1
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Mathew MM, Ganguly A, Prasad K. Multiple feedbacks on self-organized morphogenesis during plant regeneration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:553-559. [PMID: 37984062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have primarily emphasized genetic blueprint as the driving force behind plant regeneration. The flow of information from genetics, which manifests as biochemical properties, including hormones, has been extensively implicated in plant regeneration. However, recent advancements have unveiled additional intrinsic modules within this information flow. Here, we explore the three core modules of plant regeneration: biochemical properties, mechanical forces acting on cells, and cell geometry. We debate their roles and interactions during morphogenesis, emphasizing the potential for multiple feedbacks between these core modules to drive pattern formation during regeneration. We propose that de novo organ regeneration is a self-organized event driven by multidirectional information flow between these core modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Maria Mathew
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Akansha Ganguly
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Kalika Prasad
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
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2
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Caldana C, Carrari F, Fernie AR, Sampathkumar A. How metabolism and development are intertwined in space and time. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:347-359. [PMID: 37433681 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental transitions, occurring throughout the life cycle of plants, require precise regulation of metabolic processes to generate the energy and resources necessary for the committed growth processes. In parallel, the establishment of new cells, tissues, and even organs, alongside their differentiation provoke profound changes in metabolism. It is increasingly being recognized that there is a certain degree of feedback regulation between the components and products of metabolic pathways and developmental regulators. The generation of large-scale metabolomics datasets during developmental transitions, in combination with molecular genetic approaches has helped to further our knowledge on the functional importance of metabolic regulation of development. In this perspective article, we provide insights into studies that elucidate interactions between metabolism and development at the temporal and spatial scales. We additionally discuss how this influences cell growth-related processes. We also highlight how metabolic intermediates function as signaling molecules to direct plant development in response to changing internal and external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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3
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Guo K, Huang C, Miao Y, Cosgrove DJ, Hsia KJ. Leaf morphogenesis: The multifaceted roles of mechanics. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1098-1119. [PMID: 35662674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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4
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Du J, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Dynamics of pectic homogalacturonan in cellular morphogenesis and adhesion, wall integrity sensing and plant development. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:332-340. [PMID: 35411046 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Homogalacturonan (HG) is the most abundant pectin subtype in plant cell walls. Although it is a linear homopolymer, its modification states allow for complex molecular encoding. HG metabolism affects its structure, chemical properties, mobility and binding capacity, allowing it to interact dynamically with other polymers during wall assembly and remodelling and to facilitate anisotropic cell growth, cell adhesion and separation, and organ morphogenesis. HGs have also recently been found to function as signalling molecules that transmit information about wall integrity to the cell. Here we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the dual functions of HG as a dynamic structural component of the cell wall and an initiator of intrinsic and environmental signalling. We also predict how HG might interconnect the cell wall, plasma membrane and intracellular components with transcriptional networks to regulate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Mirabet V, Dubrulle N, Rambaud L, Beauzamy L, Dumond M, Long Y, Milani P, Boudaoud A. NanoIndentation, an ImageJ Plugin for the Quantification of Cell Mechanics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2395:97-106. [PMID: 34822151 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1816-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth and morphogenesis in plants depend on cell wall mechanics and on turgor pressure. Nanoindentation methods, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), enable measurements of mechanical properties of a tissue at subcellular resolution, while confocal microscopy of tissues expressing fluorescent reporters indicates cell identity. Associating mechanical data with specific cells is essential to reveal the links between cell identity and cell mechanics. Here we describe an image analysis protocol that allows us to segment AFM scans containing information on tissue topography and/or mechanics, to stitch several scans in order to reconstitute an entire region of the tissue investigated, to segment the scans and label cells, and to associate labeled cells to the projection of confocal images. Thus all mechanical data can be mapped to the corresponding cells and to their identity. This protocol is implemented using NanoIndentation, a plugin that we are developing in the Fiji distribution of ImageJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mirabet
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Nelly Dubrulle
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Léa Rambaud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Léna Beauzamy
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mathilde Dumond
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Yuchen Long
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Pascale Milani
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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6
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Miodek A, Gizińska A, Włoch W, Kojs P. What do we know about growth of vessel elements of secondary xylem in woody plants? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2911-2924. [PMID: 34374202 PMCID: PMC9291787 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive knowledge about vessel element growth and the determination of the axial course of vessels, these processes are still not fully understood. They are usually explained as resulting primarily from hormonal regulation in stems. This review focuses on an increasingly discussed aspect - mechanical conditions in the vascular cambium. Mechanical conditions in cambial tissue are important for the growth of vessel elements, as well as other cambial derivatives. In relation to the type of stress acting on cambial cells (compressive versus tensile stress) we: (i) discuss the shape of the enlarging vessel elements observed in anatomical sections; (ii) present hypotheses regarding the location of intrusive growth of vessel elements and cambial initials; (iii) explain the relationship between the growth of vessel elements and fibres; and (iv) consider the effect of mechanical stress in determining the course of a vessel. We also highlight the relationship between mechanical stress and transport of the most extensively studied plant hormone - auxin. We conclude that the integration of a biomechanical factor with the commonly acknowledged hormonal regulation could significantly enhance the analysis of the formation of vessel elements as well as entire vessels, which transport water and minerals in numerous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Miodek
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Aldona Gizińska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Wiesław Włoch
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kojs
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Tabeta H, Watanabe S, Fukuda K, Gunji S, Asaoka M, Hirai MY, Seo M, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. An auxin signaling network translates low-sugar-state input into compensated cell enlargement in the fugu5 cotyledon. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34351899 PMCID: PMC8341479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, the effective mobilization of seed nutrient reserves is crucial during germination and for seedling establishment. The Arabidopsis H+-PPase-loss-of-function fugu5 mutants exhibit a reduced number of cells in the cotyledons. This leads to enhanced post-mitotic cell expansion, also known as compensated cell enlargement (CCE). While decreased cell numbers have been ascribed to reduced gluconeogenesis from triacylglycerol, the molecular mechanisms underlying CCE remain ill-known. Given the role of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) in cotyledon development, and because CCE in fugu5 is specifically and completely cancelled by ech2, which shows defective IBA-to-indoleacetic acid (IAA) conversion, IBA has emerged as a potential regulator of CCE. Here, to further illuminate the regulatory role of IBA in CCE, we used a series of high-order mutants that harbored a specific defect in IBA-to-IAA conversion, IBA efflux, IAA signaling, or vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) activity and analyzed the genetic interaction with fugu5-1. We found that while CCE in fugu5 was promoted by IBA, defects in IBA-to-IAA conversion, IAA response, or the V-ATPase activity alone cancelled CCE. Consistently, endogenous IAA in fugu5 reached a level 2.2-fold higher than the WT in 1-week-old seedlings. Finally, the above findings were validated in icl-2, mls-2, pck1-2 and ibr10 mutants, in which CCE was triggered by low sugar contents. This provides a scenario in which following seed germination, the low-sugar-state triggers IAA synthesis, leading to CCE through the activation of the V-ATPase. These findings illustrate how fine-tuning cell and organ size regulation depend on interplays between metabolism and IAA levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keita Fukuda
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | | | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Mielke S, Zimmer M, Meena MK, Dreos R, Stellmach H, Hause B, Voiniciuc C, Gasperini D. Jasmonate biosynthesis arising from altered cell walls is prompted by turgor-driven mechanical compression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/7/eabf0356. [PMID: 33568489 PMCID: PMC7875531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vital roles of jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) in governing plant growth and environmental acclimation, it remains unclear what intracellular processes lead to its induction. Here, we provide compelling genetic evidence that mechanical and osmotic regulation of turgor pressure represents a key elicitor of JA-Ile biosynthesis. After identifying cell wall mutant alleles in KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) with elevated JA-Ile in seedling roots, we found that ectopic JA-Ile resulted from cell nonautonomous signals deriving from enlarged cortex cells compressing inner tissues and stimulating JA-Ile production. Restoring cortex cell size by cell type-specific KOR1 complementation, by isolating a genetic kor1 suppressor, and by lowering turgor pressure with hyperosmotic treatments abolished JA-Ile signaling. Conversely, hypoosmotic treatment activated JA-Ile signaling in wild-type plants. Furthermore, constitutive JA-Ile levels guided mutant roots toward greater water availability. Collectively, these findings enhance our understanding on JA-Ile biosynthesis initiation and reveal a previously undescribed role of JA-Ile in orchestrating environmental resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mielke
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marlene Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - René Dreos
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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9
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Wang S, Zhan H, Li P, Chu C, Li J, Wang C. Physiological Mechanism of Internode Bending Growth After the Excision of Shoot Sheath in Fargesia yunnanensis and Its Implications for Understanding the Rapid Growth of Bamboos. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:418. [PMID: 32391032 PMCID: PMC7191042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The physiological function of bamboo shoot sheaths is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the anatomical and physiological influences of bamboo shoot sheaths on internode elongation by longitudinally striping parts of sheaths. The internodes would bend toward the bare sides during night. The results showed that amounts of water leaked at the cut of shoot sheaths during night, which impeded the increase of water, water pressure and assimilate transport rates, and decreased starch and soluble sugar catabolism in the bare side of the internodes. A higher level of water pressure and sugar metabolism increased the vacuole expansion and promoted the cell expansion in the outer sides as compared to the bare sides. The bending growth of internodes was mainly due to the significant differences in cell expansion, which was led by the difference in water pressure and sugar hydrolysis levels between the inner and outer sides. Bamboo internode elongation mainly relied on the increase of water pressure and soluble sugar concentration. Shoot sheaths played an important role in the rapid growth of bamboo shoots as a controller in water and assimilate transportation. This study gave a new insight into understanding the rapid growth mechanism of bamboo plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | | | | | | | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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10
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Oh SA, Hoai TNT, Park HJ, Zhao M, Twell D, Honys D, Park SK. MYB81, a microspore-specific GAMYB transcription factor, promotes pollen mitosis I and cell lineage formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:590-603. [PMID: 31610057 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants relies on the production of haploid gametophytes that consist of germline and supporting cells. During male gametophyte development, the asymmetric mitotic division of an undetermined unicellular microspore segregates these two cell lineages. To explore genetic regulation underlying this process, we screened for pollen cell patterning mutants and isolated the heterozygous myb81-1 mutant that sheds ~50% abnormal pollen. Typically, myb81-1 microspores fail to undergo pollen mitosis I (PMI) and arrest at polarized stage with a single central vacuole. Although most myb81-1 microspores degenerate without division, a small fraction divides at later stages and fails to acquire correct cell fates. The myb81-1 allele is transmitted normally through the female, but rarely through pollen. We show that myb81-1 phenotypes result from impaired function of the GAMYB transcription factor MYB81. The MYB81 promoter shows microspore-specific activity and a MYB81-RFP fusion protein is only expressed in a narrow window prior to PMI. Ectopic expression of MYB81 driven by various promoters can severely impair vegetative or reproductive development, reflecting the strict microspore-specific control of MYB81. Our data demonstrate that MYB81 has a key role in the developmental progression of microspores, enabling formation of the two male cell lineages that are essential for sexual reproduction in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Aeong Oh
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuong Nguyen Thi Hoai
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingmin Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - David Twell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soon-Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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11
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Heinrich MK, von Mammen S, Hofstadler DN, Wahby M, Zahadat P, Skrzypczak T, Soorati MD, Krela R, Kwiatkowski W, Schmickl T, Ayres P, Stoy K, Hamann H. Constructing living buildings: a review of relevant technologies for a novel application of biohybrid robotics. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190238. [PMID: 31362616 PMCID: PMC6685033 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biohybrid robotics takes an engineering approach to the expansion and exploitation of biological behaviours for application to automated tasks. Here, we identify the construction of living buildings and infrastructure as a high-potential application domain for biohybrid robotics, and review technological advances relevant to its future development. Construction, civil infrastructure maintenance and building occupancy in the last decades have comprised a major portion of economic production, energy consumption and carbon emissions. Integrating biological organisms into automated construction tasks and permanent building components therefore has high potential for impact. Live materials can provide several advantages over standard synthetic construction materials, including self-repair of damage, increase rather than degradation of structural performance over time, resilience to corrosive environments, support of biodiversity, and mitigation of urban heat islands. Here, we review relevant technologies, which are currently disparate. They span robotics, self-organizing systems, artificial life, construction automation, structural engineering, architecture, bioengineering, biomaterials, and molecular and cellular biology. In these disciplines, developments relevant to biohybrid construction and living buildings are in the early stages, and typically are not exchanged between disciplines. We, therefore, consider this review useful to the future development of biohybrid engineering for this highly interdisciplinary application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Katherine Heinrich
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Architecture, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian von Mammen
- Human–Computer Interaction, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mostafa Wahby
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Payam Zahadat
- Institute of Biology, Artificial Life Lab, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Krela
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kwiatkowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Schmickl
- Institute of Biology, Artificial Life Lab, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Phil Ayres
- School of Architecture, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Stoy
- Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Heiko Hamann
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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13
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14
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Guerringue Y, Thomine S, Frachisse JM. Sensing and transducing forces in plants with MSL10 and DEK1 mechanosensors. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1968-1979. [PMID: 29782638 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive (MS) channels behave as microprobes that transduce mechanical tension into electric and ion signals. The plasma membrane anion-permeable channel AtMSL10 belongs to the first family of MS channels (MscS-LIKE) that has been characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the same membrane, a rapidly activated calcium MS channel activity (RMA) associated with the presence of the DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (AtDEK1) protein has been recently described. In this Review, based on the comparison of the specific properties of AtMSL10 and RMA, we put forward hypotheses on the mechanism of activation of these two channels, their respective roles in signalling and also raise the question of the molecular identity of RMA. Finally, we propose functions for these two channels within the context of plant mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Guerringue
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
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15
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Ronse De Craene L. Understanding the role of floral development in the evolution of angiosperm flowers: clarifications from a historical and physico-dynamic perspective. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:367-393. [PMID: 29589194 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flower morphology results from the interaction of an established genetic program, the influence of external forces induced by pollination systems, and physical forces acting before, during and after initiation. Floral ontogeny, as the process of development from a meristem to a fully developed flower, can be approached either from a historical perspective, as a "recapitulation of the phylogeny" mainly explained as a process of genetic mutations through time, or from a physico-dynamic perspective, where time, spatial pressures, and growth processes are determining factors in creating the floral morphospace. The first (historical) perspective clarifies how flower morphology is the result of development over time, where evolutionary changes are only possible using building blocks that are available at a certain stage in the developmental history. Flowers are regulated by genetically determined constraints and development clarifies specific transitions between different floral morphs. These constraints are the result of inherent mutations or are induced by the interaction of flowers with pollinators. The second (physico-dynamic) perspective explains how changes in the physical environment of apical meristems create shifts in ontogeny and this is reflected in the morphospace of flowers. Changes in morphology are mainly induced by shifts in space, caused by the time of initiation (heterochrony), pressure of organs, and alterations of the size of the floral meristem, and these operate independently or in parallel with genetic factors. A number of examples demonstrate this interaction and its importance in the establishment of different floral forms. Both perspectives are complementary and should be considered in the understanding of factors regulating floral development. It is suggested that floral evolution is the result of alternating bursts of physical constraints and genetic stabilization processes following each other in succession. Future research needs to combine these different perspectives in understanding the evolution of floral systems and their diversification.
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16
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Fujita H, Kawaguchi M. Spatial regularity control of phyllotaxis pattern generated by the mutual interaction between auxin and PIN1. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006065. [PMID: 29614066 PMCID: PMC5882125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem, is well known because of its beautiful geometric configuration, which is derived from the constant spacing between leaf primordia. This phyllotaxis is established by mutual interaction between a diffusible plant hormone auxin and its efflux carrier PIN1, which cooperatively generate a regular pattern of auxin maxima, small regions with high auxin concentrations, leading to leaf primordia. However, the molecular mechanism of the regular pattern of auxin maxima is still largely unknown. To better understand how the phyllotaxis pattern is controlled, we investigated mathematical models based on the auxin-PIN1 interaction through linear stability analysis and numerical simulations, focusing on the spatial regularity control of auxin maxima. As in previous reports, we first confirmed that this spatial regularity can be reproduced by a highly simplified and abstract model. However, this model lacks the extracellular region and is not appropriate for considering the molecular mechanism. Thus, we investigated how auxin maxima patterns are affected under more realistic conditions. We found that the spatial regularity is eliminated by introducing the extracellular region, even in the presence of direct diffusion between cells or between extracellular spaces, and this strongly suggests the existence of an unknown molecular mechanism. To unravel this mechanism, we assumed a diffusible molecule to verify various feedback interactions with auxin-PIN1 dynamics. We revealed that regular patterns can be restored by a diffusible molecule that mediates the signaling from auxin to PIN1 polarization. Furthermore, as in the one-dimensional case, similar results are observed in the two-dimensional space. These results provide a great insight into the theoretical and molecular basis for understanding the phyllotaxis pattern. Our theoretical analysis strongly predicts a diffusible molecule that is pivotal for the phyllotaxis pattern but is yet to be determined experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Fujita
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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17
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Hacke UG, Spicer R, Schreiber SG, Plavcová L. An ecophysiological and developmental perspective on variation in vessel diameter. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:831-845. [PMID: 27304704 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Variation in xylem vessel diameter is one of the most important parameters when evaluating plant water relations. This review provides a synthesis of the ecophysiological implications of variation in lumen diameter together with a summary of our current understanding of vessel development and its endogenous regulation. We analyzed inter-specific variation of the mean hydraulic vessel diameter (Dv ) across biomes, intra-specific variation of Dv under natural and controlled conditions, and intra-plant variation. We found that the Dv measured in young branches tends to stay below 30 µm in regions experiencing winter frost, whereas it is highly variable in the tropical rainforest. Within a plant, the widest vessels are often found in the trunk and in large roots; smaller diameters have been reported for leaves and small lateral roots. Dv varies in response to environmental factors and is not only a function of plant size. Despite the wealth of data on vessel diameter variation, the regulation of diameter is poorly understood. Polar auxin transport through the vascular cambium is a key regulator linking foliar and xylem development. Limited evidence suggests that auxin transport is also a determinant of vessel diameter. The role of auxin in cell expansion and in establishing longitudinal continuity during secondary growth deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe G Hacke
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Rachel Spicer
- Connecticut College, Department of Botany, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- University of Hradec Králové, Department of Biology, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové, 500 03, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
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18
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Zhang H, Zhao FG, Tang RJ, Yu Y, Song J, Wang Y, Li L, Luan S. Two tonoplast MATE proteins function as turgor-regulating chloride channels in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2036-E2045. [PMID: 28202726 PMCID: PMC5347570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616203114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central vacuole in a plant cell occupies the majority of the cellular volume and plays a key role in turgor regulation. The vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) contains a large number of transporters that mediate fluxes of solutes and water, thereby adjusting cell turgor in response to developmental and environmental signals. We report that two tonoplast Detoxification efflux carrier (DTX)/Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) transporters, DTX33 and DTX35, function as chloride channels essential for turgor regulation in Arabidopsis Ectopic expression of each transporter in Nicotiana benthamiana mesophyll cells elicited a large voltage-dependent inward chloride current across the tonoplast, showing that DTX33 and DTX35 each constitute a functional channel. Both channels are highly expressed in Arabidopsis tissues, including root hairs and guard cells that experience rapid turgor changes during root-hair elongation and stomatal movements. Disruption of these two genes, either in single or double mutants, resulted in shorter root hairs and smaller stomatal aperture, with double mutants showing more severe defects, suggesting that these two channels function additively to facilitate anion influx into the vacuole during cell expansion. In addition, dtx35 single mutant showed lower fertility as a result of a defect in pollen-tube growth. Indeed, patch-clamp recording of isolated vacuoles indicated that the inward chloride channel activity across the tonoplast was impaired in the double mutant. Because MATE proteins are widely known transporters of organic compounds, finding MATE members as chloride channels expands the functional definition of this large family of transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fu-Geng Zhao
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Yuexuan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiali Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
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19
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Bringmann M, Bergmann DC. Tissue-wide Mechanical Forces Influence the Polarity of Stomatal Stem Cells in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2017; 27:877-883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Kucypera K, Lipowczan M, Piekarska-Stachowiak A, Nakielski J. A method to generate the surface cell layer of the 3D virtual shoot apex from apical initials. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:110. [PMID: 29238397 PMCID: PMC5725887 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of cell pattern in the surface cell layer of the shoot apex can be investigated in vivo by use of a time-lapse confocal images, showing naked meristem in 3D in successive times. However, how this layer is originated from apical initials and develops as a result of growth and divisions of their descendants, remains unknown. This is an open area for computer modelling. A method to generate the surface cell layer is presented on the example of the 3D paraboloidal shoot apical dome. In the used model the layer originates from three apical initials that meet at the dome summit and develops through growth and cell divisions under the isotropic surface growth, defined by the growth tensor. The cells, which are described by polyhedrons, divide anticlinally with the smallest division plane that passes depending on the used mode through the cell center, or the point found randomly near this center. The formation of the surface cell pattern is described with the attention being paid to activity of the apical initials and fates of their descendants. RESULTS The computer generated surface layer that included about 350 cells required about 1200 divisions of the apical initials and their derivatives. The derivatives were arranged into three more or less equal clonal sectors composed of cellular clones at different age. Each apical initial renewed itself 7-8 times to produce the sector. In the shape and location and the cellular clones the following divisions of the initial were manifested. The application of the random factor resulted in more realistic cell pattern in comparison to the pure mode. The cell divisions were analyzed statistically on the top view. When all of the division walls were considered, their angular distribution was uniform, whereas in the distribution that was limited to apical initials only, some preferences related to their arrangement at the dome summit were observed. CONCLUSIONS The realistic surface cell pattern was obtained. The present method is a useful tool to generate surface cell layer, study activity of initial cells and their derivatives, and how cell expansion and division are coordinated during growth. We expect its further application to clarify the question of a number and permanence or impermanence of initial cells, and possible relationship between their shape and oriented divisions, both on the ground of the growth tensor approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kucypera
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Lipowczan
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Nakielski
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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21
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Zubairova U, Nikolaev S, Penenko A, Podkolodnyy N, Golushko S, Afonnikov D, Kolchanov N. Mechanical Behavior of Cells within a Cell-Based Model of Wheat Leaf Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1878. [PMID: 28018409 PMCID: PMC5156783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the principles and mechanisms of cell growth coordination in plant tissue remains an outstanding challenge for modern developmental biology. Cell-based modeling is a widely used technique for studying the geometric and topological features of plant tissue morphology during growth. We developed a quasi-one-dimensional model of unidirectional growth of a tissue layer in a linear leaf blade that takes cell autonomous growth mode into account. The model allows for fitting of the visible cell length using the experimental cell length distribution along the longitudinal axis of a wheat leaf epidermis. Additionally, it describes changes in turgor and osmotic pressures for each cell in the growing tissue. Our numerical experiments show that the pressures in the cell change over the cell cycle, and in symplastically growing tissue, they vary from cell to cell and strongly depend on the leaf growing zone to which the cells belong. Therefore, we believe that the mechanical signals generated by pressures are important to consider in simulations of tissue growth as possible targets for molecular genetic regulators of individual cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Zubairova
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Analysis and Optimization of Non-Linear Systems, Institute of Computational Technologies (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey Penenko
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling of Hydrodynamic Processes in the Environment, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics (ICM & MG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Mathematical Methods in Geophysics, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Podkolodnyy
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Mathematical Problems of Geophysics, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics (ICM & MG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Informatics Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Golushko
- Laboratory of Analysis and Optimization of Non-Linear Systems, Institute of Computational Technologies (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Mathematical Modeling, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Afonnikov
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Informational Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kolchanov
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Informational Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
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22
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Kirchhelle C, Chow CM, Foucart C, Neto H, Stierhof YD, Kalde M, Walton C, Fricker M, Smith RS, Jérusalem A, Irani N, Moore I. The Specification of Geometric Edges by a Plant Rab GTPase Is an Essential Cell-Patterning Principle During Organogenesis in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2016; 36:386-400. [PMID: 26906735 PMCID: PMC4766369 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant organogenesis requires control over division planes and anisotropic cell wall growth, which each require spatial patterning of cells. Polyhedral plant cells can display complex patterning in which individual faces are established as biochemically distinct domains by endomembrane trafficking. We now show that, during organogenesis, the Arabidopsis endomembrane system specifies an important additional cellular spatial domain: the geometric edges. Previously unidentified membrane vesicles lying immediately beneath the plasma membrane at cell edges were revealed through localization of RAB-A5c, a plant GTPase of the Rab family of membrane-trafficking regulators. Specific inhibition of RAB-A5c activity grossly perturbed cell geometry in developing lateral organs by interfering independently with growth anisotropy and cytokinesis without disrupting default membrane trafficking. The initial loss of normal cell geometry can be explained by a failure to maintain wall stiffness specifically at geometric edges. RAB-A5c thus meets a requirement to specify this cellular spatial domain during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Cheung-Ming Chow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Camille Foucart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Helia Neto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Microscopy, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Carol Walton
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative and Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Antoine Jérusalem
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Niloufer Irani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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23
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Galvan-Ampudia CS, Chaumeret AM, Godin C, Vernoux T. Phyllotaxis: from patterns of organogenesis at the meristem to shoot architecture. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:460-73. [PMID: 27199252 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The primary architecture of the aerial part of plants is controlled by the shoot apical meristem, a specialized tissue containing a stem cell niche. The iterative generation of new aerial organs, (leaves, lateral inflorescences, and flowers) at the meristem follows regular patterns, called phyllotaxis. Phyllotaxis has long been proposed to self-organize from the combined action of growth and of inhibitory fields blocking organogenesis in the vicinity of existing organs in the meristem. In this review, we will highlight how a combination of mathematical/computational modeling and experimental biology has demonstrated that the spatiotemporal distribution of the plant hormone auxin controls both organogenesis and the establishment of inhibitory fields. We will discuss recent advances showing that auxin likely acts through a combination of biochemical and mechanical regulatory mechanisms that control not only the pattern of organogenesis in the meristem but also postmeristematic growth, to shape the shoot. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:460-473. doi: 10.1002/wdev.231 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Galvan-Ampudia
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anaïs M Chaumeret
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Godin
- Virtual Plants Plants INRIA/CIRAD/INRA Project Team, Montpellier, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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24
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Farci D, Collu G, Kirkpatrick J, Esposito F, Piano D. RhVI1 is a membrane-anchored vacuolar invertase highly expressed in Rosa hybrida L. petals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3303-12. [PMID: 27083698 PMCID: PMC4892724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Invertases are a widespread group of enzymes that catalyse the conversion of sucrose into fructose and glucose. Plants invertases and their substrates are essential factors that play an active role in primary metabolism and in cellular differentiation and by these activities they sustain development and growth. Being naturally present in multiple isoforms, invertases are known to be highly differentiated and tissue specific in such a way that every isoform is characteristic of a specific part of the plant. In this work, we report the identification of the invertase RhVI1 that was found to be highly expressed in rose petals. A characterization of this protein revealed that RhVI1 is a glycosylated membrane-anchored protein associated with the cytosolic side of the vacuolar membrane which occurs in vivo in a monomeric form. Purification yields have shown that the levels of expression decreased during the passage of petals from buds to mature and pre-senescent flowers. Moreover, the activity assay indicates RhVI1 to be an acidic vacuolar invertase. The physiological implications of these findings are discussed, suggesting a possible role of this protein during anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Collu
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna Kirkpatrick
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari,Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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25
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Malgat R, Faure F, Boudaoud A. A Mechanical Model to Interpret Cell-Scale Indentation Experiments on Plant Tissues in Terms of Cell Wall Elasticity and Turgor Pressure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1351. [PMID: 27656191 PMCID: PMC5013127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis in plants is directly linked to the mechanical elements of growing tissues, namely cell wall and inner cell pressure. Studies of these structural elements are now often performed using indentation methods such as atomic force microscopy. In these methods, a probe applies a force to the tissue surface at a subcellular scale and its displacement is monitored, yielding force-displacement curves that reflect tissue mechanics. However, the interpretation of these curves is challenging as they may depend not only on the cell probed, but also on neighboring cells, or even on the whole tissue. Here, we build a realistic three-dimensional model of the indentation of a flower bud using SOFA (Simulation Open Framework Architecture), in order to provide a framework for the analysis of force-displacement curves obtained experimentally. We find that the shape of indentation curves mostly depends on the ratio between cell pressure and wall modulus. Hysteresis in force-displacement curves can be accounted for by a viscoelastic behavior of the cell wall. We consider differences in elastic modulus between cell layers and we show that, according to the location of indentation and to the size of the probe, force-displacement curves are sensitive with different weights to the mechanical components of the two most external cell layers. Our results confirm most of the interpretations of previous experiments and provide a guide to future experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malgat
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en AutomatiqueGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueGrenoble, France
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - François Faure
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en AutomatiqueGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueGrenoble, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
- *Correspondence: Arezki Boudaoud
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26
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Cosgrove DJ. Plant cell wall extensibility: connecting plant cell growth with cell wall structure, mechanics, and the action of wall-modifying enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:463-76. [PMID: 26608646 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of user-friendly instruments for measuring force/deflection curves of plant surfaces at high spatial resolution has resulted in a recent outpouring of reports of the 'Young's modulus' of plant cell walls. The stimulus for these mechanical measurements comes from biomechanical models of morphogenesis of meristems and other tissues, as well as single cells, in which cell wall stress feeds back to regulate microtubule organization, auxin transport, cellulose deposition, and future growth directionality. In this article I review the differences between elastic modulus and wall extensibility in the context of cell growth. Some of the inherent complexities, assumptions, and potential pitfalls in the interpretation of indentation force/deflection curves are discussed. Reported values of elastic moduli from surface indentation measurements appear to be 10- to >1000-fold smaller than realistic tensile elastic moduli in the plane of plant cell walls. Potential reasons for this disparity are discussed, but further work is needed to make sense of the huge range in reported values. The significance of wall stress relaxation for growth is reviewed and connected to recent advances and remaining enigmas in our concepts of how cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins are assembled to make an extensible cell wall. A comparison of the loosening action of α-expansin and Cel12A endoglucanase is used to illustrate two different ways in which cell walls may be made more extensible and the divergent effects on wall mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Iwamoto A, Izumidate R, Ronse De Craene LP. Floral anatomy and vegetative development in Ceratophyllum demersum: a morphological picture of an "unsolved" plant. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1578-89. [PMID: 26419811 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The phylogenetic position of Ceratophyllum is still controversial in recent molecular analyses of angiosperms, with various suggestions of a sister group relation to all other angiosperms, eudicots, monocots, eudicots + monocots, and magnoliids. Therefore, the morphological characters of Ceratophyllum are important for resolving the phylogeny of angiosperms. In this study, we observed the detailed developmental anatomy of all lateral organs and their configurations to elucidate the floral development and phyllotactic pattern of Ceratophyllum demersum. METHODS We observed fixed shoots of C. demersum with scanning electron microscopy and serial sections of the samples with light microscopy. KEY RESULTS Bract primordia arise first, followed by the stamen primordia in staminate flowers. Both bracts and stamens initiate unidirectionally, first on the abaxial side of the floral apex and later on the adaxial side, most likely due to the contact pressure imposed by the leaf primordium at the superior node. In pistillate flowers, bract primordia on the abaxial side were also initiated first. The configuration of buds at one node showed six patterns and each pattern included at least one vegetative bud, and flower buds were always accompanied by vegetative buds at the same node. CONCLUSIONS The initiation pattern of organs in the outer whorls of C. demersum flowers is distorted by mechanical pressure, resulting in the phyllotactic variation of staminate flowers. Vegetative buds are the main axillary buds with floral buds as accessory buds, which suggests that the shoot of C. demersum has been modified from a decussate phyllotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Iwamoto
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukui Kita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoko Izumidate
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukui Kita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
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Bar M, Ben-Herzel O, Kohay H, Shtein I, Ori N. CLAUSA restricts tomato leaf morphogenesis and GOBLET expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:888-902. [PMID: 26189897 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphogenesis and differentiation are highly flexible processes. The development of compound leaves is characterized by an extended morphogenesis stage compared with that of simple leaves. The tomato mutant clausa (clau) possesses extremely elaborate compound leaves. Here we show that this elaboration is generated by further extension of the morphogenetic window, partly via the activity of ectopic meristems present on clau leaves. Further, we propose that CLAU might negatively affect expression of the NAM/CUC gene GOBLET (GOB), an important modulator of compound-leaf development, as GOB expression is elevated in clau mutants and reducing GOB expression suppresses the clau phenotype. Expression of GOB is also elevated in the compound leaf mutant lyrate (lyr), and the remarkable enhancement of the clau phenotype by lyr suggests that clau and lyr affect leaf development and GOB in different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Ben-Herzel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hagay Kohay
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ilana Shtein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Differences in properties and proteomes of the midribs contribute to the size of the leaf angle in two near-isogenic maize lines. J Proteomics 2015; 128:113-22. [PMID: 26244907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The midrib of maize leaves provides the primary support for the blade and is largely associated with leaf angle size. To elucidate the role of the midrib in leaf angle formation, the maize line Shen137 (larger leaf angle) and a near isogenic line (NIL, smaller leaf angle) were used in the present study. The results of the analysis showed that both the puncture forces and proximal collenchyma number of the midribs of the first and second leaves above the ear were higher in NIL than in Shen137. Comparative proteomic analysis was performed to reveal protein profile differences in the midribs of the 5th, 10th and 19th newly expanded leaves between Shen137 and NIL. Quantitative analysis of 24 identified midrib proteins indicated that the maximum changes in abundance of 22 proteins between Shen137 and NIL appeared at the 10th leaf stage, of which phosphoglycerate kinase, adenosine kinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and adenylate kinase were implicated in glycometabolism. Thus, glycometabolism might be associated with leaf angle formation and the physical and mechanical properties of the midribs. These results provide insight into the mechanism underlying maize leaf angle formation.
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Wesley-Smith J, Walters C, Pammenter NW, Berjak P. Why is intracellular ice lethal? A microscopical study showing evidence of programmed cell death in cryo-exposed embryonic axes of recalcitrant seeds of Acer saccharinum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:991-1000. [PMID: 25808653 PMCID: PMC4407058 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Conservation of the genetic diversity afforded by recalcitrant seeds is achieved by cryopreservation, in which excised embryonic axes (or, where possible, embryos) are treated and stored at temperatures lower than -180 °C using liquid nitrogen. It has previously been shown that intracellular ice forms in rapidly cooled embryonic axes of Acer saccharinum (silver maple) but this is not necessarily lethal when ice crystals are small. This study seeks to understand the nature and extent of damage from intracellular ice, and the course of recovery and regrowth in surviving tissues. METHODS Embryonic axes of A. saccharinum, not subjected to dehydration or cryoprotection treatments (water content was 1·9 g H2O g(-1) dry mass), were cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures using two methods: plunging into nitrogen slush to achieve a cooling rate of 97 °C s(-1) or programmed cooling at 3·3 °C s(-1). Samples were thawed rapidly (177 °C s(-1)) and cell structure was examined microscopically immediately, and at intervals up to 72 h in vitro. Survival was assessed after 4 weeks in vitro. Axes were processed conventionally for optical microscopy and ultrastructural examination. KEY RESULTS Immediately following thaw after cryogenic exposure, cells from axes did not show signs of damage at an ultrastructural level. Signs that cells had been damaged were apparent after several hours of in vitro culture and appeared as autophagic decomposition. In surviving tissues, dead cells were sloughed off and pockets of living cells were the origin of regrowth. In roots, regrowth occurred from the ground meristem and procambium, not the distal meristem, which became lethally damaged. Regrowth of shoots occurred from isolated pockets of surviving cells of peripheral and pith meristems. The size of these pockets may determine the possibility for, the extent of and the vigour of regrowth. CONCLUSIONS Autophagic degradation and ultimately autolysis of cells following cryo-exposure and formation of small (0·2-0·4 µm) intracellular ice crystals challenges current ideas that ice causes immediate physical damage to cells. Instead, freezing stress may induce a signal for programmed cell death (PCD). Cells that form more ice crystals during cooling have faster PCD responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wesley-Smith
- Plant Germplasm Conservation Research, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001 South Africa, National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1 Meiring Naude Rd, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa and USDA-ARS, National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA Plant Germplasm Conservation Research, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001 South Africa, National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1 Meiring Naude Rd, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa and USDA-ARS, National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Christina Walters
- Plant Germplasm Conservation Research, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001 South Africa, National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1 Meiring Naude Rd, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa and USDA-ARS, National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - N W Pammenter
- Plant Germplasm Conservation Research, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001 South Africa, National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1 Meiring Naude Rd, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa and USDA-ARS, National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Patricia Berjak
- Plant Germplasm Conservation Research, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001 South Africa, National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1 Meiring Naude Rd, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa and USDA-ARS, National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Abstract
Plant cells in tissues experience mechanical stress not only as a result of high turgor, but also through interaction with their neighbors. Cells can expand at different rates and in different directions from neighbors with which they share a cell wall. This in connection with specific tissue shapes and properties of the cell wall material can lead to intricate stress patterns throughout the tissue. Two cellular responses to mechanical stress are a microtubule cytoskeletal response that directs new wall synthesis so as to resist stress, and a hormone transporter response that regulates transport of the hormone auxin, a regulator of cell expansion. Shape changes in plant tissues affect the pattern of stresses in the tissues, and at the same time, via the cellular stress responses, the pattern of stresses controls cell growth, which in turn changes tissue shape, and stress pattern. This feedback loop controls plant morphogenesis, and explains several previously mysterious aspects of plant growth.
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Abstract
The development of plant leaves follows a common basic program that is flexible and is adjusted according to species, developmental stage and environmental circumstances. Leaves initiate from the flanks of the shoot apical meristem and develop into flat structures of variable sizes and forms. This process is regulated by plant hormones, transcriptional regulators and mechanical properties of the tissue. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how these factors modulate leaf development to yield a substantial diversity of leaf forms. We discuss these issues in the context of leaf initiation, the balance between morphogenesis and differentiation, and patterning of the leaf margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Moulia B, Coutand C, Julien JL. Mechanosensitive control of plant growth: bearing the load, sensing, transducing, and responding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:52. [PMID: 25755656 PMCID: PMC4337334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As land plants grow and develop, they encounter complex mechanical challenges, especially from winds and turgor pressure. Mechanosensitive control over growth and morphogenesis is an adaptive trait, reducing the risks of breakage or explosion. This control has been mostly studied through experiments with artificial mechanical loads, often focusing on cellular or molecular mechanotransduction pathway. However, some important aspects of mechanosensing are often neglected. (i) What are the mechanical characteristics of different loads and how are loads distributed within different organs? (ii) What is the relevant mechanical stimulus in the cell? Is it stress, strain, or energy? (iii) How do mechanosensing cells signal to meristematic cells? Without answers to these questions we cannot make progress analyzing the mechanobiological effects of plant size, plant shape, tissue distribution and stiffness, or the magnitude of stimuli. This situation is rapidly changing however, as systems mechanobiology is being developed, using specific biomechanical and/or mechanobiological models. These models are instrumental in comparing loads and responses between experiments and make it possible to quantitatively test biological hypotheses describing the mechanotransduction networks. This review is designed for a general plant science audience and aims to help biologists master the models they need for mechanobiological studies. Analysis and modeling is broken down into four steps looking at how the structure bears the load, how the distributed load is sensed, how the mechanical signal is transduced, and then how the plant responds through growth. Throughout, two examples of adaptive responses are used to illustrate this approach: the thigmorphogenetic syndrome of plant shoots bending and the mechanosensitive control of shoot apical meristem (SAM) morphogenesis. Overall this should provide a generic understanding of systems mechanobiology at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- NRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Bruno Moulia, UMR, PIAF Integrative Physics and Physiology of Trees, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France e-mail:
| | - Catherine Coutand
- NRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Louis Julien
- NRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
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Beauzamy L, Nakayama N, Boudaoud A. Flowers under pressure: ins and outs of turgor regulation in development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1517-33. [PMID: 25288632 PMCID: PMC4204789 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turgor pressure is an essential feature of plants; however, whereas its physiological importance is unequivocally recognized, its relevance to development is often reduced to a role in cell elongation. SCOPE This review surveys the roles of turgor in development, the molecular mechanisms of turgor regulation and the methods used to measure turgor and related quantities, while also covering the basic concepts associated with water potential and water flow in plants. Three key processes in flower development are then considered more specifically: flower opening, anther dehiscence and pollen tube growth. CONCLUSIONS Many molecular determinants of turgor and its regulation have been characterized, while a number of methods are now available to quantify water potential, turgor and hydraulic conductivity. Data on flower opening, anther dehiscence and lateral root emergence suggest that turgor needs to be finely tuned during development, both spatially and temporally. It is anticipated that a combination of biological experiments and physical measurements will reinforce the existing data and reveal unexpected roles of turgor in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Beauzamy
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Durbak AR, Phillips KA, Pike S, O'Neill MA, Mares J, Gallavotti A, Malcomber ST, Gassmann W, McSteen P. Transport of boron by the tassel-less1 aquaporin is critical for vegetative and reproductive development in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2978-95. [PMID: 25035406 PMCID: PMC4145126 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The element boron (B) is an essential plant micronutrient, and B deficiency results in significant crop losses worldwide. The maize (Zea mays) tassel-less1 (tls1) mutant has defects in vegetative and inflorescence development, comparable to the effects of B deficiency. Positional cloning revealed that tls1 encodes a protein in the aquaporin family co-orthologous to known B channel proteins in other species. Transport assays show that the TLS1 protein facilitates the movement of B and water into Xenopus laevis oocytes. B content is reduced in tls1 mutants, and application of B rescues the mutant phenotype, indicating that the TLS1 protein facilitates the movement of B in planta. B is required to cross-link the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) in the cell wall, and the percentage of RG-II dimers is reduced in tls1 inflorescences, indicating that the defects may result from altered cell wall properties. Plants heterozygous for both tls1 and rotten ear (rte), the proposed B efflux transporter, exhibit a dosage-dependent defect in inflorescence development under B-limited conditions, indicating that both TLS1 and RTE function in the same biological processes. Together, our data provide evidence that TLS1 is a B transport facilitator in maize, highlighting the importance of B homeostasis in meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Durbak
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kimberly A Phillips
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jonathan Mares
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Simon T Malcomber
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Paul LK, Rinne PLH, van der Schoot C. Shoot meristems of deciduous woody perennials: self-organization and morphogenetic transitions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:86-95. [PMID: 24507499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristems of deciduous woody perennials share gross structural features with other angiosperms, but are unique in the seasonal regulation of vegetative and floral meristems. Supporting longevity, flowering is postponed to the adult phase, and restricted to some axillary meristems. In cold climates, photoperiodic timing mechanisms and chilling are recruited to schedule end-of-season growth arrest, dormancy cycling and flowering. We review recently uncovered generic meristem properties, perennial meristem fate, and the role of CENL1, FT1 and FT2 in bud formation and flowering. We also highlight novel findings, suggesting that dormancy release is mediated by mobile lipid bodies that deliver enzymes to plasmodesmata to recover symplasmic communication and meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
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Moulia B. Plant biomechanics and mechanobiology are convergent paths to flourishing interdisciplinary research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4617-33. [PMID: 24193603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR0547 PIAF (Unité Mixte de Recherche PIAF Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier), F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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38
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Milani P, Braybrook SA, Boudaoud A. Shrinking the hammer: micromechanical approaches to morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4651-62. [PMID: 23873995 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, the remarkable process by which a developing organism achieves its shape, relies on the coordinated growth of cells, tissues, and organs. While the molecular and genetic basis of morphogenesis is starting to be unravelled, understanding shape changes is lagging behind. Actually, shape is imposed by the structural elements of the organism, and the translation of cellular activity into morphogenesis must go through these elements. Therefore, many methods have been developed recently to quantify, at cellular resolution, the properties of the main structural element in plants, the cell wall. As plant cell growth is restrained by the cell wall and powered by turgor pressure, such methods also address the quantification of turgor. These different micromechanical approaches are reviewed here, with a critical assessment of their strengths and weaknesses, and a discussion of how they can help us understand the regulation of growth and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Milani
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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