforts to enhance Fc effector functionality often focus on maximizing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, yet distinct combinations of functions could be critical for antibody-mediated protection. As neutralizing antibodies have been cloned from EBOV disease survivors, we sought to identify survivor Fc effector profiles to help guide Fc optimization strategies. Survivors developed a range of functional antibody responses, and we therefore applied a rapid, high-throughput Fc engineering platform to define the most protective profiles. We generated a library of Fc variants with identical antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) from an EBOV neutralizing antibody. Fc variants with antibody-mediated complement deposition and moderate natural killer (NK) cell activity demonstrated complete protective activity in a stringent in vivo mouse model. Our findings highlight the importance of specific effector functions in antibody-mediated protection, and the experimental platform presents a generalizable resource for identifying correlates of immunity to guide therapeutic antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jiyoung Kim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Cain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthias G Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Donald Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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25
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibodies mediate pathogen neutralization in addition to several cytotoxic Fc functions through engaging cellular receptors and recruiting effector cells. Fc effector functions have been well described in disease control and protection against infectious diseases including HIV, Ebola, malaria, influenza and tuberculosis, making them attractive targets for vaccine design. AREAS COVERED We briefly summarize the role of Fc effector functions in disease control and protection in viral, bacterial and parasitic infectious diseases. We review Fc effector function in passive immunization and vaccination, and primarily focus on strategies to elicit and modulate these functions as part of a robust vaccine strategy. EXPERT OPINION Despite their known correlation with vaccine efficacy for several diseases, only recently have seminal studies addressed how these Fc effector functions can be elicited and modulated in vaccination. However, gaps remain in assay standardization and the precise mechanisms of diverse functional assays. Furthermore, there are inherent difficulties in the translation of findings from animal models to humans, given the difference in sequence, expression and function of Fc receptors and Fc portions of antibodies. However, overall it is clear that vaccine development to elicit Fc effector function is an important goal for optimal prevention against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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26
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Longet S, Mellors J, Carroll MW, Tipton T. Ebolavirus: Comparison of Survivor Immunology and Animal Models in the Search for a Correlate of Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:599568. [PMID: 33679690 PMCID: PMC7935512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Filoviridae family and can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), a serious haemorrhagic illness with up to 90% mortality. The disease was first detected in Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1976. Since its discovery, Ebola virus has caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa and was responsible for the largest 2013-2016 EVD epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in more than 28,600 cases and over 11,300 deaths. This epidemic strengthened international scientific efforts to contain the virus and develop therapeutics and vaccines. Immunology studies in animal models and survivors, as well as clinical trials have been crucial to understand Ebola virus pathogenesis and host immune responses, which has supported vaccine development. This review discusses the major findings that have emerged from animal models, studies in survivors and vaccine clinical trials and explains how these investigations have helped in the search for a correlate of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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27
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Masoudzadeh N, Östensson M, Persson J, Mashayekhi Goyonlo V, Agbajogu C, Taslimi Y, Erfanian Salim R, Zahedifard F, Mizbani A, Malekafzali Ardekani H, Gunn BM, Rafati S, Harandi AM. Molecular signatures of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the lesions of patients infected with Leishmania tropica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16198. [PMID: 33004861 PMCID: PMC7529897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) represents a public health challenge in several resource poor settings. We herein employed a systems analysis approach to study molecular signatures of CL caused by L. tropica in the skin lesions of ulcerative CL (UCL) and non-ulcerative CL (NUCL) patients. Results from RNA-seq analysis determined shared and unique functional transcriptional pathways in the lesions of the UCL and NUCL patients. Several transcriptional pathways involved in inflammatory response were positively enriched in the CL lesions. A multiplexed inflammatory protein analysis showed differential profiles of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the UCL and NUCL lesions. Transcriptional pathways for Fcγ receptor dependent phagocytosis were among shared enriched pathways. Using L. tropica specific antibody (Ab)-mediated phagocytosis assays, we could substantiate Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and Ab-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) activities in the lesions of the UCL and NUCL patients, which correlated with L. tropica specific IgG Abs. Interestingly, a negative correlation was observed between parasite load and L. tropica specific IgG/ADCP/ADNP in the skin lesions of CL patients. These results enhance our understanding of human skin response to CL caused by L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Masoudzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malin Östensson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefine Persson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher Agbajogu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yasaman Taslimi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farnaz Zahedifard
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali M Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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28
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Ebola Virus Disease Survivors Show More Efficient Antibody Immunity than Vaccinees Despite Similar Levels of Circulating Immunoglobulins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090915. [PMID: 32825479 PMCID: PMC7552031 DOI: 10.3390/v12090915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last seven years have seen the greatest surge of Ebola virus disease (EVD) cases in equatorial Africa, including the 2013-2016 epidemic in West Africa and the recent epidemics in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The vaccine clinical trials that took place in West Africa and the DRC, as well as follow-up studies in collaboration with EVD survivor communities, have for the first time allowed researchers to compare immune memory induced by natural infection and vaccination. These comparisons may be relevant to evaluate the putative effectiveness of vaccines and candidate medical countermeasures such as convalescent plasma transfer. In this study, we compared the long-term functionality of anti-EBOV glycoprotein (GP) antibodies from EVD survivors with that from volunteers who received the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectored vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV) during the Phase I clinical trial in Hamburg. Our study highlights important differences between EBOV vaccination and natural infection and provides a framework for comparison with other vaccine candidates.
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29
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Ciliberto G, Mancini R, Paggi MG. Drug repurposing against COVID-19: focus on anticancer agents. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:86. [PMID: 32398164 PMCID: PMC7214852 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The very limited time allowed to face the COVID-19 pandemic poses a pressing challenge to find proper therapeutic approaches. However, synthesis and full investigation from preclinical studies to phase III trials of new medications is a time-consuming procedure, and not viable in a global emergency, such as the one we are facing. Main Body Drug repurposing/repositioning, a strategy effectively employed in cancer treatment, can represent a valid alternative. Most drugs considered for repurposing/repositioning in the therapy of the COVID-19 outbreak are commercially available and their dosage and toxicity in humans is well known, due to years (or even decades) of clinical use. This can allow their fast-track evaluation in phase II–III clinical trials, or even within straightforward compassionate use. Several drugs being re-considered for COVID-19 therapy are or have been used in cancer therapy. Indeed, virus-infected cells are pushed to enhance the synthesis of nucleic acids, protein and lipid synthesis and boost their energy metabolism, in order to comply to the “viral program”. Indeed, the same features are seen in cancer cells, making it likely that drugs interfering with specific cancer cell pathways may be effective as well in defeating viral replication. Short Conclusion To our knowledge, cancer drugs potentially suitable for facing SARS-CoV-2 infection have not been carefully reviewed. We present here a comprehensive analysis of available information on potential candidate cancer drugs that can be repurposed for the treatment of COIVD-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Director, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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30
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Zhu W, Banadyga L, Emeterio K, Wong G, Qiu X. The Roles of Ebola Virus Soluble Glycoprotein in Replication, Pathogenesis, and Countermeasure Development. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110999. [PMID: 31683550 PMCID: PMC6893644 DOI: 10.3390/v11110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly lethal pathogen that has caused several outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever in humans since its emergence in 1976. The EBOV glycoprotein (GP1,2) is the sole viral envelope protein and a major component of immunogenicity; it is encoded by the GP gene along with two truncated versions: soluble GP (sGP) and small soluble GP (ssGP). sGP is, in fact, the primary product of the GP gene, and it is secreted in abundance during EBOV infection. Since sGP shares large portions of its sequence with GP1,2, it has been hypothesized that sGP may subvert the host immune response by inducing antibodies against sGP rather than GP1,2. Several reports have shown that sGP plays multiple roles that contribute to the complex pathogenesis of EBOV. In this review, we focus on sGP and discuss its possible roles with regards to the pathogenesis of EBOV and the development of specific antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Logan Banadyga
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Karla Emeterio
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Gary Wong
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
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Understudied Factors Influencing Fc-Mediated Immune Responses against Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030103. [PMID: 31480293 PMCID: PMC6789852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against viruses, both by preventing infection and by controlling viral replication. Besides their capacity to neutralize viruses, antibodies also exert their antiviral effects by crystallizable fragment (Fc)-mediated effector mechanisms. This involves a bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, wherein antibodies form immune complexes that drive numerous innate immune effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis, and antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Here, we review certain mechanisms that modulate these antibody-mediated effector functions against virally infected cells, such as viral glycoprotein shedding, viral glycoprotein internalization, antibody cooperativity, and antibody glycosylation. These mechanisms can either protect viral replication or enhance infected cell clearance. Here we discuss the importance of these understudied factors in modulating Fc-mediated effector functions.
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