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Guzmán-Martínez G, Marañón C. Immune mechanisms associated with cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A path to potential biomarkers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974826. [PMID: 36420265 PMCID: PMC9677819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients display an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). With the improved clinical management of other classical severe manifestation of the disease, CVD is becoming one of the most relevant complications of SLE, and it is an important factor causing morbidity and mortality. Several immune constituents have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and endothelial damage in SLE patients, including specific circulating cell populations, autoantibodies, and inflammatory mediators. In this review, we summarize the presentation of CVD in SLE and the role of the autoimmune responses present in SLE patients in the induction of atherogenesis, endothelial impairment and cardiac disease. Additionally, we discuss the utility of these immune mediators as early CVD biomarkers and targets for clinical intervention in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guzmán-Martínez
- Atrys Health, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Marañón
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
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2
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Atherogenic oxoaldehyde of cholesterol induces innate immune response in monocytes and macrophages. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:649-658. [PMID: 34129147 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation product, 3β-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al (cholesterol 5,6-secosterol, ChSeco or Atheronal-A), formed at inflammatory sites, has been shown to promote monocyte differentiation into macrophages and cause elevated expression of macrophage scavenger receptors. Since inflammation is a key event at all stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation, the pro-inflammatory actions of ChSeco in human THP-1 monocytes and mouse J774 macrophages were investigated in the present study by employing ELISA, qRT-PCR, and functional assays. An increase in the secretion of interleukin-8 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoform AA and, to a limited extent, PDGF isoform BB was observed into the culture medium of THP-1 monocytes exposed to ChSeco. However, no changes were seen in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In J774 macrophages treated with ChSeco, there was an upregulation of gene expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors. Concomitantly, there was down-regulation of gene expression of interleukin-1ß, interleukin-10, and lymphotoxin-beta. An increase in the release of interleukin-18 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-20 from J774 macrophages (which corroborated well with their gene expression profiles) and increased binding of THP-1 monocytes to ChSeco-exposed human aortic endothelial cells were observed. The results of the present study, for the first time, demonstrate the pro-inflammatory action of ChSeco and suggest the underlying pro-atherogenic mechanisms. These could be mediated through enhanced monocyte recruitment into the sub-endothelial space and subsequent proliferation of smooth muscle cells under the influence of monocyte-derived PDGF.
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3
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Mendoza FA, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis in systemic sclerosis and potential therapeutic role of their inhibition. Transl Res 2021; 231:139-158. [PMID: 33422651 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an idiopathic autoimmune disease with a heterogeneous clinical phenotype ranging from limited cutaneous involvement to rapidly progressive diffuse SSc. The most severe SSc clinical and pathologic manifestations result from an uncontrolled fibrotic process involving the skin and various internal organs. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of the SSc fibrotic process have not been fully elucidated. Recently it has been suggested that tyrosine protein kinases play a role. The implicated kinases include receptor-activated tyrosine kinases and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. The receptor kinases are activated following specific binding of growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or vascular endothelial growth factor). Other receptor kinases are the discoidin domain receptors activated by binding of various collagens, the ephrin receptors that are activated by ephrins and the angiopoetin-Tie-2s receptors. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinases c-Abl, Src, Janus, and STATs have also been shown to participate in SSc-associated tissue fibrosis. Currently, there are no effective disease-modifying therapies for SSc-associated tissue fibrosis. Therefore, extensive investigation has been conducted to examine whether tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may exert antifibrotic effects. Here, we review the role of receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of the frequently progressive cutaneous and systemic fibrotic alterations in SSc, and the potential of TKIs as SSc disease-modifying antifibrotic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Mendoza
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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4
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Akhigbe R, Ajayi A. The impact of reactive oxygen species in the development of cardiometabolic disorders: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:23. [PMID: 33639960 PMCID: PMC7916299 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, an alteration in the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant buffering capacity, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disorders (CMD). At physiological levels, ROS functions as signalling mediators, regulates various physiological functions such as the growth, proliferation, and migration endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC); formation and development of new blood vessels; EC and SMC regulated death; vascular tone; host defence; and genomic stability. However, at excessive levels, it causes a deviation in the redox state, mediates the development of CMD. Multiple mechanisms account for the rise in the production of free radicals in the heart. These include mitochondrial dysfunction and uncoupling, increased fatty acid oxidation, exaggerated activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), reduced antioxidant capacity, and cardiac metabolic memory. The purpose of this study is to discuss the link between oxidative stress and the aetiopathogenesis of CMD and highlight associated mechanisms. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the development of obesity and dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and diabetes, hypertension via various mechanisms associated with ROS-led inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Odeomu, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Ajayi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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5
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Liu X, Pan Z. Store-Operated Calcium Entry in the Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:303-333. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Norambuena-Soto I, Ocaranza MP, Cancino-Arenas N, Sanhueza-Olivares F, Villar-Fincheira P, Leiva-Navarrete S, Mancilla-Medina C, Moya J, Novoa U, Jalil JE, Castro PF, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) prevents vascular remodeling by decreasing vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation through a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114190. [PMID: 32768401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system, one of the main regulators of vascular function, controls vasoconstriction, inflammation and vascular remodeling. Antagonistic actions of the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system, which include vasodilation, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling effects, have also been described. However, little is known about the direct effects of angiotensin-(1-9), a peptide of the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system, on vascular smooth muscle cells. Here, we studied the anti-vascular remodeling effects of angiotensin-(1-9), with special focus on the control of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Angiotensin-(1-9) decreased blood pressure and aorta media thickness in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Reduction of media thickness was associated with decreased vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In the A7r5 VSMC cell line and in primary cultures of rat aorta smooth muscle cells, angiotensin-(1-9) did not modify basal proliferation. However, angiotensin-(1-9) inhibited proliferation, migration and contractile protein decrease induced by platelet derived growth factor-BB. Moreover, angiotensin-(1-9) reduced Akt and FoxO1 phosphorylation at 30 min, followed by an increase of total FoxO1 protein content. Angiotensin-(1-9) effects were blocked by the AT2R antagonist PD123319, Akt-Myr overexpression and FoxO1 siRNA. These data suggest that angiotensin-(1-9) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation by an AT2R/Akt/FoxO1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Paz Ocaranza
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Cancino-Arenas
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Sanhueza-Olivares
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Villar-Fincheira
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Leiva-Navarrete
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Mancilla-Medina
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Moya
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Castro
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Corporacion Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Santiago, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Antiplatelet Drugs in the Management of Cerebral Ischemia. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Fibrosis is part of a tissue repair response to injury, defined as increased deposition of extracellular matrix. In some instances, fibrosis is beneficial; however, in the majority of diseases fibrosis is detrimental. Virtually all chronic progressive diseases are associated with fibrosis, representing a huge number of patients worldwide. Fibrosis occurs in all organs and tissues, becomes irreversible with time and further drives loss of tissue function. Various cells types initiate and perpetuate pathological fibrosis by paracrine activation of the principal cellular executors of fibrosis, i.e. stromal mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts, pericytes and myofibroblasts. Multiple pathways are involved in fibrosis, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-signaling being one of the central mediators. Stromal mesenchymal cells express both PDGF receptors (PDGFR) α and β, activation of which drives proliferation, migration and production of extracellular matrix, i.e. the principal processes of fibrosis. Here, we review the role of PDGF signaling in organ fibrosis, with particular focus on the more recently described ligands PDGF-C and -D. We discuss the potential challenges, opportunities and open questions in using PDGF as a potential target for anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Germany.
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Tan JY, Jia LQ, Shi WH, He Q, Zhu L, Yu B. Rab5a‑mediated autophagy regulates the phenotype and behavior of vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4445-4453. [PMID: 27666726 PMCID: PMC5101961 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab5a, a key member of the Rab family of GTPases, was determined to be a regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration. However, the exact regulatory mechanism remains unclear. As Rab5a has been shown to be associated with autophagy, which is essential for the conversion of VSMCs from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype in order to prevent cell death due to oxidative stress. The present study hypothesized that autophagy may be responsible for the proliferation and migration of VSMCs via the Rab5a protein. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Rab5a on autophagy in VSMCs. The human aorta vascular smooth muscle cell line, T/G HA-VSMCs, was treated with small interfering (si)RNA against Rab5a and/or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Following treatment, the phenotype transition of the VSMCs was evaluated by detecting the mRNA and protien expression levels of VSMC molecular markers using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. In addition, autophagy in VSMCs was evaluated by western blotting for autophagy-associated proteins, flow cytometry of acidic vesicular organelles, punctate fluorescence of microtubule associated protein light chain 3 and transmission electron microscopy of typical scattered double-membrane vacuolar structures. Additionally, the proliferation, migration, cell cycle and apoptotic response of VSMCs were detected by sulforhodamine B assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The results revealed that transfection with siRNA against Rab5a led to a significant decrease in Rab5a protein expression, while the reduced expression trend of Rab5a was rescued by intervention with PDGF. Furthermore, cells transfected with siRNA against Rab5a inhibited the autophagy of VSMCs. Downregulated Rab5a inhibited the phenotype transition of VSMCs. Additionally, downregulated Rab5a led to slowed cell growth, decreased numbers of migrated cells, decreased numbers of cells at the G0-G1 phase and a higher apoptosis rate. However, PDGF significantly rescued these phenomena caused by siRNA against Rab5a. These results indicated that Rab5a-mediated autophagy may regulate the phenotype transition and cell behavior of VSMCs through the activation of the extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yun Tan
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Luo-Qi Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hao Shi
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Surgery, Pudong Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Luo P, Gao Y, Yang J, Lao KH, Wang G, Cockerill G, Hu Y, Xu Q, Li T, Zeng L. XBP1 splicing triggers miR-150 transfer from smooth muscle cells to endothelial cells via extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28627. [PMID: 27338006 PMCID: PMC4919660 DOI: 10.1038/srep28627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays a critical role in the maintenance of vessel wall homeostasis. The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) plays an important role in EC and SMC cellular functions. However, whether XBP1 is involved in EC-SMC interaction remains unclear. In this study, In vivo experiments with hindlimb ischemia models revealed that XBP1 deficiency in SMCs significantly attenuated angiogenesis in ischemic tissues, therefore retarded the foot blood perfusion recovery. In vitro studies indicated that either overexpression of the spliced XBP1 or treatment with platelet derived growth factor-BB up-regulated miR-150 expression and secretion via extracellular vesicles (EVs). The XBP1 splicing-mediated up-regulation of miR-150 might be due to increased stability. The SMC-derived EVs could trigger EC migration, which was abolished by miR-150 knockdown in SMCs, suggesting miR-150 is responsible for SMC-stimulated EC migration. The SMC-derived miR-150-containing EVs or premiR-150 transfection increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A mRNA and secretion in ECs. Both inhibitors SU5416 and LY294002 attenuated EVs-induced EC migration. This study demonstrates that XBP1 splicing in SMCs can control EC migration via SMC derived EVs-mediated miR-150 transfer and miR-150-driven VEGF-A/VEGFR/PI3K/Akt pathway activation, thereby modulating the maintenance of vessel wall homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Heart Centre, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Peiyi Luo
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Junyao Yang
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Ka-Hou Lao
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | | | - Yanhua Hu
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Heart Centre, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
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Iwasaki YK, Yamashita T, Sekiguchi A, Hayami N, Shimizu W. Importance of Pulmonary Vein Preferential Fibrosis for Atrial Fibrillation Promotion in Hypertensive Rat Hearts. Can J Cardiol 2015; 32:767-76. [PMID: 26875015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is one of the independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary veins (PVs) play an important role as the substrate for AF and triggers of AF. The purpose of this study was to determine the structural remodelling of the PVs and its effect on promoting AF in hypertensive (HT) rat hearts. METHODS Eighteen-week-old Dahl salt-sensitive HT rats and their controls were used for histological and immunohistological analyses, and electrophysiological studies were performed in Langendorff perfused hearts. RESULTS Masson-trichrome staining revealed that hypertension significantly increased the fibrosis in the PVs, particularly in subendocardial and perivascular areas, compared with that in control rats, however, at this early stage of hypertension, left atrial fibrosis was not prominent. In the HT rat hearts with PVs, electrical stimulation significantly increased the number of repetitive atrial firing and atrial tachycardia inducibility, which significantly diminished after the excision of the PVs. An immunofluorescent analysis revealed that HT rats had PV specific endocardial smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive cells with remarkable proliferation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was lacking in the left atrial structures of the control and the HT rats. Pretreatment with imatinib, a PDGF receptor activity blocker, in HT rats reduced the αSMA-positive cell proliferation and fibrosis in the PVs and also induced a significant reduction in VEGF expression. Also, the drug pretreatment effectively prevented repetitive atrial firing promotion without affecting the blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS PV preferential fibrosis might play an important role in the arrhythmogenic substrate of AF in HT rat hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ki Iwasaki
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Noriyuki Hayami
- The 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Savikko J, Rintala JM, Rintala S, Koskinen P. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition by erlotinib prevents vascular smooth muscle cell and monocyte–macrophage function in vitro. Transpl Immunol 2015; 32:175-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Salabei JK, Hill BG. Mitochondrial fission induced by platelet-derived growth factor regulates vascular smooth muscle cell bioenergetics and cell proliferation. Redox Biol 2013; 1:542-51. [PMID: 24273737 PMCID: PMC3836280 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) develop a highly proliferative and synthetic phenotype in arterial diseases. Because such phenotypic changes are likely integrated with the energetic state of the cell, we hypothesized that changes in cellular metabolism regulate VSMC plasticity. VSMCs were exposed to platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF) and changes in mitochondrial morphology, proliferation, contractile protein expression, and mitochondrial metabolism were examined. Exposure of VSMCs to PDGF resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation and a 50% decrease in the abundance of mitofusin 2. Synthetic VSMCs demonstrated a 20% decrease in glucose oxidation, which was accompanied by an increase in fatty acid oxidation. Results of mitochondrial function assays in permeabilized cells showed few changes due to PDGF treatment in mitochondrial respiratory chain capacity and coupling. Treatment of VSMCs with Mdivi-1—an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission—inhibited PDGF-induced mitochondrial fragmentation by 50% and abolished increases in cell proliferation; however, it failed to prevent PDGF-mediated activation of autophagy and removal of contractile proteins. In addition, treatment with Mdivi-1 reversed changes in fatty acid and glucose oxidation associated with the synthetic phenotype. These results suggest that changes in mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetics underlie the hyperproliferative features of the synthetic VSMC phenotype, but do not affect the degradation of contractile proteins. Mitochondrial fragmentation occurring during the transition to the synthetic phenotype could be a therapeutic target for hyperproliferative vascular disorders. PDGF promotes mitochondrial fragmentation in vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF increases metabolic reliance on fatty acids. Mitochondrial fragmentation regulates proliferation and bioenergetics. PDGF-induced bioenergetic and autophagic responses regulate de-differentiation.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- ATP5A1, ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1
- ATP5B, ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide
- Atherosclerosis
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1
- DMEM, Delbucco's Eagle Modified Medium
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGTA, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid
- Extracellular flux
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FCCP, Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
- Fis1, mitochondrial fission 1 protein
- Fusion
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- LC3, (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3)
- MOPS, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
- Metabolism
- NDUFB8, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8
- NP-40, noniodet P40
- Opa1, optic atrophy 1
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- Restenosis
- SDHB, succinate dehydrogenase subunit B
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TMPD, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Salabei
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Correspondence to: Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Delia Baxter Building, Room 404A, 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202 United States. Tel.: +1 502 852 1015; fax: +1 502 852 3663.
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Salabei JK, Cummins TD, Singh M, Jones SP, Bhatnagar A, Hill BG. PDGF-mediated autophagy regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and resistance to oxidative stress. Biochem J 2013; 451:375-88. [PMID: 23421427 PMCID: PMC4040966 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury and chronic arterial diseases result in exposure of VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) to increased concentrations of growth factors. The mechanisms by which growth factors trigger VSMC phenotype transitions remain unclear. Because cellular reprogramming initiated by growth factors requires not only the induction of genes involved in cell proliferation, but also the removal of contractile proteins, we hypothesized that autophagy is an essential modulator of VSMC phenotype. Treatment of VSMCs with PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-BB resulted in decreased expression of the contractile phenotype markers calponin and α-smooth muscle actin and up-regulation of the synthetic phenotype markers osteopontin and vimentin. Autophagy, as assessed by LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 α; also known as MAP1LC3A)-II abundance, LC3 puncta formation and electron microscopy, was activated by PDGF exposure. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine, spautin-1 or bafilomycin stabilized the contractile phenotype. In particular, spautin-1 stabilized α-smooth muscle cell actin and calponin in PDGF-treated cells and prevented actin filament disorganization, diminished production of extracellular matrix, and abrogated VSMC hyperproliferation and migration. Treatment of cells with PDGF prevented protein damage and cell death caused by exposure to the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. The results of the present study demonstrate a distinct form of autophagy induced by PDGF that is essential for attaining the synthetic phenotype and for survival under the conditions of high oxidative stress found to occur in vascular lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Aldehydes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Autophagy/genetics
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Macrolides/pharmacology
- Male
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Osteopontin/genetics
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Phenotype
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vimentin/genetics
- Vimentin/metabolism
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Salabei
- Diabetes and Obesity Center and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Timothy D. Cummins
- Diabetes and Obesity Center and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Diabetes and Obesity Center and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Steven P. Jones
- Diabetes and Obesity Center and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
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15
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Guzel S, Serin O, Guzel EC, Buyuk B, Yılmaz G, Güvenen G. Interleukin-33, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor [corrected] of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in myocardial infarction. Korean J Intern Med 2013; 28:165-73. [PMID: 23525523 PMCID: PMC3604606 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2013.28.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is characterized by increased inflammatory processes and endothelial activation. We investigated the association between ACS and inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 55 consecutive patients with ACS: 25 with unstable angina (UA) and 30 with non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). For comparison, 25 age- and sex-matched subjects with no significant coronary artery stenosis were included as the control group. Peripheral serum levels of interleukin (IL)-33, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured on admission, and at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the initial evaluation. RESULTS Compared to serum levels in the control group, serum levels of IL-33 decreased in the NSTEMI group (p < 0.05), and levels of MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 increased in the UA group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively) and NSTEMI group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). IL-33 levels were significantly lower on admission than at 12 hours after the initial evaluation (p < 0.05). IL-33 levels were negatively correlated with MMP-9 levels (r = -0.461, p < 0.05) and CRP levels (r = -0.441, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and decreased levels of IL-33 play a role in the development and progression of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Guzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag, Turkey.
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16
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Ruhle B, Trebak M. Emerging roles for native Orai Ca2+ channels in cardiovascular disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 71:209-35. [PMID: 23890117 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407870-3.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orai proteins form highly calcium (Ca(2+))-selective channels located in the plasma membrane of both nonexcitable and excitable cells, where they make important contributions to many cellular processes. The well-characterized Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current is mediated by Orai1 multimers and is activated, upon depletion of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive stores, by direct interaction of Orai1 with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). This pathway is known as capacitative Ca(2+) entry or store-operated Ca(2+) entry. While most investigations have focused on STIM1 and Orai1 in their store-dependent mode, emerging evidence suggests that Orai1 and Orai3 heteromultimeric channels can form store-independent Ca(2+)-selective channels. The role of store-dependent and store-independent channels in excitation-transcription coupling and the pathological remodeling of the cardiovascular system are beginning to come forth. Recent evidence suggests that STIM/Orai-generated Ca(2+) signaling couples to gene transcription and subsequent phenotypic changes associated with the processes of cardiac and vascular remodeling. This short review will explore the contributions of native Orai channels to heart and vessel physiology and their role in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ruhle
- Nanobioscience Constellation, The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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17
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del Zoppo GJ. Central Nervous System Ischemia. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ikonomidis I, Michalakeas CA, Parissis J, Paraskevaidis I, Ntai K, Papadakis I, Anastasiou-Nana M, Lekakis J. Inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease. Biofactors 2012; 38:320-8. [PMID: 22628054 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common manifestations of atherosclerosis. Inflammation is considered one of the major processes that contribute to atherogenesis. Inflammation plays an important role not only on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis but also on plaque rupture, an event that leads to acute vascular events. Various biomarkers express different pathways and pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory biomarkers express different parts of the atherogenic process, regarding the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis or the destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, inflammatory biomarkers may prove to be useful in the detection, staging, and prognosis of patients with CAD. Furthermore, the fact that inflammatory processes are essential steps in the course of the disease offers future therapeutic targets for the interruption of the atherogenic process or for the management of acute events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatios Ikonomidis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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19
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Cattaruzza M, Nogoy N, Wojtowicz A, Hecker M. Zinc finger motif‐1 antagonizes PDGF‐BB‐induced growth and dediffer‐entiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2012; 26:4864-75. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cattaruzza
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nicole Nogoy
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Agnieszka Wojtowicz
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyDivision of Cardiovascular PhysiologyUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
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20
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Boersema M, Katta K, Rienstra H, Molema G, Nguyen TQ, Goldschmeding R, Navis G, van den Born J, Popa ER, Hillebrands JL. Local medial microenvironment directs phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells after experimental renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1429-40. [PMID: 22420764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a key role in the pathogenesis of occlusive vascular diseases, including transplant vasculopathy. Neointimal SMCs in experimental renal transplant vasculopathy are graft-derived. We propose that neointimal SMCs in renal allografts are derived from the vascular media resulting from a transplantation-induced phenotypic switch. We examined the molecular changes in the medial microenvironment that lead to phenotypic modulation of SMCs in rat renal allograft arteries with neointimal lesions. Dark Agouti donor kidneys were transplanted into Wistar Furth recipients and recovered at day 56. Neointimal and medial layers were isolated using laser microdissection. Gene expression was analyzed using low-density arrays and confirmed by immunostaining. In allografts, neointimal SMCs expressed increased levels of Tgf β1 and Pdgfb. In medial allograft SMCs, gene expression of Ctgf, Tgf β1 and Pdgfrb was upregulated. Gene expression of Klf4 was upregulated as well, while expression of Sm22α was downregulated. Finally, PDGF-BB-stimulated phenotypically modulated SMCs, as evidenced by reduced contractile function in vitro which was accompanied by increased Klf4 and Col1α1, and reduced α-Sma and Sm22α expression. In transplant vasculopathy, neointimal PDGF-BB induces phenotypic modulation of medial SMCs, through upregulation of KLF4 in the media to contribute to (further) expansion of the neointima.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boersema
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Otani H. Oxidative stress as pathogenesis of cardiovascular risk associated with metabolic syndrome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1911-26. [PMID: 21126197 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by accumulation of visceral fat associated with the clustering of metabolic and pathophysiological cardiovascular risk factors: impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Although the definition of MetS is different among countries, visceral obesity is an indispensable component of MetS. A growing body of evidence suggests that increased oxidative stress to adipocytes is central to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in MetS. Increased oxidative stress to adipocytes causes dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipocytokines in MetS, which contributes to obesity-associated vasculopathy and cardiovascular risk primarily through endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of present review is to unravel the mechanistic link between oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk in MetS, focusing on insulin resistance, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Then, therapeutic opportunities translated from the bench to bedside will be provided to develop novel strategies to cardiovascular risk factors in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Otani
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 10-15-Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi City, Japan.
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22
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Where catabolism meets signalling: neuraminidase 1 as a modulator of cell receptors. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:441-52. [PMID: 21928149 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Terminal sialic acid residues are found in abundance in glycan chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of all live cells forming an outer layer of the cell originally known as glycocalyx. Their presence affects the molecular properties and structure of glycoconjugates, modifying their function and interactions with other molecules. Consequently, the sialylation state of glycoproteins and glycolipids has been recognized as a critical factor modulating molecular recognitions inside the cell, between the cells, between the cells and the extracellular matrix, and between the cells and certain exogenous pathogens. Sialyltransferases that attach sialic acid residues to the glycan chains in the process of their initial synthesis were thought to be mainly responsible for the creation and maintenance of a temporal and spatial diversity of sialylated moieties. However, the growing evidence also suggests that in mammalian cells, at least equally important roles belong to sialidases/neuraminidases, which are located on the cell surface and in intracellular compartments, and may either initiate the catabolism of sialoglycoconjugates or just cleave their sialic acid residues, and thereby contribute to temporal changes in their structure and functions. The current review summarizes emerging data demonstrating that neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), well known for its lysosomal catabolic function, can be also targeted to the cell surface and assume the previously unrecognized role as a structural and functional modulator of cellular receptors.
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23
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Chan JY, Koon JC, Leung PC, Che CT, Fung KP. Suppression of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by a herbal extract of Radix Astragali, Radix Codonopsis and Cortex Lycii. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:32. [PMID: 21513503 PMCID: PMC3107819 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a major cause of death in developed world. Atherosclerosis is characterized by low-density lipoprotein deposition in the arterial wall which ultimately begets the formation of lesions. Rupture of lesions finally leads to clinical events such as heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis is a complication associated with diabetes. In patients with diabetes, the risk of atherosclerosis is three to five folds greater than in non-diabetics. Our previous study showed that a herbal extract of Radix Astragali, Radix Codonopsis and Cortex Lycii, namely SR10, could improve glucose homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we want to further investigate the efficacy of SR10 in treating atherosclerosis. Method The inhibitory effect of SR10 on low-density lipoprotein oxidation was investigated using free radical-induced erythrocyte hemolysis model and copper ion-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation model. Since vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration are important processes in atherogenesis, we also examined the effect of SR10 in inhibiting these events. Results Our results showed that SR10 inhibited erythrocyte hemolysis with IC50 value at 0.25 mg/ml and significantly prolonged low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. SR10 attenuated platelet derived growth factor-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase as well as inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Conclusion The potential application of SR10 in treating atherosclerosis has been implied in this study. Animal model will be needed to further verify the efficacy of SR10 in future.
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24
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Zhuang D, Balani P, Pu Q, Thakran S, Hassid A. Suppression of PKG by PDGF or nitric oxide in differentiated aortic smooth muscle cells: obligatory role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H57-63. [PMID: 21057040 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00225.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of aortic smooth muscle cells with PDGF induces the upregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). PTP1B, in turn, decreases the function of several growth factor receptors, thus completing a negative feedback loop. Studies have reported that PDGF induces the downregulation of PKG as part of a repertoire of dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Other studies have reported that chronic nitric oxide (NO) treatment also induces the downregulation of PKG. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the downregulation of PKG by PDGF or NO in differentiated rat aortic smooth muscle cells can be attributed to the upregulation of PTP1B. We found that treatment with PDGF or NO induced an upregulation of PTP1B levels. Overexpression of PTP1B induced a marked downregulation of PKG mRNA and protein levels, whereas the expression of dominant negative PTP1B or short interfering RNA directed against PTP1B blocked the capacity of PDGF or NO to decrease PKG levels. We conclude that the upregulation of PTP1B by PDGF or NO is both necessary and sufficient to induce the downregulation of PKG via an effect on PKG mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Bai X, Margariti A, Hu Y, Sato Y, Zeng L, Ivetic A, Habi O, Mason JC, Wang X, Xu Q. Protein kinase C{delta} deficiency accelerates neointimal lesions of mouse injured artery involving delayed reendothelialization and vasohibin-1 accumulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2467-74. [PMID: 20884873 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.215723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use protein kinase C (PKC) δ-knockout mice to investigate the role of PKCδ in lesion development and to understand the underlying mechanism of the vascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS PKCδ functions as a signal transducer mediating several essential functions of cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the effect of PKCδ on neointimal formation in wire-injured vessels is unknown. Three weeks after wire injury of femoral arteries, neointimal lesions were significantly increased in PKCδ(-/-) mice compared with PKCδ(+/+) animals. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that total numbers of smooth muscle cells and macrophages in the lesions of PKCδ(-/-) mice were markedly elevated without changing the ratio of these 2 cell types. To further elucidate the mechanisms of PKCδ-mediated increase in the lesion, an in vivo endothelial migration model was established to evaluate endothelial wound healing after wire injury. Data showed that reendothelialization of the injured vessel was markedly delayed in PKCδ(-/-) mice; this coincided with more severe intimal hyperplasia. Migration of endothelial cells cultivated from cardiac tissue was markedly reduced in the absence of PKCδ, whereas no difference in proliferation or apoptosis was detected. Inhibition of PKCδ activity or protein expression by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in cultured endothelial cells confirmed the defective migratory phenotype. Interestingly, vasohibin-1, an antiangiogenesis protein, was elevated in endothelial cells derived from PKCδ(-/-) mice, which was mainly because of delayed protein degradation mediated by PKCδ. Downregulation of vasohibin-1 restored the migration rate of PKCδ(-/-) endothelial cells to a similar level as PKCδ(+/+) cells. CONCLUSIONS PKCδ deficiency enhances neointimal formation, which is associated with delayed reendothelialization and involves increased cellular vasohibin-1 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Physiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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26
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Zbinden S, Wang J, Adenika R, Schmidt M, Tilan JU, Najafi AH, Peng X, Lassance-Soares RM, Iantorno M, Morsli H, Gercenshtein L, Jang GJ, Epstein SE, Burnett MS. Metallothionein enhances angiogenesis and arteriogenesis by modulating smooth muscle cell and macrophage function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:477-82. [PMID: 20056912 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.200949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a previous study we identified metallothionein (MT) as a candidate gene potentially influencing collaterogenesis. In this investigation, we determined the effect of MT on collaterogenesis and examined the mechanisms contributing to the effects we found. METHODS AND RESULTS Collateral blood flow recovery was assessed using laser Doppler perfusion imaging, and angiogenesis was measured using a Matrigel plug assay. Smooth muscle cells were isolated from MT knockout (KO) mice for functional assays. Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Fat cadherin in smooth muscle cells was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. CD11b(+) macrophages were tested for invasiveness using a real-time impedance assay. Both flow recovery and angiogenesis were impaired in MT KO mice. Proliferation, migration, and invasion were decreased in MT KO smooth muscle cells, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, platelet-derived growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression were also decreased, whereas FAT-1 cadherin expression was elevated. MT KO CD11b(+) cells were more invasive than wild-type cells. CONCLUSIONS MT plays an important role in collateral flow recovery and angiogenesis, an activity that appears to be mediated, in part, by the effects of MT on the functionality of 3 cell types essential for these processes: endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Zbinden
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, 108 Irving Street, NW, Room 214, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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27
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Hinek A, Bodnaruk TD, Bunda S, Wang Y, Liu K. Neuraminidase-1, a subunit of the cell surface elastin receptor, desialylates and functionally inactivates adjacent receptors interacting with the mitogenic growth factors PDGF-BB and IGF-2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1042-56. [PMID: 18772331 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We recently established that the elastin-binding protein, which is identical to the spliced variant of beta-galactosidase, forms a cell surface-targeted complex with two proteins considered "classic lysosomal enzymes": protective protein/cathepsin A and neuraminidase-1 (Neu1). We also found that cell surface-residing Neu1 can desialylate neighboring microfibrillar glycoproteins and facilitate the deposition of insoluble elastin, which contributes to the maintenance of cellular quiescence. Here we provide evidence that cell surface-residing Neu1 contributes to a novel mechanism that limits cellular proliferation by desialylating cell membrane-residing sialoglycoproteins that directly propagate mitogenic signals. We demonstrated that treatment of cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with either a sialidase inhibitor or an antibody that blocks Neu1 activity induced significant up-regulation in SMC proliferation in response to fetal bovine serum. Conversely, treatment with Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase (which is highly homologous to Neu1) decreased SMC proliferation, even in cultures that did not deposit elastin. Further, we found that pretreatment of aortic SMCs with exogenous neuraminidase abolished their mitogenic responses to recombinant platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-2 and that sialidosis fibroblasts (which are exclusively deficient in Neu1) were more responsive to PDGF-BB and IGF-2 compared with normal fibroblasts. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that neuraminidase caused the desialylation of both PDGF and IGF-1 receptors and diminished the intracellular signals induced by the mitogenic ligands PDGF-BB and IGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hinek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Initiation and progression of coronary atherosclerosis has been associated with inflammation and cytokines balance. The objective of this study is to understand the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology and management of coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease has been revisited with revision of the pertinent published articles in the Medline, Scopus, and EBSCO Host research from 1987 to 2007. The 2 groups of cytokines (proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory) have been detected in human atherosclerotic plaques. The balance between the 2 groups may reflect the intensity of occult plaque inflammation and the vulnerability to rupture. Multiple studies have determined that a diverse set of proinflammatory biomarkers can furnish prognostic information beyond the traditional risk factors. Inflammatory responses after coronary revascularization are known to play key role in vascular lesion formation early in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Clinical utilization of cytokines remains promising yet incompletely explored and need more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A El-Menyar
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
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29
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Zhuang D, Pu Q, Ceacareanu B, Chang Y, Dixit M, Hassid A. Chronic insulin treatment amplifies PDGF-induced motility in differentiated aortic smooth muscle cells by suppressing the expression and function of PTP1B. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H163-73. [PMID: 18456732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01105.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia plays a major role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. Restenosis occurs at an accelerated rate in hyperinsulinemia and is dependent on increased vascular smooth muscle cell movement from media to neointima. PDGF plays a critical role in mediating neointima formation in models of vascular injury. We have reported that PDGF increases the levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and that PTP1B suppresses PDGF-induced motility in cultured cells and that it attenuates neointima formation in injured carotid arteries. Others have reported that insulin enhances the mitogenic and motogenic effects of PDGF in cultured smooth muscle cells and that hyperinsulinemia promotes vascular remodeling. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that insulin amplifies PDGF-induced cell motility by suppressing the expression and function of PTP1B. We found that chronic but not acute treatment of cells with insulin enhances PDGF-induced motility in differentiated cultured primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells and that it suppresses PDGF-induced upregulation of PTP1B protein. Moreover, insulin suppresses PDGF-induced upregulation of PTP1B mRNA levels, PTP1B enzyme activity, and binding of PTP1B to the PDGF receptor-beta, and it enhances PDGF-induced PDGF receptor phosphotyrosylation. Treatment with insulin induces time-dependent upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-delta and activation of Akt, an enzyme downstream of PI3-kinase. Finally, inhibition of PI3-kinase activity, or its function, by pharmacological or genetic means rescues PTP1B activity in insulin-treated cells. These observations uncover novel mechanisms that explain how insulin amplifies the motogenic capacity of the pivotal growth factor PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zhuang
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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30
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Prunotto M, Bacchetta M, Jayaraman S, Galloni M, Van Eys G, Gabbiani G, Bochaton-Piallat ML. Cytostatic drugs differentially affect phenotypic features of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cell populations. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5847-51. [PMID: 18053813 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of cytostatic drugs on porcine coronary artery spindle-shaped (S) and rhomboid (R) smooth muscle cell (SMC) biological activities related to intimal thickening (IT) formation. Imatinib, and to a lesser extent curcumin, decreased proliferation of S- and R-SMCs and migratory and urokinase activities of R-SMCs more efficiently compared with cyclosporine plus rapamycin. Imatinib increased the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in both SMC populations and that of smoothelin in S-SMCs. It decreased S100A4 expression in R-SMCs. By promoting SMC quiescence and differentiation imatinib and curcumin may represent valid candidates for restenosis preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prunotto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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31
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Vuorinen K, Gao F, Oury TD, Kinnula VL, Myllärniemi M. Imatinib mesylate inhibits fibrogenesis in asbestos-induced interstitial pneumonia. Exp Lung Res 2007; 33:357-73. [PMID: 17849262 PMCID: PMC2652685 DOI: 10.1080/01902140701634827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Profibrogeneic cytokines contribute to the accumulation of myofibroblasts in the lung interstitium in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor specific for Abl, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and c-Kit tyrosine kinases, has been shown to inhibit fibrosis and profibrotic signaling in mouse models of inflammation-mediated lung reactions. The authors tested imatinib mesylate in vivo in a mouse model of crocidolite asbestos-induced progressive fibrosis. The ability of imatinib mesylate to inhibit profibrogeneic cytokine-induced human pulmonary fibroblast migration was tested in vitro and the expression of its target protein tyrosine kinases was assessed with immunofluorescence. In vivo, 10 mg/kg/day imatinib mesylate inhibited histological parenchymal fibrosis and led to a decrease in collagen deposition, but had no significant effect on asbestos-induced neutrophilia. However, 50 mg/kg/day imatinib mesylate did not inhibit collagen deposition. In vitro, IPF fibroblasts expressed Abl, PDGFR-alpha, PDGF-beta, but not c-Kit, and 1 microM imatinib mesylate inhibited profibrogeneic cytokine-induced IPF fibroblast migration. These results suggest that imatinib mesylate is a potential and specific inhibitor of fibroblast accumulation in asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Vuorinen
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Rahman S, Rahman T, Ismail AAS, Rashid ARA. Diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy: pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9:767-80. [PMID: 17924861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The complications associated with diabetic vasculopathy are commonly grouped into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular complications. In diabetes, macrovascular disease is the commonest cause of mortality and morbidity and is responsible for high incidence of vascular diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular diseases. Macrovascular diseases are traditionally thought of as due to underlying obstructive atherosclerotic diseases affecting major arteries. Pathological changes of major blood vessels leading to functional and structural abnormalities in diabetic vessels include endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular compliance and atherosclerosis. Besides, advanced glycation end product formation interacts with specific receptors that lead to overexpression of a range of cytokines. Haemodynamic pathways are activated in diabetes and are possibly amplified by concomitant systemic hypertension. Apart from these, hyperglycaemia, non-enzymatic glycosylation, lipid modulation, alteration of vasculature and growth factors activation contribute to development of diabetic vasculopathy. This review focuses on pathophysiology and pathogenesis of diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeeda Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Kubang Kerian, University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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33
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Central Nervous System Ischemia. Platelets 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369367-9/50798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Häyry P. Medawar prize acceptance speech. Transplantation 2006; 82:1579-86. [PMID: 17198239 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000250971.50184.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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Frösen J, Piippo A, Paetau A, Kangasniemi M, Niemelä M, Hernesniemi J, Jääskeläinen J. Growth factor receptor expression and remodeling of saccular cerebral artery aneurysm walls: implications for biological therapy preventing rupture. Neurosurgery 2006; 58:534-41; discussion 534-41. [PMID: 16528195 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000197332.55054.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Remodeling of the saccular cerebral artery aneurysm (SCAA) wall, known to be associated with rupture, might be modified with bioactive endovascular implants or systemic drug therapy targeted at growth factor receptors to prevent rupture. The receptors regulating SCAA wall remodeling are, however, unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunostaining for 12 growth factor receptors, and markers for matrix synthesis, proliferation, and inflammatory cell infiltration, were analyzed in 21 unruptured and 35 ruptured aneurysm fundi resected after microsurgical clipping of the aneurysm neck. The results were compared with clinical and radiological data. RESULTS Eleven of the 12 receptors studied were expressed at varying intensities in the 56 SCAA walls. Only transforming growth factor (TGF)beta-R2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-R1 were associated with rupture and basic fibroblast growth factor-R1 with minor leaks (P = 0.018). TGFbeta-R3 and VEGF-R1 was associated with wall remodeling (P = 0.043 and 0.027), and VEGF-R1 was associated with T-cell and macrophage infiltration as well as organization of luminal thrombosis (P = 0.019). VEGF-R2 was associated with myointimal hyperplasia (P = 0.017) and proliferation (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION VEGF, TGFbeta, and basic fibroblast growth factor receptors were associated with SCAA wall remodeling, making them potential targets for bioactive endovascular implants or drug therapy aiming to reinforce the SCAA wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhana Frösen
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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36
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Mallawaarachchi CM, Weissberg PL, Siow RCM. Antagonism of platelet‐derived growth factor by perivascular gene transfer attenuates adventitial cell migration after vascular injury: new tricks for old dogs? FASEB J 2006; 20:1686-8. [PMID: 16790526 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5435fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Migration of adventitial fibroblasts contributes to vascular remodeling after angioplasty. This study has used perivascular gene transfer of a truncated platelet-derived growth factor PDGF receptor (PDGFXR) to investigate whether antagonism of PDGF signaling alters adventitial cell migration after balloon injury in rat carotid arteries. Adenoviruses coordinating expression of beta-galactosidase (LacZ) and PDGFXR or LacZ and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were applied to the perivascular surface of arteries and balloon injury performed 4 days later. Vessels were excised at 3, 7, and 14 days to determine morphology and gene expression. Uninjured arteries only expressed LacZ positive cells in the adventitial compartment; however, after injury in LacZ and GFP transfected arteries, LacZ positive cells contributed to the population of cells within the media and neointima at 7-14 days. Overexpression of PDGFXR and LacZ resulted in a significant reduction in the number of LacZ labeled cells in the neointima after vascular injury, concomitant with reduced remodeling, collagen content, expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, and increased levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2. We provide evidence that perivascular antagonism of PDGF attenuates remodeling and contribution of adventitial fibroblasts to neointima formation after balloon angioplasty. Perivascular gene transfer may represent a therapeutic strategy to reduce the incidence of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandike M Mallawaarachchi
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Vamvakopoulos JE, Petrov L, Aavik S, Lehti S, Aavik E, Hayry P. Synergistic suppression of rat neointimal hyperplasia by rapamycin and imatinib mesylate: implications for the prevention of accelerated arteriosclerosis. J Vasc Res 2006; 43:184-92. [PMID: 16410681 DOI: 10.1159/000090948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated arteriosclerosis remains a major limitation to therapeutic interventions such as angioplasty, stent deployment, and solid organ transplantation. Rapamycin, a powerful new immunosuppressant set to replace calcineurin inhibitors in the transplant setting, and imatinib mesylate, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, are both angioprotective. Here, we explored the pharmacological and therapeutic interactions of these two agents in a rat model of neointimal hyperplasia. METHODS Wistar rats, subjected to balloon catheter-induced aortic injury, received daily drug treatment until postoperative day 14 and were subsequently sacrificed or followed up to day 40 without further treatment. Development of neointimal lesions was assessed histologically and immunohistochemically. Steady-state rapamycin levels in whole blood were determined by HPLC-UV. RESULTS Rapamycin and imatinib, administered individually or in combination, produced no signs of overt toxicity. Continuous postoperative therapy with either rapamycin (0.5-1.5 mg/kg/day) or imatinib (2- 50 mg/kg/day) dose-dependently suppressed neointimal hyperplasia on day 14. Combined treatment (0.5 or 1 + 10 mg/kg/day, respectively) showed a trend towards synergistic action on day 14. Withdrawal of medication on day 14 nullified the early therapeutic effect of either agent by day 40. In contrast, early combination therapy (1 + 10 mg/kg/day) achieved long-term suppression of neointimal hyperplasia by approximately 81%. Notably, coadministration of imatinib appeared to reduce exposure to rapamycin, although this finding did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Short-term combination therapy with rapamycin and imatinib is well tolerated and produces synergistic, sustained suppression of neointimal hyperplasia in rats. Subject to clinical evaluation, this new drug regimen may afford definitive prophylaxis against accelerated arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannis E Vamvakopoulos
- The Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Li L, Blumenthal DK, Masaki T, Terry CM, Cheung AK. Differential effects of imatinib on PDGF-induced proliferation and PDGF receptor signaling in human arterial and venous smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:1553-63. [PMID: 16817200 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been implicated in smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, a key event in the development of myointimal hyperplasia in vascular grafts. Recent evidence suggests that the PDGF receptor (PDGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, can prevent arterial proliferative diseases. Because hyperplasia is far more common at the venous anastomosis than the arterial anastomosis in vascular grafts, we investigated whether imatinib also inhibited venous SMC (VSMC) proliferation, and examined possible differences in its mechanism of action between VSMC and arterial SMC (ASMC). Human ASMC and VSMC were stimulated with PDGF-AB, in the presence or absence of imatinib (0.1-10 microM). Proliferation was assayed using the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, while PDGFR, Akt and ERK1/2-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were investigated by immunoblotting. The proliferative response to PDGF at 50 and 100 ng/ml was 32 and 43% greater, respectively, in VSMC than in ASMC. Similarly, PDGF-stimulated proliferation was more sensitive to inhibition by imatinib in VSMC than ASMC (IC(50) = 0.05 microM vs. 0.4 microM; P < 0.01). Imatinib also more effectively inhibited PDGF-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRbeta and Akt in VSMC, compared to ASMC. These data highlight inherent pharmacodynamic differences between VSMC and ASMC in receptor and cell signaling functions and suggest that imatinib therapy may be useful for the prevention of venous stenosis in vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 85 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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39
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Chang Y, Ceacareanu B, Zhuang D, Zhang C, Pu Q, Ceacareanu AC, Hassid A. Counter-regulatory function of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in platelet-derived growth factor- or fibroblast growth factor-induced motility and proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells and in neointima formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 26:501-7. [PMID: 16373608 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000201070.71787.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously reported that vascular injury or treatment of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) or fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) increases the levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that PTP1B attenuates PDGF- or FGF-induced motility and proliferation of cultured cells, as well as neointima formation in injured rat carotid arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of cultured cells with adenovirus expressing PTP1B decreased PDGF-BB- or FGF2-induced cell motility and blocked PDGF-BB- or FGF2-induced proliferation, whereas expression of dominant negative PTP1B (C215S-PTP1B) uncovered the motogenic effect of subthreshold levels of PDGF-BB or FGF2, increased neointimal and medial cell proliferation, and induced neointimal enlargement after balloon injury. The inhibitory effect of PTP1B directed against PDGF in cultured cells was associated with dephosphorylation of the PDGFbeta receptor. CONCLUSIONS PTP1B suppresses cell proliferation and motility in cultured smooth muscle cells treated with PDGF-BB or FGF2, and the phosphatase plays a counter-regulatory role in vascular injury-induced cell proliferation and neointima formation. Taken together with previous studies indicating increased PTP1B levels in cells treated with growth factors, the current findings are the first to report the existence of an inhibitory feedback loop involving PDGF or FGF, and PTP1B in blood vessels.
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MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Anticoagulants/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Becaplermin
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/physiopathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Feedback, Physiological/drug effects
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Phosphorylation
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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40
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Gianetti J, Parri MS, Sbrana S, Paoli F, Maffei S, Paradossi U, Berti S, Clerico A, Biagini A. Platelet activation predicts recurrent ischemic events after percutaneous coronary angioplasty: a 6 months prospective study. Thromb Res 2005; 118:487-93. [PMID: 16343603 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An increasing amount of evidence indicates that platelet reactivity, despite a standard anti-thrombotic therapy, is a potential risk factor for recurrent myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. We now hypothesize that this condition, measured by collagen-epinephrine (CEPI) or collagen-ADP (CADP) closure times (CT) by Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100), may predict the recurrence of coronary events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS CEPI and CADP-CT were measured 30+/-8 h after PCI in 175 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of stable angina (n=94) or acute coronary syndromes (n=81) and prospectively followed up for a mean period of 6 months. We stratified the patients in accordance to both the CEPI-CT (<or> 190 s), reflecting the intensity of cycloxygenase inhibition by aspirin and the distribution into quartiles for CADP-CT. RESULTS CEPI-CT<190 s as well as CADP-CT<82 s were associated with a higher rate of clinical recurrence (hazard ratio 8.5, p<0.001 and 22.9, p<0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis after adjustment for other risk factors confirmed that the lowest CADP-CT quartile significantly correlates with the risk of recurrent coronary events (hazard ratio 36.5, p<0.01), as well as CEPI-CT<190 s (hazard ratio 6.7, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS An enhanced platelet function after PCI when measured under high shear rates by PFA-100 is an independent predictor of a worst clinical outcome, even during a short term follow-up and may help in patients risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Gianetti
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, G Pasquinucci Hospital, Massa, Italy.
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41
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Abstract
The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is increasingly evident since the identification of immune/inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis and heart failure. In this review, we describe how innate and adaptive immune cascades trigger the release of cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We discuss how cytokines have direct and indirect effects on myocardial function. These include myocardial depressant effects of nitric oxide (NO) synthase-generated NO, as well as the biochemical effects of cytokine-stimulated arachidonic acid metabolites on cardiomyocytes. Cytokine influences on myocardial function are time-, concentration-, and subtype-specific. We provide a comprehensive review of these cytokine-mediated immune and inflammatory cascades implicated in the most common forms of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal C Mehra
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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42
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Ogawa H, Oohashi T, Sata M, Bekku Y, Hirohata S, Nakamura K, Yonezawa T, Kusachi S, Shiratori Y, Ninomiya Y. Lp3/Hapln3, a novel link protein that co-localizes with versican and is coordinately up-regulated by platelet-derived growth factor in arterial smooth muscle cells. Matrix Biol 2005; 23:287-98. [PMID: 15464361 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Link proteins (LPs) belong to the link-module superfamily, which can stabilize and enhance the binding of lecticans to hyaluronan. We report here the identification and characterization of a novel rat link protein gene (Lp3/Hapln3). The deduced protein sequence shares the typical modular elements of link proteins and has an estimated mass of 39 kDa. Examination of the rat genomic DNA sequence revealed that Lp3/Hapln3 and aggrecan genes were paired on chromosome 1q31. Another LP gene and the lectican gene were also paired at a different locus, as they are in the human and mouse genomes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the prominent expression of Lp3/Hapln3 in the smooth muscle tissues of the vascular wall and gastrointestinal tract. Further comparative studies revealed that Lp3/Hapln3 was well co-localized with versican around the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels but not around endothelial cells. In vitro experiments using primary cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) demonstrated the coordinated up-regulation of Lp3/Hapln3 and versican by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). These data were supported by in vivo studies of a mechanical vascular injury model in mice. Altogether, our results suggest that Lp3/Hapln3 is involved, together with versican and hyaluronan, in the formation of the pericellular matrix of vascular smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arteries/drug effects
- Arteries/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lectins, C-Type
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tissue Distribution
- Up-Regulation
- Versicans
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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43
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Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was identified in a search for serum factors that stimulate smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. During the development of lesions of atherosclerosis that can ultimately lead to vessel occlusion, SMC are stimulated by inflammatory factors to migrate from their normal location in the media. They accumulate within the forming lesion where they contribute to lesion expansion by proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix. Different genetic manipulations in vascular cells combined with various inhibitory strategies have provided strong evidence for PDGF playing a prominent role in the migration of SMC into the neointima following acute injury and in atherosclerosis. Other activities of PDGF identified in vivo suggest additional functions for PDGF in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W Raines
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Box 359675, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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44
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Savolainen-Peltonen H, Luoto NM, Kangas L, Häyry P. Selective estrogen receptor modulators prevent neointima formation after vascular injury. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 227:9-20. [PMID: 15501580 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploitation of estrogen's vasculoprotective properties in drug design is difficult due to its adverse effects on endometrium and breast. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) act as estrogen agonists in some tissues but are anti-estrogenic in others. We investigate here whether tamoxifen, raloxifene, and two novel SERMs, ospemifene and fispemifene, preserve estrogen's beneficial effects on the ovariectomized rat vascular wall, and correlate their effects with natural estrogen (17beta-E2) and a pure anti-estrogen ICI 182,780. All compounds dose-dependently (0.0025-25 mg/kg/day) inhibited neointimal thickening at 7 days after aorta denudation injury. At 28 days, tamoxifen and ospemifene (2.5 mg/kg/day) reduced intimal nuclei number and intimal area equal to 17beta-E2, while raloxifene and fispemifene had no effect. Replacing the drug at 14 days with vehicle did not induce any rebound effect at 28 days, and furthermore, resulted in a smaller neointima with raloxifene and fispemifene. 17beta-E2 and the SERMs also significantly enhanced reendothelialization. All compounds inhibited replication and all but fispemifene inhibited migration of vascular SMC and cells from cultured aortic explants in vitro. Finally, only 17beta-E2 increased the weight of the uterus above that of normal rats. Interestingly, ICI 182,780 also weakly inhibited neointima formation and SMC proliferation at 7 days, suggesting that non-estrogen receptor mediated effects may have also played a role. In conclusion, SERMs have beneficial estrogen agonist effects in the injured vascular wall through their regulation of vascular SMC function and reendothelialization. Early intervention is of particular importance in preventing the injury-response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/injuries
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/injuries
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Ovariectomy
- Raloxifene Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Rational Drug Design Programme, Transplantation Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P. O. Box 63, Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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Aavik E, Mahapatra A, Boldrick J, Chen X, Barry C, Dutoit D, Sarwal M, Häyry P. Correlation between gene expression and morphological alterations in baboon carotid after balloon dilatation injury. FASEB J 2004; 19:130-2. [PMID: 15496494 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2225fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for fibroproliferative restenosis after angioplasty and endovascular surgery is an unmet medical need. Rational therapy and drug design still lack the very basic knowledge about the underlying biological processes leading to pathological changes in the vessel wall. We have developed a primate model for vascular response to denudation-overstretch injury of baboon carotid artery. With this model, we have investigated the time course of vascular expression of 41,000 human cDNA clones and correlated these changes with carotid histology and function. Analysis revealed 20,788 differentially regulated cDNA clones. After high stringency data selection, the most prominently regulated 1629 cDNA clones representing 1510 genes of known function were clustered. Genes corresponding to functional and anatomical alterations in the injured carotid wall were further aligned into functional groups according to Gene Ontology classification. The observed expression patterns faithfully reflected the functional and anatomical alterations observed in the vascular wall in response to injury. The analysis presents a tentative model for genomic response to balloon catheter injury and a road map to identify time-related genomic alterations in human vascular specimens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/chemistry
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/etiology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Catheterization/methods
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Genes/physiology
- Male
- Microarray Analysis/methods
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Papio ursinus/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Einari Aavik
- Rational Drug Design Program, Biomedicum and Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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46
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47
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Hayry P, Paavonen T, Taskinen E, Tomlanovich E, Mathew T, Navarro M, Ramos E, Hooftman L, Vamvakopoulos J, Aavik E, Yilmaz S. Protocol core needle biopsy and histological chronic allograft damage index as surrogate endpoint for Long-Term graft survival. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:89-91. [PMID: 15013309 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following encouraging results from several single-center studies showing that early histological manifestations of chronic rejection are seen in the graft before a decline in transplant function, we tested this concept in a multicenter study and investigated whether protocol needle biopsy may be used as a surrogate to late graft survival in multicenter renal transplantation trials. During two mycophenolate mofetil trials, 621 representative protocol biopsies were obtained at baseline, 1 year, and 3 years. The samples were coded and evaluated blindly by two pathologists and a Chronic Allograft Damage Index (CADI) score was constructed. At 1 year only 20% of patients had elevated (>1.5 mg/100 mL) serum creatinine, whereas 60% of the biopsies demonstrated an elevated (>2.0) CADI score. The mean CADI score at baseline, 1.3 +/- 1.1, increased to 3.3 +/- 1.8 at 1 year and to 4.1 +/- 2.2 at 3 years. The patients at 1 year were divided into 3 groups, those with CADI <2, between 2 and 3.9, and >4.0, the first two groups having normal (1.4 +/- 0.3 and 1.5 +/- 0.6 mg/dL) and the third group pathological (1.9 +/- 0.8 mg/dL) levels of serum creatinine. At 3 years there were no lost grafts in the "low" CADI group, six lost grafts (4.6%) in the "elevated" CADI group, and 17 lost grafts (16.7%) in the "high" CADI group (P <.001). One-year histological CADI score predicts graft survival even when the graft function is still normal. This observation makes it possible to use CADI as a surrogate endpoint in prevention trials and to identify the patients at risk for intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hayry
- University of Helsinki Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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48
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Lassila M, Allen TJ, Cao Z, Thallas V, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Candido R, Cooper ME. Imatinib Attenuates Diabetes-Associated Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:935-42. [PMID: 14988091 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000124105.39900.db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, the major factor contributing to increased mortality and morbidity in the diabetic population. The molecular mechanisms by which diabetes promotes atherosclerosis are not fully understood. Platelet-derived growth factor has been shown to play a major role in the pathology of vascular diseases, but whether it plays a role in atherosclerosis associated with diabetes remains unknown. The aims of this study were to assess whether platelet-derived growth factor-dependent pathways are involved in the development of diabetes-induced atherosclerosis and to determine the effects of platelet-derived growth factor receptor antagonism on this disorder. METHODS AND RESULTS Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin in 6-week-old apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Diabetic animals received treatment with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits platelet-derived growth factor action, imatinib (STI-571, 10 mg/kg per day), or no treatment for 20 weeks. Nondiabetic apolipoprotein E knockout mice served as controls. Induction of diabetes was associated with a 5-fold increase in plaque area in association with an increase in aortic platelet-derived growth factor-B expression and platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor phosphorylation as well as other prosclerotic and proinflammatory cytokines. Imatinib treatment prevented the development of atherosclerotic lesions and diabetes-induced inflammatory cytokine overexpression in the aorta. CONCLUSIONS Tyrosine kinase inhibition with imatinib appears to be a novel therapeutic option to retard the development of atherosclerosis, specifically in the context of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lassila
- Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetes Complications, Vascular Division, Wynn Domain, Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Sanz-González SM, Castro C, Pérez P, Andrés V. Role of E2F and ERK1/2 in STI571-mediated smooth muscle cell growth arrest and cyclin A transcriptional repression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:972-9. [PMID: 15094364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligand and receptors (PDGF-R) activate smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, a key event during vascular obstructive disease. The PDGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 attenuates SMC proliferation and experimental neointimal thickening. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying STI571-dependent SMC growth arrest. STI571 abrogates PDGF-BB-dependent cyclin D1 and cyclin A protein expression and inhibits transcriptional activation of reporter genes driven by the human cyclin A gene promoter. Repression of cyclin A promoter activity by STI571 requires a functional E2F-binding site, and forced expression of E2F overrides this inhibitory effect. Moreover, STI571 inhibits E2F DNA-binding activity in SMCs. We also found that STI571 abrogates PDGF-BB-dependent activation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and forced activation of these factors impaired STI571-dependent inhibition of both cyclin A promoter activity and SMC proliferation. Thus, E2F and ERK1/2 play an important role in STI571-mediated SMC growth arrest and cyclin A transcriptional repression. These findings may have importance in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neointimal hyperplasia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Becaplermin
- Benzamides
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cyclin A/genetics
- Cyclin A/metabolism
- Cyclin D1/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- E2F Transcription Factors
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Piperazines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Pyrimidines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Sanz-González
- Loboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valencia, Spain
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50
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Vamvakopoulos JE, Aavik E, Häyry P. Healing the vasculature: angioprotective therapy moves from the bench to the clinic. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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