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Todd KV, Tripp RA. Vero Cells as a Mammalian Cell Substrate for Human Norovirus. Viruses 2020; 12:E439. [PMID: 32295124 PMCID: PMC7232407 DOI: 10.3390/v12040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a principal cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Its global prevalence is underscored by more serious morbidity and some mortality in the young (<5 years) and the elderly. To date, there are no licensed vaccines or approved therapeutics for HuNoV, mostly because there are limited cell culture systems and small animal models available. Recently described cell culture systems are not ideal substrates for HuNoV vaccine development because they are not clonal or only support a single strain. In this study, we show Vero cell-based replication of two pandemic GII.4 HuNoV strains and one GII.3 strain and confirm exosome-mediated HuNoV infection in Vero cells. Lastly, we show that trypsin addition to virus cultures or disruption of Vero cell host genes can modestly increase HuNoV replication. These data provide support for Vero cells as a cell culture model for HuNoV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Li Y, Xue M, Yu L, Luo G, Yang H, Jia L, Zeng Y, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Expression and characterization of a novel truncated rotavirus VP4 for the development of a recombinant rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:2086-2092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kolpakov SA, Kolpakova EP. ADAPTATION OF HUMAN ROTAVIRUS STRAINS OF GROUP A TO THE REPRODUCTION IN PASSAGED CELL CULTURES. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:138-143. [PMID: 36494982 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-3-138-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the world still has no tendency to reduction. The development of an effective vaccine would reduce or, in the future, even defeat this highly contagious dangerous disease. However, both in Russia and abroad there is still no developed technique for adapting and cultivating strains of the human rotavirus A that would stably produce a high "yield" of virus progeny in transplanted culture cells. The phenomenon of gene exchange for the segmented genome of rotavirus was used by foreign researchers to create the rotavirus vaccine using reassortant strains which are the result of joint cultivation of low-titer (1-2·106 virions per ml) human rotavirus strains and rotavirus strains of animals, such as monkey rotavirus SA-11 or Nebraska calf rotavirus diarrhea providing a relatively high "yield" of virus progeny (1·107-1·108). It is clear that such vaccine compositions will not be able to replace a full-fledged vaccine of human rotavirus strains of different serotypes, but they can be used for the time being as a solution to the problem. Ideally, a rotavirus vaccine is needed that includes the full set of G and P serotypes of rotaviruses circulating in the territory of their application. The paper describes an original technique for adaptation and cultivation of human rotaviruses of group A on the culture of transplantable cells developed by the authors. This technique allows 5·108 virions to be obtained per 1 ml of culture fluid. High-titer cultivated strains of human rotavirus that can be used as vaccine strains were obtained, as well as highly-active antigens for the construction of diagnostic test-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kolpakov
- Rostov Scienific Research institute of Microbiology and Parasitology
| | - E P Kolpakova
- Rostov Scienific Research institute of Microbiology and Parasitology
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Otto PH, Reetz J, Eichhorn W, Herbst W, Elschner MC. Isolation and propagation of the animal rotaviruses in MA-104 cells—30 years of practical experience. J Virol Methods 2015; 223:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Development of a stable insect cell line constitutively expressing rotavirus VP2. Virus Res 2013; 172:66-74. [PMID: 23287060 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Knipping K, Garssen J, van't Land B. An evaluation of the inhibitory effects against rotavirus infection of edible plant extracts. Virol J 2012; 9:137. [PMID: 22834653 PMCID: PMC3439294 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. The developments of specific, potent and accessible antiviral treatments that restrain rotavirus infection remain important to control rotavirus disease. Methods 150 plant extracts with nutritional applications were screened in vitro on MA-104 cells for their antiviral activity against rhesus rotavirus (RRV). One extract (Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren) was also tested for its effect on the loss of transepithelial resistance (TER) of Caco-2 cells caused by simian rotavirus (SA-11) infection. Results Aqueous extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. fruit, Urtica dioica L. root, Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren leaves, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. root and Olea europaea L. leaves were found to have strong significant antiviral activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) < 300 μg/ml. The pure compound 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra was found to have the strongest antiviral activity (IC50 46 μM), followed by luteolin and vitexin from Aspalathus linearis (IC50 respectively 116 μM and 129 μM) and apigenin-7-O-glucoside from Melissa officinalis (IC50 150 μM). A combination of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. + Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and Urtica dioica L. + Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. showed synergy in their anti-viral activities. Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren showed no positive effect on the maintenance of the TER. Conclusions These results indicate that nutritional intervention with extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren, Urtica dioica L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Olea europaea L. might be useful in the treatment of diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Knipping
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, PO Box 7005, 6700 CA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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McNulty MS, Allan GM, Todd D, McFerran JB, McKillop ER, Collins DS, McCracken RM. Isolation of rotaviruses from turkeys and chickens: demonstration of distinct serotypes and RNA electropherotypes. Avian Pathol 2008; 9:363-75. [PMID: 18770274 DOI: 10.1080/03079458008418420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Six isolates of rotavirus were made from turkeys and two from chickens. Three of these required trypsin treatment for isolation and serial passage in cell cultures. The remainder were isolated without trypsin treatment. Most of these viruses were isolated in chick embryo liver cell cultures from the faeces of birds aged under 1 week. In six of the eight instances, rotavirus isolation was associated with enteric disturbance, characterised by signs such as diarrhoea, poor or abnormal appetite, abnormally fluid or gaseous intestinal contents or increased mortality. Cross immunofluorescence tests showed that while avian and mammalian rotaviruses shared a common group antigen, the avian viruses were more closely related to each other than to the Nebraska calf rotavirus isolate. On the basis of serum neutralisation tests seven of the eight avian rotaviruses were grouped into three serotypes, with two turkey isolates (Ty1 and Ty3) and a chicken (Ch1) virus being the prototype strains. The remaining virus, Ty2, was intermediate in type between Ty1 and Ch1. Analysis of the RNA of these viruses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that they could also be grouped into a number of electropherotypes. The isolates which were serologically distinct were also electrophoretically distinct. Similarly the five isolates which belonged to the Ty3 sero-type were electrophoretically identical. Analysis of the serological and electrophoretic differences suggested that RNA segment 5 may code for a type-specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S McNulty
- Veterinary Research Laboratories, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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8
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Nava P, López S, Arias CF, Islas S, González-Mariscal L. The rotavirus surface protein VP8 modulates the gate and fence function of tight junctions in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:5509-19. [PMID: 15494377 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses constitute a major cause of diarrhea in young mammals. Rotaviruses utilize different integrins as cell receptors, therefore upon their arrival to the intestinal lumen their integrin receptors will be hidden below the tight junction (TJ), on the basolateral membrane. Here we have studied whether the rotavirus outer capsid proteins are capable of opening the paracellular space sealed by the TJ. From the outermost layer of proteins of the rotavirus, 60 spikes formed of protein VP4 are projected. VP4 is essential for virus-cell interactions and is cleaved by trypsin into peptides VP5 and VP8. Here we found that when these peptides are added to confluent epithelial monolayers (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells), VP8 is capable of diminishing in a dose dependent and reversible manner the transepithelial electrical resistance. VP5 exerted no effect. VP8 can also inhibit the development of newly formed TJs in a Ca-switch assay. Treatment with VP8 augments the paracellular passage of non-ionic tracers, allows the diffusion of a fluorescent lipid probe and the apical surface protein GP135, from the luminal to the lateral membrane, and triggers the movement of the basolateral proteins Na+-K+-ATPase, alphanubeta3 integrin and beta1 integrin subunit, to the apical surface. VP8 generates a freeze-fracture pattern of TJs characterized by the appearance of loose end filaments, that correlates with an altered distribution of several TJ proteins. VP8 given orally to diabetic rats allows the enteral administration of insulin, thus indicating that it can be employed to modulate epithelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico DF 07000, Mexico
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9
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Mrukowicz JZ, Wetzel JD, Goral MI, Fogo AB, Wright PF, Dermody TS. Viruses and cells with mutations affecting viral entry are selected during persistent rotavirus infections of MA104 cells. J Virol 1998; 72:3088-97. [PMID: 9525634 PMCID: PMC109759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3088-3097.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1997] [Accepted: 01/12/1998] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand mechanisms of persistent rotavirus infections of cultured cells, we established independent, persistently infected cultures of MA104 cells, using rotavirus strain SA11. The cultures were either passaged when the cells reached confluence or supplemented with fresh medium every 7 days. Viral titers in culture lysates varied from 10(4) to 10(7) PFU per ml during 350 days of culture maintenance. Trypan blue staining indicated that 72 to 100% of cells in the cultures were viable, and immunocytochemical staining using a monoclonal antibody directed against viral protein VP6 demonstrated that 38 to 63% of the cells contained rotavirus antigen. We tested the capacity of rotaviruses isolated from the persistently infected cultures (PI viruses) to infect cells cured of persistent infection. Although wild-type (wt) and PI viruses produced equivalent yields in parental MA104 cells, PI viruses produced greater yields than wt virus in cured cells, which indicates that viruses and cells coevolve during persistent rotavirus infections of MA104 cells. To determine whether mutations in viruses and cells selected during these persistent infections affect viral entry, we tested the effect of trypsin treatment of the viral inoculum on growth of wt and PI viruses. Trypsin pretreatment is required for postattachment penetration of rotavirus virions into cells. In contrast to the case with wt virus, PI viruses produced equivalent yields with and without trypsin pretreatment in parental MA104 cells. However, PI viruses required trypsin pretreatment for efficient growth in cured cells. These results indicate that mutant viruses and cells are selected during maintenance of persistent rotavirus infections of MA104 cells and suggest that mutations in each affect trypsin-dependent steps in rotavirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Mrukowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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10
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Abstract
The infectivity of rotaviruses is increased by and most probably is dependent on trypsin treatment of the virus. This proteolytic treatment specifically cleaves VP4, the protein that forms the spikes on the surface of the virions, to polypeptides VP5 and VP8. This cleavage has been reported to occur in rotavirus SA114fM at two conserved, closely spaced arginine residues located at VP4 amino acids 241 and 247. In this work, we have characterized the VP4 cleavage products of rotavirus SA114S generated by in vitro treatment of the virus with increasing concentrations of trypsin and with proteases AspN and alpha-chymotrypsin. The VP8 and VP5 polypeptides were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and by Western blotting (immunoblotting) with antibodies raised to synthetic peptides that mimic the terminal regions of VP4 generated by the trypsin cleavage. It was shown that in addition to arginine residues 241 and 247, VP4 is cleaved at arginine residue 231. These three sites were found to have different susceptibilities to trypsin, Arg-241 > Arg-231 > Arg-247, with the enhancement of infectivity correlating with cleavage at Arg-247 rather than at Arg-231 or Arg-241. Proteases AspN and alpha-chymotrypsin cleaved VP4 at Asp-242 and Tyr-246, respectively, with no significant enhancement of infectivity, although this enhancement could be achieved by further treatment of the virus with trypsin. The VP4 end products of trypsin treatment were a homogeneous VP8 polypeptide comprising VP4 amino acids 1 to 231 and a heterogeneous VP5, which is formed by two polypeptide species (present at a ratio of approximately 1:5) as a result of cleavage at either Arg-241 or Arg-247. A pathway for the trypsin activation of rotavirus infectivity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Arias
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Pintó RM, Diez JM, Bosch A. Use of the colonic carcinoma cell line CaCo-2 for in vivo amplification and detection of enteric viruses. J Med Virol 1994; 44:310-5. [PMID: 7852976 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890440317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of the continuous cell line CaCo-2 as an in vivo amplification system for the detection of fastidious human enteric viruses is reported. CaCo-2 cells showed an increased sensitivity to laboratory strains of group A rotavirus 3, reovirus 3, astrovirus 1, poliovirus 1, coxsackievirus A 24, enterovirus 70, and adenovirus 5, 40 and 41, when compared to a routine host cell line for each virus. Nucleic acids from wild-type infectious rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus 40 in stool samples of patients with acute gastroenteritis could be amplified after infection of CaCo-2 cells with trypsin-pre-treated virus inocula. Virus diagnosis was carried out subsequently by dot-blot hybridisation with specific cDNA probes. An amplification factor between 10 and 1,000x was obtained by infection of CaCo-2 cells, thus enabling specific detection of low numbers of a wide range of enteric viruses, and the differentiation between infectious and noninfectious particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pintó
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Patton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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14
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Hughes JH. Physical and chemical methods for enhancing rapid detection of viruses and other agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6:150-75. [PMID: 8472247 PMCID: PMC358275 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.6.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral replication events can be enhanced by physical, chemical, or heat treatment of cells. The centrifugation of cells can stimulate them to proliferate, reduce their generation times, and activate gene expression. Human endothelial cells can be activated to release cyclo-oxygenase metabolites after rocking for 5 min, and mechanical stress can stimulate endothelial cells to proliferate. Centrifugation of virus-infected cultures can increase cytopathic effects (CPE), enhance the number of infected cells, increase viral yields, and reduce viral detection times and may increase viral isolation rates. The rolling of virus-infected cells also has an effect similar to that of centrifugation. The continuous rolling of virus-infected cultures at < or = 2.0 rpm can enhance enterovirus, rhinovirus, reovirus, rotavirus, paramyxovirus, herpesvirus, and vaccinia virus CPE or yields or both. For some viruses, the continuous rolling of infected cell cultures at 96 rpm (1.9 x g) is superior to rolling at 2.0 rpm for viral replication or CPE production. In addition to centrifugation and rolling, the treatment of cells with chemicals or heat can also enhance viral yields or CPE. For example, the treatment of virus-infected cells with dimethyl sulfoxide can enhance viral transformation, increase plaque numbers and plaque size, increase the number of cells producing antigens, and increase viral yields. The infectivity of fowl plague virus is increased by 80-fold when 4% dimethyl sulfoxide is added to culture medium immediately after infection. The heat shocking of virus-infected cells also has been shown to have a stimulatory effect on the replication events of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The effects of motion, chemicals, or heat treatments on viral replication are not well understood. These treatments apparently activate cells to make them more permissive to viral infection and viral replication. Perhaps heat shock proteins or stress proteins are a common factor for this enhancement phenomenon. The utility of these treatments alone or in combination with other methods for enhancing viral isolation and replication in a diagnostic setting needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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15
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Welter MW, Welter CJ, Chambers DM, Svensson L. Adaptation and serial passage of porcine group C rotavirus in ST-cells, an established diploid swine testicular cell line. Arch Virol 1991; 120:297-304. [PMID: 1659801 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A porcine group C rotavirus (strain Cowden-AmC-1) was adapted and serially passaged in an established diploid swine testicular cell line (ST cells). Growth of group C rotavirus in ST cells, which in maintenance medium required trypsin, but not pancreatin resulted in cytopathic effect characterized by cellular stranding and subsequent cell lysis. Active replication and assembly were confirmed by RNA profile analysis, immune electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Adaptation of non-group A rotavirus to a continuous cell line has not previously been reported and should facilitate progress in diagnostic procedures and vaccine development.
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16
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Salim AF, Phillips AD, Farthing MJ. Pathogenesis of gut virus infection. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 1990; 4:593-607. [PMID: 1962725 PMCID: PMC7172617 DOI: 10.1016/0950-3528(90)90051-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In summary, the pathogenesis of many gut virus infections remains uncertain. However, human and animal studies indicate that the majority of gut viruses infect villous enterocytes. Viruses appear to have different affinities for enterocytes at different sites on the villus. Infection of enterocytes leads to cell death, extrusion into the lumen, and villous atrophy when the rate of cell production in the crypts cannot keep pace with the rate of enterocyte loss. This results in a reduced surface area as well as impairment of digestive and absorptive functions. This may also result in a net secretory state. All these changes, along with others such as reduced enzymatic activity and reduced epithelial integrity, may contribute to the induction of an acute but transient malabsorptive diarrhoea which may persist until the digestive/absorptive functions of the enterocyte are restored. However, if colonic compensation is sufficient to handle the increased fluid load, diarrhoea may not be evident. The roles of villous ischaemia, altered countercurrent exchanger of altered immune responses still remain uncertain and require further investigation.
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Abstract
A rapid, reproducible and easily performed plaque assay is described for use with a variety of rotavirus strains. Plaque formation was induced in MA-104 cells by the use of Sephadex G-75, instead of the traditional agar, and crystalline trypsin in the overlay. Formation of large, discrete, easily read plaques was noted in both human and non-human rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Aha
- Praxis Biologics Inc., Rochester, NY 14623
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18
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Castells E, George VG, Hierholzer JC. NCI-H292 as an alternative cell line for the isolation and propagation of the human paramyxoviruses. Arch Virol 1990; 115:277-88. [PMID: 2260924 PMCID: PMC7086893 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cells have long been the cells of choice for isolation and propagation of the human paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and mumps). However, problems with the supply and cost of MK cells and the presence of endogenous viruses, including herpes B virus and SV-5, necessitated a search for an alternative cell line. Continuous cell cultures of human origin (L132, A-549, HuT-292, HEK, G-293, G-401, A-498, A-704, CAKI-1, RD) and simian origin (LLC-MK2, BSC-1, MA-104, Vero) were evaluated for their capacity to support the growth of the human paramyxoviruses, as followed by cytopathic effect, hemadsorption, hemagglutination, and EIA. NCI-H292 (HuT-292) human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (ATCC # CRL-1848) proved to be the most sensitive line for cultivating all serotypes and strains of the paramyxoviruses. These cells were also shown to be a suitable substitute for MK in primary isolation of paramyxoviruses from clinical specimens. RPMI-1640 with 1.5 micrograms/ml trypsin was the preferred maintenance medium; alternatively, Eagle's MEM supplemented with 1.5 micrograms/ml trypsin and 0.1% ITS was satisfactory. NCI-H292 cells are a continuous line with excellent growth characteristics, although the genetic polyploidy of the cells may limit the number of passages of usable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castells
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia
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Bodkin DK, Nibert ML, Fields BN. Proteolytic digestion of reovirus in the intestinal lumens of neonatal mice. J Virol 1989; 63:4676-81. [PMID: 2677401 PMCID: PMC251102 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4676-4681.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two approaches were used to demonstrate proteolysis of reovirus in the intestine of the neonatal mouse. The first approach utilized peroral inoculation of radiolabeled virus into neonatal mice; the intestinal washings were harvested at 0 to 30 min postinoculation. The virus recovered from the intestinal washings was electrophoresed in polyacrylamide to determine whether proteolytic digestion of viral proteins had occurred. Complete loss of sigma 3 and generation of the mu 1c cleavage product delta demonstrated that digestion occurred within 10 to 30 min after the inoculation, resulting in the rapid generation of intermediate subviral particles (ISVPs). The products formed resembled those seen when the virus is digested in vitro with chymotrypsin. The second approach took advantage of the fact that ISVPs grow in cells treated with NH4Cl, whereas intact virus does not grow under these conditions (L. J. Sturzenbecker, M. Nibert, D. Furlong, and B. N. Fields, J. Virol. 61:2351-2361, 1987). Thus, assaying virus for its ability to grow in NH4Cl-treated cells represents a means of ascertaining whether the samples contain ISVPs. Using this approach, we demonstrated that up to 8 h postinoculation ISVPs predominate in the intestinal tissue and in the intestinal lumen. Between 8 and 15 h postinoculation, there is a loss in the proportion of ISVPs in the tissue so that by 15 h postinoculation ISVPs are no longer detectable in intestinal tissue washed of lumen contents and virus. In contrast, the lumen of the intestine contains some ISVPs at all times postinoculation. Thus, after peroral inoculation, the mammalian reoviruses are converted to proteolytically cleaved virus, suggesting that proteolysis plays an important role in initiation of infection in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Bodkin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Fukudome K, Yoshie O, Konno T. Comparison of human, simian, and bovine rotaviruses for requirement of sialic acid in hemagglutination and cell adsorption. Virology 1989; 172:196-205. [PMID: 2549710 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (Wa, KUN, MO) showed hemagglutination (HA) only with fixed 1-day-old chicken erythrocytes, and their HA activities were completely destroyed by trypsin activation of virions. Simian SA-11 and bovine NCDV had HA activities not only against fixed erythrocytes but also against fresh erythrocytes from various species. Their HA activities against fixed erythrocytes were also inhibited by trypsin activation, but those against fresh erythrocytes were not. Neuraminidase treatment of fixed erythrocytes did not inhibit HA by trypsin-untreated rotaviruses. In contrast, HA of fresh human erythrocytes by SA-11 and NCDV was completely inhibited by neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes or glycophorin A, the major erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein. Adsorption and infection of SA-11 and NCDV to monkey kidney MA104 cells were also inhibited by neuraminidase treatment of cells. Adsorption and infection of human rotaviruses were not, however, affected by treatment of cells with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae or Arthrobacter ureafaciens or with potassium periodate. Therefore, HA of fixed chicken erythrocytes by trypsin-untreated human and animal rotaviruses may be independent of sialic acids, whereas that of fresh erythrocytes by SA-11 and NCDV is sialic acid dependent and probably mediated by glycophorin A. Sialic acids also constitute an essential part of the cellular receptors for SA-11 and NCDV, whereas those for human rotaviruses were quite resistant to treatments known to destroy major types of sialic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukudome
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University, Japan
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21
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Jayashree S, Bhan MK, Kumar R, Bhandari N, Sazawal S. Protection against neonatal rotavirus infection by breast milk antibodies and trypsin inhibitors. J Med Virol 1988; 26:333-8. [PMID: 3204368 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890260313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of breast milk antirotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) and trypsin inhibitors in limiting the acquisition of rotavirus infection during the initial 5 days of life was evaluated among 42 exclusively breast-fed hospital-born infants, 22 of whom experienced rotavirus infection. The mean concentrations of antirotavirus IgA (ELISA Units) in the breast milk of mothers of the 22 rotavirus-infected neonates was 130.4 +/- 46.4; the corresponding value in 20 noninfected neonates was 384.3 +/- 328.3 (P less than 0.001). Similarly, the trypsin inhibitory capacity (mumols/mt/ml) of breast milk in the rotavirus-infected group was significantly lower (0.109 +/- 0.095) than that in the noninfected group (0.376 +/- 0.191; P less than 0.001). The trypsin inhibitory capacity of milk showed an inverse correlation with infant stool tryptic activity (P less than 0.01). Our results indicate that the acquisition of rotavirus infection during the early neonatal period depends on the concentrations of antirotavirus IgA and trypsin inhibitors in human milk and that protection is mediated by high levels of these antiviral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jayashree
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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22
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Saif LJ, Terrett LA, Miller KL, Cross RF. Serial propagation of porcine group C rotavirus (pararotavirus) in a continuous cell line and characterization of the passaged virus. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:1277-82. [PMID: 2842368 PMCID: PMC266592 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.26.7.1277-1282.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cowden strain of porcine group C rotavirus (pararotavirus) was adapted to serial passage in a continuous monkey kidney cell line (MA104). Key factors in its successful adaptation included use of virus passaged in primary porcine kidney cells as the initial inoculum, use of roller tubes, and addition of pancreatin to the maintenance medium. A cell culture immunofluorescence test was used to quantitate the virus at each passage level, since a possible cytopathic effect was obscured by the effects of pancreatin. The virus titers dropped after initial passage into MA104 cells but increased thereafter, with peak titers evident after 16 passages (10(7) immunofluorescence U/ml). Immune electron microscopy and genome electropherotyping were used to identify group C rotavirus particles and confirm group C rotavirus double-stranded RNA gel migration patterns, respectively, from infected cell culture supernatants. The electropherotype of the cell culture-propagated group C rotavirus was identical to that of the gut virulent virus from which it was derived. The cell culture-passaged group C rotavirus also retained its infectivity for gnotobiotic pigs. No group A rotavirus was detected in the intestinal contents of the pigs or in cell culture fluids from group C rotavirus-inoculated monolayers with the two former techniques or the cell culture immunofluorescence test. This is the first verified report of serial propagation of a non-group A rotavirus in a continuous cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Saif
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
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23
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Kaljot KT, Shaw RD, Rubin DH, Greenberg HB. Infectious rotavirus enters cells by direct cell membrane penetration, not by endocytosis. J Virol 1988; 62:1136-44. [PMID: 2831376 PMCID: PMC253121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.4.1136-1144.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are icosahedral viruses with a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. They are the major cause of severe infantile infectious diarrhea. Rotavirus growth in tissue culture is markedly enhanced by pretreatment of virus with trypsin. Trypsin activation is associated with cleavage of the viral hemagglutinin (viral protein 3 [VP3]; 88 kilodaltons) into two fragments (60 and 28 kilodaltons). The mechanism by which proteolytic cleavage leads to enhanced growth is unknown. Cleavage of VP3 does not alter viral binding to cell monolayers. In previous electron microscopic studies of infected cell cultures, it has been demonstrated that rotavirus particles enter cells by both endocytosis and direct cell membrane penetration. To determine whether trypsin treatment affected rotavirus internalization, we studied the kinetics of entry of infectious rhesus rotavirus (RRV) into MA104 cells. Trypsin-activated RRV was internalized with a half-time of 3 to 5 min, while nonactivated virus disappeared from the cell surface with a half-time of 30 to 50 min. In contrast to trypsin-activated RRV, loss of nonactivated RRV from the cell surface did not result in the appearance of infection, as measured by plaque formation. Endocytosis inhibitors (sodium azide, dinitrophenol) and lysosomotropic agents (ammonium chloride, chloroquine) had a limited effect on the entry of infectious virus into cells. Purified trypsin-activated RRV added to cell monolayers at pH 7.4 medicated 51Cr, [14C]choline, and [3H]inositol released from prelabeled MA104 cells. This release could be specifically blocked by neutralizing antibodies to VP3. These results suggest that MA104 cell infection follows the rapid entry of trypsin-activated RRV by direct cell membrane penetration. Cell membrane penetration of infectious RRV is initiated by trypsin cleavage of VP3. Neutralizing antibodies can inhibit this direct membrane penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Kaljot
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 95305
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24
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Terrett LA, Saif LJ. Serial propagation of porcine group C rotavirus (pararotavirus) in primary porcine kidney cell cultures. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:1316-9. [PMID: 3038949 PMCID: PMC269204 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.7.1316-1319.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A porcine group C rotavirus was adapted to serial propagation in roller tube cultures of primary porcine kidney cells with high concentrations of pancreatin. Infected cells were identified by immunofluorescence staining of cell monolayers. Only group C rotavirus particles were observed in culture supernatants by immune electron microscopy.
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25
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Smith AL. METHODS FOR POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO RODENT VIRUS ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION. VIRAL AND MYCOPLASMAL OF LABORATORY RODENTS 1986. [PMCID: PMC7173572 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-095785-9.50042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abstract
A number of different viruses can be primary pathogens in the neonatal calf diarrhea complex. By far the most common viruses causing calfhood diarrhea found throughout the world are rotaviruses and coronaviruses. Primary infection of newborn calves with either one of these viruses can cause severe intestinal alterations and diarrhea. Rotaviruses can produce high-morbidity outbreaks of diarrhea in calves under 10 days of age. Morality is variable mainly owing to secondary bacterial infections and electrolyte imbalances. Rotavirus infection of the small intestinal mucosa leads to loss of enterocytes of the upper third of the intestinal villi with subsequent villous atrophy and malabsorption. There is growing evidence that different rotavirus serotypes of different pathogenicity exist. Coronavirus infections can produce high-morbidity outbreaks of diarrhea in calves under 20 days of age, with variable mortality due to secondary complications. Coronaviruses affect not only the small intestinal mucosa, producing significant villous atrophy, but also the colon, causing a very severe intestinal damage that can lead to death due to subsequent electrolyte disturbances. All coronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea appear to be of the same serotype. The etiologic diagnosis of viral diarrheas of calves requires the support of the laboratory. One of the most useful diagnostic methods is the examination of fecal extracts for the presence of virus particles by electron microscopy. Other antigen-detection procedures like enzyme immunoassays have been found to be useful in the diagnosis of rotaviral diarrheas. The sample of choice for these diagnostic tests is a fresh fecal sample collected directly from the calf as close as possible to the onset of diarrhea. Samples from more than one calf during the outbreak enhance the laboratory ability to establish a proper viral diagnosis.
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Abstract
Viral complexes observed to be membrane associated rather than clumped by antibody were detected in a rotavirus-containing stool specimen by negative-stain electron microscopy. These "viral packets" were also observed in cell culture fluids after repeated passaging and contained up to 100 virions. Other stool specimens have been observed to contain similar packets of parvovirus-like particles. Such complexes must be expected in fecally contaminated water.
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28
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Zentner BS, Margalith M, Galil A, Halevy B, Sarov I. Detection of rotavirus-specific IgG antibodies by immunoperoxidase assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Virol Methods 1985; 11:199-206. [PMID: 2993335 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(85)90108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IPA) has been developed for determination of IgG antibodies to rotavirus. The technique employed as antigen, SA-11 infected MA 104 cells, which were air-dried on glass slides and acetone-fixed. In parallel, rota-specific IgG antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Specific IgG antibodies to rotavirus were determined in sera of healthy children and in sera of patients suffering from gastroenteritis. A good correlation (r = 0.92) and (r = 0.98) for healthy children and patients, respectively, was found between IPA and ELISA techniques. The IPA technique is rapid and simple and positive results, because of the intensive staining, are easily read by low-power light microscope. The potential application of IPA and ELISA methods in serodiagnosis of rotavirus infections is discussed.
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Suzuki H, Kitaoka S, Konno T, Sato T, Ishida N. Two modes of human rotavirus entry into MA 104 cells. Arch Virol 1985; 85:25-34. [PMID: 2990387 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Entry of the KUN strain of human rotavirus into MA 104 cells was studied by electron microscopy. Virus particles attached to the cell membrane appeared to be almost exclusively double-shelled virions. These attached virions followed two distinct pathways into the cytoplasm depending on pretreatment with trypsin. Using infectious rotavirus which had been pretreated with trypsin, the viral nucleoids passed directly into the cytoplasm within 5 minutes after inoculation, through dissolution of the viral capsid and cell membrane. Using non-infectious rotavirus that had not been pretreated with trypsin, phagocytosis or pinocytosis occurred in which virions were sequestered into lysosomes 20 minutes after virus attachment to the cell membrane. After being sequestered, uncoating of the rotavirus virions within lysosomes was seen, but it did not result in release of the genome. On the basis of these observations it was concluded that when virions were pretreated with trypsin, virus replication occurred following the direct passage of viral nucleoids into the cell cytoplasm. However, mere phagocytosis of virus particles into cell lysosomes, which occurred when trypsin-untreated virus was used, does not appear to be related to rotavirus replication.
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30
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Aglianó AM, Rossi A, Sanna A. Isolation from faecal specimens of new strains of human rotavirus primarily cytopathic for stationary cell cultures without trypsin. Arch Virol 1985; 84:119-27. [PMID: 2985029 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Eight cytopathic human rotavirus strains were isolated in LLC-MK2 cells and in human embryo fibroblasts. The strains were isolated from faeces collected from pediatric and adult patients. Pretreatment of specimens with trypsin and trypsin incorporation in maintenance medium were not performed. Inoculated monolayers were not subjected to centrifugation and were incubated stationary at 36 degrees C. Viruses were identified by electron microscopy and by fluorescent antibody techniques. It is suggested that these rotaviruses are different from any previously recovered from man.
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31
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Butchaiah G, Bøtner AG, Lund E. Studies on the growth of bovine rotavirus in cell cultures. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1984; 31:760-9. [PMID: 6098104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1984.tb01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Dizer H, Nasser A, Lopez JM. Penetration of different human pathogenic viruses into sand columns percolated with distilled water, groundwater, or wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47:409-15. [PMID: 6324676 PMCID: PMC239683 DOI: 10.1128/aem.47.2.409-415.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of several enteroviruses and rotavirus SA11 to sand from an aquifer in the Federal Republic of Germany was estimated in sand-filled columns loaded with ca. 10(7) PFU and run at a velocity of 2.5 m/day for 12 h. After either distilled water, groundwater, secondary effluent, or tertiary effluent was percolated, the sand core was slowly extruded out of the column and cut in 1-cm slices. The slices were eluted with nutrient broth, and the amount of viruses in the broth was estimated. The best adsorption was promoted by groundwater and tertiary effluent, followed by distilled water and secondary effluent. Similar experiments, carried out at different percolation rates, indicated that a 50-day underground stay of recharged water probably suffices to eliminate viruses in the groundwater-recharged tertiary effluent. However, when viruses and sand were incubated in the presence of the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate, nonyl phenol, dodigen 226, or alkylbenzylsulfonate, the adsorption of the viruses was substantially diminished. Experiments in the presence of nonyl phenol seem to indicate that hydrophobic interactions are involved in the adsorption of viruses to sand.
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33
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Kitaoka S, Suzuki H, Numazaki T, Sato T, Konno T, Ebina T, Ishida N, Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T. Hemagglutination by human rotavirus strains. J Med Virol 1984; 13:215-22. [PMID: 6327898 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890130303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human rotavirus isolates, KUN , MO, and Wa strains were found to agglutinate erythrocytes of the day-old chicken and adult goose, optimally at pH 6.6. Only those fractions containing double-shelled rotavirus particles isolated by isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride had hemagglutinating activity. Trypsin treatment decreased the hemagglutination titer of human rotavirus strains and conversely increased their infectivity. Hemagglutination inhibition tests with antisera against type-specific antigens demonstrable by neutralization showed no type specificity.
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34
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Almeida JD, Bradburne AF. An electron microscope study of three-component immune complexes. J Med Virol 1984; 13:301-12. [PMID: 6327903 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immune electron microscopy has been used to examine the appearance of three-component complexes. The three components are antigen, supplied by two dissimilar viruses, antibody, and a secondary immune reactant. Secondary reagents used in the study are antispecies immunoglobulin (anti-IgG), rheumatoid factor (RF), and complement. Each of these secondary reagents produced cross-linking between antigenically unrelated immune complexes, and it was found possible to distinguish visually the mixed complexes produced by each of them. The significance of the appearance of these mixed complexes is discussed and related to the neutralisation enhancement that can occur in the presence of secondary immune reactants. The appearance of the complexes is also related to the false positive results that can be obtained in carrying out solid phase immunoassays.
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35
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36
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Offit PA, Clark HF, Stroop WG, Twist EM, Plotkin SA. The cultivation of human rotavirus, strain 'Wa', to high titer in cell culture and characterization of the viral structural polypeptides. J Virol Methods 1983; 7:29-40. [PMID: 6311856 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(83)90020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The structural proteins of the 'Wa' (serotype 2) strain of human rotavirus have not been described previously. Single-cycle virus growth in MA-104 cells using 5 micrograms/ml of trypsin in the growth medium was rapid with maximal viral yields (approximately 10(6) PFU/ml) obtained 10-12 h post-infection. There was a continuous progression of cytopathic effect (CPE) from 6- to 5-h post-infection. Under conditions of multiple-cycle growth, a greater concentration of trypsin (40 micrograms/ml) in the growth medium was required to obtain rapid progression of CPE and production of a high titer (approximately 10(7) PFU/ml) of infectious (double-shelled) virus. Single- and double-shelled virions were separated by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Five proteins with molecular weights of 116,000, 92,000, 88,000, 84,000 and 41,000 were identified as components of the inner shell and four proteins with molecular weights of 60,000, 38,000, 32,000 and 27,000 were located in the outer shell.
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37
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Murakami Y, Nishioka N, Hashiguchi Y, Kuniyasu C. Primary isolation of cytopathic bovine rotaviruses on fetal rhesus monkey kidney cells. Vet Microbiol 1983; 8:135-9. [PMID: 6306900 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(83)90060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary isolation of bovine rotaviruses was successfully performed on rolling cultures of MA104 cells following trypsin treatment of fecal samples and cells. Fifty-one fecal samples were obtained from 22 herds affected with naturally-occurring acute diarrhea in calves during a period of over two years. Rotavirus particles were demonstrated in only 10 fecal samples by electron microscopy. Fourteen cytopathic bovine rotaviruses were isolated from positive samples and could be serially cultivated on MA104 cells. The presence of virus was identified by specific immunofluorescence in infected cells. These data indicated that approximately 30% of the herds affected with acute diarrhea in their calves were associated with rotavirus infection.
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38
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Ihara T, Samejima T, Kuwahara H, Tajima M. Isolation of new serotypes of bovine rotavirus. Brief report. Arch Virol 1983; 78:145-50. [PMID: 6316874 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two cytopathogenic bovine rotavirus strains were isolated. The infectivity of both isolates was relatively stable at pH 3.0 and resistant to ether. Their replication was not affected by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. The new isolates shared immunofluorescent antigen with the Lincoln strain of bovine rotavirus. By neutralization test, however, these strains were clearly distinguished from one another.
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39
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40
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41
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Abstract
Canine rotavirus particles were visualized by direct electron microscopy in the feces from a clinically normal dog. The virus was subsequently propagated in cell cultures; it was characterized and compared with rotaviruses from other species. Replication of the virus in cell culture was found to be less dependent upon trypsin than that of human, bovine and porcine rotaviruses. Reproducible, sharp-edged plaques of various sizes were produced by the canine rotavirus in an established cell line of fetal rhesus monkey kidney, MA 104, under overlays of carboxymethyl cellulose or agarose. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies of different sizes and shapes were produced in infected MA 104 cells. By plaque reduction neutralization assay, a two-way antigenic relationship was found between the canine (CU-1) and simian (rhesus MMU 18006 and SA-11) rotaviruses. The canine rotavirus had a one-way antigenic relationship with feline (Taka), bovine (NCDV), and porcine (OSU) rotaviruses.
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42
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Carpio MM, Babiuk LA, Misra V, Blumenthal RM. Bovine rotavirus-cell interactions: effect of virus infection on cellular integrity and macromolecular synthesis. Virology 1981; 114:86-97. [PMID: 6269294 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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43
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Abstract
The polypeptide compositions of single-shelled and double-shelled simian rotavirus particles were modified by exposure to proteolytic enzymes. Specifically, a major outer capsid polypeptide (VP3) having a molecular weight of 88,000 in double-shelled particles was cleaved by trypsin to yield two polypeptides, VP5* and VP8* (molecular weights, 60,000 and 28,000, respectively). The cleavage of VP3 by enzymes that enhanced infectivity (trypsin, elastase, and pancreatin) yielded different products compared to those detected when VP3 was cleaved by chymotrypsin, which did not enhance infectivity. The appearance of VP5* was correlated with an enhancement of infectivity. Cleavages of the major internal capsid polypeptide VP2 were also observed. The VP2 cleavage products had molecular weights similar to those of known structural and nonstructural rotavirus polypeptides. We confirmed the precursor-product relationships by comparing the peptide maps of the polypeptides generated by digestions with V-8 protease and chymotrypsin. The remaining rotavirus structural polypeptides, including the outer capsid glycoproteins (VP7 and 7a), were not altered by exposure to pancreatic enzymes. Cleavage of VP3 was not required for virus assembly, and specific cleavage of the polypeptides occurred only on assembled particles. We also discuss the role of cleavage activation in other virus-specific biological functions (e.g., hemagglutination and virulence).
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44
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Clark SM, Roth JR, Clark ML, Barnett BB, Spendlove RS. Trypsin enhancement of rotavirus infectivity: mechanism of enhancement. J Virol 1981; 39:816-22. [PMID: 6169841 PMCID: PMC171314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.816-822.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The infectivity of most rotaviruses is enhanced by treatment with trypsin. We studied the mechanism of enhancement of examining the effect of trypsin on rotavirus infectivity, aggregation, early interactions with host cells, and structure. The results indicated that trypsin does not increase levels of infectious virus by dispersion of aggregates or affect the efficiency or rate of attachment of virus to cells. A fraction of virus that was not infections without trypsin treatment was found to attach to cells, but did not initiate antigen synthesis. When cells were infected with labeled, purified virus, increased levels of uncoated particles were found in cells infected with trypsin-treated virus. Infection of cells with trypsin-treated virus also led to greater levels of RNA synthesis early in the infection. The results suggest that trypsin converts a noninfectious fraction of virus into infectious virus by allowing this fraction to uncoat in the infected cell. Trypsin was found to cleave an 88,000-dalton structural polypeptide of bovine rotavirus generating 67,000- and 20,000-dalton cleavage products.
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45
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Fukusho A, Shimizu Y, Ito Y. Isolation of cytopathic porcine rotavirus in cell roller culture in the presence of trypsin. Arch Virol 1981; 69:49-60. [PMID: 6271098 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytopathic porcine rotavirus was isolated in roller tube cultures of MA-104 cells. Faeces of a piglet suffering from diarrhoea, were treated with trypsin which was also added to the maintenance medium. Using stationary cultures, virus was not isolated from the same materials. The cytopathic effect was clearly observed after 8 serial passages and the virus titer at the 14th passage level was 10(7) median tissue culture infective doses per ml, or higher. At the 27th passage, rotavirus particles were seen by negative contrast electron microscopy at a density of 1.36 to 1.38 g/cm3 in CsCl centrifugation gradients. There are partial cross-neutralization between the Lincoln strain of bovine rotavirus and porcine rotavirus from pigs or tissue cultures. Gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated with pig-passaged virus and viral antigen was detected in epithelial cells of small intestinal villi by immunofluorescence. The highest titer of virus was detected in faeces 72 hours after inoculation. The cell culture adapted virus which produce a cytopathic effect was designated the strain S 80 of porcine rotavirus.
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Abstract
Immune electron microscopy (IEM) cannot be used successfully for structures that do not have recognisable morphology. However, at least some of these structures or components are related antigenically to recognisable antigens or viruses. We have therefore mixed unknown antigens with known markers and looked for the presence of mixed aggregates. The present study examined a low molecular weight subunit of rotavirus and a micellar form of hepatitis B surface antigen. In both cases mixed immune aggregates were found showing that the unknown components had antigens in common with the established virus or antigen.
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47
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Espejo RT, López S, Arias C. Structural polypeptides of simian rotavirus SA11 and the effect of trypsin. J Virol 1981; 37:156-60. [PMID: 6260970 PMCID: PMC170992 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.156-160.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of purified simian rotavirus has shown that it contains fewer structural polypeptide classes than previously reported. Two polypeptides (molecular weights, 62,000 and 28,000) commonly found in purified rotaviruses were, in fact, produced by cleavage of a larger structural polypeptide (molecular weight, about 88,000) by trypsin, which is usually employed to increase the yield of rotaviruses in tissue culture. Trypsin-uncleaved, double-shelled rotaviruses are probably composed of only five polypeptide classes; three in the inner layer, and two in the outer layer.
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48
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49
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Estes MK, Graham DY. Establishment of rotavirus persistent infection in cell culture. Brief report. Arch Virol 1980; 65:187-92. [PMID: 6252868 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of the rabbit kidney cell line (RK13) with simian rotavirus SA11 resulted in persistently infected (carrier) cultures. A small percentage of these cells produced infectious virus (> 25 passages) and trypsin treatment enhanced virus production.
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50
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