1
|
Ryoo S, Kang H, Lim DR, Kim JM, Won Y, Kim JY, King DP, Di Nardo A, Cha SH. Re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Korea caused by the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1378769. [PMID: 38689851 PMCID: PMC11060149 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1378769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage is a pandemic strain that has recently become dominant within East and Southeast Asia. During May 2023, this viral lineage spread to the Republic of Korea, where 11 outbreaks were detected on cattle and goat farms located in Cheongju and Jeungpyeong. Infected animals displayed typical FMD signs including vesicular lesions with drooling and anorexia. Molecular diagnostic testing and genetic analysis (VP1 sequencing) showed that the causative FMDVs belonged to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage and shared the closest nucleotide identity (97.95-99.21%) to viruses that have been collected from Mongolia and South-East Asian countries. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these sequences were distinct to those collected from the previous Korean O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage outbreaks in 2019, demonstrating that these cases are due to a new incursion of the virus into the country. Prompt implementation of emergency vaccination using antigenically matched serotype O vaccines (r1 value: 0.74-0.93), together with intensive active surveillance on farms surrounding the infected premises has successfully prevented further spread of FMD. These recent FMD outbreaks reinforce the importance of research to understand the risks associated with transboundary pathways in the region, in order to reduce the possibility of a further reintroduction of FMD into the Republic of Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Kang
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Kim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Won
- Chungcheongbuk-do Livestock and Veterinary Service, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Kim
- Chungcheongbuk-do Livestock and Veterinary Service, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sang-Ho Cha
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taffarel AI, Barrios Benito MY, Hung VV, Cardillo S, Phuong NT, Caldevilla C, Galdo Novo S. Foot-and-mouth disease virus strains isolated in Vietnam during 2010-2019: genetic characterization and antigenic relatedness to the Euro SA vaccine. Arch Virol 2024; 169:44. [PMID: 38341400 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals. It has an important socio-economic impact on the livestock industry because it produces a drastic decrease of productivity. The disease has been successfully eradicated from some regions, including North America and Western Europe, but it is still endemic in developing countries. Agriculture plays an important role in the national economy of Vietnam, to which animal production contributes a great proportion. The concurrent circulation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A, and Asia 1 has been detected in recent years, but serotype O remains the most prevalent and is responsible for the highest numbers of outbreaks. Appropriate vaccine strain selection is an important element in the control of FMD and is necessary for the application of vaccination programs in FMD-affected regions. Here, we present updated information about the genetic and antigenic characteristics of circulating strains, collected from endemic outbreaks involving types O and A, between 2010 and 2019. Neutralizing assays showed a good in vitro match between type O strains and the monovalent O1 Campos vaccine strain. High r1 values were obtained (above 0.7) when testing a swine serum pool collected 21 days after vaccination, but the O/VTN/2/2019 strain was an exception. An EPP estimation resulted in a median neutralizing titre of about 1.65 log10, indicating that good protection could be achieved. For type A Asia SEA 97 lineage strains, acceptable individual neutralizing titres were obtained with estimated EPP values over 80% for different combinations of vaccine strains. Taking into account that the r1 value is one tool of a battery of tests that should be considered for estimating the cross-protection of a field strain against a vaccine strain, an in vivo challenge experiment was also performed, yielding a PD50 value of 8.0. The results indicate that South American strains could be potentially used for controlling outbreaks involving these lineages. This study demonstrates the importance of considering strain characteristics when choosing vaccine strains and controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Taffarel
- Laboratorio de Referencia OMSA Para Fiebre Aftosa, Dirección de Laboratorio Animal, SENASA, CP1640, Martínez Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melanie Y Barrios Benito
- Laboratorio de Referencia OMSA Para Fiebre Aftosa, Dirección de Laboratorio Animal, SENASA, CP1640, Martínez Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vo V Hung
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office (RAHO) No 6, Ho Chi Min, QMW4, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen T Phuong
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office (RAHO) No 6, Ho Chi Min, QMW4, Vietnam
| | | | - Sabrina Galdo Novo
- Laboratorio de Referencia OMSA Para Fiebre Aftosa, Dirección de Laboratorio Animal, SENASA, CP1640, Martínez Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Rawahi WA, Elshafie EI, Baqir S, Al-Ansari A, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Zientara S, Al Salloom F, Sangula A, Bernelin-Cottet C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Al Riyami B. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the A/AFRICA/G-I genotype in the Sultanate of Oman. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106113. [PMID: 38194859 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Rapid identification and characterization of circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains is crucial for effective disease control. In Oman, a few serological and molecular studies have been conducted to identify the strains of FMDV responsible for the outbreaks that have been occurring within the country. In this study, 13 oral epithelial tissue samples from cattle were collected from suspected cases of FMD in Ash Sharqiyah North, Al Batinah North, Dhofar and Ad Dhakhyilia governorates of Oman between 2018 and 2021. FMDV RNA was detected in all samples by real-time RT-PCR and viruses were isolated after one- or two-blind passages in the porcine Instituto Biologico-Rim Suino-2 cell line. Antigen capture ELISA characterized all isolates as serotype A and VP1 phylogenetic analysis placed all sequences within a single clade of the G-I genotype within the A/AFRICA topotype. These sequences shared the closest nucleotide identities to viruses circulating in Bahrain in 2021 (93.5% to 99.5%) and Kenya in 2017 (93.4% to 99.1%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that A/AFRICA/G-I viruses have been detected in Oman. Together with the closely related viruses detected recently in Bahrain, these findings reinforce the importance of deploying effective quarantine control measures to minimize the risks of transboundary transmission of FMD associated with the importation of cattle from East Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Elshafie Ibrahim Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Senan Baqir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Aliya Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fajer Al Salloom
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs & Agriculture, Animal Wealth Directorate, Block 553, Building 2219, Road 55, Budaiya, Bahrain
| | - Abraham Sangula
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Road A, off Enterprise Road, P.O. Box 18021-00500, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bahja Al Riyami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren X, Li P, Li X, Qian P. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in China from 2010 to 2022. Virology 2024; 589:109940. [PMID: 37984153 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious picornavirus that can infect cloven-hoofed animals of significant agricultural importance. In China, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics occur annually, resulting in localized outbreaks or sporadic epidemics that cause significant economic losses. This study summarized 123 cases of FMD reported in China between 2010 and 2022, using data from the official website of the Chinese Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemic situation and genetic characteristics of FMDV in China were studied through phylogenetic analysis, amino acid variation analysis of antigenic epitopes, and genetic recombination analysis. The findings provide important references for predicting the FMDV epidemic situation in China, developing vaccines, and effectively preventing and controlling FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujiao Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ko MK, Kim HW, Park SH, Park JH, Kim SM, Lee MJ. The role of zinc sulfate in enhancing cellular and humoral immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Virus Res 2023; 335:199189. [PMID: 37536380 PMCID: PMC10432855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a rapidly propagating infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, especially cattle and pigs, affecting the productivity and profitability of the livestock industry. Presently, FMD is controlled and prevented using vaccines; however, conventional FMD vaccines have several disadvantages, including short vaccine efficacy, low antibody titers, and safety issues in pigs, indicating the need for further studies. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel bivalent vaccine containing zinc sulfate as an immunostimulant and FMD type O and A antigens (O PA2 and A YC, respectively) against FMD virus in mice and pigs. Zinc sulfate induced cellular immunity in murine peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by increasing IFNγ secretion. Additionally, FMD vaccine containing O PA2 and A YC antigens and zinc sulfate induced early, mid-, and long-term immune responses in mice and pigs, and enhanced cellular and humoral immunity by regulating the expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), transcription factors, co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokines in porcine PBMCs from vaccinated pigs. Overall, these results indicated that the novel immunostimulant zinc sulfate induced potent cellular and humoral immune responses by stimulating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T and B cells, and enhanced long-term immunity by promoting the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. These outcomes suggest that zinc sulfate could be used as a novel vaccine immunostimulant for difficult-to-control viral diseases, such as African swine fever (ASF) or COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Won Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hui Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohapatra JK, Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Biswal JK, Giri P, Nayak V, Singh RP. Emergence of a novel genetic lineage 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A in India: A challenge to reckon with. Virus Res 2023; 333:199140. [PMID: 37268276 PMCID: PMC10352718 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has engendered large scale socioeconomic crises on numerous occasions owing to its extreme contagiousness, transboundary nature, complicated epidemiology, negative impact on productivity, trade embargo, and need for intensive surveillance and expensive control measures. Emerging FMD virus variants have been predicted to have originated and spread from endemic Pool 2, native to South Asia, to other parts of the globe. In this study, 26 Indian serotype A isolates sampled between the year 2015 and 2022 were sequenced for the VP1 region. BLAST and maximum likelihood phylogeny suggest emergence of a novel genetic group within genotype 18, named here as 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' lineage, that is restricted so far only to India and its eastern neighbour, Bangladesh. The lineage subsequent to its first appearance in 2019 seems to have displaced all other prevalent strains, in support of the phenomenon of 'genotype/lineage turnover'. It has diversified into two distinct sub-clusters, reflecting a phase of active evolution. The rate of evolution of the VP1 region for the Indian serotype A dataset was estimated to be 6.747 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. India is implementing a vaccination centric FMD control programme. The novel lineage showed good antigenic match with the proposed vaccine candidate A IND 27/2011 when tested in virus neutralization test, while the existing vaccine strain A IND 40/2000 showed homology with only 31% of the isolates. Therefore, in order to combat this challenge of antigenic divergence, A IND 27/2011 could be the preferred strain in the Indian vaccine formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrata Giri
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hossain KA, Anjume H, Alam KMM, Yeamin A, Akter S, Hossain MA, Sultana M. Emergence of a novel sublineage, MYMBD21 under SA-2018 lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus serotype O in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9817. [PMID: 37330573 PMCID: PMC10276842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries like Bangladesh. The management and prevention of FMD are severely impacted by the high mutation rate and subsequent frequent generation of newer genotypes of the causative agent, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The current study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh during 2019-21 to characterize the circulating FMDV strains based on the VP1 sequence analysis, the major antigenic recognition site providing serotype specificity and high variability of FMDV. This study detected the first emergence of the SA-2018 lineage in Bangladesh along with the predominance of Ind-2001e (or Ind-2001BD1) sublineage of ME-SA topotype under serotype O during 2019-21. The mutational spectrum, evolutionary divergence analysis and multidimensional plotting confirmed the isolates collected from Mymensingh districts, designated as MYMBD21 as a novel sublineage under the SA-2018 lineage. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed several changes in the G-H loop, B-C loop and C-terminal region of VP1, revealing a 12-13% divergence from the existing vaccine strains and a 95% VP1 protein homology, with most of the mutations potentially considerable as vaccine escape mutations, evidenced by three-dimensional structural analysis. This is the first report on the emergence of the SA-2018 lineage of ME-SA topotype of FMDV serotype O in Bangladesh, as well as a possible mutational trend towards the emergence of a distinct sublineage under SA-2018 lineage, which calls for in-depth genome-wide analysis and monitoring of the FMD situation in the country to implement a strategic vaccination and effective FMD control program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Humaira Anjume
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - K M Mazharul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashabul Yeamin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghazaleh RA, Al-Sawalhe M, Odeh IA, El Ibrahim J, Al-Turman B, Makhamreh J. Host range, severity and trans boundary transmission of Orf virus (ORFV). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105448. [PMID: 37217030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma in small ruminants is a zoonotic disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus that can be deadly to its natural hosts. It causes significant losses worldwide, and commonly infects humans. However, the literature about its comparative severity in sheep and goat hosts is misleading; and while contagious ecthyma has been shown to occur in camels and transmit to humans, there is confusion as to whether ORFV is responsible. Camels are important from a 'One Health' perspective as they have been implicated as a reservoir host for the virus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), which has a case fatality rate of 35% in humans. We compared ORFV gene sequences and mortality data from the West Bank in Palestine, where ORFV has not been reported previously, with data from the region. Surprisingly, we found that infections of camels that had been attributed to ORFV were more closely related to a different member of the genus Parapoxvirus. Two Middle East ORFVs isolated from humans were unrelated and sat alongside sheep and goat derived sequences on two distinct ORFV lineages of a maximum likelihood B2L gene tree. One of the viral lineages bifurcated to produce a monophyletic group of goat-derived ORFVs characterized uniquely by a glycine at amino acid reside 249. We found that serine is the ancestral allele shared between ORFV infections of sheep and also two closely related Parapoxviruses (PCPV and CCEV), indicating that the glycine allele represents a more recent shift in virus host range adaptation to goats. Furthermore, and contrary to some reports that ORFV is more severe in goats than in sheep, we observed median mortality of up to 24.5% in sheep, but none in goats. We also identified trans-boundary spread of ORFV between the West Bank and Israel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Abu Ghazaleh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sawalhe
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Insaf Abu Odeh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Jehad El Ibrahim
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine; National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Jenin, Palestine
| | - Basem Al-Turman
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khulape SA, Biswal JK, Jana C, Subramaniam S, Singh RP. Novel pan-lineage VP1 specific degenerate primers for precise genetic characterization of serotype O foot and mouth disease virus circulating in India. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e40. [PMID: 37271508 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the VP1 gene sequence of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is critical to understanding viral evolution and disease epidemiology. A standard set of primers have been used for the detection and sequence analysis of the VP1 gene of FMDV directly from suspected clinical samples with limited success. The study validated VP1-specific degenerate primer-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the qualitative detection and sequencing of serotype O FMDV lineages circulating in India. The novel degenerate primer-based RT-PCR amplifying the VP1 gene can circumvent the genetic heterogeneity observed in viruses after cell culture adaptation and facilitate precise viral gene sequence analysis from clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Ashok Khulape
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar (Kumaon), Nainital 263138, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubneshwar 752505, India.
| | - Chandrakanta Jana
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar (Kumaon), Nainital 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- National Seromonitoring Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubneshwar 752505, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen NH, Nguyen TQ, Lai DC, Nguyen Thi MD, Nguyen MN. Phylogenetic and genotypic characteristics of the foot-and-mouth disease virus from outbreaks in southern Vietnam, 2019. Virology 2023; 582:43-47. [PMID: 37004382 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, multiple FMD outbreaks occurred in swine farms vaccinated against FMDV in southern Vietnam. This study investigated the genotypic characteristics of FMDV strains from these outbreaks. Seven samples were collected from pigs exhibiting FMD clinical signs. All FMDV-positive samples were amplified and sequenced for the gene encoding the VP1. Results were analyzed and compared with sequences of reference strains and vaccine strains on GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all seven field isolates belonged to serotype O, topotype SEA/Mya-98. These strains shared high homology with strains from Vietnam (2018), Korea, and China, but low homology with vaccine strains. Moreover, 21 amino acid substitutions were found in the VP1 protein of the FMDV field strains, many of which were crucial antigenic determinants involved in the neutralization of FMDV. These findings suggest that the current vaccine may not be effective against the emerging FMDV strains in southern Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Hai Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Viet Nam.
| | | | - Danh Cong Lai
- Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Viet Nam
| | - My Duyen Nguyen Thi
- Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Nam Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Research Center for Genetics and Reproductive Health (CGRH), School of Medicine, National University HCMC, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Woldemariyam FT, Kariuki CK, Kamau J, De Vleeschauwer A, De Clercq K, Lefebvre DJ, Paeshuyse J. Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040969. [PMID: 37112947 PMCID: PMC10143177 DOI: 10.3390/v15040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region's livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher Kinyanjui Kariuki
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kamau
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197, Kenya
| | | | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Q, Wubshet AK, Wang Y, Heath L, Zhang J. B and T Cell Epitopes of the Incursionary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 for Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030797. [PMID: 36992505 PMCID: PMC10059872 DOI: 10.3390/v15030797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Department of Veterinary Basics and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle 2084, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with Commercial FMD Vaccines Elicits a Broader Immune Response than Homologous Prime-Boost Vaccination in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030551. [PMID: 36992134 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three commercial vaccines are administered in domestic livestock farms for routine vaccination to aid for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control in Korea. Each vaccine contains distinct combinations of inactivated serotype O and A FMD virus (FMDV) antigens: O/Manisa + O/3039 + A/Iraq formulated in a double oil emulsion (DOE), O/Primorsky + A/Zabaikalsky formulated in a DOE, and O/Campos + A/Cruzeiro + A/2001 formulated in a single oil emulsion. Despite the recommendation for a prime-boost vaccination with the same vaccine in fattening pigs, occasional cross-inoculation is inevitable for many reasons, such as lack of compliance with vaccination guidelines, erroneous application, or change in vaccine types by suppliers. Therefore, there have been concerns that a poor immune response could be induced by cross-inoculation due to a failure to boost the immune response. In the present study, it was demonstrated by virus neutralization and ELISA tests that cross-inoculation of pigs with three commercial FMD vaccines does not hamper the immune response against the primary vaccine strains and enhances broader cross-reactivity against heterologous vaccine antigens whether they were applied or not. Therefore, it could be concluded that the cross-inoculation of FMD vaccines can be used as a regimen to strategically overcome the limitation of the antigenic spectrum induced by the original regimen.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nikiforov V, Shcherbakov A, Chvala I, Kremenchugskaya S, Korennoy F, Mayorova T, Timina A, Tyulegenov S, Abdrakhmanov S, Berdikulov M, Sainnokhoi T, Gombo-Ochir D, Tserenchimed T, Prokhvatilova L, Sprygin A. Insights into the Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia in Terms of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Sublineage Expansion. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030598. [PMID: 36992307 PMCID: PMC10056362 DOI: 10.3390/v15030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has long been recognized as a highly contagious, transboundary disease of livestock incurring substantial losses and burdens to animal production and trade across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Due to the recent emergence of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage globally contributing to the expansion of FMD, molecular epidemiological investigations help in tracing the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) across endemic and newly affected regions. In this work, our phylogenetic analysis reveals that the recent FMDV incursions in Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in 2021–2022 were due to the virus belonging to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage, belonging to the cluster from Cambodian FMDV isolates. The studied isolates varied by 1.0–4.0% at the VP1 nucleotide level. Vaccine matching tests indicated that the vaccination policy in the subregion should be tailored according to the peculiarities of the ongoing epidemiologic situation. The current vaccination should change from such vaccine strains as O1 Manisa (ME–SA), O no 2102/Zabaikalsky/2010 (O/ME-SA/Mya-98) (r1 = 0.05–0.28) to strains that most closely antigenically match the dominant lineage O No. 2212/Primorsky/2014 (O O/ME-SA//Mya-98) and O No. 2311/Zabaikalsky/2016 (O ME-SA/Ind-2001) (r1 = 0.66–1.0).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
| | | | - Fedor Korennoy
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
| | | | - Anna Timina
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
| | - Samat Tyulegenov
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lu Z, Yu S, Wang W, Chen W, Wang X, Wu K, Li X, Fan S, Ding H, Yi L, Chen J. Development of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines in Recent Years. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1817. [PMID: 36366327 PMCID: PMC9693445 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a serious disease affecting the global graziery industry. Once an epidemic occurs, it can lead to economic and trade stagnation. In recent decades, FMD has been effectively controlled and even successfully eradicated in some countries or regions through mandatory vaccination with inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Nevertheless, FMD still occurs in some parts of Africa and Asia. The transmission efficiency of foot-and-mouth disease is high. Both disease countries and disease-free countries should always be prepared to deal with outbreaks of FMD. The development of vaccines has played a key role in this regard. This paper summarizes the development of several promising vaccines including progress and design ideas. It also provides ways to develop a new generation of vaccines for FMDV and other major diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raouf YA, Wadsworth J, Bin‐Tarif A, Gray AR, Habiela M, Almutalb AA, Yousif H, Ragab M, Alfouz W, Ahmed NH, Ibrahim I, Hassan AM, Tibbo M, Almajali AM, van Maanen C, Lyons NA, King DP, Knowles NJ. Genotyping of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in Sudan between 2009 and 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1393-e1406. [PMID: 35150073 PMCID: PMC9790298 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is widely distributed in Sudan where outbreaks occur on an annual basis especially during the winter months (December-February). This study aimed to increase our understanding of the epidemiological patterns of FMD in Sudan and connections to neighbouring countries by characterizing the genetic sequences of FMD viruses (FMDV) collected from samples collected in 10 Sudanese states over a 10-year period (between 2009 and 2018). FMDV was detected in 91 of the 265 samples using an antigen-detection ELISA. Three serotypes were detected: O (46.2%), A (34.0%), and SAT 2 (19.8%). Fifty-two of these samples were submitted for sequence analyses, generating sequences that were characterized as belonging to O/EA-3 (n = 17), A/AFRICA/G-IV (n = 23) and SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 (n = 12) viral lineages. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that FMDV lineages were maintained within Sudan, and also highlighted epidemiological connections to FMD outbreaks reported in neighbouring countries in East and North Africa (such as Ethiopia and Egypt). This study motivates continued FMD surveillance in Sudan to monitor the circulating viral lineages and broader initiatives to improve our understanding of the epidemiological risks in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed A. Raouf
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Abdelghani Bin‐Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Ashley R. Gray
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Mohammed Habiela
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Ameera A. Almutalb
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Hanan Yousif
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Maysa Ragab
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Wefag Alfouz
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Nussiba H. Ahmed
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Inas Ibrahim
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Markos Tibbo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and YemenAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad M. Almajali
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and YemenAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates,Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary Clinical SciencesJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Cornelis van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - Nicholas A. Lyons
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK,The European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050524. [PMID: 35631045 PMCID: PMC9143568 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Using georeferenced phylogenetic trees, phylogeography allows researchers to elucidate interactions between environmental heterogeneities and patterns of infectious disease spread. Concordant with the increasing availability of pathogen genetic sequence data, there is a growing need for tools to test epidemiological hypotheses in this field. In this study, we apply tools traditionally used in ecology to elucidate the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Uganda. We analyze FMDV serotype O genetic sequences and their corresponding spatiotemporal metadata from a cross-sectional study of cattle. We apply step selection function (SSF) models, typically used to study wildlife habitat selection, to viral phylogenies to show that FMDV is more likely to be found in areas of low rainfall. Next, we use a novel approach, a resource gradient function (RGF) model, to elucidate characteristics of viral source and sink areas. An RGF model applied to our data reveals that areas of high cattle density and areas near livestock markets may serve as sources of FMDV dissemination in Uganda, and areas of low rainfall serve as viral sinks that experience frequent reintroductions. Our results may help to inform risk-based FMDV control strategies in Uganda. More broadly, these tools advance the phylogenetic toolkit, as they may help to uncover patterns of spread of other organisms for which genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal metadata exist.
Collapse
|
18
|
A/Raouf Y, Ibrahim I. Diversity of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Sudan: implication for diagnosis and control. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:789-798. [PMID: 35233700 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Like other East African countries, Sudan experienced circulation of more than one topotype of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). In Sudan, topotype XIII of SAT2 virus was recorded in 1977 and 2008 and topotype VII in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2017. This work evaluated the impact of such diversity on diagnosis and control. After one or three doses of a vaccine derived from a Sudanese SAT2 virus of topotype VII originated in 2010, heterologous neutralizing antibody titres with Sudanese SAT2 viruses in 2008 were ≤ 1.2 log 10, not consistent with likely protection. Simultaneously, homologous titres were 1.65 (after one dose) or 1.95 and 2.55 log10 (after 3 doses). When r1 values between the vaccine virus and the SAT2 viruses isolated in 2008, whilst topotype XIII was circulating, were derived, values (≈ 0.00) suggested similarly poor antigenic relationship and unlikely cross protection. Concurrently, SAT2 positive field sera from Sudan in 2016 were not unvaryingly identified by virus neutralization tests (VNT) employing SAT2 viruses from 2010 and 2008. Proportions of positive sera by SAT2 virus from 2010 were always higher than those by viruses from 2008; consistent with the more frequent and recent circulation of topotype VII prior to 2016. Proportions by SAT2 virus from 2010 were 0.68 (± 0.1) in one location (n = 72), 0.39 (± 0.1) in another one (n = 94) and 0.52 (± 0.1) in the whole test group (n = 166). Corresponding values by viruses of 2008 were 0.53 (± 0.1), 0.27 (± 0.1) and 0.38 (± 0.1). In the whole test group, differences were statistically significant (p = .02339). Like post-vaccination sera, field sera (natural immunity) showed no considerable cross neutralization between topotype VII and presumably XIII; almost 45% (43/96) of SAT2 positive field sera were positive to one topotype but not to the other. Experimental and surveillance findings emphasized the implication of SAT2 diversity in Sudan. It is concluded that it is difficult to control SAT2 infection in Sudan using a monovalent vaccine. Beside a prophylactic vaccine from topotype VII, stockpiling of antigens from topotype XIII and enhanced virological surveillance with rapid genotyping and matching studies are necessary approaches. When more frequent circulation of more than one SAT2 topotype occurs, retrospective diagnosis by serological surveys could be problematic or imprecise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed A/Raouf
- Department of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Inas Ibrahim
- Department of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Deciphering Molecular Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): A Looming Threat to Pakistan’s Dairy Industry. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, is badly affected by the contagious transboundary apthoviral disease of ungulate animals; the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. FMD is endemic in Pakistan and has caused significant economic loss to the dairy industry in the form of a profound decrease in milk production and increased morbidity and deaths of dairy animals. Inclusively, the case fatality ratio of FMD was 15.11%. Of the seven FMDV serotypes, (O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT2, and SAT 3), three serotypes (O, A, and Asia-1) are endemic in Pakistan. Rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for efficient control of this disease. Presently, FMD in the laboratory is diagnosed via ELISA and molecular approaches, i.e., RT-PCR. Serotype-specific RT-PCR analysis not only confirms ELISA serotyping results but can also be used for the screening of ELISA negative samples. Genotypically, FMDV serotype O has a topotype (Middle East–South Asia (ME–SA) and lineage PanAsia-2) that is reported frequently from different areas of Pakistan. Confirmed cases of serotype A and Asia-1 are also reported. The information gathered can be used for understanding the molecular epidemiology of FMD in Pakistan. Further studies on the molecular dynamics of FMD could be useful for ensuring the timely diagnosis of this deadly pathogen, which would ultimately be beneficial for the mass vaccination programs of FMD in Pakistan.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fana EM, Mpoloka SW, Leteane M, Seoke L, Masoba K, Mokopasetso M, Rapharing A, Kabelo T, Made P, Hyera J. A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Southern Africa, 2014 to 2018. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:7438809. [PMID: 35003620 PMCID: PMC8741390 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7438809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDv), like other ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome viruses, has a tendency to mutate rapidly. As such, available vaccines may not confer enough cross-protection against incursion of new lineages and sublineages. This paper is a retrospective study to determine the topotypes/lineages that caused previous FMD outbreaks in 6 southern African countries and the efficacy of the current vaccines to protect cattle against them. A total of 453 bovine epithelial tissue samples from 33 FMD outbreaks that occurred in these countries from 2014 to 2018 were investigated for the presence of FMDv. The genetic diversity of the identified Southern African Type (SAT)-FMD viruses was determined by comparing sequences from outbreaks and historical prototype sequences. Of the 453 samples investigated, 176 were positive for four FMDv serotypes. Out of the 176 FMD positive cases there were 105 SAT2 samples, 32 SAT1 samples, 21 SAT3 samples, and 18 serotype O samples. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the SATs VP1 gene sequences into previously observed topotypes in southern Africa. SAT1 viruses were from topotypes I and III, SAT2 viruses belonged to topotypes I, II, III, and IV, and SAT3 viruses were of topotypes I and II. Vaccine matching studies on the field FMDv isolates produced r 1-values greater than or equal to 0.3 for the three SAT serotypes. This suggests that there is no significant antigenic difference between current SAT FMD vaccine strains and the circulating SAT serotypes. Therefore, the vaccines are still fit-purpose for the control FMD in the region. The study did not identify incursion of any new lineages/topotypes of FMD into the sampled southern African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Mpolokang Fana
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sununguko Wata Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Melvin Leteane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - LaToya Seoke
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kelebogile Masoba
- National Veterinary Laboratory, OIE-SSARRLFMD, Botswana Vaccine, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mokganedi Mokopasetso
- Veterinary Department, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Aobakwe Rapharing
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tshephang Kabelo
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Patricia Made
- National Veterinary Laboratory, OIE-SSARRLFMD, Botswana Vaccine, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph Hyera
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ryoo S, Lee H, Lim DR, Lee JW, Bunnary S, Tum S, Lee DS, Hwang H, Jeong S, Nah J, Ku BK, Kim JM, Cha SH. Identification of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Sublineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cambodia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:749966. [PMID: 34778434 PMCID: PMC8586198 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.749966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth (FMD) is endemic in Cambodia with numerous outbreaks in cattle, pigs and other susceptible animal species reported every year. Historically, these outbreaks were caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) of serotype O PanAsia and Mya-98 lineages and serotype A Sea-97 lineage. However, the trans-pool movement of FMDV between inter-pool regions or countries throughout FMD endemic regions has raised concerns regarding infection with the new genotype or serotype of FMDV in Cambodia. In this study, 19 sequences of VP1 coding region obtained from 33 clinical samples collected from FMDV-affected cattle farms in Cambodia during January to March 2019 were genetically characterized to identify the genotypes/lineages of FMDV. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 coding sequences revealed that recent field viruses belonged to O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e (15.8%), O/ME-SA/PanAsia (52.7%), and A/ASIA/Sea-97 (31.5%). Besides, the field viruses of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e in Cambodia showed 93.5-96.8% identity with the VP1 coding sequences of the same sublineage viruses from pool 1 and 2 surrounding Cambodia. This is the first report of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e infection in Cambodia, suggesting that the trans-pool movement of the new genotype should be closely monitored for efficient control of FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - HyunJi Lee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Jung-Won Lee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Seng Bunnary
- Department of Animal and Production, National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothyra Tum
- Department of Animal and Production, National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dong Sook Lee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Hwang
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - SomGyeol Jeong
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - JinJu Nah
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Kim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cha
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lasecka-Dykes L, Tulloch F, Simmonds P, Luke GA, Ribeca P, Gold S, Knowles NJ, Wright CF, Wadsworth J, Azhar M, King DP, Tuthill TJ, Jackson T, Ryan MD. Mutagenesis Mapping of RNA Structures within the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Genome Reveals Functional Elements Localized in the Polymerase (3D pol)-Encoding Region. mSphere 2021; 6:e0001521. [PMID: 34259558 PMCID: PMC8386395 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00015-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA structures can form functional elements that play crucial roles in the replication of positive-sense RNA viruses. While RNA structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of several picornaviruses have been functionally characterized, the roles of putative RNA structures predicted for protein coding sequences (or open reading frames [ORFs]) remain largely undefined. Here, we have undertaken a bioinformatic analysis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome to predict 53 conserved RNA structures within the ORF. Forty-six of these structures were located in the regions encoding the nonstructural proteins (nsps). To investigate whether structures located in the regions encoding the nsps are required for FMDV replication, we used a mutagenesis method, CDLR mapping, where sequential coding segments were shuffled to minimize RNA secondary structures while preserving protein coding, native dinucleotide frequencies, and codon usage. To examine the impact of these changes on replicative fitness, mutated sequences were inserted into an FMDV subgenomic replicon. We found that three of the RNA structures, all at the 3' termini of the FMDV ORF, were critical for replicon replication. In contrast, disruption of the other 43 conserved RNA structures that lie within the regions encoding the nsps had no effect on replicon replication, suggesting that these structures are not required for initiating translation or replication of viral RNA. Conserved RNA structures that are not essential for virus replication could provide ideal targets for the rational attenuation of a wide range of FMDV strains. IMPORTANCE Some RNA structures formed by the genomes of RNA viruses are critical for viral replication. Our study shows that of 46 conserved RNA structures located within the regions of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome that encode the nonstructural proteins, only three are essential for replication of an FMDV subgenomic replicon. Replicon replication is dependent on RNA translation and synthesis; thus, our results suggest that the three RNA structures are critical for either initiation of viral RNA translation and/or viral RNA synthesis. Although further studies are required to identify whether the remaining 43 RNA structures have other roles in virus replication, they may provide targets for the rational large-scale attenuation of a wide range of FMDV strains. FMDV causes a highly contagious disease, posing a constant threat to global livestock industries. Such weakened FMDV strains could be investigated as live-attenuated vaccines or could enhance biosecurity of conventional inactivated vaccine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Tulloch
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Garry A. Luke
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gold
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Mehreen Azhar
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Ryan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bae S, Li V, Hong J, Kim JN, Kim H. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage. Virus Genes 2021; 57:443-447. [PMID: 34260046 PMCID: PMC8445868 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A/ASIA/Sea-97 is a predominant lineage in Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, Sea-97 lineage has not been well studied since its first outbreak in Thailand in 1997. Thus, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of Sea-97 using 224 VP1 sequences of FMDV A/ASIA during 1960 and 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Sea-97 lineage can be classified into five groups (G1–G5). After the emergence of G2 from G1, the genetic diversity of Sea-97 increased sharply, causing divergence into G3, G4 and G5. During this evolutionary process, Sea-97 lineage, which was initially found only in some countries in Southeast Asia, gradually spread to East Asia. The evolution rate of this lineage was estimated to be 1.2 × 10–2 substitutions/site/year and there were many differences in amino acid residues compared to vaccine strain. Substitutions at antigenically important sites may affect the efficacy of the vaccine, suggesting the need for appropriate vaccine strains. Our results could provide meaningful information to understand comprehensive characteristic of Sea-97 lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Li
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyong Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Gelaye E. Vaccine matching and antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from 2018 Ethiopian isolates. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:47-59. [PMID: 34224048 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious, limits live animal trade, and affects ranchers owing to the loss of animal yield. The present study was designed to perform vaccine matching for field FMD virus isolates from clinically diseased cattle and assess the antigenic properties of the field isolates against the current vaccine strains used for vaccine production at the National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia. Both sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used for distinguishing between the viral strains. To evaluate the serological relationship of the vaccine strain with these field isolates (r1 value), in vitro cross-neutralization was performed using ETH/6/2000 and ETH/38/2005 antisera. Infectious field FMD viral samples represented serotypes A and O. Sequence analysis showed that serotype A VP1/1D possessed amino acid variability at positions 28 and 42 to 48, 138, 141, 142, 148, 156, 173, and 197 compared with the ETH/6/2000 vaccine strain, whereas serotype O possessed amino acid variability at positions 45, 48, 138, 139, 140, 141, and 197 compared with the ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain. Based on the one-dimensional virus neutralization test, serotypes A and O demonstrated antigenic matching of up to 13/17 (76.47%) with the vaccine strain, except for the isolates ETH/40/2018, ETH/48/2018, ETH/55/2018, and ETH/61/2018, which had r-values less than 0.3. Therefore, the currently used vaccine strains ETH/38/2005 for serotype O and ETH/6/2000 for serotype A protected against all and most field viruses characterized as serotypes O and A, respectively, and amino acid residue variation was observed in different FMD virus B-C loops, G-H loops, and C-termini of VP1 at sites 1 and 3 in both serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India.,National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baba Sheikh M, Rashid PA, Raheem Z, Marouf AS, Amin KM. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of foot and mouth disease virus isolates in Sulaimani province, Iraq. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:247-251. [PMID: 34345394 PMCID: PMC8328259 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.101755.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Iraq. The current study can be considered as the first molecular characterization of serotype O in Iraq. The present investigation reported the determination of FMDV serotype O from local farms in Sulaimani districts in 2016 outbreaks. Samples were collected from suspected cattle. The virus was primarily detected with RT-PCR directly from mouth epithelial samples. The direct sequencing and subsequent analysis of amplified PCR products for the VP1 gene indicated the circulation of serotype O of FMD in studied areas. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the field isolated serotype O belonged to topotype ME-SA and lineage PanAsia II and clustered with Pakistan and Iran isolates (KU365843 and KY091283) with identity (96.00%, 95.00%) respectively. Furthermore, according to the phylogenic tree, the field isolates had different lineage with the three O/Manisa vaccine strains and Iraq/2000 strains. These findings highlighted the continuous circulation of serotype O of FMD in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Baba Sheikh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Peshnyar Atta Rashid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Zhino Raheem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Ari Salahadin Marouf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Kamaran Mohammed Amin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Munsey A, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Maree F, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E, Perez A, Dellicour S, VanderWaal K. Phylogeographic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O dispersal and associated drivers in East Africa. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3815-3825. [PMID: 34008868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The continued endemicity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East Africa has significant implications for livestock production and poverty reduction, yet its complex epidemiology in endemic settings remains poorly understood. Identifying FMDV dispersal routes and drivers of transmission is key to improved control strategies. Environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic drivers (e.g., demand for animal products) can impact viral spread by influencing host movements. Here, we utilized FMDV serotype O VP1 genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal data in order to (i) infer the recent dispersal history, and (II) investigate the impact of external factors (cattle density, human population density, proximity to livestock markets, and drought) on dispersal velocity, location, and direction of FMDV serotype O in East Africa. We identified statistical evidence of long-distance transmission events, and we found that FMDV serotype O tends to remain circulating in areas of high cattle density, high human population density, and in close proximity to livestock markets. The latter two findings highlight the influence of anthropogenic factors on FMDV serotype O spread in this region. These findings contribute to the understanding of FMDV epidemiology in East Africa and can help guide improved control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Munsey
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS), National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Francois Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jeong S, Ahn HJ, Min KJ, Byun JW, Pyo HM, Park MY, Ku BK, Nah J, Ryoo S, Wee SH, Kim SJ. Phage Display Screening of Bovine Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Their Application in a Competitive ELISA for Serodiagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094328. [PMID: 33919326 PMCID: PMC8122579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For serodiagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based competitive ELISA (cELISA) is commonly used since it allows simple and reproducible detection of antibody response to FMDV. However, the use of mouse-origin MAb as a detection reagent is questionable, as antibody responses to FMDV in mice may differ in epitope structure and preference from those in natural hosts such as cattle and pigs. To take advantage of natural host-derived antibodies, a phage-displayed scFv library was constructed from FMDV-immune cattle and subjected to two separate pannings against inactivated FMDV type O and A. Subsequent ELISA screening revealed high-affinity scFv antibodies specific to a serotype (O or A) as well as those with pan-serotype specificity. When BvO17, an scFv antibody specific to FMDV type O, was tested as a detection reagent in cELISA, it successfully detected FMDV type O antibodies for both serum samples from vaccinated cattle and virus-challenged pigs with even higher sensitivity than a mouse MAb-based commercial FMDV type O antibody detection kit. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using natural host-derived antibodies such as bovine scFv instead of mouse MAb in cELISA for serological detection of antibody response to FMDV in the susceptible animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukyo Jeong
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Hyun Joo Ahn
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Kyung Jin Min
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Jae Won Byun
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Hyun Mi Pyo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Mi Young Park
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Jinju Nah
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Sung Hwan Wee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Sang Jick Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-4229
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Choi J, Jo HJ, Jung SS, Choi J, Lee SH, Kim HH, Kim YJ, Kim B, Park JH, Kim J. Evaluation of swine protection with foot-and-mouth disease O 1/Campos and O/Primorsky/2014 vaccines against the O Mya-98 lineage virus from East Asia. Vaccine 2021; 39:1701-1707. [PMID: 33618945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two type O commercial vaccines, the O1/Campos and O/Primorsky/2014 vaccines, were studied to evaluate the in vivo efficacy in pigs against heterologous virus challenge with the O/SKR/Jincheon/2014 virus (O/SEA/Mya-98 lineage) isolated in Korea in 2014. The in vivo challenge results indicated that both vaccines induced a high heterologous virus neutralization test (VNT) titer by a single injection and successfully protected specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs from challenge infection. To determine the optimal vaccination age, a field trial with each vaccine was conducted with three one-shot-vaccinated groups that were injected at 8, 12, or 14 weeks of age and one two-shot-vaccinated group that was injected at 8 and 12 weeks of age in the pig farms. In these field trials, the improved serological performance at 20 and 24 weeks of age expected with vaccination at 12 or 14 weeks of age was not observed, although improved serological results were expected as the result of decreasing interference of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs), as MDAs waned with age. In addition, delayed vaccination resulted in MDA depletion at 14 weeks of age. Therefore, the optimal age for primary vaccination with two different formulated vaccines was 8 weeks old in pigs, considering that MDAs could provide a protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) infection. Prolonged significantly higher VNT titers of immunized pigs were demonstrated in the two-shot-vaccinated groups. In total, the effectiveness of the two vaccines was demonstrated through efficacy tests and field trials in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jun Jo
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Suk Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jida Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bergmann IE, Malirat V, Pedemonte A, Maradei E. Challenges in foot-and-mouth disease virus strain selection as an input to attain broad vaccine intraserotype cross-protection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:13-22. [PMID: 33455492 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1877137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus is regarded as the most effective way to prevent disease. Selection of appropriate vaccine strains is challenging due to lack of cross-protection between serotypes and incomplete protection between some strains within a serotype. Vaccine effectiveness can be affected by vaccine formulation, vaccination approaches, and also by emerging field variants. Therefore, a precise evaluation of the protective capacity of the selected vaccine virus is essential.Areas covered: This article discusses the limitations of currently in use in vitro methods to assess the protective capacity of vaccine strains. It includes the assessment of well-established South American vaccine strains, O1/Campos and A24/Cruzeiro, against outbreaks/emergencies in the continent, as well as against recent isolates from East and Southeast Asia.Expert opinion: In vitro methods, and particularly r1 values, used to evaluate the protective capacity of vaccine strains are not conclusive and do not cover the variety of field scenarios. At present, an option when facing emergencies could be to use well-established vaccine strains with broad antigenic/immunogenic coverage, including conditions that lead to increased coverage such as vaccine formulations and vaccination schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Bergmann
- Centro De Virología Animal (CEVAN), CONICET, Pabellón IAFE, (OCA Ciudad Universitaria), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Malirat
- Centro De Virología Animal (CEVAN), CONICET, Pabellón IAFE, (OCA Ciudad Universitaria), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pedemonte
- Animal Health Laboratory, Servicio Nacional De Sanidad Y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Martínez, CP, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ali MZ, Giasuddin M. Detection of an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 and lineage PanAsia of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in cattle in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh, 2018. Open Vet J 2020; 10:347-353. [PMID: 33282707 PMCID: PMC7703609 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals in Bangladesh and multiple outbreaks occur every year because of the FMD virus (FMDV). Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the molecular characterization of the VP1 coding region of FMDV serotype O outbreak in cattle. Methods: A total of four tongue epithelial specimens were collected from clinically FMD-positive cattle during June 2018 in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh. Results: All four isolates were recorded positive for FMDV serotype O. The phylogenetic analysis showed that two isolates were clustered within an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 under lineage Ind2001 of FMDV serotype O, which was identified during 2012–2016 in Bangladesh. One isolate was clustered within the lineage PanAsia of FMDV serotype O and was closely related to an isolate identified in Nepal in 2009. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that all the four isolates belong to the Middle East–South Asia topotype. Conclusion: Therefore, multiple lineages of the FMDV serotype O are circulating among the cattle in the outbreak area, which make it more complex for the FMD control program in Bangladesh. A comprehensive study on the genetic characteristics of FMDV across the country is required for effective FMD prevention and control strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.,Research on FMD and PPR in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meta-analysis of Genetic Diversity of the VP1 Gene Among the Circulating O, A, and SAT2 Serotypes and Vaccine Strains of FMD Virus in Egypt. J Vet Res 2020; 64:487-493. [PMID: 33367136 PMCID: PMC7734679 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Three strains of the FMD virus (A, O, and SAT 2) were recognised as causes of the FMD circulating in Egypt. The aims of this study were to trace the FMDV isolates from outbreaks in Egypt to understand their epidemiology and evolution and to understand the situation of the vaccine strains compared with the circulating serotypes. Material and Methods A meta-analysis was carried out by using the data available for FMD outbreaks in Egypt from GenBank and the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD); a comparison was done with both data sets for the three serotypes. MEGA-X was used for the evolution analysis, through constructions of phylogenetic trees for all sequences recorded in GenBank for each serotype in different Egyptian outbreaks in different years and also within the same year. Additionally, nucleotide substitution rate, molecular clock, and mean evolutionary rates were estimated for the three serotypes to understand and compare their evolution. Results Absence of some records of certain serotype outbreaks from the WRLFMD database was noted as were subsequent missing appropriate vaccine programmes. Genetic variation was recorded among the virus isolates within the same years and also the vaccine strain was associated with up to 26 amino acid substitutions. The evolution rate of the SAT2 strain was the highest of the circulating strains. SAT2 had high amino acid substitution per year at an important immunogenic site (130–170), serotype A had less, and serotype O the least. Conclusion The need for different strategies for vaccine serotype selection is indicated.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gizaw D, Tesfaye Y, Wood BA, Di Nardo A, Shegu D, Muluneh A, Bilata T, Belayneh R, Fentie A, Asgdome H, Sombo M, Rufael T, Tadesse Woldemariyam F, Khan F, Yami M, Gelaye E, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2983-2992. [PMID: 32574400 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the constraints to controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in East Africa is the incomplete knowledge of the specific FMD virus (FMDV) strains circulating and the way in which these viruses move across countries in the region. This retrospective study focuses on Ethiopia, which has one of the largest FMD-susceptible livestock populations in Africa. Analyses of FMDV positive samples collected between 2008 and 2019 demonstrate that serotypes O (n = 175), A (n = 51) and SAT 2 (n = 33) were present in the country. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences for these viruses showed that there were at least seven different FMD viral clades circulating during this period: O/EA-3, O/EA-4, A/AFRICA/G-I, A/AFRICA/G-IV, A/AFRICA/G-VII, SAT2/VII and SAT2/XIII. Although these results only represent a snapshot and might not reflect all FMDV lineages that were present, they highlight the importance of serotype O, as well as the complexity and co-existence of FMDV serotypes in Ethiopia and surrounding countries. These sequence data also support the idea that there are two FMDV ecosystems existing in East Africa. Data from retrospective studies, such as these presented here, will be beneficial for vaccine selection and vaccination campaigns to control FMDV within Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Bilata
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Belayneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenalem Fentie
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Hagose Asgdome
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Rufael
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mishu ID, Akter S, Alam ASMRU, Hossain MA, Sultana M. In silico Evolutionary Divergence Analysis Suggests the Potentiality of Capsid Protein VP2 in Serotype-Independent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Detection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:592. [PMID: 33102548 PMCID: PMC7546019 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating disease of the livestock worldwide and caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), which has seven immunologically distinct serotypes (O, A, Asia1, C, and SAT1-SAT3). Studies suggest that VP2 is relatively conserved among three surface-exposed capsid proteins (VP1-VP3) of FMDV, but the level of conservation has not yet been reported. Here we analyzed the comparative evolutionary divergence of VP2 and VP1 to determine the level of conservation in VP2 at different hierarchical levels of three FMDV serotypes (O, A, and Asia1) currently circulating in Asia through an in-depth computational analysis of 14 compiled datasets and designed a consensus VP2 protein that can be used for the development of a serotype-independent FMDV detection tool. The phylogenetic analysis clearly represented a significant level of conservation in VP2 over VP1 at each subgroup level. The protein variability analysis and mutational study showed the presence of 67.4% invariant amino acids in VP2, with the N-terminal end being highly conserved. Nine inter-serotypically conserved fragments located on VP2 have been identified, among which four sites showed promising antigenicity value and surface exposure. The designed 130 amino acid long consensus VP2 protein possessed six surface-exposed B cell epitopes, which suggests the possible potentiality of the protein for the development of a serotype-independent FMDV detection tool in Asia. Conclusively, this is the first study to report the comparative evolutionary divergence between VP2 and VP1, along with proposing the possible potentiality of a designed protein candidate in serotype-independent FMDV detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - M. Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wong CL, Yong CY, Ong HK, Ho KL, Tan WS. Advances in the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:477. [PMID: 32974392 PMCID: PMC7473413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating livestock disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Outbreaks of this disease in a country always result in conspicuous economic losses to livestock industry and subsequently lead to serious socioeconomic damages due to the immediate imposition of trade embargo. Rapid and accurate diagnoses are imperative to control this infectious virus. In the current review, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods used in FMD diagnosis are extensively reviewed, particularly the sandwich, liquid-phase blocking, and solid-phase competition ELISA. The differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals using ELISA-based methods is also highlighted, in which the role of 3ABC polyprotein as a marker is reviewed intensively. Recently, more studies are focusing on the molecular diagnostic methods, which detect the viral nucleic acids based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). These methods are generally more sensitive because of their ability to amplify a minute amount of the viral nucleic acids. In this digital era, the RT-PCR and RT-LAMP are progressing toward the mobile versions, aiming for on-site FMDV diagnosis. Apart from RT-PCR and RT-LAMP, another diagnostic assay specifically designed for on-site diagnosis is the lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips. These test strips have some distinct advantages over other diagnostic methods, whereby the assay often does not require the aid of an external device, which greatly lowers the cost per test. In addition, the on-site diagnostic test can be easily performed by untrained personnel including farmers, and the results can be obtained in a few minutes. Lastly, the use of FMDV diagnostic assays for progressive control of the disease is also discussed critically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Loo Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Islam MR, Rahman MS, Amin MA, Alam ASMRU, Siddique MA, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Evidence of combined effect of amino acid substitutions within G-H and B-C loops of VP1 conferring serological heterogeneity in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:375-384. [PMID: 32543041 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A exhibits a higher degree of genetic and antigenic diversity resulting in frequent vaccine failure due to serological mismatch between the vaccine and heterologous strains. Currently, knowledge on the molecular basis of antigenic relationships among the FMDVs is limited; nevertheless, intratype antigenic variation due to mutation(s) is widely considered as the main hurdle to appropriate FMD vaccine development. Here, we studied genetic and antigenic variations of four FMDV serotype A isolates, BAN/GA/Sa-197/2013 (BAN-197), BAN/CH/Sa-304/2016 (BAN-304), BAN/DH/Sa-307/2016 (BAN-307) and BAN/DH/Sa-310/2017 (BAN-310) circulating in Bangladesh during 2013-2017. Initially, antigenic relationships (r1 -values) of the field isolates were evaluated by the two-dimensional microneutralization test (2D-MNT) using the hyperimmune antisera raised in cattle against the vaccine strain, BAN-304. Interesingly, the results showed protective serological cross-reactivity (r1 -values > 0.4) between the vaccine strain and the field isolates, BAN-307 and BAN-310, except BAN-197 that substantially mismatched (r1 = 0.129 ± 0.043) with the BAN-304. Although VP1-based phylogeny grouped all the isolates within the same sublineage C (a subgroup of VP3Δ59 variant) under the lineage A/ASIA/G-VII, strikingly, computational analyses of the viral capsid proteins demonstrated significant deviation at the VP1 G-H loop of BAN-197 from the vaccine strain, while VP(2-4) of both isolates were structurally conserved. To bridge the gap of how the distortion of the G-H loop and consequent antigenic hetergeneity occurred in BAN-197, we performed in silico combinatorial substitutions of the VP1 mutant amino acids (aa) of BAN-197 with the respective residues in BAN-304. Remarkably, our analyses revealed that two substitutions of distantly located aa at B-C (T48I:threonine → isoleucine) and G-H (A143V:alanine → valine) loops, in combination, distorted the VP1 G-H loop. Overall, this work contributes to understanding the molecular basis of antigenic relationships operating in serotype A FMDVs and the selection of suitable vaccine strain(s) for effective prophylaxis of FMD based on VP1-based analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Rubayet Ul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwar Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Jashore University of Science and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abu-Elnaga HI, Rizk SA, Daoud HM, Mohamed AA, Mossad W, Gamil MA, Soudy AF, El-Shehawy LI. Comparative nucleotide sequencing of the VP1 capsid gene of recent isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O from Egypt. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2021-2028. [PMID: 32601957 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, Egypt has been affected by eleven various foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineages. Accordingly, the nucleotide sequences of the 1D gene and the genes encoding the external capsid protein of some isolates of serotype O (the most predominant epidemic serotype in the country) collected from 2004 to 2017 were determined. All of these viruses (including the vaccine strain) belonged to serotype O, topotype ME-SA, and lineage Sharquia-72, and their sequences were of 98.6-98.9% identical to that of strain O1/Sharquia/EGY/72 (DQ164871), and differed from cultured and clinical (D197E) virus strains. The characteristic sites on the surface of the structural proteins of the Egyptian serotype O, topotype ME-SA viruses were located at residues 138 and 198 of VP1, residue 132 of VP2, and residues 56 and 104 of VP3. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree revealed that Sharquia-72 was the only lineage present in Egypt for many decades prior to 2007. Unfortunately, however, during the last decade, five lineages of two separate topotypes of FMDV serotype O were detected in Egypt. Lineages Sharquia-72 and PanAsia-2 belong to topotype ME-SA and show ~ 14.5 to 17.5% intra-lineage divergence. In addition, lineages Qal-13, Ism-16, and Alx-17 cluster within topotype EA-3 and show ~ 4.5 to 15% intra-lineage diversity. The predecessors of the Egyptian EA-3 viruses are likely to have been from Sudan. Finally, at least a penta- or hexavalent vaccine comprising strains representing the endemic FMDV topotypes should be implemented on a wide scale in Egypt, which could combat the incursion of new lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany I Abu-Elnaga
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt.
| | - Sonia A Rizk
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Hind M Daoud
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Assem A Mohamed
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Wael Mossad
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Gamil
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Soudy
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Laila I El-Shehawy
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbassia, PO Box 131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Belsham GJ. Towards improvements in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine performance. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:20. [PMID: 32434544 PMCID: PMC7240906 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically important infectious diseases of production animals. Six (out of 7 that have been identified) different serotypes of the FMD virus continue to circulate in different parts of the world. Within each serotype there is also extensive diversity as the virus constantly changes. Vaccines need to be “matched” to the outbreak strain, not just to the serotype, to confer protection. Vaccination has been used successfully to assist in the eradication of the disease from Europe but is no longer employed there unless outbreaks occur. Thus the animal population in Europe, as in North America, is fully susceptible to the virus if it is accidentally (or deliberately) introduced. Almost 3 billion doses of the vaccine are made each year to control the disease elsewhere. Current vaccines are produced from chemically inactivated virus that has to be grown, on a large scale, under high containment conditions. The vaccine efficiently prevents disease but the duration of immunity is rather limited (about 6 months) and vaccination does not provide sterile immunity or block the development of carriers. Furthermore, the vaccine is quite unstable and a cold chain needs to be maintained to preserve the efficacy of the vaccine. This can be a challenge in the parts of the world where the disease is endemic. There is a significant interest in developing improved vaccines and significant progress in this direction has been made using a variety of approaches. However, no alternative vaccines are yet available commercially. Improved disease control globally is clearly beneficial to all countries as it reduces the risk of virus incursions into disease free areas.
Collapse
|
38
|
Velazquez-Salinas L, Mwiine FN, Ahmed Z, Ochwo S, Munsey A, Lutwama JJ, Perez AM, VanderWaal K, Rieder E. Genetic Diversity of Circulating Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda Cross-Sectional Study During 2014-2017. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:162. [PMID: 32270002 PMCID: PMC7109301 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Andres M. Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A history of FMD research and control programmes in Southeast Asia: lessons from the past informing the future. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e171. [PMID: 31063108 PMCID: PMC6499730 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a major animal health problem within Southeast Asia (SEA). Although Indonesia and more recently the Philippines have achieved freedom from FMD, the disease remains endemic on continental SEA. Control of FMD within SEA would increase access to markets in more developed economies and reduce lost productivity in smallholder and emerging commercial farmer settings. However, despite many years of vaccination by individual countries, numerous factors have prevented the successful control of FMD within the region, including unregulated ‘informal’ transboundary movement of livestock and their products, difficulties implementing vaccination programmes, emergence of new virus topotypes and lineages, low-level technical capacity and biosecurity at national levels, limited farmer knowledge on FMD disease recognition, failure of timely outbreak reporting and response, and limitations in national and international FMD control programmes. This paper examines the published research of FMD in the SEA region, reviewing the history, virology, epidemiology and control programmes and identifies future opportunities for FMD research aimed at the eventual eradication of FMD from the region.
Collapse
|
40
|
Belsham GJ, Kristensen T, Jackson T. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: Prospects for using knowledge of virus biology to improve control of this continuing global threat. Virus Res 2020; 281:197909. [PMID: 32126297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the biology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has grown considerably since the nucleotide sequence of the viral RNA was determined. The ability to manipulate the intact genome and also to express specific parts of the genome individually has enabled detailed analyses of viral components, both RNA and protein. Such studies have identified the requirements for specific functional elements for virus replication and pathogenicity. Furthermore, information about the functions of individual virus proteins has enabled the rational design of cDNA cassettes to express non-infectious empty capsid particles that can induce protective immunity in the natural host animals and thus represent new vaccine candidates. Similarly, attempts to block specific virus activities using antiviral agents have also been performed. However, currently, only the well-established, chemically inactivated FMDV vaccines are commercially available and suitable for use to combat this important disease of livestock animals. These vaccines, despite certain shortcomings, have been used very successfully (e.g. in Europe) to control the disease but it still remains endemic in much of Africa, southern Asia and the Middle East. Hence there remains a significant risk of reintroduction of the disease into highly susceptible animal populations with enormous economic consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Belsham
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Thea Kristensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF. UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ehizibolo DO, Fish IH, Brito B, Bertram MR, Ardo A, Ularamu HG, Lazarus DD, Wungak YS, Nwosuh CI, Smoliga GR, Hartwig EJ, Pauszek SJ, Dickmu S, Abdoulkadiri S, Arzt J. Characterization of transboundary foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Nigeria and Cameroon during 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1257-1270. [PMID: 31880066 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in endemic settings such as West Africa is imperative to support improved local and regional control plans, with the long-term goal of regional eradication. This paper describes the genetic characterization of FMD viruses (FMDV) obtained from outbreaks in Nigeria (n = 45) and Cameroon (n = 15) during 2016 and from archival samples (n = 3) retrieved from a 2014 outbreak in Nigeria. These viruses were analysed in the context of previously published FMDV sequences from the region. Four FMDV serotypes: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2, were detected. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 coding sequences indicate the continuity of FMDV serotype O East Africa-3 (O/EA-3), serotype A AFRICA genotype G-IV (A/AFRICA/G-IV) and serotype South African Territories (SAT) 2 lineage VII (SAT2/VII). The FMDV SAT1 topotype X (SAT1/X), which emerged in Nigeria in 2015, continued to be associated with outbreaks in the region during 2016, and SAT1 is reported for the first time from Cameroon. Additionally, a re-emergence or re-introduction of the serotype O West Africa (O/WA) topotype in Nigeria is described herein. Our findings indicate a consistent, pan-serotypic relationship between FMDV strains detected in Cameroon and Nigeria. Additionally, FMDV strains from West Africa obtained in this study were genetically related to those occurring in East and North Africa. These phylogenetic relationships suggest that animal movements (pastoralism and/or trade) are important factors for virus spread across the African continent. These data provide critical baselines which are a necessary component of Stages 0 and 1 of the Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP-FMD). Specifically, characterizing the existing virus strains (risk) provides the basis for the comprehensive risk-based control plan which is the requisite criteria for Nigeria's transition to Stage 2 of PCP-FMD, and for coordinated regional control of FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian H Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Barbara Brito
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Abdullahi Ardo
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - David D Lazarus
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Yiltawe S Wungak
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Chika I Nwosuh
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Steven James Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Simon Dickmu
- Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ranaweera LT, Wijesundara WWMUK, Jayarathne HSM, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Gray A, Adikari AMJB, Weebadde CK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. Transboundary movements of foot-and-mouth disease from India to Sri Lanka: A common pattern is shared by serotypes O and C. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227126. [PMID: 31891636 PMCID: PMC6938362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects the livestock industry in a transboundary manner. It is essential to understand the FMD phylodynamics to assist in the disease-eradication. FMD critically affects the Sri Lankan cattle industry causing substantial economic losses. Even though many studies have covered the serotyping and genotyping of FMD virus (FMDV) in Sri Lanka, there is a significant knowledge gap exists in understanding the FMDV phylodynamics in the country. In the present study, the VP1 genomic region of FMD viral isolates belonging to serotype C from Sri Lanka and other South Asian countries were sequenced. All the published VPI sequences of serotype C and most of the published VP1 sequences for lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d of serotype O from Sri Lanka, India, and other South Asian countries were retrieved. The datasets of serotype C and serotype O were separately analyzed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and phylogenetic networking methods to infer the transboundary movements and evolutionary aspects of the FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka. A model-based approach was used to detect any possible recombination events of FMDV incursions. Our results revealed that the invasions of the topotype ASIA of serotype C and the lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d have a similar pattern of transboundary movement and evolution. The haplotype networks and phylogenies developed in the present study confirmed that FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka mainly originate from the Indian subcontinent, remain quiet after migration, and then cause outbreaks in a subsequent year. Since there are no recombination events detected among the different viral strains across serotypes and topotypes, we can assume that the incursions tend to show the independent evolution compared to the ancestral viral populations. Thus, we highlight the need for thorough surveillance of cattle/ruminants and associated product-movement into Sri Lanka from other regions to prevent the transboundary movement of FMDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W. W. M. U. K. Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - H. S. M. Jayarathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. Gray
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. M. J. B. Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - C. K. Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wubshet AK, Dai J, Li Q, Zhang J. Review on Outbreak Dynamics, the Endemic Serotypes, and Diversified Topotypic Profiles of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Isolates in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2018. Viruses 2019; 11:E1076. [PMID: 31752179 PMCID: PMC6893701 DOI: 10.3390/v11111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) endemicity in Ethiopia's livestock remains an ongoing cause for economic concern, with new topotypes still arising even in previously unaffected areas. FMD outbreaks occur every year almost throughout the country. Understanding the outbreak dynamics, endemic serotypes, and lineage profiles of FMD in this country is very critical in designing control and prevention programs. For this, detailed information on outbreak dynamics in Ethiopia needs to be understood clearly. In this article, therefore, we review the spatial and temporal patterns and dynamics of FMD outbreaks from 2008 to 2018. The circulating serotypes and the topotypic profiles of the virus are also discussed. FMD outbreak data were obtained from; reports of MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)/MoLF (Ministry of livestock and Fishery, NVI (National Veterinary Institute), and NAHDIC (National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center); published articles; MSc works; PhD theses; and documents from international organizations. To effectively control and prevent FMD outbreaks, animal health agencies should focus on building surveillance systems that can quickly identify and control ongoing outbreaks and implement efficient preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Ethiopia Agricultural Research Council Secretariat, Addis Ababa 8115, Ethiopia
| | - Junfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ali MR, Alam ASMRU, Amin MA, Siddique MA, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Emergence of novel lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 BD-18 (G-IX) in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:486-493. [PMID: 31587524 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly evolutionary divergent pathogen causing great economic havoc in many countries. Among its seven existing serotypes, Asia1 is the least divergent with a single topotype both genetically and antigenically. It is reported sporadically in Indian subcontinent and was classified under lineage G-VIII. In 2018, serotype Asia1 re-emerged in Bangladesh after 2013, along with circulation of a novel serotype Asia1 BD-18 (G-IX) lineage. VP1 phylogeny and sequence variation clearly demonstrated the novel strains which was estimated to have at least >5% nucleotide divergence with distinct clade formation. Also, the Bayesian phylogeographic inferences traced back to the origin time of lineage G-IX in early 2017 and a possible origin in Bangladesh. Mutational analysis considering established eight lineages revealed that the virus strains belonged to lineage G-IX contained a unique mutation at 44 position in the B-C loop region of VP1. Inappropriate vaccination and inefficient outbreak surveillance possibly contributed to the current episode of emergence. Therefore, active surveillance and continued vigilance are essential to assess and timely detect the occurrence, extent and distribution of this novel Asia1 strains in Bangladesh and the neighbouring countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rahmat Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Rubayet Ul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science & Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwar Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Jashore University of Science & Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ranaweera LT, Wijesundara UK, Jayarathne HSM, Knowles N, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Adikari J, Weebadde C, Sooriyapathirana SS. Characterization of the FMDV-serotype-O isolates collected during 1962 and 1997 discloses new topotypes, CEY-1 and WCSA-1, and six new lineages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14526. [PMID: 31601911 PMCID: PMC6787213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of the FMD viruses collected from the outbreaks during the second half of the 20th Century in Sri Lanka was assessed in the present study. We sequenced the VP1 genomic region of the samples collected during FMDV epidemics caused by serotype O in Sri Lanka during 1962 and 1997. For comparison, we sequenced the VP1 of the related viral isolates collected from other Asian countries. We analyzed the VP1 sequences of the viral strains using the UPGMA method with uncorrected pairwise distances. Nucleotide divergence (ND) thresholds of 15%-20% and 5%-<15% were used to differentiate topotypes and lineages, respectively. We calibrated the divergence times and lineage-specific substitution rates using Bayesian-skyline models. Based on the ND estimations and phylogenetic relationships, we identified and named two new topotypes [CEYLON 1 (CEY-1) and WEST, CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA 1 (WCSA-1)] and six new lineages (Syr-62, Srl-77, Tur-69, May-78, Tai-87 and Bur-77) of serotype O. We believe that the novel topotypes and lineages named may have disappeared although they have similar substitution rates for epizootic outbreaks. Because the amino acid selection analysis revealed that the two topotypes and six lineages identified were under purifying selection during the outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lahiru Thilanka Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Upendra Kumari Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nick Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jayantha Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Cholani Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Suneth S Sooriyapathirana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lei Y, Shao J, Zhao F, Li Y, Lei C, Ma F, Chang H, Zhang Y. Artificially designed hepatitis B virus core particles composed of multiple epitopes of type A and O foot-and-mouth disease virus as a bivalent vaccine candidate. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2142-2152. [PMID: 31347713 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, many countries, including China, have experienced a series of type A and O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) epidemics, causing serious economic losses. Although concerns about the safety of inactivated FMD vaccines have been raised, the development of a safe and effective subunit vaccine is necessary. We constructed two chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs; rHBc/AO and rHBc/AOT VLPs) displaying tandem repeats of B cell epitopes (VP1 residue 134-161 and 200-213) derived from type A and O FMDV and one T cell epitope (3 A residue 21-35) using the truncated hepatitis B virus core (HBc) carrier. Our results indicate that the chimeric HBc can self-assemble into VLPs with these FMDV epitopes displayed on the surface. Immunization with the chimeric VLPs induced specific IgG and neutralization antibodies against type A and O FMDV in mice. Compared with the commercial type A/O FMDV bivalent inactivated vaccine, rHBc/AO and rHBc/AOT VLPs significantly stimulated the production of Th1 type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2), whereas Th2 cytokine production (IL-4 and IL-10) was decreased. Compared with rHBc/AO, rHBc/AOT induced increased Th2 cytokine and specific IgG production. These results demonstrate that the VLPs constructed in the current study induced both humoral and cellular immune responses and may represent potential bivalent VLP vaccines targeting both FMDV type A and O strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Genome Sequences of 18 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Outbreak Strains of Serotype O Sublineage Ind2001d from India, 2013 to 2014. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/33/e00776-19. [PMID: 31416875 PMCID: PMC6696650 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00776-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the full polyprotein-coding sequences and partial untranslated regions (UTRs) of 18 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses from 4 outbreaks in India in 2013 and 2014. All strains grouped within the O/ME-SA/Ind2001d sublineage. These genomes update knowledge of FMD virus (FMDV) diversity in South Asia and may contribute to molecular epidemiology studies and vaccine selections.
Collapse
|
48
|
Singanallur NB, Anderson DE, Sessions OM, Kamaraj US, Bowden TR, Horsington J, Cowled C, Wang LF, Vosloo W. Probe capture enrichment next-generation sequencing of complete foot-and-mouth disease virus genomes in clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113703. [PMID: 31336142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques offer an unprecedented "step-change" increase in the quantity and quality of sequence data rapidly generated from a sample and can be applied to obtain ultra-deep coverage of viral genomes. This is not possible with the routinely used Sanger sequencing method that gives the consensus reads, or by cloning approaches. In this study, a targeted-enrichment methodology for the simultaneous acquisition of complete foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genomes directly from clinical samples is presented. Biotinylated oligonucleotide probes (120 nt) were used to capture and enrich viral RNA following library preparation. To create a virus capture panel targeting serotype O and A simultaneously, 18 baits targeting the highly conserved regions of the 8.3 kb FMDV genome were synthesised, with 14 common to both serotypes, 2 specific to serotype O and 2 specific to serotype A. These baits were used to capture and enrich FMDV RNA (as cDNA) from samples collected during one pathogenesis and two vaccine efficacy trials, where pigs were infected with serotype O or A viruses. After enrichment, FMDV-specific sequencing reads increased by almost 3000-fold. The sequence data were used in variant call analysis to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This methodology was robust in its ability to capture diverse sequences, was shown to be highly sensitive, and can be easily scaled for large-scale epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - October M Sessions
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uma S Kamaraj
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Timothy R Bowden
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher Cowled
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mwiine FN, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Ochwo S, Munsey A, Kenney M, Lutwama JJ, Maree FF, Lobel L, Perez AM, Rodriguez LL, VanderWaal K, Rieder E. Serological and phylogenetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses from Uganda during cross-sectional surveillance study in cattle between 2014 and 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2011-2024. [PMID: 31127983 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the results of a cross-sectional study designed to monitor the circulation and genetic diversity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Uganda between 2014 and 2017. In this study, 13,614 sera and 2,068 oral-pharyngeal fluid samples were collected from cattle and analysed to determine FMDV seroprevalence, circulating serotypes and their phylogenetic relationships. Circulation of FMDV was evidenced by the detection of antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV or viral isolations in all districts sampled in Uganda. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of FMDV serotypes A, O, SAT 1 and SAT 2. FMDVs belonging to serotype O, isolated from 21 districts, were the most prevalent and were classified into six lineages within two East African topotypes, namely EA-1 and EA-2. Serotype A viruses belonging to the Africa G-I topotype were isolated from two districts. SAT 1 viruses grouped within topotypes I and IV and SAT 2 viruses within topotypes VII, IV and X were isolated from six and four districts respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of SAT 1 and SAT 2 sequences from cattle clustered with historical sequences from African buffalo, indicating possible interspecies transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. In some cases, Uganda viruses also shared similarities to viral strains recovered from other regions in East Africa. This 3-year study period provides knowledge about the geographical distribution of FMDV serotypes isolated in Uganda and insights into the genetic diversity of the multiple serotypes circulating in the country. Knowledge of circulating FMDV viruses will assist in antigenic matching studies to devise improved FMDV control strategies with vaccination and vaccine strain selection for Uganda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mary Kenney
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Department of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Francois F Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Virology and Developmental Genetics, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Andres M Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Al-Salihi KA. The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks and its history in Iraq. Vet World 2019; 12:706-712. [PMID: 31327908 PMCID: PMC6584858 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.706-712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is reported in Iraq since 1937 and occurs as a devastating seasonal epidemic. This study intended to explore the epidemiology of FMD in Iraq during 2011-2016, through assessment of outbreak reports among cow, buffalo, and small ruminants (sheep and goat) in 15 Iraqi governorates except for Kurdistan region. Materials and Methods: The reported data regarding FMD cases were collected from veterinary hospitals in 15 Iraqi governorates and were analyzed. Results: The results revealed annual FMD outbreaks in cow, buffalo, and small ruminants in Iraqi governorates with variability in the numbers of the infected and dead animals. The total number of infected animals increased in 2016 compared to 2015 due to the illegal importation of FMD-infected cows at the end of 2015. The prevalence rates of FMD were 68.7%, 46.6%, and 30.3% in cattle, buffalo, and small ruminants, respectively, in 2016, while this was 18.4%, 19.9%, and 17.3%, respectively, in 2015. Conclusion: This study approved the reemergence and endemic nature of FMD in Iraqi livestock. Prompt procedures and a new future strategy need to be implemented to control the increasing incidences of FMD in Iraq.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karima Akool Al-Salihi
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|