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Kim J, Kim JW, Lee KK, Lee K, Ku BK, Kim HY. Laboratory investigation of causes of bovine abortion and stillbirth in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2020. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:428-437. [PMID: 38711295 PMCID: PMC11110765 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241239919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine abortion is a critical problem in the cattle industry. Identifying causes of abortion is key to establishing appropriate herd management and prevention strategies. We used pathology examinations, detection of etiologic agents, and serology to determine the cause of bovine abortions in Korea. We analyzed 360 abortion and stillbirth cases submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency from December 2014 to January 2020. The putative cause of abortion was identified in 140 of 360 (38.9%) cases; 124 of the 140 (88.6%) cases were attributed to infections. The most common etiologic agents detected were bovine viral diarrhea virus (65 of 360; 18.1%), Coxiella burnetii (19 of 360; 5.3%), Leptospira spp. (13 of 360; 3.6%), Listeria monocytogenes (9 of 360; 2.5%), and Neospora caninum (8 of 360; 2.2%). Minor abortifacient pathogens included Brucella abortus (2 of 360; 0.6%), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (2 of 360; 0.6%), Akabane virus (2 of 360, 0.6%), and bovine ephemeral fever virus (1 of 360; 0.3%). Non-infectious conditions included congenital anomalies (7 of 360; 1.9%), goiter (7 of 360; 1.9%), and vitamin A deficiency (2 of 360; 0.6%). Our diagnostic rate in cases with placenta submitted (42 of 86; 48.8%) was significantly higher than in cases without placenta (98 of 274; 35.8%), which highlights the value of submitting placentas. Our results confirm the status of the large variety of causative agents associated with abortions in cattle in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Research Planning Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division , Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division , Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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Pace CN, Haulena M, Drumm HE, Akhurst L, Raverty SA. CAUSES AND TRENDS OF HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA) MORTALITY ALONG THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST, CANADA, 2012-2020. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:629-639. [PMID: 37540148 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted to categorize and describe the causes of mortality in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) along the British Columbia coast that presented to the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Mammal Rescue Centre (MMR) for rehabilitation from 2012 to 2020. Medical records for 1,279 predominantly perinatal live-stranded harbor seals recovered in this region were reviewed. Approximately 20.0% (256 individuals; 137 males, 118 females, 1 unknown) of these animals died while at MMR. Infectious disease was the most common cause of death, accounting for 60.5% of mortality across all age classes. This was followed by nonanthropogenic trauma (7.1%), metabolic illness (5.4%), nutritional deficiency (5.0%), parasitic illness (5.0%), congenital disorders (2.5%), and human-associated trauma (0.4%). Pups were the most common age class (87.4%) amongst mortalities and predominantly died of an infectious process (62.5%). Phocid herpesvirus-1 infection was identified in 18.9% of the mortalities, with the highest prevalence occurring in 2019 (30.8%). Fungal disease was detected in six seals: three cases of pulmonary mycosis due to Cryptococcus gattii and three cases consistent with mucormycosis. In six cases, mortality was attributed to congenital disorders. Two of these cases involved axial skeletal malformities that are not currently described in the literature. This is the first study to describe the causes of mortality in harbor seals undergoing rehabilitation in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N Pace
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Martin Haulena
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Hannah E Drumm
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Lindsaye Akhurst
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Stephen A Raverty
- Animal Health Center British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd., Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
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Udechukwu CC, Kudi CA, Abdu PA, Mamman PH, Pilau NN, Abiayi EA, Jolayemie KO, Okoronkwo MO, Adekola AA. Isolation and molecular characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species from cattle in Zaria and its environs, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 99:102003. [PMID: 37393647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic serovars of Leptospira spp. The paucity of information on the status of leptospirosis in cattle in the study area led to this study. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a total of 130 kidney samples from cattle which were cultured using Ellinghausen Mc-Cullough Johnson Harris enrichment and examined on dark field microscope after 8 weeks of culture. DNA was extracted directly from 6 kidney tissues to confirm the presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. and further sequenced to determine the species of Leptospira spp. Result of the culture indicated that the overall occurrence of Leptospira spp.was 32.30 %. Phylogenetic analysis of lipL32 sequences showed Leptospira interrogans isolates from cattle nucleotide homology ranging from 99.40 % to 99.73 % with a query cover of 100 % when compared with sequence from gene bank. In conclusion, this study established that cattle may act as a significant reservoir of leptospirosis in the study area and pose a potential risk to abattoir workers, veterinarians and local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Paul Ayub Abdu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Paul H Mamman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Elmina Abiba Abiayi
- Microbiology Division, Central Diagnostic Laboratory National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom Plateau state, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Adewole Augustine Adekola
- Harper and Keele Veterinary School, Keele, Newcastle, England, UK; Royal Veterinary College, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hawkshead Lane, England, UK
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4
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Molecular Diagnostic Methods For The Detection of Leptospirosis. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread infectious disease caused by the spirochete Leptospira. The clinical features of leptospirosis are fever, headache, vomiting, jaundice, and the acute form of the disease is commonly called Weil’s disease. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is a gold standard method used to detect leptospirosis. However, it requires 14 days of time and skilled personnel to detect leptospirosis. Various molecular methods were developed for the rapid detection process, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex PCR, nested PCR, real-time PCR, and Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Other immuno-based biosensor kits are readily available for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Though these methods claim to be highly sensitive and specific, each method has its drawbacks. This review discusses the different molecular diagnostic techniques applied for the diagnosis of leptospirosis; elaborating on each method’s sensitivity, specificity, and detection time and the different samples of water, blood, and urine used.
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Pinto GV, Kuppusamy S, Rai P, Kabekkodu SP, Karunasagar I, Kumar BK. Current methods for the diagnosis of leptospirosis: Issues and challenges. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 195:106438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kamani J, Harrus S, Ocholi RA, Yague II, Nyango PG, González-Miguel J, Koizumi N. Molecular detection and characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species in bats (Chiroptera) roosting in human habitats in Nigeria, West Africa. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:908-916. [PMID: 34250728 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis with a nearly global distribution. In order to determine the role of bats in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Nigeria, a total of 231 bats belonging to three families, Pteropodidae (n = 117), Molossidae (n = 107) and Nycteridae (n = 17), roosting in human habitats were screened by PCR and sequencing for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira species. DNA extracted from the kidneys of bats were subjected to conventional PCR targeting the rrs1, rrs2, flaB and secY genes for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Overall, 27 out of the 231 (11.7%) of the samples screened were positive for Leptospira spp. High prevalence (>80%) of Leptospira spp. DNA was detected in Chaerophon and Nycteris bat species captures in an abandoned well located within a human habitation. Sequences generated in this study were highly identical to Leptospira borgpetersenii and Leptospira interrogans and clustered with sequences of pathogenic species in GenBank. The detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. was significantly associated (p < .001) with the bat species, feeding habit, roosting site and study location. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular detection and characterization of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in bats from Nigeria. Results show that bats in Nigeria are infected with diverse Leptospira genotypes phylogenetically related to known pathogenic, including zoonotic taxa. Together, these findings reinforce bats' roles as potential reservoirs of Leptospira spp. and should be considered as a starting point for future comparative studies to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of this bacterial pathogen in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kamani
- Bacteriology, Parasitology and Virology Department, NVRI, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reuben A Ocholi
- Bacteriology, Parasitology and Virology Department, NVRI, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Irene I Yague
- Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resource, Andres Bello University, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Servicios de Consultoría para la Recuperación y Ordenación de la Fauna y su Ambiente S.L. (SCROFA S.L.), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Tian Z, Pan Q, Zheng M, Deng Y, Guo P, Cong F, Hu X. Molecular characterization of the FCoV-like canine coronavirus HLJ-071 in China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:364. [PMID: 34838001 PMCID: PMC8626285 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to the differences of antigen and genetic composition, canine coronavirus (CCoV) consists of two genotypes, CCoV-I and CCoV-II. Since 2004, CCoVs with point mutations or deletions of NSPs are contributing to the changes in tropism and virulence in dogs. Results In this study, we isolated a CCoV, designated HLJ-071, from a dead 5-week-old female Welsh Corgi with severe diarrhea and vomit. Sequence analysis suggested that HLJ-071 bearing a complete ORF3abc compared with classic CCoV isolates (1-71, K378 and S378). In addition, a variable region was located between S gene and ORF 3a gene, in which a deletion with 104 nts for HLJ-071 when compared with classic CCoV strains 1-71, S378 and K378. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene and complete sequences showed that HLJ-071 was closely related to FCoV II. Recombination analysis suggested that HLJ-071 originated from the recombination of FCoV 79-1683, FCoV DF2 and CCoV A76. Finally, according to cell tropism experiments, it suggested that HLJ-071 could replicate in canine macrophages/monocytes cells. Conclusion The present study involved the isolation and genetic characterization of a variant CCoV strain and spike protein and ORF3abc of CCoV might play a key role in viral tropism, which could affect the replication in monocyte/macrophage cells. It will provide essential information for further understanding the evolution in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03073-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhige Tian
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China.,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China. .,Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China.
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Saraullo V, Grune Loffler S, Florin-Christensen M, Watanabe O, Hamer M, Martinez M, Brihuega B. Use of the Leptospira sp. ligB C-terminus coding region as a diagnostic tool of animal leptospirosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101689. [PMID: 34225227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide, and it can cause reproductive failures in livestock, while in humans may vary from a mild fever to multi-organ failure and death. Due to this, in this study, we evaluated the usefulness of the segment encoding LigB C-terminus region, only present in pathogenic as target for a diagnostic PCR. This new PCR yielded a 100 % positivity for pathogenic Leptospira species and no cross-reactivity was found with intermediate or non-pathogenic species, or with other microorganisms, demostrating its high analytical specificity. The estimated analytical sensitivity was higher in serum samples than in blood or urine samples (6-9 × 102 lept/mL and 6-9 × 105 and 6-9 × 106 lept/mL, respectively). Multiple sequence alignment of the target region from different pathogenic Leptospira species confirmed that this gene region is highly conserved among these species, with few single nucleotide polymorphisms. The ligb-ct PCR here developed appears as a useful tool for the molecular diagnosis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Saraullo
- Instituto de Patobiología- UEDD IPVET INTA CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Buenos Aires, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina.
| | - Sylvia Grune Loffler
- Instituto de Patobiología- UEDD IPVET INTA CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Buenos Aires, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina
| | - Monica Florin-Christensen
- Instituto de Patobiología- UEDD IPVET INTA CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Buenos Aires, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina
| | - Olivia Watanabe
- Instituto de Patobiología- UEDD IPVET INTA CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Buenos Aires, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina
| | - Micaela Hamer
- Instituto de Patobiología- UEDD IPVET INTA CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Buenos Aires, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina
| | - Mara Martinez
- Instituto de Patobiología- UEDD IPVET INTA CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Buenos Aires, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Brihuega
- Instituto de Patobiología- UEDD IPVET INTA CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Buenos Aires, Hurlingham, B1686, Argentina
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Mathesh K, Thankappan S, Deneke Y, Vamadevan B, Siddappa CM, Sharma AK, Selvaraj I, Sha A, Kumar A. A multipronged approach for the detection of leptospirosis in captive sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in Agra and Bannerghatta sloth bear rescue centers in India. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1059-1067. [PMID: 33994428 PMCID: PMC8349803 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an exacerbating factor responsible for the drastic decline of sloth bear population in India. In this study, a multipronged approach based on
antigen detection using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) employing G1/G2 and LigBF/LigBR primers, antibody detection using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)
and recombinant LigBCon1-5 antigen based Latex Agglutination Test (rLigBCon1-5 LAT), serum biochemistry using hepatic (serum glutamate oxalo acetic transaminase
(SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and renal biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine) and gross/histopathological evidence in
liver and kidneys were employed to investigate leptospirosis in captive sloth bears. A total of 133 serum samples collected from Agra (n=113) and Bannerghatta
(n=20) sloth bear rescue centers were screened using MAT and rLigBCon1-5 LAT. A total of 87 and 78 sera tested positive by MAT and LAT respectively. Pyrogenes
was the leading serovar obtained using MAT followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Grippotyphosa, Canicola and Tarassovi. The relative sensitivity,
specificity and accuracy of rLigBCon1-5 LAT in comparison to MAT were 89.66%, 100% and 93.23% respectively. PCR performed on hepatic and renal tissues showed
amplicon of 285 and 219 base pairs for G1/G2 and LigBF/LigBR primers respectively. Gross evidence (icteric liver, severely engorged hepatic sinusoids, congested
kidneys with necrotic white spots on sub capsular surface), histopathology (severe hepatic degeneration and tubulointerstitial nephritis) and elevated
hepatic/renal biomarkers were suggestive of leptospirosis. This study suggests that rLigBCon1-5 LAT can be employed as a pen-side test for detecting
leptospirosis in sloth bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karikalan Mathesh
- Center for Wildlife, ICAR-IVRI, Izzatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Sabarinath Thankappan
- Clinical Bacteriological Laboratory, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Yosef Deneke
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Beena Vamadevan
- Veterinary Pathology Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izzatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | | | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Center for Wildlife, ICAR-IVRI, Izzatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Ilayaraja Selvaraj
- Agra Bear Rescue Center, Wildlife SOS, Keetham, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 283101, India
| | - Arun Sha
- Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Center, Wildlife SOS, Bengaluru 560083, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Krishi Bhawan, ICAR, New Delhi 110001, India
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Goarant C, Girault D, Thibeaux R, Soupé-Gilbert ME. Isolation and Culture of Leptospira from Clinical and Environmental Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2134:1-9. [PMID: 32632854 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0459-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Leptospires, the etiological agents of leptospirosis, are fastidious slow-growing organisms. Here we describe the isolation and routine maintenance of leptospires from clinical (blood, urine, or tissue) and environmental (water or soil) samples. Using combinations of filtration, agar plating, and selective agents, leptospires can be isolated in pure cultures even from complex contaminated sources in standard EMJH culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Goarant
- Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | - Dominique Girault
- Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Roman Thibeaux
- Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Marie-Estelle Soupé-Gilbert
- Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, New Caledonia
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Saraullo V, Loffler SG, Pastorino F, Watanabe O, Alonso ML, Hamer M, Moreira C, Martinez M, Martinez G, Brihuega B. First report of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Tadarida brasiliensis bats (family Molossidae) and Eptesicus furinalis (family Vespertilionidae) of Argentina. New host species in this country? Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 53:210-215. [PMID: 33468355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an endemic disease caused by Leptospira spp., a bacterium that affects animals and humans. In recent years, the number of reports of leptospirosis in wild animals has increased, which highlights the need to study the infectious agents in these animals. In this study, a duplex PCR for the detection of leptospiral DNA was performed on 50 kidney samples from bats, and a MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) for serological detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies was applied to 47 serum samples from bats from different regions of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. DNA was extracted using Chelex-100 and duplex PCR was performed by targeting the detection of genes secY and flaB, of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Of the 50 kidney samples, 3 were positive for Eumops sp. and Tadarida brasiliensis by duplex PCR. Of the 47 serum samples, 12 were positive for different serovars: Leptospira interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Cynopteri and Bataviae, and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Ballum. This is the first report of the detection of pathogenic leptospires by serology in bats belonging to the T. brasiliensis and Eptesicus furinalis species in Argentina. In addition, this is the first report of the detection of pathogenic leptospiral DNA by PCR in T. brasiliensis species. The detection of Leptospira spp. in these wild animals shows that they may play an important role as wildlife reservoirs of leptospires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Saraullo
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Nicolás Repetto and Reseros w/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sylvia Grune Loffler
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Nicolás Repetto and Reseros w/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Pastorino
- Urban Zoonoses Division, Ministry of Health of the Buenos Aires Province, Italia N° 324 Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivia Watanabe
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Nicolás Repetto and Reseros w/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Alonso
- Urban Zoonoses Division, Ministry of Health of the Buenos Aires Province, Italia N° 324 Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela Hamer
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Nicolás Repetto and Reseros w/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Moreira
- Urban Zoonoses Division, Ministry of Health of the Buenos Aires Province, Italia N° 324 Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mara Martinez
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Nicolás Repetto and Reseros w/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Martinez
- Urban Zoonoses Division, Ministry of Health of the Buenos Aires Province, Italia N° 324 Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Brihuega
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Nicolás Repetto and Reseros w/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ajayi OL, Antia RE, Oladipo TM. Dissemination kinetics and pathology of canine Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae isolate in a guinea pig infection model. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 42:314-334. [PMID: 33444112 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1863818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress made in elucidating the mechanism of acute human leptospirosis in different organs, there is a paucity of information in organs such as the heart, pancreas, brain, and adrenal gland. This study was designed to establish leptospire dissemination kinetics and patho-morphological changes associated with these orangs in the guinea pig infection model using cultural isolation (CI), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Warthin Starry silver stain (WSss), immunohistochemistry (IH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Twenty guinea pigs were inoculated intra-peritoneally with a low dosage of 1 × 107 Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and 10 as control using distilled water. The guinea pigs were sacrificed at post-infection day (p.i.d.) ½, 1, 3, 5, and 7 followed by the harvest of the brain, pancreas, adrenal gland, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen for CI, PCR, HE, WSss, IH, and TEM evaluations. The study revealed early dissemination of Leptospira organism in the brain, heart, pancreas, and adrenal gland and exerted various histopathological changes that were not explicitly elucidated in previous studies. This study revealed that the virulent pathogenic isolate of Leptospira organism obtained from clinically infected dog mimicked the same clinical manifestations, gross and histopathological changes especially in organs that were not previously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Lawrence Ajayi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria
| | - Richard Edem Antia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology , University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria
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Murag S, Rathnamma D, Balamurugan V, Patil S, Dasappa Venkatesha M, Amachawadi RG, Syed A, Marraiki N, Kumar Singh S, Prasad Kollur S, Shivamallu C. Isolation and identification of Leptospira species from bovines by rpoB and LipL41 genes based phylogenetic analysis. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - SCIENCE 2021; 33:101272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
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Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thepapichaikul W, Paungpin W, Ketchim K, Suwanpakdee S, Thongdee M. Potentially Pathogenic Leptospira in the Environment of an Elephant Camp in Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5040183. [PMID: 33291225 PMCID: PMC7768412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, a globally emerging zoonotic disease. The infection is commonly acquired through contact with the contaminated environment. To extend the knowledge on environmental source of leptospirosis, we investigated the presence of Leptospira in an elephant camp setting where the interaction between humans, animals, and the shared environment occur particularly when engaging in recreational activities. In this study, a total of 24 environmental samples were collected from an elephant camp area in western Thailand. All samples were processed for Leptospira isolation using the EMJH medium. The identification of Leptospira species was carried out by partial 16S rRNA and secY gene sequencing. Of those 24 samples, 18 samples (75%) were culture-positive for Leptospira. The recovered leptospires were mostly derived from water and soil sampled from a river and a mud pond, the main areas for recreational activities. The majority of the isolates were classified into “Pathogens” clade (89%, 16/18) and more than half of the isolates (61%, 11/18) contained species of the “Saprophytes” clade. Notably, two soil isolates from the river beach sampling area were found to contain leptospiral DNA with high similarity to the pathogenic L. interrogans and L. santarosai. The evidence of diverse Leptospira species, particularly those belonging to the “Pathogens” clade, suggest that the shared environments of an elephant camp can serve as potential infection source and may pose a risk to the elephant camp tourists and workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Wasinee Thepapichaikul
- Livestock and Wildlife Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand;
| | - Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Kanokwan Ketchim
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2441-5236
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15
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp., is a widespread zoonotic disease worldwide. Early diagnosis is required for proper patient management and reducing leptospirosis morbidity and mortality.
Objective
To summarize current literature regarding commonly used and new promising molecular approaches to Leptospira detection and diagnostic tests of human leptospirosis.
Method
The relevant articles in Leptospira and leptospirosis were retrieved from MEDLINE (PubMed) and Scopus.
Results
Several molecular techniques have been developed for diagnosis of human leptospirosis. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques targeting on either lipL32 or 16S rRNA (rrs) gene are most commonly used to detect leptospiral DNA in various clinical specimens. Whole blood and urine are recommended specimens for suspected cases in the first (acute) and the second (immune) phases, respectively. Isothermal amplification with less expensive instrument is an alternative DNA detection technique that may be suitable for resource-limited laboratories.
Conclusion
Detection of leptospiral DNA in clinical specimens using molecular techniques enhances sensitivity for diagnosis of leptospirosis. The efficient and robust molecular detection especially in the early leptospiremic phase may prompt early and appropriate treatment leading to reduced morbidity and mortality of patients with leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerasit Techawiwattanaboon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
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16
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Mahtab M, Khan F, Azam M, Rizvi M, Sultan A, Shukla I, Almatroudi A. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human pathogenic Leptospira species circulating in a tertiary care hospital of Western Uttar Pradesh in India. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 113:275-281. [PMID: 31818236 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1685196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is identified as an important reemerging zoonotic disease distributed worldwide, caused by Leptospira. This study was carried out to explore the genetic characterization and its phylogenetic analysis of circulating Leptospira species, among the Aligarh region of western Uttar Pradesh in India, utilizing secY gene-based nucleotide sequence. A total of 190 human samples were included in the study. Positive samples were identified by ELISA, MAT and PCR. MAT was carried out utilizing local circulating Leptospira serovars. Four positive samples including two MAT positive samples were subjected to DNA sequencing for further confirmation and phylogenetic tree was constructed. Out of the total of 190 samples, 24 patients were found positive by ELISA and 29 by PCR. Two samples were found reactive in MAT with L. interrogans serovars like hebdomadis and copenhageni. Phylogenetic analysis of four isolates based on partial secY gene nucleotide sequences revealed that species obtained from the Aligarh region clustered with the several published pathogenic Leptospira interrogans, while some of our isolates nucleotide sequences also clustered with the published sequence of intermediate and saprophytic Leptospira serovars like Leptospira inadai and Leptospira meyeri. This pilot study will help us to decipher the present scenario of circulating serovars of leptospira as well as to identify the nucleotide changes in secY gene, in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahtab
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Azam
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.,Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meher Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Asfia Sultan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Indu Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Caimi K, Ruybal P. Leptospira spp., a genus in the stage of diversity and genomic data expansion. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104241. [PMID: 32061688 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread global zoonotic bacterial disease with a noteworthy human-animal-ecosystem interface. The disease presents different clinical manifestations and a high mortality and morbidity rates in humans and animals throughout the world. Characterization and correct classification of Leptospira isolates is essential for a better understanding the epidemiological properties of the disease. In the last ten years, molecular typing tools have been developed and applied to this field. These methods together with the availability of hundreds of new whole genome sequences that belong to known and new described species are shaping the understanding and structure of the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Caimi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - P Ruybal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso: 12, CABA 1121, Argentina
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18
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Karpagam KB, Ganesh B. Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:835-846. [PMID: 31898795 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected, reemerging disease of global public health importance with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Due to negligence, rapid, unplanned urbanization, and poor sanitation, leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness in many of the developing countries. Every individual has a risk of getting infected as domestic and wild animals carry leptospires; the at-risk population varies from the healthcare professionals, animal caretakers, farmers and agricultural workers, fishermen, rodent catchers, water sports people, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) personnel, people who volunteer rescue operations in flood-affected areas, sanitary workers, sewage workers, etc. The clinical manifestations of leptospirosis range from flu-like illness to acute kidney failure (AKF), pneumonia, jaundice, pulmonary hemorrhages, etc. But many rare and uncommon clinical manifestations are being reported worldwide. This review will cover all possible updates in leptospirosis from occurrence, transmission, rare clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylactic measures that are currently available, their advantages and the future perspectives, elaborately. There are less or very few reviews on leptospirosis in recent years. Thus, this work will serve as background knowledge for the current understanding of leptospirosis for researchers. This will provide a detailed analysis of leptospirosis and also help in finding research gaps and areas to focus on regarding future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Baby Karpagam
- Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.,University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India. .,University of Madras, Chennai, India.
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Marquez A, Khalil RA, Fourel I, Ovarbury T, Pinot A, Rosine A, Thalmensi G, Jaffory G, Kodjo A, Benoit E, Lattard V. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Martinique could lead to inefficient rodent control in a context of endemic leptospirosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13491. [PMID: 31530819 PMCID: PMC6749056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emergent worldwide zoonosis. It is endemic in Martinique where transmission conditions are favourable. Humans are usually infected through contact with water contaminated with urine of rodents. Recent human leptospirosis outbreaks in Martinique require today effective rodent management to prevent leptospirosis transmission. Nowadays, use of anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) is the main method implemented to control rodent populations. Nevertheless, intensive use of these AR has selected worldwide many VKORC1-based resistant rodent strains to AR. Our aim was to characterize the sensitivity of Martinique commensal rodents to AR to better prevent leptospirosis transmission. Resistance of house mice to first-generation and in rare cases even to second-generation ARs were clearly demonstrated in Martinique with the detection of the Y139C mutation with a very high allelic frequency of 40% and the A26T/Y139C double-mutation with an allelic frequency of 0.9%. In black rat, the most prevalent rodent in Martinique, 3 new Vkorc1 coding mutations were detected, the H68N, A115T and S149N mutations associated with moderate resistance to first generation AR. Therefore, rodent management in Martinique must be carried carefully to avoid resistance diffusion and maintain long-term effective rodent management, to be able to efficiently prevent leptospirosis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Marquez
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Rami Abi Khalil
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Teddy Ovarbury
- FREDON Martinique, Route du Lycée agricole, Chemin Tolobe, Croix Rivail, 97224, Ducos, Martinique
| | - Adrien Pinot
- UMR 0874 UREP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Armand Rosine
- FREDON Martinique, Route du Lycée agricole, Chemin Tolobe, Croix Rivail, 97224, Ducos, Martinique
| | - Gérard Thalmensi
- ARS Martinique, Centre d'affaires AGORA, Zac de l'Etang Z'abricot, Pointe des grives, CS 80 656, 97263, Fort de France Cedex, Martinique
| | - Georges Jaffory
- ARS Martinique, Centre d'affaires AGORA, Zac de l'Etang Z'abricot, Pointe des grives, CS 80 656, 97263, Fort de France Cedex, Martinique
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'étoile, France.
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20
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Yang B, de Vries SG, Ahmed A, Visser BJ, Nagel IM, Spijker R, Grobusch MP, Hartskeerl RA, Goris MGA, Leeflang MMG. Nucleic acid and antigen detection tests for leptospirosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 8:CD011871. [PMID: 31425612 PMCID: PMC6699653 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011871.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of leptospirosis may contribute to the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and early outbreak recognition. Nucleic acid and antigen detection tests have the potential for early diagnosis of leptospirosis. With this systematic review, we assessed the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid and antigen detection tests. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic test accuracy of nucleic acid and antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of human symptomatic leptospirosis. SEARCH METHODS We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and regional databases from inception to 6 July 2018. We did not apply restrictions to language or time of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA We included diagnostic cross-sectional studies and case-control studies of tests that made use of nucleic acid and antigen detection methods in people suspected of systemic leptospirosis. As reference standards, we considered the microscopic agglutination test alone (which detects antibodies against leptospirosis) or in a composite reference standard with culturing or other serological tests. Studies were excluded when the controls were healthy individuals or when there were insufficient data to calculate sensitivity and specificity. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two review authors independently extracted data from each study. We used the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2) to assess risk of bias. We calculated study-specific values for sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled the results in a meta-analysis when appropriate. We used the bivariate model for index tests with one positivity threshold, and we used the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model for index tests with multiple positivity thresholds. As possible sources of heterogeneity, we explored: timing of index test, disease prevalence, blood sample type, primers or target genes, and the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) visualisation method. These were added as covariates to the meta-regression models. MAIN RESULTS We included 41 studies evaluating nine index tests (conventional PCR (in short: PCR), real-time PCR, nested PCR, PCR performed twice, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-ELISA, immunochromatography-based lateral flow assay, and dipstick assay) with 5981 participants (1834 with and 4147 without leptospirosis). Methodological quality criteria were often not reported, and the risk of bias of the reference standard was generally considered high. The applicability of findings was limited by the frequent use of frozen samples. We conducted meta-analyses for the PCR and the real-time PCR on blood products.The pooled sensitivity of the PCR was 70% (95% CI 37% to 90%) and the pooled specificity was 95% (95% CI 75% to 99%). When studies with a high risk of bias in the reference standard domain were excluded, the pooled sensitivity was 87% (95% CI 44% to 98%) and the pooled specificity was 97% (95% CI 60% to 100%). For the real-time PCR, we estimated a summary receiver operating characteristic curve. To illustrate, a point on the curve with 85% specificity had a sensitivity of 49% (95% CI 30% to 68%). Likewise, at 90% specificity, sensitivity was 40% (95% CI 24% to 59%) and at 95% specificity, sensitivity was 29% (95% CI 15% to 49%). The median specificity of real-time PCR on blood products was 92%. We did not formally compare the diagnostic test accuracy of PCR and real-time PCR, as direct comparison studies were lacking. Three of 15 studies analysing PCR on blood products reported the timing of sample collection in the studies included in the meta-analyses (range 1 to 7 days postonset of symptoms), and nine out of 16 studies analysing real-time PCR on blood products (range 1 to 19 days postonset of symptoms). In PCR studies, specificity was lower in settings with high leptospirosis prevalence. Other investigations of heterogeneity did not identify statistically significant associations. Two studies suggested that PCR and real-time PCR may be more sensitive on blood samples collected early in the disease stage. Results of other index tests were described narratively. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The validity of review findings are limited and should be interpreted with caution. There is a substantial between-study variability in the accuracy of PCR and real-time PCR, as well as a substantial variability in the prevalence of leptospirosis. Consequently, the position of PCR and real-time PCR in the clinical pathway depends on regional considerations such as disease prevalence, factors that are likely to influence accuracy, and downstream consequences of test results. There is insufficient evidence to conclude which of the nucleic acid and antigen detection tests is the most accurate. There is preliminary evidence that PCR and real-time PCR are more sensitive on blood samples collected early in the disease stage, but this needs to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bada Yang
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Sophia G de Vries
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of AmsterdamCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MedicineMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of AmsterdamMedical Microbiology, OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on LeptospirosisMeibergdreef 39AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Benjamin J Visser
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of AmsterdamCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MedicineMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Ingeborg M Nagel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMedical LibraryMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - René Spijker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityCochrane NetherlandsRoom Str. 6.127P.O. Box 85500UtrechtNetherlands3508 GA
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public HealthMedical LibraryMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of AmsterdamCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MedicineMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Rudy A Hartskeerl
- OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on LeptospirosisMeibergdreef 39AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Marga GA Goris
- Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of AmsterdamMedical Microbiology, OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on LeptospirosisMeibergdreef 39AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Mariska MG Leeflang
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
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House Mice as a Real Sanitary Threat of Human and Animal Leptospirosis: Proposal for Integrated Management. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3794876. [PMID: 31341897 PMCID: PMC6612401 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3794876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonosis and ranges in severity from benign to sometimes fatal. In cattle, infection may be responsible for abortion and infertility cases causing economic losses. Humans may be contaminated through direct contact with urine of infected animals or indirectly though interaction with urine-contaminated environment. Many wildlife species living close to cattle, especially commensal rodents may play a role in the transmission of leptospires. Because little is known on the epidemiology of nonmaintenance Leptospira serovars, appropriate management is still limited. On a French farm where human and cattle leptospirosis were detected, the transmission cycle was explored to propose appropriate mitigation measures. For that, commensal rodents present on the farm were trapped and their leptospires carriage was studied by molecular methods. Trapped mice were shown to carry two pathogenic Leptospira species (L. interrogans and L. kirschneri). Since these 2 serogroups were simultaneously detected in the trapped mice and in the cows of this farm, we suspected an initial Leptospira transmission from mice to cows requiring an effective management of mice on this farm. Because resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides due to Vkorc1 mutations has been largely described in rodents and first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides seemed to be inefficient in controlling mice on this farm, susceptibility of these mice to anticoagulants has been characterized by Vkorc1 sequencing. 50% of the trapped mice carried mutations in the Vkorc1 gene leading to severe resistance to first-generation anticoagulants. The management of such mice that are a real sanitary threat can be achieved only by using the most toxic second-generation anticoagulants or nonanticoagulant solutions.
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Escandón-Vargas K, Bustamante-Rengifo JA, Astudillo-Hernández M. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira in ornamental water fountains from urban sites in Cali, Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:107-115. [PMID: 30213207 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1519526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a disease endemic to both rural and urban areas of tropical countries and resource-poor communities. Little information is available on the presence of Leptospira spp. in urban water sources. A study was conducted to detect pathogenic Leptospira in ornamental water fountains in Cali, Colombia. Twenty-seven water fountains were tested for pathogenic Leptospira using a multiplex PCR assay targeting the secY and the flaB genes. Pathogenic Leptospira was confirmed in 11 (41%) ornamental water fountains. Plazas, building exteriors, and sidewalks presented the highest proportion (67%) of pathogenic Leptospira-positive water fountains. Urban ornamental water fountains might be sources of pathogenic Leptospira and might pose a risk to humans who come into close contact, although relevance from a public health perspective is yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Escandón-Vargas
- a School of Medicine , Universidad del Valle , Cali , Colombia
- b Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences , Universidad del Valle , Cali , Colombia
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Li S, Liu Y, Chen X, Wang M, Hu W, Yan J. Visual and Rapid Detection of Leptospira interrogans Using Multiple Cross-Displacement Amplification Coupled with Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:604-612. [PMID: 30702382 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. In the present study, a visual and rapid method for detecting Leptospira interrogans was developed based on multiple cross-displacement amplification (MCDA) and nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor (LFB). A set of 10 primers was specifically designed to recognize 10 regions of the lipL 41 gene of L. interrogans. The MCDA reaction was optimized at 64°C for only 40 min, and the amplification products were directly applied to the biosensor. The entire process, including DNA extraction (25 min), MCDA reaction (40 min), and result interpretation (∼2 min), could be completed within 70 min. Amplification products were detectable from as few as 10 genomic equivalents per reaction of pure L. interrogans DNA. No cross-reaction with nonpathogenic Leptospira or other bacteria was observed. The MCDA-LFB method established in the current report is suitable for the rapid screening of L. interrogans in clinical, animal, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- 1Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- 1Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Chen
- 1Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Wang
- 1Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Weilin Hu
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yan
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Guernier V, Allan KJ, Goarant C. Advances and challenges in barcoding pathogenic and environmental Leptospira. Parasitology 2018; 145:595-607. [PMID: 28716157 PMCID: PMC6010154 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of global importance. A large spectrum of asymptomatic animal hosts can carry the infection and contribute to the burden of human disease. Environmental sources of human contamination also point to the importance of a hydrotelluric reservoir. Leptospirosis can be caused by as many as 15 different pathogenic or intermediate Leptospira species. However, classification of these bacteria remains complicated through the use of both serological and genetic classification systems that show poor correlation. With the advent of molecular techniques, DNA-based barcoding offers a conceptual framework that can be used for leptospirosis surveillance as well as source tracking. In this review, we summarize some of the current techniques, highlight significant successes and weaknesses and point to the future opportunities and challenges to successfully establish a widely applicable barcoding scheme for Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Guernier
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Kathryn J. Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Institut Pasteur International Network, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia. 11 rue Paul Doumer, BP 61; 98845 Noumea cedex, New Caledonia
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25
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Ballados-González GG, Sánchez-Montes S, Romero-Salas D, Colunga Salas P, Gutiérrez-Molina R, León-Paniagua L, Becker I, Méndez-Ojeda ML, Barrientos-Salcedo C, Serna-Lagunes R, Cruz-Romero A. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira species associated with phyllostomid bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Veracruz, Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:773-781. [PMID: 29318786 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Leptospira encompass 22 species of spirochaetes, with ten pathogenic species that have been recorded in more than 160 mammals worldwide. In the last two decades, the numbers of records of these agents associated with bats have increased exponentially, particularly in America. Although order Chiroptera represents the second most diverse order of mammals in Mexico, and leptospirosis represents a human and veterinary problem in the country, few studies have been conducted to identify potential wildlife reservoirs. The aim of this study was to detect the presence and diversity of Leptospira sp. in communities of bats in an endemic state of leptospirosis in Mexico. During January to September 2016, 81 bats of ten species from three localities of Veracruz, Mexico, were collected with mist nets. Kidney samples were obtained from all specimens. For the detection of Leptospira sp., we amplified several genes using specific primers. Amplicons of the expected size were submitted to sequencing, and sequences recovered were compared with those of reference deposited in GenBank using the BLAST tool. To identify their phylogenetic position, we realized a reconstruction using maximum-likelihood (ML) method. Twenty-five samples from three bat species (Artibeus lituratus, Choeroniscus godmani and Desmodus rotundus) showed the presence of Leptospira DNA. Sequences recovered were close to Leptospira noguchii, Leptospira weilii and Leptospira interrogans. Our results include the first record of Leptospira in bats from Mexico and exhibit a high diversity of these pathogens circulating in the state. Due to the finding of a large number of positive wild animals, it is necessary to implement a surveillance system in populations of the positive bats as well as in related species, in order to understand their role as carriers of this bacterial genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Ballados-González
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - S Sánchez-Montes
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - D Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - P Colunga Salas
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México.,Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Museo de Zoología "Alfonso L. Herrera", Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - R Gutiérrez-Molina
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - L León-Paniagua
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Museo de Zoología "Alfonso L. Herrera", Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - I Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - M L Méndez-Ojeda
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - C Barrientos-Salcedo
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - R Serna-Lagunes
- Unidad de Manejo y Conservación de Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, región Orizaba-Córdoba, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - A Cruz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, región Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
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Wainaina M, Bett B, Ontiri E, Picozzi K, Agwanda B, Strand T, Grace D, Lundkvist Å, Lindahl J. Leptospira bacteria detected in rodents in Tana River and Garissa counties of Kenya. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1547093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wainaina
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Enoch Ontiri
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Tanja Strand
- Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Rapid and visual detection of Leptospira in urine by LigB-LAMP assay with pre-addition of dye. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 36:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Scialfa E, Grune S, Brihuega B, Aguirre P, Rivero M. Isolation of saprophytic Leptospira spp. from a selected environmental water source of Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:323-326. [PMID: 29198840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten Leptospira spp. strains were isolated from water samples from Nievas stream, Olavarría, Buenos Aires province (Argentina). The isolates showed the typical motility and morphology of the genus Leptospira under dark field microscopy, developing in liquid EMJH medium after eight days of incubation at 13°C and 30°C. All isolates were negative by the Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified all isolates as nonpathogenic leptospires. Four isolates showed a genetic profile identical to that of the reference strain Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc, and six isolates revealed sequence similarities within the 97-98% range, closely related to Leptospira yanagawae and Leptospira meyeri, respectively. Strains ScialfaASA42, ScialfaASA45, ScialfaASA44, ScialfaASA47, ScialfaASA49, ScialfaASA50 and ScialfaASA51 possibly represent a novel species of the genus Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Exequiel Scialfa
- División Zoonosis Rurales, España 770, Azul 7300, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sylvia Grune
- Instituto de Patobiología, CCVyA-CNIA, INTA, CC 77, 1708 Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Brihuega
- Instituto de Patobiología, CCVyA-CNIA, INTA, CC 77, 1708 Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aguirre
- División Zoonosis Rurales, España 770, Azul 7300, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Rivero
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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[Differentiation of pathogenic leptospires spp by PCR of ligB gene and sequencing]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:126-130. [PMID: 29066033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis having worldwide distribution. The objective of this work was to develop a molecular technique to differentiate pathogenic Leptospira spp. A region of adhesin ligB, present only in the pathogenic species was amplified by PCR and sequenced. ligBRpet and ligBFpet primers were used, which amplified the target DNA from pathogenic L. interrogans reference strains serovars Pomona strain Pomona, Canicola strain Hond Utrecht IV, Copenhageni strain M 20, Wolffi strain 3705, Pyrogenes strain Salinem, Hardjo strain Hardjoprajitmo, L. borgpetersenii serovar Castellonis strain Castellon 3 and 4 pathogenic strains isolated from bovines, pigs, rats and opossums. L. biflexa serovars Patoc strain Patoc I and Andamana strain Andamana were not amplified. Sequencing of the amplified products exhibited sufficient variation among serovars, which differentiates them.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis, which results from infection with spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, currently relies on the use of culture, serological testing (microscopic agglutination testing), and molecular detection. The purpose of this review is to describe new molecular diagnostics for Leptospira and discuss advancements in the use of available methods. RECENT FINDINGS Efforts have been focused on improving the clinical sensitivity of Leptospira detection using molecular methods. In this review, we describe a reoptimized pathogenic species-specific real-time PCR (targeting lipL32) that has demonstrated improved sensitivity, findings by two groups that real-time reverse-transcription PCR assays targeting the 16S rrs gene can improve detection, and two new loop-mediated amplification techniques. Quantitation of leptospiremia, detection in different specimen types, and the complementary roles played by molecular detection and microscopic agglutination testing will be discussed. Finally, a protocol for Leptospira strain subtyping using variable number tandem repeat targets and high-resolution melting will be described. SUMMARY Molecular diagnostics have an established role for the diagnosis of leptospirosis and provide an actionable diagnosis in the acute setting. The use of real-time reverse-transcription PCR for testing serum/plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, when available, may improve the detection of Leptospira without decreasing clinical specificity.
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31
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Hsu YH, Chou SJ, Chang CC, Pan MJ, Yang WC, Lin CF, Chan KW. Development and validation of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in clinical materials. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:55-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Benacer D, Zain SNM, Lewis JW, Khalid MKNM, Thong KL. A duplex endpoint PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of Leptospira strains. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:239-242. [PMID: 28562762 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0364-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to develop a duplex endpoint PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of Leptospira strains. METHODS: Primers were designed to target the rrs (LG1/LG2) and ligB (LP1/LP2) genes to confirm the presence of the Leptospira genus and the pathogenic species, respectively. RESULTS: The assay showed 100% specificity against 17 Leptospira strains with a limit of detection of 23.1pg/µl of leptospiral DNA and sensitivity of 103 leptospires/ml in both spiked urine and water. CONCLUSIONS: Our duplex endpoint PCR assay is suitable for rapid early detection of Leptospira with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douadi Benacer
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nursheena Mohd Zain
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - John W Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Garba B, Bahaman AR, Khairani-Bejo S, Zakaria Z, Mutalib AR. Retrospective Study of Leptospirosis in Malaysia. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:389-398. [PMID: 28405850 PMCID: PMC5486469 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans and animals by direct or indirect contact with urine or body fluids from infected animals especially rodents. Infection can be associated with wide clinical spectrum varying from asymptomatic to severe multi-organ syndrome with life-threatening consequences. We conducted a review of published studies on incidences, case reports, sero-epidemiological surveys from year 2000 to 2015 using different electronic data bases. Our study revealed that majority of the studies were conducted in Peninsular Malaysia and predominantly among high-risk human groups. Most of the studies on domestic animals were conducted in the 1980s; hence, the current status of leptospirosis among domestic animal population remains largely unknown. There tend to be a sharp rise in incidence rate among human population in the year 2014 which was attributed to flooding and heavy rainfall experienced as well as recreational activities. Several gaps in epidemiological knowledge were also disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashiru Garba
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rani Bahaman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Khairani-Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahim Mutalib
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Services Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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34
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Arent Z, Gilmore C, Barlow AM, Smith L, Ellis WA. Leptospira interrogans
serogroup Pomona infections in the UK: is there a real threat for farm animals? Vet Rec 2017; 180:424. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Arent
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow; Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow 30-059 Poland
| | - C. Gilmore
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
| | - A. M. Barlow
- APHA-Starcross VI Centre; Staplake Mount, Starcross Exeter Devon EX6 8PE UK
- Formerly AHVLA Langford; Langford House, Langford Somerset BS40 5DX UK
| | - L. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Woodham Lane, New Haw Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - W. A. Ellis
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
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Obiegala A, Albrecht C, Dafalla M, Drewes S, Oltersdorf C, Turni H, Imholt C, Jacob J, Wagner-Wiening C, Ulrich RG, Pfeffer M. Leptospira spp. in Small Mammals from Areas with Low and High Human Hantavirus Incidences in South-West Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:312-318. [PMID: 28332927 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira spp. and is considered the most widespread zoonotic disease worldwide. It mimics nephropathia epidemica in humans, a disease mainly caused by Puumala hantavirus (PUUV). Small mammals are reservoirs for Leptospira spp. and PUUV. Seewis virus (SWSV) is a shrew-borne hantavirus with unknown pathogenicity. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence for Leptospira spp. and the frequency of Leptospira-hantavirus co-infections in small mammals collected at locations with high and low incidences in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2012 and 2013, 736 small mammals belonging to seven species (Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus agrestis, Microtus arvalis, Myodes glareolus, Sorex araneus, S. coronatus, and S. minutus) were collected at four high incidence sites (H1-H4) and four low (L1-L4) incidence sites for PUUV infection in humans. Kidney-derived DNA samples were tested for Leptospira spp. by real-time PCR targeting the lipl 32 gene and further analyzed by duplex PCR targeting the flaB and the secY genes. For the detection of Seewis virus, lung-derived DNA was tested via RT-PCR targeting the nucleocapsid gene. RESULTS Altogether, 42 of the 736 small mammals including 27 of 660 bank voles and 11 of 66 shrews, were positive for Leptospira spp., while Sorex spp. (14.7%) showed significantly higher prevalences compared to bank voles (4.1%). Detected Leptospira spp. were pathogenic species other than L. kirschneri. Significantly more Leptospira-positive bank voles were found at H sites than at L sites. Altogether 22.2% of positive bank voles were infected with PUUV. Double infection of PUUV and Leptospira spp. occurrence in bank voles is 1.86 times (OR = 1.86; 95% CI: 0.72-4.73) more likely than infections with each pathogen separately. DISCUSSION Leptospira- positive bank voles are focally positively associated with PUUV infection in bank voles and with human hantavirus cases. It should be considered that shrews may serve as Leptospira spp. reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Obiegala
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Albrecht
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maysaa Dafalla
- 2 Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Drewes
- 2 Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolin Oltersdorf
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Christian Imholt
- 4 Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute , Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- 4 Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute , Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rainer G Ulrich
- 2 Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
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Arent ZJ, Gilmore C, San-Miguel Ayanz JM, Neyra LQ, García-Peña FJ. Molecular Epidemiology of Leptospira Serogroup Pomona Infections Among Wild and Domestic Animals in Spain. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:48-57. [PMID: 28213654 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Leptospira serogroup Pomona are known to cause widespread animal infections in many parts of the world. Forty-three isolates retrieved from domestic animals and wild small mammals suggest that serogroup Pomona is epidemiologically relevant in Spain. This is supported by the high prevalence of serovar Pomona antibodies in livestock and wild animals. In this study, the strains were serologically and genetically characterized in an attempt to elucidate their epidemiology. Serological typing was based on the microscopic agglutination test but molecular typing involved species-specific polymerase chain reaction, restriction endonuclease analysis, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. The study revealed that the infections are caused by two serovars, namely Pomona and Mozdok. Serovar Pomona was derived only from farm animals and may be adapted to pigs, which are recognized as the maintenance host. The results demonstrated that serovar Pomona is genetically heterogeneous and three different types were recognized. This heterogeneity was correlated with different geographical distributions of the isolates. All strains derived from small wild mammals were identified as serovar Mozdok. Some isolates of this serovar retrieved from cattle confirm that this serovar may also be the cause of infections in food-producing animals for which these wild species may be source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Arent
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK.
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-AUK, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - C Gilmore
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | | | - L Quevedo Neyra
- ADS JANDAVET, Calle Paterna, Local 4, 11170, Medina Sidonia (Cádiz), Spain
| | - F J García-Peña
- Bacteriology Department 2, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria de Algete (MAGRAMA), 28110, Algete, Madrid, Spain
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Weiss S, Menezes A, Woods K, Chanthongthip A, Dittrich S, Opoku-Boateng A, Kimuli M, Chalker V. An Extended Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Scheme for Rapid Direct Typing of Leptospira from Clinical Samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004996. [PMID: 27654037 PMCID: PMC5031427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid typing of Leptospira is currently impaired by requiring time consuming culture of leptospires. The objective of this study was to develop an assay that provides multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data direct from patient specimens while minimising costs for subsequent sequencing. Methodology and Findings An existing PCR based MLST scheme was modified by designing nested primers including anchors for facilitated subsequent sequencing. The assay was applied to various specimen types from patients diagnosed with leptospirosis between 2014 and 2015 in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Of 44 clinical samples (23 serum, 6 whole blood, 3 buffy coat, 12 urine) PCR positive for pathogenic Leptospira spp. at least one allele was amplified in 22 samples (50%) and used for phylogenetic inference. Full allelic profiles were obtained from ten specimens, representing all sample types (23%). No nonspecific amplicons were observed in any of the samples. Of twelve PCR positive urine specimens three gave full allelic profiles (25%) and two a partial profile. Phylogenetic analysis allowed for species assignment. The predominant species detected was L. interrogans (10/14 and 7/8 from UK and Lao PDR, respectively). All other species were detected in samples from only one country (Lao PDR: L. borgpetersenii [1/8]; UK: L. kirschneri [1/14], L. santarosai [1/14], L. weilii [2/14]). Conclusion Typing information of pathogenic Leptospira spp. was obtained directly from a variety of clinical samples using a modified MLST assay. This assay negates the need for time-consuming culture of Leptospira prior to typing and will be of use both in surveillance, as single alleles enable species determination, and outbreaks for the rapid identification of clusters. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with more than 1 million cases per year globally and epidemics are increasingly reported. In this setting rapid typing is essential to identify potential clusters and transmission pathways. Typing of bacteria commonly requires bacterial isolates but culturing Leptospira is difficult and time consuming and requires invasive samples, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid. We modified an existing typing scheme to lower the limit of detection and were able to amplify and sequence alleles directly from clinical specimens. Samples included blood (whole blood, serum, or buffy coat) and urine from patients diagnosed by PCR with leptospirosis between 2014 and 2015 in the United Kingdom and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic. Using the sequences in phylogenetic analysis we identified the predominant Leptospira species in both countries as L. interrogans. With its increased sensitivity the modified assay allows for typing and species determination of Leptospira directly from blood or urine. It will be of use during epidemics and outbreaks for rapid identification of clusters and can support surveillance without the need to culture fastidious isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Weiss
- Public Health England (PHE), National Infection Service (NIS), London, United Kingdom.,European Programme for Public Health Microbiology (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Menezes
- Public Health England (PHE), National Infection Service (NIS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Woods
- Public Health England (PHE), National Infection Service (NIS), London, United Kingdom.,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Anisone Chanthongthip
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Agatha Opoku-Boateng
- Public Health England (PHE), National Infection Service (NIS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Maimuna Kimuli
- Public Health England (PHE), National Infection Service (NIS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Chalker
- Public Health England (PHE), National Infection Service (NIS), London, United Kingdom
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Taghadosi V, Hosseinzadeh S, Shekarforoush SS, Samiei A. Prevalence of renal lesions in slaughtered cattle in Shiraz, Iran, and detection of Leptospira in them by nested PCR-RFLP. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1691-1696. [PMID: 27627907 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal diseases in cattle are frequently not recognized due to the subclinical conditions. Some species of Leptospira are the main cause of infectious agents that damage the kidneys and lead to abortion and economic losses in cattle and are also of major concern in the public health. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of renal lesions of slaughtered cattle in the Shiraz abattoir and to determine the correlation between rejected kidneys and infection with Leptospira using nested PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. Out of 1000 inspected animals, 205 (20.5 %) revealed the renal lesions. Chronic nephritis (7.5 %), white-spotted kidney (7.3 %), and petechial hemorrhage (3.5 %) were the most prevalent forms of the lesions. A direct correlation between increasing the age and significant increase in the rate of lesions was also observed (P = 0.03). Using nested PCR-RFLP assay, 40.8 % of the tested kidneys were turned to be infected to the pathogenic species of Leptospira. The risk of infection of the kidneys with white spot to pathogenic species of Leptospira (53.8 %) was more than that of the kidneys with other lesions (25.0 %) (P = 0.014). The odd ratio indicates that the kidneys with white spot lesions are likely to be infected with pathogenic species of Leptospira, five times greater than other lesions. This study showed that renal lesions especially white-spotted kidney, which were considerably associated with Leptospira in slaughtered cattle in Shiraz, were very high. This is important in terms of public health and in particular, increases the risk of transmission of disease to human specially in the high-risk careers including farmers, veterinarians, and abattoir workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Taghadosi
- Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7441-69155, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7441-69155, Iran.
| | | | - Azadeh Samiei
- Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7441-69155, Iran
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Léon A, Pronost S, Tapprest J, Foucher N, Blanchard B, André-Fontaine G, Laugier C, Fortier G, Leclercq R. Identification of Pathogenic Leptospira Strains in Tissues of a Premature Foal by Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:218-21. [PMID: 16617708 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine the cause of death in a prematurely born Thoroughbred foal that died 24 hours after birth. Necropsy revealed gross lesions suggestive of septicemia. A commercial Leptospira polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay designed to specifically amplify the hemolysis-associated protein 1 ( hap1) gene present only in pathogenic Leptospira strains detected the presence of Leptospira DNA in various tissues of the foal. Histologic examination of lung, liver, kidney, and myocardium revealed numerous spirochetes in Warthin–Starry-stained tissue sections. Results of PCR analysis and histologic examination suggested a leptospiral infection in the newborn foal. At the moment of death, the infection coexisted with a streptococcal-associated aspiration bronchopneumonia and postpartum septicemia. These findings indicate that the PCR assay based on the amplification of the hap1 gene represents a useful tool for specific detection of pathogenic leptospira in field samples taken from horses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Fatal Outcome
- Hemolysin Proteins
- Horse Diseases/diagnosis
- Horse Diseases/microbiology
- Horses
- Leptospira/genetics
- Leptospira/isolation & purification
- Leptospirosis/diagnosis
- Leptospirosis/microbiology
- Leptospirosis/veterinary
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
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Guernier V, Lagadec E, Cordonin C, Le Minter G, Gomard Y, Pagès F, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Michault A, Tortosa P, Dellagi K. Human Leptospirosis on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean: Are Rodents the (Only) Ones to Blame? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004733. [PMID: 27294677 PMCID: PMC4905629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although leptospirosis is a zoonosis of major concern on tropical islands, the molecular epidemiology of the disease aiming at linking human cases to specific animal reservoirs has been rarely explored within these peculiar ecosystems. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Five species of wild small mammals (n = 995) as well as domestic animals (n = 101) were screened for Leptospira infection on Reunion Island; positive samples were subsequently genotyped and compared to Leptospira from clinical cases diagnosed in 2012-2013 (n = 66), using MLST analysis. We identified two pathogenic species in human cases, namely Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii. Leptospira interrogans was by far dominant both in clinical samples (96.6%) and in infected animal samples (95.8%), with Rattus spp and dogs being its exclusive carriers. The genetic diversity within L. interrogans was apparently limited to two sequence types (STs): ST02, identified among most clinical samples and in all rats with complete MLST, and ST34, identified in six humans, but not in rats. Noteworthy, L. interrogans detected in two stray dogs partially matched with ST02 and ST34. Leptospira borgpetersenii was identified in two clinical samples only (3.4%), as well as in cows and mice; four haplotypes were identified, of which two seemingly identical in clinical and animal samples. Leptospira borgpetersenii haplotypes detected in human cases were clearly distinct from the lineage detected so far in the endemic bat species Mormopterus francoismoutoui, thus excluding a role for this volant mammal in the local human epidemiology of the disease. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data confirm rats as a major reservoir of Leptospira on Reunion Island, but also pinpoint a possible role of dogs, cows and mice in the local epidemiology of human leptospirosis. This study shows that a comprehensive molecular characterization of pathogenic Leptospira in both clinical and animal samples helps to gaining insight into leptospirosis epidemiology within a specific environmental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Guernier
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Colette Cordonin
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Gildas Le Minter
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Yann Gomard
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Regional Office (Cire) of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Institut de veille sanitaire), Reunion Island, France
| | | | - Alain Michault
- Laboratory of Biology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire/GHSR, Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249. Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
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Narayanan R, Sumathi G, Prabhakaran SG, Shanmughapriya S, Natarajaseenivasan K. Paediatric leptospirosis: A population based case–control study from Chennai, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:228-32. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.180353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Obiegala A, Woll D, Karnath C, Silaghi C, Schex S, Eßbauer S, Pfeffer M. Prevalence and Genotype Allocation of Pathogenic Leptospira Species in Small Mammals from Various Habitat Types in Germany. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004501. [PMID: 27015596 PMCID: PMC4807814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small mammals serve as most important reservoirs for Leptospira spp., the causative agents of Leptospirosis, which is one of the most neglected and widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide. The knowledge about Leptospira spp. occurring in small mammals from Germany is scarce. Thus, this study's objectives were to investigate the occurrence of Leptospira spp. and the inherent sequence types in small mammals from three different study sites: a forest in southern Germany (site B1); a National Park in south-eastern Germany (site B2) and a renaturalised area, in eastern Germany (site S) where small mammals were captured. DNA was extracted from kidneys of small mammals and tested for Leptospira spp. by real-time PCR. Positive samples were further analysed by duplex and conventional PCRs. For 14 positive samples, multi locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed. Altogether, 1213 small mammals were captured: 216 at site B1, 456 at site B2 and 541 at site S belonging to following species: Sorex (S.) araneus, S. coronatus, Apodemus (A.) flavicollis, Myodes glareolus, Microtus (Mi.) arvalis, Crocidura russula, Arvicola terrestris, A. agrarius, Mustela nivalis, Talpa europaea, and Mi. agrestis. DNA of Leptospira spp. was detected in 6% of all small mammals. At site B1, 25 small mammals (11.6%), at site B2, 15 small mammals (3.3%) and at site S, 33 small mammals (6.1%) were positive for Leptospira spp. Overall, 54 of the positive samples were further determined as L. kirschneri, nine as L. interrogans and four as L. borgpetersenii while five real-time PCR-positive samples could not be further determined by conventional PCR. MLST results revealed focal occurrence of L. interrogans and L. kirschneri sequence type (ST) 117 while L. kirschneri ST 110 was present in small mammals at all three sites. Further, this study provides evidence for a particular host association of L. borgpetersenii to mice of the genus Apodemus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Obiegala
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dietlinde Woll
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Karnath
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Schex
- Department of Virology and Rickettsiology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Eßbauer
- Department of Virology and Rickettsiology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Lall C, Kumar KV, Raj RV, Vedhagiri K, Vijayachari P. Prevalence and Diversity of Leptospires in Different Ecological Niches of Urban and Rural Areas of South Andaman Island. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:79-82. [PMID: 26936796 PMCID: PMC4791121 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging disease around the globe. South Andaman Island is an endemic region for leptospirosis. We herein compared the prevalence of leptospires in urban and rural areas of South Andaman Island. The PCR detection and isolation of Leptospira revealed that pathogenic leptospires were prevalent in sewage water and household drainage water in urban areas and in paddy fields, vegetable field water, and stream water in rural areas. These results demonstrate that intermediates are ubiquitously present in the environment and may be responsible for asymptomatic infections, and also provide an insight into disease ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in LeptospirosisPort Blair-744101, Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia
| | - K. Vinod Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in LeptospirosisPort Blair-744101, Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia
| | - R. Vimal Raj
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in LeptospirosisPort Blair-744101, Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia
| | - K. Vedhagiri
- National Hub for Healthcare Instrumentation Development (NHHID), Centre for Biotechnology, Anna UniversityChennai—600 025India
| | - P. Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in LeptospirosisPort Blair-744101, Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia
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Benacer D, Mohd Zain SN, Sim SZ, Mohd Khalid MKN, Galloway RL, Souris M, Thong KL. Determination of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Javanica and Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae as the persistent Leptospira serovars circulating in the urban rat populations in Peninsular Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:117. [PMID: 26927873 PMCID: PMC4772511 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease of global significance, and is endemic in tropical countries, including Malaysia. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of human cases was reported; however, information on the primary vector, the rat, and the Leptospira serovars circulating among the rat population is limited. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to isolate Leptospira and characterise the serovars circulating in the urban rat populations from selected main cities in Peninsular Malaysia. Methods Rat trappings were carried out between October 2011 to February 2014 in five urban cities which were chosen as study sites to represent different geographical locations in Peninsular Malaysia. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and PCR were carried out to identify the Leptospiral serogroup and determine the pathogenic status of the isolates, respectively while pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR were used to characterize the isolates. Results Three rat species were identified from the three hundred and fifty seven rats captured with Rattus rattus, being the dominant rat species (285, 80 %) followed by Rattus norgevicus (53, 15 %) and Rattus exulans (19, 5 %). Only 39 samples (11.0 %) were positive by culture and further confirmed as pathogenic Leptospira by PCR. Significant associations were shown between host infection with locality, season, host-age and species. Based on MAT, two serogroups were identified in the population namely; L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica (n = 16) and L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae (n = 23). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) distinguished the two serovars in the urban rat populations: L. borgpetersenii serovar Javanica (41 %), and L. interrogans serovar Bataviae (59 %). RAPD-PCR yielded 14 distinct patterns and was found to be more discriminative than PFGE. Conclusions This study confirms two Leptospira serovars circulating among the urban rats population in Peninsular Malaysia namely; L. borgpetersenii serovar Javanica and L. interrogans serovars Bataviae. Despite the low number of isolates obtained from the rat population, this study suggests that rodent control programs and disease surveillance may help to reduce the possible risk of disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douadi Benacer
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nursheena Mohd Zain
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shin Zhu Sim
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Renee L Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Marc Souris
- UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", IRD Aix- Marseille University EHESP, Marseille, France.
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Bustamante-Rengifo JA, Bonilla Á, Lehmicke AJJ, Castillo A, Astudillo-Hernández M. Synanthropic Cockroaches (Blattidae: Periplaneta spp.) Harbor Pathogenic Leptospira in Colombia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:177-182. [PMID: 26553295 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis cases in Colombia are typically linked to peridomestic rodents; however, empirical data suggest that Leptospira-infected patients with no apparent exposure to these reservoirs are common. Cockroaches (Periplaneta spp.) have equal or greater interaction with humans than rodents, yet their potential role as carriers of Leptospira has not been assessed. We determined if pathogenic Leptospira is harbored by Periplaneta spp. in Cali (Colombia) and the variables influencing this relationship. Fifty-nine cockroaches were captured from seven sites and DNA was extracted from the body surface and digestive tract for a multiplex polymerase chain reaction, targeting genes secY and flaB. Logistic regression models and proportion tests showed a higher likelihood for Leptospira to be isolated from body surfaces (P > 0.001) and from individuals inside houses (six times more likely). These findings are the first to demonstrate an association between Periplaneta spp. and Leptospira, suggesting the need to investigate the potential for cockroaches to serve as reservoirs or transport hosts for Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Álvaro Bonilla
- Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle, Colombia (; ; ), Deceased
| | - Anna Joy J Lehmicke
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia , and
| | - Andrés Castillo
- Universidad Icesi, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Cali, Colombia
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Grune Loffler S, Rago V, Martínez M, Uhart M, Florin-Christensen M, Romero G, Brihuega B. Isolation of a Seawater Tolerant Leptospira spp. from a Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144974. [PMID: 26714322 PMCID: PMC4700976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world. It is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira spp. and is maintained in nature through chronic renal infection of carrier animals. Rodents and other small mammals are the main reservoirs. Information on leptospirosis in marine mammals is scarce; however, cases of leptospirosis have been documented in pinniped populations from the Pacific coast of North America from southern California to British Columbia. We report the isolation of a Leptospira spp. strain, here named Manara, from a kidney sample obtained from a Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis) calf, which stranded dead in Playa Manara, Península Valdés, Argentina. This strain showed motility and morphology typical of the genus Leptospira spp. under dark-field microscopy; and grew in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium and Fletcher medium after 90 days of incubation at 28°C. Considering the source of this bacterium, we tested its ability to grow in Fletcher medium diluted with seawater at different percentages (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% v/v). Bacterial growth was detected 48 h after inoculation of Fletcher medium supplemented with 5% sea water, demonstrating the halophilic nature of the strain Manara. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed this novel strain within the radiation of the pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira spp., with sequence similarities within the range 97-100%, and closely related to L. interrogans. Two different PCR protocols targeting genus-specific pathogenic genes (G1-G2, B64I-B64II and LigB) gave positive results, which indicates that the strain Manara is likely pathogenic. Further studies are needed to confirm this possibility as well as determine its serogroup. These results could modify our understanding of the epidemiology of this zoonosis. Until now, the resistance and ability to grow in seawater for long periods of time had been proven for the strain Muggia of L. biflexa, a saprophytic species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first isolation of a Leptospira sp. from cetaceans. Our phenotypic data indicate that strain Manara represents a novel species of the genus Leptospira, for which the name Leptospira brihuegai sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Grune Loffler
- Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Rago
- Institute of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Mara Martínez
- Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Uhart
- Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Florin-Christensen
- Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Romero
- Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Brihuega
- Institute of Pathobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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47
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Tadin A, Tokarz R, Markotić A, Margaletić J, Turk N, Habuš J, Svoboda P, Vucelja M, Desai A, Jain K, Lipkin WI. Molecular Survey of Zoonotic Agents in Rodents and Other Small Mammals in Croatia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:466-73. [PMID: 26711522 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Croatia is a focus for many rodent-borne zoonosis. Here, we report a survey of 242 rodents and small mammals, including 43 Myodes glareolus, 131 Apodemus flavicollis, 53 Apodemus agrarius, three Apodemus sylvaticus, six Sorex araneus, four Microtus arvalis, one Microtus agrestis, and one Muscardinus avellanarius, collected at eight sites in Croatia over an 8-year period. Multiplex MassTag polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of Borrelia, Rickettsia, Bartonella, Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Francisella tularensis, and Coxiella burnetii. Individual PCR assays were used for detection of Leptospira, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, orthopoxviruses, flaviviruses, hantaviruses, and Toxoplasma gondii. Of the rodents, 52 (21.5%) were infected with Leptospira, 9 (3.7%) with Borrelia miyamotoi, 5 (2%) with Borrelia afzelii, 29 (12.0%) with Bartonella, 8 (3.3%) with Babesia microti, 2 (0.8%) with Ehrlichia, 4 (1.7%) with Anaplasma, 2 (0.8%) with F. tularensis, 43 (17.8%) with hantaviruses, and 1 (0.4%) with an orthopoxvirus. Other agents were not detected. Multiple infections were found in 32 rodents (13.2%): dual infections in 26 rodents (10.7%), triple infections in four rodents (2.9%), and quadruple infections in two rodents (0.8%). Our findings indicate that rodents in Croatia harbor a wide range of bacteria and viruses that are pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Tadin
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rafal Tokarz
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alemka Markotić
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Margaletić
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Turk
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Habuš
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Svoboda
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Vucelja
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aaloki Desai
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Komal Jain
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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48
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Infectious agents, Leptospira spp. and Bartonella spp., in blood donors from Cajamarca, Peru. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2015; 14:504-508. [PMID: 26674831 DOI: 10.2450/2015.0081-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Jensen PM, Magnussen E. Is it too cold for Leptospira interrrogans transmission on the Faroese Islands? Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 48:156-60. [PMID: 26442766 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1092579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is a bacterium that can infect most mammal species. Brown rats are considered to be one of the most important reservoirs of Leptospira because they frequently are infected and live in close proximity to humans. Past studies of prevalence of Leptospira in brown rats indicate that temperature--both high and low--may negatively affect the prevalence rate in rats, so that Leptospira is rare or even absent at temperatures below 7-8 °C. Here we investigated the prevalence of infection in brown rats on the Faroese Islands (mean temperature of 6.5 °C) and did not find any infected animals in a sample of 95 animals. We propose that prevalence rates of Leptospira are very low in rural brown rats in the cooler Scandinavian regions, even though urban/sewer rats might be highly infected in the same regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per M Jensen
- a Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark and
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50
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Fink JM, Moore GE, Landau R, Vemulapalli R. Evaluation of three 5' exonuclease-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in canine urine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:159-66. [PMID: 25776541 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715571360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is caused by several pathogenic Leptospira species, and is an important infectious disease of dogs. Early detection of infection is crucial for an effective antibiotic treatment of the disease. Though different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been developed for detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp., thorough evaluation of the performance of these assays using dog urine samples has not been carried out. In the current study, the performance of 3 real-time PCR (qPCR) assays was assessed, 1 targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and the other 2 targeting the lipL32 gene, a gene for the LipL32 outer membrane protein. With DNA extracted from laboratory-cultured pathogenic Leptospira spp., all 3 qPCR assays showed 100% specificity and had identical lower limits of detection. Compared to a conventional, gel-based PCR assay, all 3 qPCR assays were 100-fold more sensitive. There was a 100% agreement in the results of the 3 assays when tested on urine samples collected aseptically from 30 dogs suspected for leptospirosis. However, when tested on 30 urine samples that were collected by the free-catch method, the 16S rRNA-based assay falsely detected 13.3% of the samples as positive for pathogenic Leptospira spp. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified DNA fragments showed that the assay resulted in false positives because of unrelated bacteria. All urine samples collected from 100 apparently healthy dogs at a local animal shelter tested negative for pathogenic Leptospira spp. These results highlight the importance of sample-specific validation of PCR-based diagnostic assays and the application of appropriately validated assays for more reliable pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Fink
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology (Fink, Moore, Landau, Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INAnimal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology (Fink, Moore, Landau, Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INAnimal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ruth Landau
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology (Fink, Moore, Landau, Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INAnimal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ramesh Vemulapalli
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology (Fink, Moore, Landau, Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INAnimal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Vemulapalli), College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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