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Park J, Lee N, Kim H, Kim D, Shin S, Choi S, Choi GJ, Son H. A mitochondrial NAD/NADH kinase governs fungal virulence through an oxidative stress response and arginine biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127692. [PMID: 38508088 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
NADP/NADPH plays an indispensable role in cellular metabolism, serving as a pivotal cofactor in numerous enzymatic processes involved in anabolic pathways, antioxidant defense, and the biosynthesis of essential cellular components. NAD/NADH kinases (NADKs) phosphorylate NAD/NADH, constituting the sole de novo synthetic pathway for NADP/NADPH generation. Despite the pivotal role of NADP/NADPH in cellular functions, the physiological role of NADK remains largely unexplored in filamentous fungi. In this study, we identified three putative NADKs in Fusarium graminearum-FgNadk1, FgNadk2, and FgNadk3-responsible for NAD/NADH phosphorylation. NADK-mediated formation of intracellular NADPH proved crucial for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and virulence. Specifically, FgNadk2, the mitochondrial NADK, played a role in oxidative stress resistance and the maintenance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels. Moreover, the deletion of FgNADK2 resulted in arginine auxotrophy, contributing to the reduced fungal virulence. These findings underscore the necessity of mitochondrial NADK in fungal virulence in F. graminearum, revealing its involvement in mitochondrial redox homeostasis and the arginine biosynthetic pathway. This study provides critical insights into the interconnectedness of metabolic pathways essential for fungal growth, stress response, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohun Kim
- Childern's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Moon H, Min K, Winarto J, Shin S, Jeon H, Song DG, Son H. Proteomic Analysis of Cell Wall Proteins with Various Linkages in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6028-6039. [PMID: 38457781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall, primarily comprising a glucan-chitin matrix and cell wall proteins (CWPs), serves as a key mediator for fungal interactions with the environment and plays a pivotal role in virulence. In this study, we employed a comprehensive proteomics approach to analyze the CWPs in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Our methodology successfully extracted and identified 1373 CWPs, highlighting their complex linkages, including noncovalent bonds, disulfide bridges, alkali-sensitive linkages, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. A significant subset of these proteins, enriched in Gene Ontology terms, suggest multifunctional roles of CWPs. Through the integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data, we observed differential expression patterns of CWPs across developmental stages. Specifically, we focused on two genes, Fca7 and Cpd1, which were upregulated in planta, and confirmed their localization predominantly outside the plasma membrane, primarily in the cell wall and periplasmic space. The disruption of FCA7 reduced virulence on wheat, aligning with previous findings and underscoring its significance. Overall, our findings offer a comprehensive proteomic profile of CWPs in F. graminearum, laying the groundwork for a deeper understanding of their roles in the development and interactions with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeji Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica Winarto
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Choi YS, Kim DW, Yun SH. Functional Analysis of Genes Specifically Expressed during Aerial Hyphae Collapse as a Potential Signal for Perithecium Formation Induction in Fusarium graminearum. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:83-97. [PMID: 38326961 PMCID: PMC10850530 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.01.2024.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops, employs the production of sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) on plant debris as a strategy for overwintering and dissemination. In an artificial condition (e.g., carrot agar medium), the F. graminearum Z3643 strain was capable of producing perithecia predominantly in the central region of the fungal culture where aerial hyphae naturally collapsed. To unravel the intricate relationship between natural aerial hyphae collapse and sexual development in this fungus, we focused on 699 genes differentially expressed during aerial hyphae collapse, with 26 selected for further analysis. Targeted gene deletion and quantitative real-time PCR analyses elucidated the functions of specific genes during natural aerial hyphae collapse and perithecium formation. Furthermore, comparative gene expression analyses between natural collapse and artificial removal conditions reveal distinct temporal profiles, with the latter inducing a more rapid and pronounced response, particularly in MAT gene expression. Notably, FGSG_09210 and FGSG_09896 play crucial roles in sexual development and aerial hyphae growth, respectively. Taken together, it is plausible that if aerial hyphae collapse occurs on plant debris, it may serve as a physical cue for inducing perithecium formation in crop fields, representing a survival strategy for F. graminearum during winter. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying aerial hyphae collapse provides offer potential strategies for disease control against FHB caused by F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seon Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
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4
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Tang M, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Zhao E, Zhang H, Zhang M, Yu H, Zhao X, Li G. Codon Optimization Enables the Geneticin Resistance Gene to Be Applied Efficiently to the Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:324. [PMID: 38276781 PMCID: PMC10821057 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea can infect almost all of the important horticultural crops and cause severe economic losses globally every year. Modifying candidate genes and studying the phenotypic changes are among the most effective ways to unravel the pathogenic mechanism of this crop killer. However, few effective positive selection markers are used for B. cinerea genetic transformation, which limits multiple modifications to the genome, especially genes involving redundant functions. Here, we optimized a geneticin resistance gene, BcNPTII, based on the codon usage preference of B. cinerea. We found that BcNPTII can greatly increase the transformation efficiency of B. cinerea under G418 selection, with approximately 30 times higher efficiency than that of NPTII, which is applied efficiently to transform Magnaporthe oryzae. Using the gene replacement method, we successfully knocked out the second gene BOT2, with BcNPTII as the selection marker, from the mutant ΔoahA, in which OAHA was first replaced by the hygromycin resistance gene HPH in a field strain. We obtained the double knockout mutant ΔoahA Δbot2. Our data show that the codon-optimized BcNPTII is an efficient positive selection marker for B. cinerea transformation and can be used for various genetic manipulations in B. cinerea, including field wild-type strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyao Tang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (M.T.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yangyizhou Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (M.T.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Kexin Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (M.T.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- Research Management Department, Changchun Academy of Forestry, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Enshuang Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (E.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (E.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (M.T.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hang Yu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (M.T.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xi Zhao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (M.T.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (M.T.); (Y.W.); (K.W.); (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.)
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Bhagat N, Mansotra R, Patel K, Ambardar S, Vakhlu J. Molecular warfare between pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum R1 and host Crocus sativus L. unraveled by dual transcriptomics. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:42. [PMID: 38246927 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction pathways in saffron and cell wall degrading enzymes in Fusarium oxysporum R1 are key players involved in the interaction. Fusarium oxysporum causes corm rot in saffron (Crocus sativus L.), which is one of the most devastating fungal diseases impacting saffron yield globally. Though the corm rot agent and its symptoms are known widely, little is known about the defense mechanism of saffron in response to Fusarium oxysporum infection at molecular level. Therefore, the current study reports saffron-Fusarium oxysporum R1 (Fox R1) interaction at the molecular level using dual a transcriptomics approach. The results indicated the activation of various defense related pathways such as the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK), plant-hormone signaling pathways, plant-pathogen interaction pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and PR protein synthesis in the host during the interaction. The activation of pathways is involved in the hypersensitive response, production of various secondary metabolites, strengthening of the host cell wall, systemic acquired resistance etc. Concurrently, in the pathogen, 60 genes reported to be linked to pathogenicity and virulence has been identified during the invasion. The expression of genes encoding plant cell wall degrading enzymes, various transcription factors and effector proteins indicated the strong pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum R1. Based on the results obtained, the putative molecular mechanism of the saffron-Fox R1 interaction was identified. As saffron is a male sterile plant, and can only be improved by genetic manipulation, this work will serve as a foundation for identifying genes that can be used to create saffron varieties, resistant to Fusarium oxysporum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bhagat
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Ritika Mansotra
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Karan Patel
- DNA Xperts Private Limited, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Sheetal Ambardar
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Jyoti Vakhlu
- Metagenomic Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India.
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6
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Park J, Han JW, Lee N, Kim S, Choi S, Lee HH, Kim JE, Seo YS, Choi GJ, Lee YW, Kim H, Son H. Sulfur metabolism-mediated fungal glutathione biosynthesis is essential for oxidative stress resistance and pathogenicity in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. mBio 2024; 15:e0240123. [PMID: 38112432 PMCID: PMC10790779 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02401-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on a wide range of cereal crops. To control fungal diseases, it is essential to comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms that enable fungi to overcome host defenses during infection. Pathogens require an oxidative stress response to overcome host-derived oxidative stress. Here, we identify the underlying mechanisms of the Fgbzip007-mediated oxidative stress response in F. graminearum. ChIP-seq and subsequent genetic analyses revealed that the role of glutathione in pathogenesis is not dependent on antioxidant functions in F. graminearum. Altogether, this study establishes a comprehensive framework for the Fgbzip007 regulon on pathogenicity and oxidative stress responses, offering a new perspective on the role of glutathione in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nahyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sieun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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7
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Kim S, Lee R, Jeon H, Lee N, Park J, Moon H, Shin J, Min K, Kim JE, Yang JW, Son H. Identification of Essential Genes for the Establishment of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing-Based Disease Control in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19302-19311. [PMID: 38018120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
As resistance to chemical fungicides continues to increase inFusarium graminearum, there is a growing need to develop novel disease control strategies. To discover essential genes that could serve as new disease control targets, we selected essential gene candidates that had failed to be deleted in previous studies. Thirteen genes were confirmed to be essential, either by constructing conditional promoter replacement mutants or by employing a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated editing strategy. We synthesized double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting these essential genes and analyzed their protective effects in plants using a spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) method. When dsRNAs targeting Fg10360, Fg13150, and Fg06123 were applied to detached barley leaves prior to fungal inoculation, disease lesions were greatly reduced. Our findings provide evidence of the potential of essential genes identified by a SIGS method to be effective targets for the control of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Rowoon Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeji Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Shin
- Division of Bioresources Bank, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Jeju 63240, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Yang
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Sakane K, Kunimoto M, Furumoto K, Shigyo M, Sasaki K, Ito SI. The SIX5 Protein in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae Acts as an Avirulence Effector toward Shallot ( Allium cepa L. Aggregatum Group). Microorganisms 2023; 11:2861. [PMID: 38138005 PMCID: PMC10745378 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc) causes basal rot disease in Allium species, including onions (Allium cepa L.) and shallots (A. cepa L. Aggregatum group). Among Allium species, shallots can be crossbred with onions and are relatively more resistant to Foc than onions. Thus, shallots are considered a potential disease-resistant resource for onions. However, the mechanisms underlying the molecular interactions between shallots and Foc remain unclear. This study demonstrated that SIX5, an effector derived from Foc (FocSIX5), acts as an avirulence effector in shallots. We achieved this by generating a FocSIX5 gene knockout mutant in Foc, for which experiments which revealed that it caused more severe wilt symptoms in Foc-resistant shallots than the wild-type Foc and FocSIX5 gene complementation mutants. Moreover, we demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution (R67K) in FocSIX5 was insufficient to overcome shallot resistance to Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sakane
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Masaaki Kunimoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Kazuki Furumoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Masayoshi Shigyo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ito
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (M.K.); (K.F.); (M.S.)
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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9
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Yonehara K, Kumakura N, Motoyama T, Ishihama N, Dallery J, O'Connell R, Shirasu K. Efficient multiple gene knockout in Colletotrichum higginsianum via CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and URA3-based marker recycling. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1451-1464. [PMID: 37522511 PMCID: PMC10576178 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that causes anthracnose disease on crucifer hosts, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite the availability of genomic and transcriptomic information and the ability to transform both organisms, identifying C. higginsianum genes involved in virulence has been challenging due to recalcitrance to gene targeting and redundancy of virulence factors. To overcome these obstacles, we developed an efficient method for multiple gene disruption in C. higginsianum by combining CRISPR/Cas9 and a URA3-based marker recycling system. Our method significantly increased the efficiency of gene knockout via homologous recombination by introducing genomic DNA double-strand breaks. We demonstrated the applicability of the URA3-based marker recycling system for multiple gene targeting in the same strain. Using our technology, we successfully targeted two melanin biosynthesis genes, SCD1 and PKS1, which resulted in deficiency in melanization and loss of pathogenicity in the mutants. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods in analysing virulence factors in C. higginsianum, thus accelerating research on plant-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuma Yonehara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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10
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Zhang W, Forester NT, Chettri P, Heilijgers M, Mace WJ, Maes E, Morozova Y, Applegate ER, Johnson RD, Johnson LJ. Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for the Ribosomally Synthesized Cyclic Peptide Epichloëcyclins in Epichloë festucae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13965-13978. [PMID: 37704203 PMCID: PMC10540207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The various grass-induced epichloëcyclins of the Epichloë spp. are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), produced as small, secreted cyclopeptides from a single gene, gigA. Here, four clustered and coregulated genes (gigA, gigB, gigC, and kexB) with predicted roles in epichloëcyclin production in Epichloë festucae were evaluated through gene disruption. Subsequent chemical analysis indicates that GigB is a DUF3328 domain-containing protein associated with cyclization of epichloëcyclins; GigC is a methyltransferase enzyme responsible for N-methylation of desmethylepichloëcyclins; and KexB is a subtilisin-like enzyme, partly responsible for the propeptide cleavage of epichloëcyclin intermediates. Symbiotic effects on the host phenotype were not observed for gigA, gigC, or kexB mutants, although ΔgigB infection correlated with increased host tiller height and biomass, while only ΔkexB exhibited an effect on endophyte morphology. Disrupting epichloëcyclin biosynthesis showed negligible influence on the biosynthesis of E. festucae-associated alkaloids. Epichloëcyclins may perform other secondary metabolism functions in Epichloë and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Natasha T. Forester
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pranav Chettri
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Maurice Heilijgers
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Wade J. Mace
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Evelyne Maes
- Lincoln
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Yulia Morozova
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emma R. Applegate
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard D. Johnson
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Linda J. Johnson
- Grasslands
Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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11
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Kim S, Lee J, Park J, Choi S, Bui DC, Kim JE, Shin J, Kim H, Choi GJ, Lee YW, Chang PS, Son H. Genetic and Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms of Lipase Activity in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0528522. [PMID: 37093014 PMCID: PMC10269793 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05285-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol, participate in various biological pathways in fungi. In this study, we examined the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of fungal lipases via two approaches. First, we performed a systemic functional characterization of 86 putative lipase-encoding genes in the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. The phenotypes were assayed for vegetative growth, asexual and sexual reproduction, stress responses, pathogenicity, mycotoxin production, and lipase activity. Most mutants were normal in the assessed phenotypes, implying overlapping roles for lipases in F. graminearum. In particular, FgLip1 and Fgl1 were revealed as core extracellular lipases in F. graminearum. Second, we examined the lipase activity of previously constructed transcription factor (TF) mutants of F. graminearum and identified three TFs and one histone acetyltransferase that significantly affect lipase activity. The relative transcript levels of FgLIP1 and FGL1 were markedly reduced or enhanced in these TF mutants. Among them, Gzzc258 was identified as a key lipase regulator that is also involved in the induction of lipase activity during sexual reproduction. To our knowledge, this study is the first comprehensive functional analysis of fungal lipases and provides significant insights into the genetic and regulatory mechanisms underlying lipases in fungi. IMPORTANCE Fusarium graminearum is an economically important plant-pathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and barley. Here, we constructed a gene knockout mutant library of 86 putative lipase-encoding genes and established a comprehensive phenotypic database of the mutants. Among them, we found that FgLip1 and Fgl1 act as core extracellular lipases in this pathogen. Moreover, several putative transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the lipase activities in F. graminearum were identified. The disruption mutants of F. graminearum-lipase regulatory TFs all showed defects in sexual reproduction, which implies a strong relationship between sexual development and lipase activity in this fungus. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms regulating lipase activity as well as its importance to the developmental stages of this plant-pathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juno Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Shin
- Division of Bioresources Bank, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Chen M, Kumakura N, Saito H, Muller R, Nishimoto M, Mito M, Gan P, Ingolia NT, Shirasu K, Ito T, Shichino Y, Iwasaki S. A parasitic fungus employs mutated eIF4A to survive on rocaglate-synthesizing Aglaia plants. eLife 2023; 12:81302. [PMID: 36852480 PMCID: PMC9977294 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants often generate secondary metabolites as defense mechanisms against parasites. Although some fungi may potentially overcome the barrier presented by antimicrobial compounds, only a limited number of examples and molecular mechanisms of resistance have been reported. Here, we found an Aglaia plant-parasitizing fungus that overcomes the toxicity of rocaglates, which are translation inhibitors synthesized by the plant, through an amino acid substitution in a eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF). De novo transcriptome assembly revealed that the fungus belongs to the Ophiocordyceps genus and that its eIF4A, a molecular target of rocaglates, harbors an amino acid substitution critical for rocaglate binding. Ribosome profiling harnessing a cucumber-infecting fungus, Colletotrichum orbiculare, demonstrated that the translational inhibitory effects of rocaglates were largely attenuated by the mutation found in the Aglaia parasite. The engineered C. orbiculare showed a survival advantage on cucumber plants with rocaglates. Our study exemplifies a plant-fungus tug-of-war centered on secondary metabolites produced by host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Chen
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering ResearchWakoJapan
| | - Naoyoshi Kumakura
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
| | - Hironori Saito
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering ResearchWakoJapan
| | - Ryan Muller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Madoka Nishimoto
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchYokohamaJapan
| | - Mari Mito
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering ResearchWakoJapan
| | - Pamela Gan
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
| | - Nicholas T Ingolia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takuhiro Ito
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchYokohamaJapan
| | - Yuichi Shichino
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering ResearchWakoJapan
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering ResearchWakoJapan
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13
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Liu Z, Fan C, Xiao J, Sun S, Gao T, Zhu B, Zhang D. Metabolomic and Transcriptome Analysis of the Inhibitory Effects of Bacillus subtilis Strain Z-14 against Fusarium oxysporum Causing Vascular Wilt Diseases in Cucumber. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2644-2657. [PMID: 36706360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling cucumber Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) with Bacillus strains is a hot research topic. However, the molecular mechanism of Bacillus underlying the biocontrol of cucumber wilt is rarely reported. In this study, B. subtilis strain Z-14 showed significant antagonistic activity against FOC, and the control effect reached 88.46% via pot experiment. Microscopic observations showed that strain Z-14 induced the expansion and breakage of FOC hyphae. The cell wall thickness was uneven, and the organelle structure was degraded. The combined analysis of metabolome and transcriptome showed that strain Z-14 inhibited the FOC infection by inhibiting the synthesis of cell wall and cell membrane, energy metabolism, and amino acid synthesis of FOC mycelium, inhibiting the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the secretion of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), thereby affecting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction and inhibiting the transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosha Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Chenxi Fan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Jiawen Xiao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Shangyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Tongguo Gao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
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14
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Lutz T, Hadeler B, Jaeckel M, Schulz B, Heinze C. Stable overexpression and targeted gene deletion of the causative agent of ash dieback Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:1. [PMID: 36639657 PMCID: PMC9840287 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the infection with the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which has been replacing the closely related and non-pathogenic native Hymenoscyphus albidus, the European ashes, Fraxinus excelsior (also known as the common ash), Fraxinus angustifolia (also known as narrow-leaved ash) and Fraxinus ornus (also known as the manna ash) are at risk. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is the causative agent of ash dieback of the European ashes, but is non-pathogenic to the native Asian ash Fraxinus mandshurica (also known as the Manchurian ash). Even though the invasion of H. fraxineus is a great threat for ashes in Europe, the fungal biology is still poorly understood. By the use of live cell imaging and targeted gene knock-out, the fungal life cycle and host-pathogen interaction can be studied in more detail. RESULTS Here, we developed a protocol for the preparation of protoplasts from mycelium of H. fraxineus, for their regeneration and for stable transformation with reporter genes and targeted gene knock-out by homologous recombination. We obtained mutants with various levels of reporter gene expression which did not correlate with the number of integrations. In an in vitro infection assay, we demonstrated the suitability of reporter gene overexpression for fungal detection in plant tissue after inoculation. As a proof of principle for targeted gene knock-out, the hygromycin resistance cassette of a reporter gene-expressing mutant was replaced with a geneticin resistance cassette. CONCLUSIONS The invasive fungal pathogen H. fraxineus is threatening the European ashes. To develop strategies for pest management, a better understanding of the fungal life cycle and its host interaction is crucial. Here, we provide a protocol for stable transformation of H. fraxineus to obtain fluorescence reporter strains and targeted gene knock-out mutants. This protocol will help future investigations on the biology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lutz
- grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Molecular Phytopathology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Hadeler
- grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Molecular Phytopathology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Jaeckel
- grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Molecular Phytopathology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schulz
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Cornelia Heinze
- grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Molecular Phytopathology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Luo J, Zhang A, Tan K, Yang S, Ma X, Bai X, Hou Y, Bai J. Study on the interaction mechanism between Crocus sativus and Fusarium oxysporum based on dual RNA-seq. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:91-106. [PMID: 36350395 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The saffron phenylpropane synthesis pathway and Fusarium oxysporum cell wall-degrading enzymes play key roles in their early interactions. Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a highly important crop with diverse medicinal properties. F. oxysporum is a widely-distributed soil-borne fungus, causing the serious saffron rot disease. Currently, there is no effective management strategy to control this disease because of no resistant cultivars and limited information about the resistance and pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we first characterized the infection process and physiological responses of saffron infected by F. oxysporum. The molecular mechanism of these infection interactions was revealed by dual RNA-seq analysis. On the 3rd day of infection, the hyphae completely entered, colonized and spread in the corm cells; while on the 6th day of infection, hyphae had appeared in the xylem cells, blocking these vessels. Transcriptome results indicate that within the host, phenylpropanoid metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and plant pathogen interaction pathways were activated during infection. These pathways were conducive to the enhancement of cell wall, the occurrence of hypersensitivity, and the accumulation of various antibacterial proteins and phytoantitoxins. Meanwhile, in the fungus, many up-regulated genes were related to F. oxysporum cell wall degrading enzymes, toxin synthesis and pathogenicity gene, showing its strong pathogenicity. This study provides new ideas for the control of saffron corm rot, and also provides a theoretical basis for mining the key functional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Aolai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaifeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaona Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Sasaki K, Ito Y, Hamada Y, Dowaki A, Jogaiah S, Ito SI. FoMC69 Gene in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Is Essential for Pathogenicity by Involving Normal Function of Chlamydospores. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121433. [PMID: 36558767 PMCID: PMC9784146 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) causes crown and root rot disease in tomato, effecting severe economic losses. However, research on the pathogenicity genes and infection strategy of Forl is limited compared to that on F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). In this study, we characterized FoMC69 gene in Forl as a homolog of MC69 required for pathogenicity in rice blast pathogen-Magnaporthe oryzae. Gene expression analysis revealed that FoMC69 expressionin Forl is higher than that in Folin planta. FoMC69-knockout mutant of Forl had significantly reduced root rot symptoms compared to the wild-type strain, and full pathogenicity was restored by complementation. By contrast, ΔFoMC69 mutant of Fol presented the same symptoms as the wild type, suggesting that FoMC69 of Forl, but not of Fol, was essential for full virulence in tomato plants. Morphological differences between the Forl and ΔFoMC69 in the roots were observed by fluorescent labeling using WGA-FITC. Chlamydospores of the ΔFoMC69 mutant of Forlcontinuously increased during infection and were three times higher than that of the wild type at 21 days post-inoculation. These observations suggest that FoMC69 of Forl is required for virulence to tomato plants by involving the normal development and germination of chlamydospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yuki Hamada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ayano Dowaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnataka University, Dharwad 580003, India
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Kasaragod 671316, India
| | - Shin-ichi Ito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Correspondence:
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17
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Choi Y, Lee HH, Park J, Kim S, Choi S, Moon H, Shin J, Kim JE, Choi GJ, Seo YS, Son H. Intron turnover is essential to the development and pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1129. [PMID: 36289323 PMCID: PMC9606315 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intron lariats excised during the splicing process are rapidly degraded by RNA lariat debranching enzyme (Dbr1) and several exonucleases. Rapid turnover of lariat RNA is essential to cellular RNA homeostasis. However, the functions of Dbr1 have not been investigated in filamentous fungi. Here, we characterized the molecular functions of Dbr1 in Fusarium graminearum, a major fungal plant pathogen. Deletion of FgDBR1 resulted in pleiotropic defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, sexual reproduction, and virulence. Through transcriptome analysis, we revealed that the deletion mutant exhibited global accumulation of intron lariats and upregulation of ribosome-related genes. Excessive accumulation of lariat RNA led to reduced overall protein synthesis, causing various phenotypic defects in the absence of FgDBR1. The results of this study demonstrate that a compromised intron turnover process affects development and pathogenesis in this fungus and that Dbr1 function is critical to plant pathogenic fungi. RNA lariat debranching enzyme Dbr1 is required for intron turnover in the fungal plant pathogen <i>Fusarium graminearum <i > , and accumulation of lariat RNA affects its development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46247 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeun Park
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sieun Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Heeji Moon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Shin
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- grid.29869.3c0000 0001 2296 8192Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46247 Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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18
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Seidl B, Rehak K, Bueschl C, Parich A, Buathong R, Wolf B, Doppler M, Mitterbauer R, Adam G, Khewkhom N, Wiesenberger G, Schuhmacher R. Gramiketides, Novel Polyketide Derivatives of Fusarium graminearum, Are Produced during the Infection of Wheat. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1030. [PMID: 36294594 PMCID: PMC9605136 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum is a proficient producer of mycotoxins and other in part still unknown secondary metabolites, some of which might act as virulence factors on wheat. The PKS15 gene is expressed only in planta, so far hampering the identification of an associated metabolite. Here we combined the activation of silent gene clusters by chromatin manipulation (kmt6) with blocking the metabolic flow into the competing biosynthesis of the two major mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, two closely related metabolites were found in triple mutants (kmt6 tri5 pks4,13) deficient in production of the major mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, but not in strains with an additional deletion in PKS15 (kmt6 tri5 pks4,13 pks15). Characterization of the metabolites, by LC-HRMS/MS in combination with a stable isotope-assisted tracer approach, revealed that they are likely hybrid polyketides comprising a polyketide part consisting of malonate-derived acetate units and a structurally deviating part. We propose the names gramiketide A and B for the two metabolites. In a biological experiment, both gramiketides were formed during infection of wheat ears with wild-type but not with pks15 mutants. The formation of the two gramiketides during infection correlated with that of the well-known virulence factor deoxynivalenol, suggesting that they might play a role in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Seidl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Katrin Rehak
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Parich
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Raveevatoo Buathong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Ngamwongwan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Bernhard Wolf
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Maria Doppler
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Core Facility Bioactive Molecules: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Mitterbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Netnapis Khewkhom
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Ngamwongwan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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The Arginine Biosynthesis Pathway of Candida albicans Regulates Its Cross-Kingdom Interaction with Actinomyces viscosus to Promote Root Caries. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0078222. [PMID: 35862976 PMCID: PMC9430244 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00782-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-kingdom interactions between Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus play critical roles in root caries. However, the key pathway by which C. albicans regulates its interactions with A. viscosus is unclear. Here, we first employed 39 volunteers with root caries and 37 caries-free volunteers, and found that the abundances of C. albicans and A. viscosus were significantly increased in the individuals with root caries and showed a strong positive correlation. Their dual-species combination synergistically promoted biofilm formation and root caries in rats. The arginine biosynthesis pathway of C. albicans was significantly upregulated in dual-species biofilms and dental plaques from another 10 root caries volunteers compared with the 10 caries-free volunteers. The exogenous addition of arginine increased the cariogenicity of the dual-species biofilm. The C. albicansARG4, a key gene from the arginine biosynthesis pathway, null mutant failed to promote dual-species biofilm formation and root caries in rats; however, the addition of arginine restored its synergistic actions with A. viscosus. Our results identified the critical roles of the C. albicans arginine biosynthesis pathway in its cross-kingdom interactions with A. viscosus for the first time and indicated that targeting this pathway was a practical way to treat root caries caused by multiple species. IMPORTANCE Root caries is a critical problem that threatens the oral health of the elderly population. Our results identified the essential roles of the C. albicans arginine biosynthesis pathway in its cross-kingdom interactions with A. viscosus in root caries for the first time and indicated that targeting this pathway was a practical way to treat root caries caused by multiple species.
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Karimi-Jashni M, Maeda K, Yazdanpanah F, de Wit PJGM, Iida Y. An Integrated Omics Approach Uncovers the Novel Effector Ecp20-2 Required for Full Virulence of Cladosporium fulvum on Tomato. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919809. [PMID: 35865936 PMCID: PMC9294515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Cladosporium fulvum causes the leaf mould in tomatoes. During the colonization of the host, it secretes plenty of effector proteins into the plant apoplast to suppress the plant’s immune system. Here, we characterized and functionally analyzed the Ecp20-2 gene of C. fulvum using combined omics approaches. RNA-sequencing of susceptible tomato plants inoculated with C. fulvum race 0WU showed strongly induced expression of the Ecp20-2 gene. Strong upregulation of expression of the Ecp20-2 gene was confirmed by qPCR, and levels were comparable to those of other known effectors of C. fulvum. The Ecp20-2 gene encodes a small secreted protein of 149 amino acids with a predicted signal peptide of 17 amino acids. Mass spectrometry of apoplastic fluids from infected tomato leaves revealed the presence of several peptides originating from the Ecp20-2 protein, indicating that the protein is secreted and likely functions in the apoplast. In the genome of C. fulvum, Ecp20-2 is surrounded by various repetitive elements, but no allelic variation was detected in the coding region of Ecp20-2 among 120 C. fulvum isolates collected in Japan. Δecp20-2 deletion mutants of strain 0WU of C. fulvum showed decreased virulence, supporting that Ecp20-2 is an effector required for full virulence of the fungus. Virulence assays confirmed a significant reduction of fungal biomass in plants inoculated with Δecp20-2 mutants compared to those inoculated with wild-type, Δecp20-2-complemented mutants, and ectopic transformants. Sequence similarity analysis showed the presence of Ecp20-2 homologs in the genomes of several Dothideomycete fungi. The Ecp20-2 protein shows the best 3D homology with the PevD1 effector of Verticillium dahliae, which interacts with and inhibits the activity of the pathogenesis-related protein PR5, which is involved in the immunity of several host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Karimi-Jashni
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mansoor Karimi-Jashni,
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Farzaneh Yazdanpanah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yuichiro Iida
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
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Li T, Kim D, Lee J. NADPH Oxidase Gene, FgNoxD, Plays a Critical Role in Development and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822682. [PMID: 35308369 PMCID: PMC8928025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is an enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species from oxygen and NADPH and is highly conserved in eukaryotes. In Fusarium graminearum, a series of different Nox enzymes have been identified. NoxA is involved in sexual development and ascospore production and, like NoxB, also contributes to pathogenicity. Both NoxA and NoxB are regulated by the subunit NoxR, whereas NoxC is usually self-regulated by EF-hand motifs found on the enzyme. In this study, we characterized another NADPH oxidase in F. graminearum, FgNoxD. In the FgNoxD deletion mutant, vegetative growth and conidia production were reduced, while sexual development was totally abolished. The FgNoxD deletion mutant also showed reduced resistance to cell wall perturbing agents; cell membrane inhibitors; and osmotic, fungicide, cold, and extracellular oxidative stress, when compared to the wild type. Moreover, in comparison to the wild type, the FgNoxD deletion mutant exhibited reduced virulence against the host plant. The FgNoxD deletion mutant produced less deoxynivalenol than the wild type, and the Tri5 and Tri6 gene expression was also downregulated. In conclusion, our findings show that FgNoxD is involved in the survival against various stresses, conidiation, sexual development, and virulence, highlighting this enzyme as a new target to control the disease caused by F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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22
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Subba P, Saha P, Karthikkeyan G, Biswas M, Prasad TSK, Roy-Barman S. Metabolite profiling reveals overexpression of the global regulator, MoLAEA leads to increased synthesis of metabolites in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3825-3838. [PMID: 35261134 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the altered metabolic pathways and metabolites produced in overexpression and knockdown mutants of a global regulator named MoLAEA, which was recently found to regulate the expression of the genes involved in secondary metabolism in one of the most destructive plant pathogens, Magnaporthe oryzae. METHODS AND RESULTS Mass spectrometry-based global untargeted metabolomic profiling was used to identify altered metabolites. Metabolites were extracted from the mutant strains of MoLAEA using two extraction methods viz., aqueous and organic extraction and data acquired using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive and negative polarities. Levels of metabolites involved in various biological pathways such as amino acid as well as polyamine biosynthesis, fatty acid and pyrimidine metabolism showed remarkable change in the mutant strains. Interestingly, metabolites involved in stress responses were produced in higher quantities in the overexpression strain whereas, certain overproduced metabolites were associated with distinctive phenotypic changes in the overexpression strain compared to the wild-type. Further, the expression of several genes involved in the stress responses was found to have higher expression in the overexpression strain. CONCLUSIONS The global regulator MoLAEA is involved in secondary metabolism in the plant pathogen M. oryzae such that the mutant strains showed altered level of several metabolites involved in the biosynthesis pathways compared to the wild-type. Also, metabolites involved in stress responses were overproduced in the overexpression strain and this can be seen in the higher growth in media amended with stress-inducing agents or higher expression of genes involved in stress response in the overexpression strain compared to the wild-type. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT This is the first report of metabolite profiling relative to the global regulation of secondary metabolism in M. oryzae, where secondary metabolism is poorly understood. It opens up avenues for more relevant investigations on the genetic regulation of several of the metabolites found in the analysis, which have not been previously characterized in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratigya Subba
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Gayathree Karthikkeyan
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Mousumi Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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Shin YK, Kim DW, Lee SW, Lee MJ, Gi Baek S, Lee T, Yun SH. Functional roles of all five putative hydrophobin genes in growth, development and secondary metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 160:103683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Iida Y, Ogata A, Kanda H, Nishi O, Sushida H, Higashi Y, Tsuge T. Biocontrol Activity of Nonpathogenic Strains of Fusarium oxysporum: Colonization on the Root Surface to Overcome Nutritional Competition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826677. [PMID: 35154061 PMCID: PMC8828976 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilts in a wide variety of crops. Certain nonpathogenic strains of F. oxysporum are known to protect crops against F. oxysporum pathogens. We assessed the biocontrol activities of nonpathogenic mutants of F. oxysporum ff. spp. melonis and lycopersici generated by disruption of the FOW2 gene, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6-type transcriptional regulator essential for their pathogenicity. Pre-inoculation of melon or tomato roots with strain ΔFOW2 conidia markedly reduced disease incidence caused by the parental wild-type strain in a concentration-dependent manner of conidial suspensions of ΔFOW2 strains. The biocontrol effect caused by the ΔFOW2 pre-inoculation lasted for at least 7 days. Pre-inoculation of melon roots with the wild-type or ΔFOW2 strain of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strain also led to biocontrol activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, indicating that the biocontrol activity of ΔFOW2 strains is due to its nonpathogenic nature, not to the FOW2 disfunction. Conidial germination and hyphal elongation of only the wild-type strain were inhibited on melon root surface pre-inoculated with conidia of strains nonpathogenic to melon plants. Expression of defense-related genes was not significantly induced in roots and aboveground parts of melon seedlings preinoculated with ΔFOW2 conidia. Carbon source competition assay showed that nonpathogenic strains competed with the wild-type strain for a carbon source in soil. Strain ΔFOW2 also competed with the oomycete pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum for carbon source and protected melon plants from P. aphanidermatum. Our results suggest that the biocontrol activity of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strains used in this study mainly depends on their extensive colonization of the root surface and outcompeting pathogens for nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Iida
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Japan
| | - Aya Ogata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kanda
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Oumi Nishi
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Yumiko Higashi
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuge
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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25
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Lin J, Zhao L, Yan H, Hu Q, Han D. Potential role of nitrogen in spore dispersal and infection of Paraphysoderma sedebokerense, a fungal parasite of Haematococcus pluvialis. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Zhang R, Isozumi N, Mori M, Okuta R, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Imamura T, Kurita JI, Gan P, Shirasu K, Ohki S, Takano Y. Fungal effector SIB1 of Colletotrichum orbiculare has unique structural features and can suppress plant immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101370. [PMID: 34756891 PMCID: PMC8633582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens secrete virulence-related proteins, called effectors, to establish host infection; however, the details are not fully understood yet. Functional screening of effector candidates using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana identified two virulence-related effectors, named SIB1 and SIB2 (Suppression of Immunity in N. benthamiana), of an anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare, which infects both cucurbits and N. benthamiana. The Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of SIB1 or SIB2 increased the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to C. orbiculare, which suggested these effectors can suppress immune responses in N. benthamiana. The presence of SIB1 and SIB2 homologs was found to be limited to the genus Colletotrichum. SIB1 suppressed both (i) the generation of reactive oxygen species triggered by two different pathogen-associated molecular patterns, chitin and flg22, and (ii) the cell death response triggered by the Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitin in N. benthamiana. We determined the NMR-based structure of SIB1 to obtain its structural insights. The three-dimensional structure of SIB1 comprises five β-strands, each containing three disulfide bonds. The overall conformation was found to be a cylindrical shape, such as the well-known antiparallel β-barrel structure. However, the β-strands were found to display a unique topology, one pair of these β-strands formed a parallel β-sheet. These results suggest that the effector SIB1 present in Colletotrichum fungi has unique structural features and can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Ryuta Okuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Imamura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kurita
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pamela Gan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohki
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Ishikawa, Japan.
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Balotf S, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Wilson CR. Spore Germination of the Obligate Biotroph Spongospora subterranea: Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Germination Associated Genes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691877. [PMID: 34234764 PMCID: PMC8256667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For soilborne pathogens, germination of the resting or dormant propagule that enables persistence within the soil environment is a key point in pathogenesis. Spongospora subterranea is an obligate soilborne protozoan that infects the roots and tubers of potato causing root and powdery scab disease for which there are currently no effective controls. A better understanding of the molecular basis of resting spore germination of S. subterranea could be important for development of novel disease interventions. However, as an obligate biotroph and soil dwelling organism, the application of new omics techniques for the study of the pre-infection process in S. subterranea has been problematic. Here, RNA sequencing was used to analyse the reprogramming of S. subterranea resting spores during the transition to zoospores in an in-vitro model. More than 63 million mean high-quality reads per sample were generated from the resting and germinating spores. By using a combination of reference-based and de novo transcriptome assembly, 6,664 unigenes were identified. The identified unigenes were subsequently annotated based on known proteins using BLAST search. Of 5,448 annotated genes, 570 genes were identified to be differentially expressed during the germination of S. subterranea resting spores, with most of the significant genes belonging to transcription and translation, amino acids biosynthesis, transport, energy metabolic processes, fatty acid metabolism, stress response and DNA repair. The datasets generated in this study provide a basic knowledge of the physiological processes associated with spore germination and will facilitate functional predictions of novel genes in S. subterranea and other plasmodiophorids. We introduce several candidate genes related to the germination of an obligate biotrophic soilborne pathogen which could be applied to the development of antimicrobial agents for soil inoculum management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
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Mushtaq A, Tariq M, Ahmed M, Zhou Z, Ali I, Mahmood RT. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase Subunit CgCPS1 Is Necessary for Virulence and to Regulate Stress Tolerance in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:232-242. [PMID: 34111913 PMCID: PMC8200577 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2020.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a severe infectious disease of apple whose infective area is growing gradually and thus poses a huge economic threat to the world. Different species of Colletotrichum including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are responsible for GLS. For efficient GLS control, it is important to understand the mechanism by which the cruciferous crops and C. gloeosporioides interact. Arginine is among one of the several types of amino acids, which plays crucial role in biochemical and physiological functions of fungi. The arginine biosynthesis pathway involved in virulence among plant pathogenic fungi is poorly understood. In this study, CgCPS1 gene encoding carbamoyl phosphate synthase involved in arginine biosynthesis has been identified and inactivated experimentally. To assess the effects of CgCPS1, we knocked out CgCPS1 in C. gloeosporioides and evaluated its effects on virulence and stress tolerance. The results showed that deletion of CgCPS1 resulted in loss of pathogenicity. The Δcgcps1 mutants showed slow growth rate, defects in appressorium formation and failed to develop lesions on apple leaves and fruits leading to loss of virulence while complementation strain (CgCPS1-C) fully restored its pathogenicity. Furthermore, mutant strains showed extreme sensitivity to high osmotic stress displaying that CgCPS1 plays a vital role in stress response. These findings suggest that CgCPS1 is major factor that mediates pathogenicity in C. gloeosporioides by encoding carbamoyl phosphate that is involved in arginine biosynthesis and conferring virulence in C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamar Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, Liaoning, China
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Maqsood Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Zongshan Zhou
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, Liaoning, China
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Raja Tahir Mahmood
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan
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Copy number-dependent DNA methylation of the Pyricularia oryzae MAGGY retrotransposon is triggered by DNA damage. Commun Biol 2021; 4:351. [PMID: 33742058 PMCID: PMC7979813 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements are common targets for transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing in eukaryotic genomes. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for sensing such repeated sequences in the genome remain largely unknown. Here, we show that machinery of homologous recombination (HR) and RNA silencing play cooperative roles in copy number-dependent de novo DNA methylation of the retrotransposon MAGGY in the fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Genetic and physical interaction studies revealed that RecA domain-containing proteins, including P. oryzae homologs of Rad51, Rad55, and Rad57, together with an uncharacterized protein, Ddnm1, form complex(es) and mediate either the overall level or the copy number-dependence of de novo MAGGY DNA methylation, likely in conjunction with DNA repair. Interestingly, P. oryzae mutants of specific RNA silencing components (MoDCL1 and MoAGO2) were impaired in copy number-dependence of MAGGY methylation. Co-immunoprecipitation of MoAGO2 and HR components suggested a physical interaction between the HR and RNA silencing machinery in the process.
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30
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Wang Q, Pokhrel A, Coleman JJ. The Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Sod5 From Fusarium oxysporum Is Localized in Response to External Stimuli and Contributes to Fungal Pathogenicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:608861. [PMID: 33737941 PMCID: PMC7960929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.608861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by hosts serve as a general defense mechanism against various pathogens. At the interaction site between the host and pathogen, host cells rapidly accumulate high concentrations of ROS, called the oxidative burst, that damage and kill the invading microbes. However, successful pathogens usually survive in a high ROS environment and have evolved strategies to overcome these detrimental effects. Here we characterized the biological function of the extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) FoSod5 from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. FoSOD5 is strongly up-regulated during infection of cotton, and a ΔFoSOD5 mutant was significantly reduced in virulence on cotton. Purified 6 × His-FoSod5 could significantly inhibit the reduction of NBT and WST-1, indicating that FoSod5 was a functional SOD protein. Based on CRISPR/Cas9 technology, several different FoSod5 variants were generated and used to assess the secretion, expression, and subcellular localization of FoSod5 in F. oxysporum. The subcellular localization of FoSod5 is altered under different environmental conditions. During normal growth conditions, FoSod5 was primarily localized to the phialides; however, in a nutrient-limited environment, FoSod5 was localized to a wide array of fungal structures including the septum and cell wall. FoSod5 is an alkaline-induced glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) protein and the GPI anchor was required for proper protein subcellular localization. The multiple mechanisms fungi utilize to tolerate the oxidative burst is indicative of the importance of this plant defense response; however, the presence of a conserved extracellular SOD in many phytopathogenic fungi suggests tolerance to ROS is initiated prior to the ROS entering the fungal cell.
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31
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Saito H, Sasaki M, Nonaka Y, Tanaka J, Tokunaga T, Kato A, Thuy TTT, Vang LV, Tuong LM, Kanematsu S, Suzuki T, Kurauchi K, Fujita N, Teraoka T, Komatsu K, Arie T. Spray Application of Nonpathogenic Fusaria onto Rice Flowers Controls Bakanae Disease (Caused by Fusarium fujikuroi) in the Next Plant Generation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e01959-20. [PMID: 33158893 PMCID: PMC7783350 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01959-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bakanae disease, caused by Fusarium fujikuroi, is an economically important seed-borne disease of rice. F. fujikuroi is horizontally transmitted to rice flowers and vertically transmitted to the next generation via seeds. The fungus induces typical symptoms such as abnormal tissue elongation and etiolation. Sanitation of seed farms and seed disinfection are the only effective means to control bakanae disease at present; however, the efficacy of these methods is often insufficient. Therefore, alternative and innovative control methods are necessary. We developed a novel method for applying nonpathogenic fusaria as biocontrol agents by spraying spore suspensions onto rice flowers to reduce the incidence of seed-borne bakanae. We visualized the interaction between Fusarium commune W5, a nonpathogenic fusarium, and Fusarium fujikuroi using transformants expressing two different fluorescent proteins on/in rice plants. W5 inhibited hyphal extension of F. fujikuroi on/in rice flowers and seedlings, possibly by competing with the pathogen, and survived on/in rice seeds for at least 6 months.IMPORTANCE We demonstrated that a spray treatment of rice flowers with the spores of nonpathogenic fusaria mimicked the disease cycle of the seed-borne bakanae pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi and effectively suppressed the disease. Spray treatment of nonpathogenic fusaria reduced the degree of pathogen invasion of rice flowers and vertical transmission of the pathogen to the next plant generation via seeds, thereby controlling the bakanae disease. The most promising isolate, F. commune W5, colonized seeds and seedlings via treated flowers and successfully inhibited pathogen invasion, suggesting that competition with the pathogen was the mode of action. Seed-borne diseases are often controlled by seed treatment with chemical fungicides. Establishing an alternative method is a pressing issue from the perspectives of limiting fungicide resistance and increasing food security. This work provides a potential solution to these issues using a novel application technique to treat rice flowers with biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saito
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, TUAT, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Sasaki
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Nonaka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kato
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, TUAT, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tran Thi Thu Thuy
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Vang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Le Minh Tuong
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Seiji Kanematsu
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Suzuki
- Miyagi Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kurauchi
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Kuroishi, Aomori, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Teraoka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, TUAT, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, TUAT, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research (GIR), TUAT, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, TUAT, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research (GIR), TUAT, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Inoue Y, Vy TTP, Tani D, Tosa Y. Suppression of wheat blast resistance by an effector of Pyricularia oryzae is counteracted by a host specificity resistance gene in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:488-500. [PMID: 32852846 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wheat blast caused by the Triticum pathotype of Pyricularia oryzae poses a serious threat to wheat production in South America and Asia and is now becoming a pandemic disease. Here, we show that Rmg8, a promising wheat gene for resistance breeding, is suppressed by PWT4, an effector gene of P. oryzae, and in turn that the suppression is counteracted by Rwt4, a wheat gene recognizing PWT4. When PWT4 was introduced into a wheat blast isolate carrying AVR-Rmg8 (an avirulence gene corresponding to Rmg8), PWT4 suppressed wheat resistance conferred by Rmg8. PWT4 did not alter the expression of AVR-Rmg8, but higher expression of PWT4 led to more efficient suppression. This suppression was observed in rwt4 carriers, but not in Rwt4 carriers, indicating that it is counteracted by Rwt4. PWT4 was assumed to have been horizontally transferred from a weed-associated cryptic species, P. pennisetigena, to an Avena isolate of P. oryzae in Brazil. This implies a potential risk of the acquisition of PWT4 by the wheat blast fungus and the 'breakdown' of Rmg8. We suggest that Rmg8 should be introduced together with Rwt4 into a wheat cultivar when it is used for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Trinh Thi Phuoug Vy
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daichi Tani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yukio Tosa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Kim DW, Shin YK, Lee SW, Wimonmuang K, Kang KB, Lee YS, Yun SH. FgPKS7 is an essential player in mating-type-mediated regulatory pathway required for completing sexual cycle in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1972-1990. [PMID: 33169919 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolism is intimately linked to developmental processes in filamentous fungi. In a previous study, we revealed that several polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, including FgPKS7, are specifically induced during formation of the sexual fruiting body (perithecium) in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The function of PKS7, which is essential for perithecial development and hyphal growth, is interchangeable between two phylogenetically related species, F. graminearum and F. asiaticum, but not conserved in the more distantly related species F. fujikuroi and F. neocosmosporiellum. FgPKS7 is under the control of global or upstream regulators including the mating-type (MAT) locus and regulates numerous downstream genes that are transcriptionally specific to and functionally essential for sexual development, several other PKS genes, and ABC transporter genes for azole resistance in F. graminearum. FgPKS7 is an essential element for proper sexual development and participates in a regulatory network controlled by the MAT locus. Although the chemical identity of FgPKS7 remains unclear, FgPKS7 is likely involved in chemical reaction(s) for synthesis of metabolite(s) that control or promote perithecial maturation in F. graminearum. This study provides in-depth insights into the direct role of secondary metabolites in sexual development of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanphassorn Wimonmuang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sang Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase subunit Cpa1 interacting with Dut1, controls development, arginine biosynthesis, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:184-190. [PMID: 33622534 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is involved in arginine biosynthesis in many organisms. In this study, we investigate the biological function of Cpa1, a small subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The deletion of the CPA1 gene affected vegetative growth, arginine biosynthesis, and fungal pathogenicity. Genetic complementation with native CPA1 fully recovered all these defective phenotypes. We observed that Cpa1-RFP fusion protein is localized at the mitochondria, which is consistent with Cpa2, a large subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. We identified the proteins that interact with Cpa1 by using the two-hybrid screen approach, and we showed that Dut1 interacts with Cpa1 but without Cpa2 in vivo. Dut1 is dispensable for hyphal growth, appressorial formation, and fungal pathogenicity. Interestingly, the Dut1-Cpa1 complex is localized at the mitochondria. Further studies showed that Dut1 regulates Cpa1-Cpa2 interaction in response to arginine. In summary, our studies provide new insights into how Cpa1 interacts with its partner proteins to mediate arginine synthesis.
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35
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Horo JT, Asuke S, Vy TTP, Tosa Y. Effectiveness of the Wheat Blast Resistance Gene Rmg8 in Bangladesh Suggested by Distribution of an AVR-Rmg8 Allele in the Pyricularia oryzae Population. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1802-1807. [PMID: 32960712 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-20-0073-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wheat blast caused by the Triticum pathotype of Pyricularia oryzae was first reported in 1985 in Brazil and recently spread to Bangladesh. We tested whether Rmg8 and RmgGR119, recently identified resistance genes, were effective against Bangladeshi isolates of the pathogen. Common wheat accessions carrying Rmg8 alone (IL191) or both Rmg8 and RmgGR119 (GR119) were inoculated with Brazilian isolates (Br48, Br5, and Br116.5) and Bangladeshi isolates (T-108 and T-109). Br48, T-108, and T-109 carried the eI type of AVR-Rmg8 (the avirulence gene corresponding to Rmg8) while Br5 and Br116.5 carried its variants, eII and eII' types, respectively. Detached primary leaves of IL191 and GR119 were resistant to all isolates at 25°C. At a higher temperature (28°C), their resistance was still effective against the eI carriers but was reduced to a low level against the eII/eII' carriers. A survey of databases and sequence analyses revealed that all Bangladeshi isolates carried the eI type which induced a higher level of resistance than the eII/eII' types. The resistance of IL191 (Rmg8/-) to the eI carriers was maintained even at the heading stage and at the higher temperature. In addition, GR119 (Rmg8/RmgGR119) displayed higher levels of resistance than IL191 at this stage. These results suggest that Rmg8 combined with RmgGR119 will be useful in breeding for resistance against wheat blast in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Tola Horo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Asuke
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Trinh Thi Phuong Vy
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yukio Tosa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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36
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Alvarenga DO, Franco MW, Sivonen K, Fiore MF, Varani AM. Evaluating Eucalyptus leaf colonization by Brasilonema octagenarum (Cyanobacteria, Scytonemataceae) using in planta experiments and genomics. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9158. [PMID: 32518725 PMCID: PMC7261140 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brasilonema is a cyanobacterial genus found on the surface of mineral substrates and plants such as bromeliads, orchids and eucalyptus. B. octagenarum stands out among cyanobacteria due to causing damage to the leaves of its host in an interaction not yet observed in other cyanobacteria. Previous studies revealed that B. octagenaum UFV-E1 is capable of leading eucalyptus leaves to suffer internal tissue damage and necrosis by unknown mechanisms. This work aimed to investigate the effects of B. octagenarum UFV-E1 inoculation on Eucalyptus urograndis and to uncover molecular mechanisms potentially involved in leaf damage by these cyanobacteria using a comparative genomics approach. Results Leaves from E. urograndis saplings were exposed for 30 days to B. octagenarum UFV-E1, which was followed by the characterization of its genome and its comparison with the genomes of four other Brasilonema strains isolated from phyllosphere and the surface of mineral substrates. While UFV-E1 inoculation caused an increase in root and stem dry mass of the host plants, the sites colonized by cyanobacteria on leaves presented a significant decrease in pigmentation, showing that the cyanobacterial mats have an effect on leaf cell structure. Genomic analyses revealed that all evaluated Brasilonema genomes harbored genes encoding molecules possibly involved in plant-pathogen interactions, such as hydrolases targeting plant cell walls and proteins similar to known virulence factors from plant pathogens. However, sequences related to the type III secretory system and effectors were not detected, suggesting that, even if any virulence factors could be expressed in contact with their hosts, they would not have the structural means to actively reach plant cytoplasm. Conclusions Leaf damage by this species is likely related to the blockage of access to sunlight by the efficient growth of cyanobacterial mats on the phyllosphere, which may hinder the photosynthetic machinery and prevent access to some essential molecules. These results reveal that the presence of cyanobacteria on leaf surfaces is not as universally beneficial as previously thought, since they may not merely provide the products of nitrogen fixation to their hosts in exchange for physical support, but in some cases also hinder regular leaf physiology leading to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo O Alvarenga
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maione W Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marli F Fiore
- Divisão de Produtividade Agroindustrial e Alimentos, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M Varani
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dietl AM, Binder U, Bauer I, Shadkchan Y, Osherov N, Haas H. Arginine Auxotrophy Affects Siderophore Biosynthesis and Attenuates Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040423. [PMID: 32326414 PMCID: PMC7231135 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogen mainly infecting immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of arginine biosynthesis in virulence of A. fumigatus via genetic inactivation of two key arginine biosynthetic enzymes, the bifunctional acetylglutamate synthase/ornithine acetyltransferase (argJ/AFUA_5G08120) and the ornithine carbamoyltransferase (argB/AFUA_4G07190). Arginine biosynthesis is intimately linked to the biosynthesis of ornithine, a precursor for siderophore production that has previously been shown to be essential for virulence in A. fumigatus. ArgJ is of particular interest as it is the only arginine biosynthetic enzyme lacking mammalian homologs. Inactivation of either ArgJ or ArgB resulted in arginine auxotrophy. Lack of ArgJ, which is essential for mitochondrial ornithine biosynthesis, significantly decreased siderophore production during limited arginine supply with glutamine as nitrogen source, but not with arginine as sole nitrogen source. In contrast, siderophore production reached wild-type levels under both growth conditions in ArgB null strains. These data indicate that siderophore biosynthesis is mainly fueled by mitochondrial ornithine production during limited arginine availability, but by cytosolic ornithine production during high arginine availability via cytosolic arginine hydrolysis. Lack of ArgJ or ArgB attenuated virulence of A. fumigatus in the insect model Galleria mellonella and in murine models for invasive aspergillosis, indicating limited arginine availability in the investigated host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Dietl
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.-M.D.); (I.B.)
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Institute of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ingo Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.-M.D.); (I.B.)
| | - Yana Shadkchan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine Ramat-Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel; (Y.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine Ramat-Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel; (Y.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.-M.D.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence:
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38
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Shin J, Bui DC, Kim S, Jung SY, Nam HJ, Lim JY, Choi GJ, Lee YW, Kim JE, Son H. The novel bZIP transcription factor Fpo1 negatively regulates perithecial development by modulating carbon metabolism in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2596-2612. [PMID: 32100421 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal sexual reproduction requires complex cellular differentiation processes of hyphal cells. The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum produces fruiting bodies called perithecia via sexual reproduction, and perithecia forcibly discharge ascospores into the air for disease initiation and propagation. Lipid metabolism and accumulation are closely related to perithecium formation, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are largely unknown. Here, we report that a novel fungal specific bZIP transcription factor, F. graminearum perithecium overproducing 1 (Fpo1), plays a role as a global transcriptional repressor during perithecium production and maturation in F. graminearum. Deletion of FPO1 resulted in reduced vegetative growth, asexual sporulation and virulence and overproduced perithecium, which reached maturity earlier, compared with the wild type. Intriguingly, the hyphae of the fpo1 mutant accumulated excess lipids during perithecium production. Using a combination of molecular biological, transcriptomic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that repression of FPO1 after sexual induction leads to reprogramming of carbon metabolism, particularly fatty acid production, which affects sexual reproduction of this fungus. This is the first report of a perithecium-overproducing F. graminearum mutant, and the findings provide comprehensive insight into the role of modulation of carbon metabolism in the sexual reproduction of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sieun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Minerdi D, Sadeghi SJ, Pautasso L, Morra S, Aigotti R, Medana C, Gilardi G, Gullino ML, Gilardi G. Expression and role of CYP505A1 in pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140268. [PMID: 31491588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are monooxygenases present in every domain of life. In fungi CYPs are involved in virulence. Fusarium wilt of lettuce, caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, is the most serious disease of lettuce. F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae MSA35 is an antagonistic fungus. Pathogenic formae specialis of F. oxysporum possess a CYP belonging to the new family CYP505. This enzyme hydroxylates saturated fatty acids that play a role in plant defence. METHODS Molecular tools were adopted to search for cyp505 gene in MSA35 genome. cyp505 gene expression analysis in pathogenic and antagonistic Fusarium was performed. The enzyme was expressed in its recombinant form and used for catalytic reactions with fatty acids, the products of which were characterized by mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS A novel MSA35 self-sufficient CYP505 is differentially expressed in antagonistic and pathogenic F. oxysporum. Its expression is induced by the host plant lettuce in both pathogenesis and antagonism during the early phase of the interaction, while it is silenced during the late phase only in antagonistic Fusarium. Mass-spectrometry investigations proved that CYP505A1 mono-hydroxylates lauric, palmitic and stearic acids. CONCLUSIONS The ability of CYP505A1 to oxidize fatty acids present in the cortical cell membranes together with its differential expression in its Fusarium antagonistic form point out to the possibility that this enzyme is associated with Fusarium pathogenicity in lettuce. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The CYP505 clan is present in pathogenic fungal phyla, making CYP505A1 enzyme a putative candidate as a new target for the development of novel antifungal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lara Pautasso
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Morra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Riccardo Aigotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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40
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Li T, Jung B, Park SY, Lee J. Survival Factor Gene FgSvf1 Is Required for Normal Growth and Stress Resistance in Fusarium graminearum. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:393-405. [PMID: 31632215 PMCID: PMC6788415 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2019.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Survival factor 1 (Svf1) is a protein involved in cell survival pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Svf1 is required for the diauxic growth shift and survival under stress conditions. In this study, we characterized the role of FgSvf1, the Svf1 homolog in the homothallic ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. In the FgSvf1 deletion mutant, conidial germination was delayed, vegetative growth was reduced, and pathogenicity was completely abolished. Although the FgSvf1 deletion mutant produced perithecia, the normal maturation of ascospore was dismissed in deletion mutant. The FgSvf1 deletion mutant also showed reduced resistance to osmotic, fungicide, and cold stress and reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress when compared to the wild-type strain. In addition, we showed that FgSvf1 affects glycolysis, which results in the abnormal vegetative growth in the FgSvf1 deletion mutant. Further, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in the FgSvf1 deletion mutant, and this accumulated ROS might be related to the reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress and the reduced resistance to cold stress and fungicide stress. Overall, understanding the role of FgSvf1 in F. graminearum provides a new target to control F. graminearum infections in fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
| | - Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
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41
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Forester NT, Lane GA, McKenzie CM, Lamont IL, Johnson LJ. The Role of SreA-Mediated Iron Regulation in Maintaining Epichloë festucae- Lolium perenne Symbioses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1324-1335. [PMID: 31107632 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0060-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, iron-responsive GATA-type transcriptional repressors are involved in regulating iron homeostasis, notably to prevent iron toxicity through control of iron uptake. To date, it has been unknown whether this iron regulator contributes toward mutualistic endosymbiosis of microbes with plants, a system where the endophyte must function within the constraints of an in-host existence, including a dependency on the host for nutrient acquisition. Functional characterization of one such protein, SreA from Epichloë festucae, a fungal endosymbiont of cool-season grasses, indicates that regulation of iron homeostasis processes is important for symbiotic maintenance. The deletion of the sreA gene (ΔsreA) led to iron-dependent aberrant hyphal growth and the gradual loss of endophyte hyphae from perennial ryegrass. SreA negatively regulates the siderophore biosynthesis and high-affinity iron uptake systems of E. festucae, similar to other fungi, resulting in iron accumulation in mutants. Our evidence suggests that SreA is involved in the processes that moderate Epichloë iron acquisition from the plant apoplast, because overharvesting of iron in ΔsreA mutants was detected as premature chlorosis of the host using a hydroponic plant growth assay. E. festucae appears to have a tightly regulated iron management system, involving SreA that balances endophyte growth with its survival and prevents overcompetition with the host for iron in the intercellular niche, thus promoting mutualistic associations. Mutations that interfere with Epichloë iron management negatively affect iron-dependent fungal growth and destabilize mutualistic Epichloë -ryegrass associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Forester
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey A Lane
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Catherine M McKenzie
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Iain L Lamont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Linda J Johnson
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Rahnama M, Maclean P, Fleetwood DJ, Johnson RD. The LaeA orthologue in Epichloë festucae is required for symbiotic interaction with Lolium perenne. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 129:74-85. [PMID: 31071427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
LaeA is a conserved global regulator of secondary metabolism and development in fungi. It is often required for successful pathogenic interactions. In this study, the laeA homologue in the fungal grass endophyte E. festucae was deleted and functionally characterised in vitro and its role in the mutualistic E. festucae interaction with Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) was determined. We showed that laeA in E. festucae is required for normal hyphal morphology, resistance to oxidative stress, and conidiation under nutrient-limited in vitro conditions. In planta studies revealed that laeA is expressed in a tissue-specific manner and is required to form a compatible plant interaction, with the majority of seedlings inoculated with a laeA deletion mutant either dying or being uninfected. In mature infected plants no difference was observed in the number or morphology of endophytic hyphae. However, the number of epiphyllous hyphae were greatly increased. Comparative transcriptomics analyses suggested roles for plant cell wall degradation, fungal cell wall composition, secondary metabolism and small-secreted proteins in Epichloë foliar symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rahnama
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Maclean
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D J Fleetwood
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Biotelliga Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - R D Johnson
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Sultana S, Kitajima M, Kobayashi H, Nakagawa H, Shimizu M, Kageyama K, Suga H. A Natural Variation of Fumonisin Gene Cluster Associated with Fumonisin Production Difference in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040200. [PMID: 30987138 PMCID: PMC6521250 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, stands out as a rice bakanae disease pathogen with a high production of gibberellic acid. Not all, but some F. fujikuroi strains are known to produce a carcinogenic mycotoxin fumonisin. Fumonisin biosynthesis is dependent on the FUM cluster composed of 16 FUM genes. The FUM cluster was detected not only from a fumonisin producing strain, but also from a fumonisin nonproducing strain that does not produce a detectable level of fumonisin. Genetic mapping indicated the causative mutation(s) of fumonisin nonproduction is present in the FUM cluster of the fumonisin nonproducing strain. Comparative analyses of FUM genes between the fumonisin producing and the nonproducing strains and gene complementation indicated that causative mutation of fumonisin nonproduction is not a single occurrence and the mutations are distributed in FUM21 and FUM7. Our research revealed a natural variation in the FUM cluster involving fumonisin production difference in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Miha Kitajima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- Faculty of National Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Koji Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Kumakura N, Ueno A, Shirasu K. Establishment of a selection marker recycling system for sequential transformation of the plant-pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:447-459. [PMID: 30390402 PMCID: PMC6637883 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequencing of pathogenic fungi has revealed the presence of various effectors that aid pathogen invasion by the manipulation of plant immunity. Effectors are often individually dispensable because of duplication and functional redundancy as a result of the arms race between host plants and pathogens. To study effectors that have functional redundancy, multiple gene disruption is often required. However, the number of selection markers that can be used for gene targeting is limited. Here, we established a marker recycling system that allows the use of the same selection marker in successive transformations in the model fungal pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare, a causal agent of anthracnose disease in plants belonging to the Cucurbitaceae. We identified two C. orbiculare homologues of yeast URA3/pyrG, designated as URA3A and URA3B, which can be used as selection markers on medium with no uridine. The gene can then be removed from the genome via homologous recombination when the fungus is grown in the presence of 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA), a chemical that is converted into a toxin by URA3 activity. The ura3a/b double mutants showed auxotrophy for uridine and insensitivity to 5-FOA. Using the ura3a/b mutants, transformation with the URA3B marker and its removal were successfully applied to disrupt the virulence-related gene, PKS1. The pks1 mutants showed a reduction in virulence, demonstrating that the method can be used to study virulence-related genes in C. orbiculare. The establishment of a URA3-based marker recycling system in plant-pathogenic fungi enables the genetic analysis of multiple genes that have redundant functions, including effector genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Kumakura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohama230‐0045Japan
| | - Akiko Ueno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohama230‐0045Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohama230‐0045Japan
- Graduate School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo7‐3‐1, Hongo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8654Japan
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Lombard L, Sandoval-Denis M, Lamprecht S, Crous P. Epitypification of Fusarium oxysporum - clearing the taxonomic chaos. PERSOONIA 2018; 43:1-47. [PMID: 32214496 PMCID: PMC7085860 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is the most economically important and commonly encountered species of Fusarium. This soil-borne fungus is known to harbour both pathogenic (plant, animal and human) and non-pathogenic strains. However, in its current concept F. oxysporum is a species complex consisting of numerous cryptic species. Identification and naming these cryptic species is complicated by multiple subspecific classification systems and the lack of living ex-type material to serve as basic reference point for phylogenetic inference. Therefore, to advance and stabilise the taxonomic position of F. oxysporum as a species and allow naming of the multiple cryptic species recognised in this species complex, an epitype is designated for F. oxysporum. Using multi-locus phylogenetic inference and subtle morphological differences with the newly established epitype of F. oxysporum as reference point, 15 cryptic taxa are resolved in this study and described as species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lombard
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - S.C. Lamprecht
- ARC-Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sonawala U, Dinkeloo K, Danna CH, McDowell JM, Pilot G. Review: Functional linkages between amino acid transporters and plant responses to pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:79-88. [PMID: 30466603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, plant pathogens become dependent on their hosts for nutrition. Therefore, the interaction between the two organisms is tightly linked to the availability and flux of nutrients in the plant. The plant's nitrogen metabolism is reprogrammed during pathogen attack, likely reflecting plant's response to invasion by the pathogen and active modification by the pathogen to promote feeding. Several lines of evidence indicate that plant-derived amino acids are an important source of nitrogen for diverse pathogens. Moreover, amino acid homeostasis is interconnected with the plant's immune signaling pathways. Here, we critically examine the knowns and unknowns about connections between plant-encoded amino acid transporters and resistance or susceptibility to pathogens and pests. We use recent insights into sugar transporters to frame a perspective with potential applicability to amino acids and other nutrients. We emphasize different approaches that have provided insight in this topic and we conclude with suggestions to fill gaps in foundational knowledge and explore new avenues for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Sonawala
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA
| | - Kasia Dinkeloo
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA
| | - Cristian H Danna
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA.
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA.
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Twaruschek K, Spörhase P, Michlmayr H, Wiesenberger G, Adam G. New Plasmids for Fusarium Transformation Allowing Positive-Negative Selection and Efficient Cre- loxP Mediated Marker Recycling. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1954. [PMID: 30258410 PMCID: PMC6143793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi such as Fusarium graminearum, disruption of multiple genes of interest in the same strain (e.g., to test for redundant gene function) is a difficult task due to the limited availability of reliable selection markers. We have created a series of transformation vectors that allow antibiotic-based selection of transformants and subsequent negative selection for marker removal using thymidine kinase fusions combined with the Cre-loxP system. The fusion genes contain commonly used C-terminal drug resistance markers, either nptII (G418), nat1 (nourseothricin), or hph (hygromycin B). These resistance genes are fused to the sequence encoding Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk). Despite the presence of the 1 kb HSVtk gene (about ∼30% increase in total marker size), there is only a slight reduction in transformation efficiency on a molar basis. The fusion genes expressed under the Trichoderma pyruvate kinase (PKI) promoter also confer antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, allowing straightforward construction of disruption plasmids. For removal of the loxP flanked resistance cassettes, protoplasts of transformants are directly treated with purified Cre recombinase protein. Loss of the HSVtk containing cassette is selected by restoration of resistance to 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (FdU). As a proof of principle, we demonstrated the efficiency of the HSVtk-based marker removal in Fusarium by reversing the disruption phenotype of the gene responsible for production of the red pigment aurofusarin. We first disrupted the FgPKS12 gene via integration of the loxP-flanked HSVtk-nptII cassette into the promoter or the first intron, thereby generating transformants with a white mycelium phenotype. Using Cre recombinase and FdU, the selection marker was subsequently removed, and the resulting transformants regained red pigmentation despite the remaining loxP site. We also found that it is possible to remove several unselected loxP-flanked cassettes with a single Cre protein treatment, as long as one of them contains a negative selectable HSVtk cassette. The negative selection system can also be used to introduce allele swaps into strains without leaving marker sequences, by first disrupting the gene of interest and then complementing the deletion in situ with genomic DNA containing a different allele.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Homeobox transcription factor CoHox3 is essential for appressorium formation in the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare. MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Husaini AM, Sakina A, Cambay SR. Host-Pathogen Interaction in Fusarium oxysporum Infections: Where Do We Stand? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:889-898. [PMID: 29547356 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0302-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum, a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen, causes devastating vascular wilt in more than 100 plant species and ranks 5th among the top 10 fungal plant pathogens. It has emerged as a human pathogen, too, causing infections in immune-compromised patients. Therefore, it is important to gain insight into the molecular processes involved in the pathogenesis of this transkingdom pathogen. A complex network comprising interconnected and overlapping signal pathways-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, Ras proteins, G-protein signaling components and their downstream pathways, components of the velvet (LaeA/VeA/VelB) complex, and cAMP pathways-is involved in perceiving the host. This network regulates the expression of various pathogenicity genes. However, plants have evolved an elaborate protection system to combat this attack. They, too, possess intricate mechanisms at the molecular level which, once triggered by pathogen attack, transduce signals to activate defense response. This review focuses on understanding and presenting a wholistic picture of the molecular mechanisms of F. oxysporum-host interactions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
- 2 The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, OX1 3RB South Parks Road, University of Oxford, U.K.; and
| | - Aafreen Sakina
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
| | - Souliha R Cambay
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
- 3 Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
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50
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Rahnama M, Johnson RD, Voisey CR, Simpson WR, Fleetwood DJ. The Global Regulatory Protein VelA Is Required for Symbiosis Between the Endophytic Fungus Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:591-604. [PMID: 29315021 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0286-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë species fungi form bioprotective endophytic symbioses with many cool-season grasses, including agriculturally important forage grasses. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the molecular details of the interaction and the regulatory genes involved. The conserved velvet-domain protein VelA (or VeA) is a global regulator of a number of cellular and developmental functions in fungi. In this study, the E. festucae velA gene was functionally characterized in vitro and during interaction with perennial ryegrass. The velA gene is required in E. festucae for resistance to osmotic and cell wall-damaging stresses, repression of conidiation, and normal hyphal morphology during nutrient-limited in-vitro conditions. Expression of velA in E. festucae is light- and nitrogen-dependent and is tissue-specific in mature infected plants. In-planta studies showed that velA is required in E. festucae for a compatible interaction. Inoculating seedlings with mutant ΔvelA induced callose deposition and H2O2 production, and a high level of seedling death was observed. In surviving plants infected with ΔvelA mutant fungi, plants were stunted and we observed increased biomass and invasion of vascular bundles. Overall, this work characterizes a key fungal regulatory factor in this increasingly important model symbiotic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rahnama
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
- 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R D Johnson
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - C R Voisey
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - W R Simpson
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - D J Fleetwood
- 1 AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
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