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Shuaib F, Odusolu Y, Okposen BB, Osibogun O, Akanmu S, Mohammed A, Yahya S, Akande T, Aliyu A, Ifeadike C, Akande A, Aigbokhaode A, Adebiyi A, Tobin-West C, Olatunya OS, Aguwa E, Danjuma G, Dika J, Nwosu A, Olubodun T, Oladunjoye A, Giwa O, Osibogun A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Coverage and Seropositivity amongst Nigerians 18 Years Old and Above. Niger Postgrad Med J 2024; 31:8-13. [PMID: 38321792 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_299_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This was a cross-sectional community-based survey to study the prevalence of serum antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-COV-1) and determine possible source of antibodies as to whether from vaccination or from natural infection as well as attempt to compare antibody levels in response to the different four types of vaccines administered in Nigeria. METHODS A cross-sectional community-based study of the prevalence of serum antibodies against all four vaccine types used in Nigeria amongst a representative sample of people aged 18 years and above in the six geopolitical zones of the country using a multistage sampling technique covering 12 states of the country with two states being randomly selected from each geopolitical zone. High-throughput Roche electrochemiluminescence immunoassay system (Elecsys Anti-SARS-COV-1 Cobas) was used for qualitative and quantitative detection of antibodies to SARS-COV-1 in human plasma. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the proportions with seropositivity for both the vaccinated and the unvaccinated (P = 0.95). The nucleocapsid antibody (anti-Nc) titres were similar in both the vaccinated and the unvaccinated, whereas the Spike protein antibody (anti-S) titres were significantly higher amongst the vaccinated than amongst the unvaccinated. Antibody levels in subjects who received different vaccines were compared to provide information for policy. CONCLUSION While only 45.9% of the subjects were reported to have been vaccinated, 98.7% of the subjects had had contact with the SARS-COV-1 as evidenced by the presence of nucleocapsid (NC) antibodies in their plasma. The 1.3% who had not been exposed to the virus, had spike protein antibodies which most likely resulted from vaccination in the absence of NC antibodies. Successive vaccination and booster doses either through heterogeneous or homologous vaccines increased antibody titres, and this stimulation of immune memory may offer greater protection against coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Shuaib
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Yetunde Odusolu
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Sulaimon Akanmu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Shuaib Yahya
- Department of Community Health, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Tanimola Akande
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Alhaji Aliyu
- Department of Community Health, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Chigozie Ifeadike
- Department of Community Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Aderonke Akande
- Primary Health Care Board, Federal Capital Territory Administration, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Akin Adebiyi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Charles Tobin-West
- Department of Community Health, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Aguwa
- Department of Community Health University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | | | - Joseph Dika
- Modibbo Adama University Teaching Hospital, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Augustina Nwosu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Tope Olubodun
- Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adebimpe Oladunjoye
- Primary Health Care Department, Badagry West Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi Giwa
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akin Osibogun
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Community Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
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Mark JKK, Lim CSY, Nordin F, Tye GJ. Expression of mammalian proteins for diagnostics and therapeutics: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10593-10608. [PMID: 35674877 PMCID: PMC9175168 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have proven to be remarkably successful for biomedical applications. They play important roles in epidemiology and medicine from diagnostics of diseases to therapeutics, treating diseases from incessant chronic diseases such as rheumatology to pandemic outbreaks. With no end in sight for the demand for antibody products, optimizations and new techniques must be expanded to accommodate this. METHODS AND RESULTS This review discusses optimizations and techniques for antibody production through choice of discovery platforms, expression systems, cell culture mediums, and other strategies to increase expression yield. Each system has its own merits and demerits, and the strategy chosen is critical in addressing various biological aspects. CONCLUSIONS There is still insufficient evidence to validate the efficacy of some of these techniques, and further research is needed to consolidate these industrial production systems. There is no doubt that more strategies, systems, and pipelines will contribute to enhance biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kar Kei Mark
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Tissue Engineering Centre (TEC), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia.
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Shin JJ, Par-Young J, Unlu S, McNamara A, Park HJ, Shin MS, Gee RJ, Doyle H, Afinogenova Y, Zidan E, Kwah J, Russo A, Mamula M, Hsu FI, Catanzaro J, Racke M, Bucala R, Wilen C, Kang I. Defining Clinical and Immunological Predictors of Poor Immune Responses to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Patients with Primary Antibody Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1137-1150. [PMID: 35713752 PMCID: PMC9203263 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines in primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are largely unknown. We investigated antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) before and after vaccination and associations between vaccine response and patients' clinical and immunological characteristics in PADs. The PAD cohort consisted of common variable immune deficiency (CVID) and other PADs, not meeting the criteria for CVID diagnosis (oPADs). Anti-S IgG, IgA, and IgG subclasses 1 and 3 increased after vaccination and correlated with neutralization activity in HCs and patients with oPADs. However, 42% of CVID patients developed such responses after the 2nd dose. A similar pattern was also observed with S-specific CD4+ T-cells as determined by OX40 and 4-1BB expression. Patients with poor anti-S IgG response had significantly lower levels of baseline IgG, IgA, CD19+ B-cells, switched memory B-cells, naïve CD8+ T-cells, and a higher frequency of EM CD8+ T-cells and autoimmunity compared to patients with adequate anti-S IgG responses. Patients with oPADs can develop humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccines similar to HCs. However, a subset of CVID patients exhibit impairment in developing such responses, which can be predicted by the baseline immune profile and history of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Jenny Shin
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Jennefer Par-Young
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Serhan Unlu
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Andrew McNamara
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
| | - Hong-Jai Park
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Min Sun Shin
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Renelle J Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Hester Doyle
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Yuliya Afinogenova
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Elena Zidan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital - Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport, CT, 06610, USA
| | - Jason Kwah
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Armand Russo
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Mark Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Florence Ida Hsu
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Jason Catanzaro
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Immunology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Michael Racke
- Quest Diagnostics, 500 Plaza Dr, Secaucus, NJ, 07094, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Craig Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA.
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Adjobimey T, Meyer J, Sollberg L, Bawolt M, Berens C, Kovačević P, Trudić A, Parcina M, Hoerauf A. Comparison of IgA, IgG, and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Following Immunization With Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinopharm's COVID-19 Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917905. [PMID: 35799790 PMCID: PMC9254618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ongoing multinational trial, we obtained blood samples from 365 volunteers vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (Moderna, BioNTech), viral DNA-vectored vaccines (AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, and Johnson and Johnson), or the attenuated virus vaccine from Sinopharm. After collecting reactogenicity data, the expression of S-Protein binding IgG and IgA was analyzed using an automated sandwich ELISA system. Serum neutralizing potentials were then investigated using an ACE-2-RBD neutralizing assay. Moderna's vaccine induced the highest amounts of SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies compared to the other groups. In contrast, Sinopharm and Johnson and Johnson's vaccinees presented the lowest SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers. Interestingly, moderate to high negative correlations between age and virus-specific IgG expression were observed in the Johnson and Johnson (ρ =-0.3936) and Sinopharm (ρ =-0.6977) groups according to Spearman's rank correlation analysis. A negative correlation was seen between age and IgA expression in the Sputnik-V group (ρ =-0.3917). The analysis of virus neutralization potentials in age categories demonstrated that no significant neutralization potential was observed in older vaccinees (61and 80 years old) in the Sputnik-V Johnson and Johnson and Sinopharm vaccinees' groups. In contrast, neutralization potentials in sera of Moderna, BioNTech, and AstraZeneca vaccinees were statistically comparable in all age categories. Furthermore, while the AstraZeneca vaccine alone induced moderate IgG and IgA expression, the combination with Moderna or BioNTech mRNA vaccines induced significantly higher antibody levels than a double dose of AstraZeneca and similar IgG expression and neutralization potential compared to Moderna or BioNTech vaccines used alone. These results suggest that mRNA vaccines are the most immunogenic after two doses. DNA vectored vaccines from AstraZeneca and Sputnik-V presented lower but significant antibody expression and virus neutralizing properties after two doses. The lowest antibody and neutralization potential were observed in the Sinopharm or Johnson and Johnson vaccinees. Especially elderly over 60 presented no significant increase in neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. The data also indicate that heterologous vaccination strategies combining the AstraZeneca DNA vectored vaccines and mRNA vaccines are more effective in the induction of neutralizing antibodies compared to their homologous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leander Sollberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Bawolt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Berens
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peđa Kovačević
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Center of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anika Trudić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
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5
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Kurtović T, Ravlić S, Štimac A, Mateljak Lukačević S, Hećimović A, Kazazić S, Halassy B. Efficient and Sustainable Platform for Preparation of a High-Quality Immunoglobulin G as an Urgent Treatment Option During Emerging Virus Outbreaks. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889736. [PMID: 35655779 PMCID: PMC9152316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the pre-vaccine era of the COVID-19 pandemic convalescent plasma has once again emerged as a major potential therapeutic form of passive immunization that in specific cases still represents irreplaceable treatment option. There is a growing concern that variable concentration of neutralizing antibodies, present in convalescent plasma which originates from different donors, apparently affects its effectiveness. The drawback can be overcome through the downstream process of immunoglobulin fraction purification into a standardized product of improved safety and efficacy. All modern procedures are quite lengthy processes. They are also based on fractionation of large plasma quantities whose collection is not attainable during an epidemic. When outbreaks of infectious diseases are occurring more frequently, there is a great need for a more sustainable production approach that would be goal-oriented towards assuring easily and readily available immunoglobulin of therapeutic relevance. We propose a refinement strategy for the IgG preparation achieved through simplification and reduction of the processing steps. It was designed as a small but scalable process to offer an immediately available treatment option that would simultaneously be harmonized with an increased availability of convalescent plasma over the viral outbreak time-course. Concerning the ongoing pandemic status of the COVID-19, the proof of concept was demonstrated on anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma but is likely applicable to any other type depending on the current needs. It was guided by the idea of persistent keeping of IgG molecules in the solution, so that protection of their native structure could be assured. Our manufacturing procedure provided a high-quality IgG product of above the average recovery whose composition profile was analyzed by mass spectrometry as quality control check. It was proved free from IgA and IgM as mediators of adverse transfusion reactions, as well as of any other residual impurities, since only IgG fragments were identified. The proportion of S protein-specific IgGs remained unchanged relative to the convalescent plasma. Undisturbed IgG subclass composition was accomplished as well. However, the fractionation principle affected the final product's capacity to neutralize wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, reducing it by half. Decrease in neutralization potency significantly correlated with the amount of IgM in the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Kurtović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanda Ravlić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adela Štimac
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Mateljak Lukačević
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hećimović
- Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Kazazić
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
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Auerswald H, Eng C, Lay S, In S, Eng S, Vo HTM, Sith C, Cheng S, Delvallez G, Mich V, Meng N, Sovann L, Sidonn K, Vanhomwegen J, Cantaert T, Dussart P, Duong V, Karlsson EA. Rapid Generation of In-House Serological Assays Is Comparable to Commercial Kits Critical for Early Response to Pandemics: A Case With SARS-CoV-2. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:864972. [PMID: 35602487 PMCID: PMC9121123 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.864972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accurate and sensitive measurement of antibodies is critical to assess the prevalence of infection, especially asymptomatic infection, and to analyze the immune response to vaccination during outbreaks and pandemics. A broad variety of commercial and in-house serological assays are available to cater to different laboratory requirements; however direct comparison is necessary to understand utility. Materials and Methods We investigate the performance of six serological methods against SARS-CoV-2 to determine the antibody profile of 250 serum samples, including 234 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, the majority with asymptomatic presentation (87.2%) at 1-51 days post laboratory diagnosis. First, we compare to the performance of two in-house antibody assays: (i) an in-house IgG ELISA, utilizing UV-inactivated virus, and (ii) a live-virus neutralization assay (PRNT) using the same Cambodian isolate as the ELISA. In-house assays are then compared to standardized commercial anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (Elecsys ECLIAs, Roche Diagnostics; targeting anti-N and anti-S antibodies) along with a flow cytometry based assay (FACS) that measures IgM and IgG against spike (S) protein and a multiplex microsphere-based immunoassay (MIA) determining the antibodies against various spike and nucleoprotein (N) antigens of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, hCoVs 229E, NL63, HKU1). Results Overall, specificity of assays was 100%, except for the anti-S IgM flow cytometry based assay (96.2%), and the in-house IgG ELISA (94.2%). Sensitivity ranged from 97.3% for the anti-S ECLIA down to 76.3% for the anti-S IgG flow cytometry based assay. PRNT and in-house IgG ELISA performed similarly well when compared to the commercial ECLIA: sensitivity of ELISA and PRNT was 94.7 and 91.1%, respectively, compared to S- and N-targeting ECLIA with 97.3 and 96.8%, respectively. The MIA revealed cross-reactivity of antibodies from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients to the nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-1, and the spike S1 domain of HKU1. Conclusion In-house serological assays, especially ELISA and PRNT, perform similarly to commercial assays, a critical factor in pandemic response. Selection of suitable immunoassays should be made based on available resources and diagnostic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanreaksmey Eng
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokchea Eng
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hoa Thi My Vo
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Charya Sith
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokleaph Cheng
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Gauthier Delvallez
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vann Mich
- Khmer–Soviet Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ngy Meng
- Khmer–Soviet Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kraing Sidonn
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Pasteur Network, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Soraci L, Lattanzio F, Soraci G, Gambuzza ME, Pulvirenti C, Cozza A, Corsonello A, Luciani F, Rezza G. COVID-19 Vaccines: Current and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:608. [PMID: 35455357 PMCID: PMC9025326 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective but not able to keep the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic completely under control. Alternative R&D strategies are required to induce a long-lasting immunological response and to reduce adverse events as well as to favor rapid development and large-scale production. Several technological platforms have been used to develop COVID-19 vaccines, including inactivated viruses, recombinant proteins, DNA- and RNA-based vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and virus-like particles. In general, mRNA vaccines, protein-based vaccines, and vectored vaccines have shown a high level of protection against COVID-19. However, the mutation-prone nature of the spike (S) protein affects long-lasting vaccine protection and its effectiveness, and vaccinated people can become infected with new variants, also showing high virus levels. In addition, adverse effects may occur, some of them related to the interaction of the S protein with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). Thus, there are some concerns that need to be addressed and challenges regarding logistic problems, such as strict storage at low temperatures for some vaccines. In this review, we discuss the limits of vaccines developed against COVID-19 and possible innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Soraci
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), 87100 Cosenza, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Fabrizia Lattanzio
- Scientific Direction, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Giulia Soraci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Maria Elsa Gambuzza
- Territorial Office of Messina, Italian Ministry of Health, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Cozza
- Laboratory of Pharmacoepidemiology and Biostatistics, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), 87100 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Andrea Corsonello
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), 87100 Cosenza, Italy; (L.S.); (A.C.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacoepidemiology and Biostatistics, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), 87100 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Filippo Luciani
- Infectious Diseases Unit of Annunziata Hospital, 87100 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Health Prevention Directorate, Italian Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy;
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8
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Ryan FJ, Hope CM, Masavuli MG, Lynn MA, Mekonnen ZA, Yeow AEL, Garcia-Valtanen P, Al-Delfi Z, Gummow J, Ferguson C, O'Connor S, Reddi BAJ, Hissaria P, Shaw D, Kok-Lim C, Gleadle JM, Beard MR, Barry SC, Grubor-Bauk B, Lynn DJ. Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. BMC Med 2022; 20:26. [PMID: 35027067 PMCID: PMC8758383 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious respiratory virus which is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is increasingly clear that recovered individuals, even those who had mild COVID-19, can suffer from persistent symptoms for many months after infection, a condition referred to as "long COVID", post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, or post COVID-19 condition. However, despite the plethora of research on COVID-19, relatively little is known about the molecular underpinnings of these long-term effects. METHODS We have undertaken an integrated analysis of immune responses in blood at a transcriptional, cellular, and serological level at 12, 16, and 24 weeks post-infection (wpi) in 69 patients recovering from mild, moderate, severe, or critical COVID-19 in comparison to healthy uninfected controls. Twenty-one of these patients were referred to a long COVID clinic and > 50% reported ongoing symptoms more than 6 months post-infection. RESULTS Anti-Spike and anti-RBD IgG responses were largely stable up to 24 wpi and correlated with disease severity. Deep immunophenotyping revealed significant differences in multiple innate (NK cells, LD neutrophils, CXCR3+ monocytes) and adaptive immune populations (T helper, T follicular helper, and regulatory T cells) in convalescent individuals compared to healthy controls, which were most strongly evident at 12 and 16 wpi. RNA sequencing revealed significant perturbations to gene expression in COVID-19 convalescents until at least 6 months post-infection. We also uncovered significant differences in the transcriptome at 24 wpi of convalescents who were referred to a long COVID clinic compared to those who were not. CONCLUSIONS Variation in the rate of recovery from infection at a cellular and transcriptional level may explain the persistence of symptoms associated with long COVID in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Christopher M Hope
- Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Miriam A Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Zelalem A Mekonnen
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Arthur Eng Lip Yeow
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pablo Garcia-Valtanen
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zahraa Al-Delfi
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jason Gummow
- Gene Silencing and Expression Core Facility, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine Ferguson
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephanie O'Connor
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Benjamin A J Reddi
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pravin Hissaria
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Shaw
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chuan Kok-Lim
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Gleadle
- Department of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Simon C Barry
- Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. .,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
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9
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Sabalza M, Heckler I, Elhage A, Venkataraman I, Henry B. COVID-19: Testing Landscape Post-Infection, -Vaccination, and Future Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:5-14. [PMID: 35020523 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Although molecular testing remains the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, serological testing enables the evaluation of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, and can be used to assess community viral spread. This review summarizes and analyzes the current landscape of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States and includes guidance on both when and why it is important to use direct pathogen detection and/or serological testing. The usefulness of monitoring humoral and cellular immune responses in infected and vaccinated patients is also addressed. Finally, this review considers current challenges, future perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 testing, and how diagnostics are being adapted as the virus evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Elhage
- EUROIMMUN US, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Brandon Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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Ali H, Alterki A, Sindhu S, Alahmad B, Hammad M, Al-Sabah S, Alghounaim M, Jamal MH, Aldei A, Mairza MJ, Husain M, Deverajan S, Ahmad R, Cherian P, Alkhairi I, Alkandari A, Abubaker J, Abu-Farha M, Al-Mulla F. Robust Antibody Levels in Both Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals After BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752233. [PMID: 34899701 PMCID: PMC8652288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of effective vaccines for COVID-19 has been welcomed by the world with great optimism. Given their increased susceptibility to COVID-19, the question arises whether individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other metabolic conditions can respond effectively to the mRNA-based vaccine. We aimed to evaluate the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies in people with T2DM and/or other metabolic risk factors (hypertension and obesity) compared to those without. This study included 262 people (81 diabetic and 181 non-diabetic persons) that took two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) mRNA vaccine. Both T2DM and non-diabetic individuals had a robust response to vaccination as demonstrated by their high antibody titers. However, both SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies titers were lower in people with T2DM. The mean ( ± 1 standard deviation) levels were 154 ± 49.1 vs. 138 ± 59.4 BAU/ml for IgG and 87.1 ± 11.6 vs. 79.7 ± 19.5% for neutralizing antibodies in individuals without diabetes compared to those with T2DM, respectively. In a multiple linear regression adjusted for individual characteristics, comorbidities, previous COVID-19 infection, and duration since second vaccine dose, diabetics had 13.86 BAU/ml (95% CI: 27.08 to 0.64 BAU/ml, p=0.041) less IgG antibodies and 4.42% (95% CI: 8.53 to 0.32%, p=0.036) fewer neutralizing antibodies than non-diabetics. Hypertension and obesity did not show significant changes in antibody titers. Taken together, both type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals elicited strong immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine; nonetheless, lower levels were seen in people with diabetes. Continuous monitoring of the antibody levels might be a good indicator to guide personalized needs for further booster shots to maintain adaptive immunity. Nonetheless, it is important that people get their COVID-19 vaccination especially people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center (HSC), Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Abdulmohsen Alterki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Zain and Al-Sabah Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait.,Animal & Imaging Core Facility, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Barrak Alahmad
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maha Hammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Salman Al-Sabah
- COVID-19 Research Group, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad Alghounaim
- COVID-19 Research Group, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad H Jamal
- COVID-19 Research Group, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ali Aldei
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad J Mairza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maitham Husain
- Planning and Follow-Up Department, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sriraman Deverajan
- National Dasman Diabetes Biobank, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Preethi Cherian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Irina Alkhairi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah Alkandari
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
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11
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Utay NS, Asmuth DM, Gharakhanian S, Contreras M, Warner CD, Detzel CJ. Potential use of serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate for the management of COVID-19. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:873-879. [PMID: 34110032 PMCID: PMC9293029 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 manifests as a mild disease in most people but can progress to severe disease in nearly 20% of individuals. Disease progression is likely driven by a cytokine storm, either directly stimulated by SARS-CoV-2 or by increased systemic inflammation in which the gut might play an integral role. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the gut may cause increased intestinal permeability, alterations to the fecal microbiome, and increased inflammatory cytokines. Each effect may lead to increased systemic inflammation and the transport of cytokines and inflammatory antigens from the gut to the lung. Few interventions are being studied to treat people with mild disease and prevent the cytokine storm. Serumderived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate (SBI) may prevent progression by (1) binding and neutralizing inflammatory antigens, (2) decreasing gut permeability, (3) interfering with ACE2 binding by viral proteins, and (4) improving the fecal microbiome. SBI is therefore a promising intervention to prevent disease progression in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya S. Utay
- Department of Internal MedicineMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - David M. Asmuth
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shahin Gharakhanian
- Pharmaceutical Medicine & Infectious DiseasesShahin Gharakhanian MD Consulting LLC, Cambridge Innovation Center (CIC)CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Moises Contreras
- Department of Research and DevelopmentEntera Health, LLCAnkenyIowaUSA
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12
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Chen HY, Huang C, Tian L, Huang X, Zhang C, Llewellyn GN, Rogers GL, Andresen K, O’Gorman MRG, Chen YW, Cannon PM. Cytoplasmic Tail Truncation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Enhances Titer of Pseudotyped Vectors but Masks the Effect of the D614G Mutation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0096621. [PMID: 34495700 PMCID: PMC8549521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00966-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 requires it to be handled under biosafety level 3 conditions. Consequently, Spike protein-pseudotyped vectors are a useful tool to study viral entry and its inhibition, with retroviral, lentiviral (LV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors the most commonly used systems. Methods to increase the titer of such vectors commonly include concentration by ultracentrifugation and truncation of the Spike protein cytoplasmic tail. However, limited studies have examined whether such a modification also impacts the protein's function. Here, we optimized concentration methods for SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped VSV vectors, finding that tangential flow filtration produced vectors with more consistent titers than ultracentrifugation. We also examined the impact of Spike tail truncation on transduction of various cell types and sensitivity to convalescent serum neutralization. We found that tail truncation increased Spike incorporation into both LV and VSV vectors and resulted in enhanced titers but had no impact on sensitivity to convalescent serum. In addition, we analyzed the effect of the D614G mutation, which became a dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant early in the pandemic. Our studies revealed that, similar to the tail truncation, D614G independently increases Spike incorporation and vector titers, but this effect is masked by also including the cytoplasmic tail truncation. Therefore, the use of full-length Spike protein, combined with tangential flow filtration, is recommended as a method to generate high titer pseudotyped vectors that retain native Spike protein functions. IMPORTANCE Pseudotyped viral vectors are useful tools to study the properties of viral fusion proteins, especially those from highly pathogenic viruses. The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been investigated using pseudotyped lentiviral and VSV vector systems, where truncation of its cytoplasmic tail is commonly used to enhance Spike incorporation into vectors and to increase the titers of the resulting vectors. However, our studies have shown that such effects can also mask the phenotype of the D614G mutation in the ectodomain of the protein, which was a dominant variant arising early in the COVID-19 pandemic. To better ensure the authenticity of Spike protein phenotypes when using pseudotyped vectors, we recommend using full-length Spike proteins, combined with tangential flow filtration methods of concentration if higher-titer vectors are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chennan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George N. Llewellyn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey L. Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin Andresen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles/Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maurice R. G. O’Gorman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles/Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paula M. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Sulaiman I, Chung M, Angel L, Tsay JCJ, Wu BG, Yeung ST, Krolikowski K, Li Y, Duerr R, Schluger R, Thannickal SA, Koide A, Rafeq S, Barnett C, Postelnicu R, Wang C, Banakis S, Pérez-Pérez L, Shen G, Jour G, Meyn P, Carpenito J, Liu X, Ji K, Collazo D, Labarbiera A, Amoroso N, Brosnahan S, Mukherjee V, Kaufman D, Bakker J, Lubinsky A, Pradhan D, Sterman DH, Weiden M, Heguy A, Evans L, Uyeki TM, Clemente JC, de Wit E, Schmidt AM, Shopsin B, Desvignes L, Wang C, Li H, Zhang B, Forst CV, Koide S, Stapleford KA, Khanna KM, Ghedin E, Segal LN. Microbial signatures in the lower airways of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients associated with poor clinical outcome. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1245-1258. [PMID: 34465900 PMCID: PMC8484067 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory failure is associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. There are no validated lower airway biomarkers to predict clinical outcome. We investigated whether bacterial respiratory infections were associated with poor clinical outcome of COVID-19 in a prospective, observational cohort of 589 critically ill adults, all of whom required mechanical ventilation. For a subset of 142 patients who underwent bronchoscopy, we quantified SARS-CoV-2 viral load, analysed the lower respiratory tract microbiome using metagenomics and metatranscriptomics and profiled the host immune response. Acquisition of a hospital-acquired respiratory pathogen was not associated with fatal outcome. Poor clinical outcome was associated with lower airway enrichment with an oral commensal (Mycoplasma salivarium). Increased SARS-CoV-2 abundance, low anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and a distinct host transcriptome profile of the lower airways were most predictive of mortality. Our data provide evidence that secondary respiratory infections do not drive mortality in COVID-19 and clinical management strategies should prioritize reducing viral replication and maximizing host responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Sulaiman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Chung
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis Angel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Chieh J Tsay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin G Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey Krolikowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonghua Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary Schluger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara A Thannickal
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samaan Rafeq
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clea Barnett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Radu Postelnicu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chang Wang
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Banakis
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lizzette Pérez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Guomiao Shen
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Jour
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Meyn
- Division of Pediatrics, Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Joseph Carpenito
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pediatrics, Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Ji
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Dongfang Hospital affiliated to Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Destiny Collazo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Labarbiera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Amoroso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shari Brosnahan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vikramjit Mukherjee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kaufman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Bakker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Lubinsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Sterman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Weiden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Genome Technology Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Evans
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chan Wang
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian V Forst
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth A Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Sariol CA, Pantoja P, Serrano-Collazo C, Rosa-Arocho T, Armina-Rodríguez A, Cruz L, Stone ET, Arana T, Climent C, Latoni G, Atehortua D, Pabon-Carrero C, Pinto AK, Brien JD, Espino AM. Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination. Viruses 2021; 13:1972. [PMID: 34696403 PMCID: PMC8538099 DOI: 10.3390/v13101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing antibody response. In this work, we report that in a subset of patients-despite a decline in total S-specific antibodies-neutralizing antibody titers remain at a similar level for an average of 98 days in longitudinal sampling of a cohort of 59 Hispanic/Latino patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest that 100% of seroconverting patients make detectable neutralizing antibody responses which can be quantified by a surrogate viral neutralization test. Examination of sera from ten out of the 59 subjects which received mRNA-based vaccination revealed that both IgG titers and neutralizing activity of sera were higher after vaccination compared to a cohort of 21 SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects. One dose was sufficient for the induction of a neutralizing antibody, but two doses were necessary to reach 100% surrogate virus neutralization in subjects irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection status. Like the pattern observed after natural infection, the total anti-S antibodies titers declined after the second vaccine dose; however, neutralizing activity remained relatively constant for more than 80 days after the first vaccine dose. Furthermore, our data indicates that-compared with mRNA vaccination-natural infection induces a more robust humoral immune response in unexposed subjects. This work is an important contribution to understanding the natural immune response to the novel coronavirus in a population severely impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamics of the immune response after the natural infection vs. the vaccination, these findings suggest that functional neutralizing antibody tests are more relevant indicators than the presence or absence of binding antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Crisanta Serrano-Collazo
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Tiffany Rosa-Arocho
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Albersy Armina-Rodríguez
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Lorna Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (E.T.S.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Teresa Arana
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Consuelo Climent
- Blood Bank Medical Center, Medical Center, San Juan, PR 00936, USA;
| | - Gerardo Latoni
- Banco de Sangre de Servicios Mutuos, Guaynabo, PR 00968, USA;
| | - Dianne Atehortua
- Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, PR 00927, USA; (D.A.); (C.P.-C.)
| | - Christina Pabon-Carrero
- Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, PR 00927, USA; (D.A.); (C.P.-C.)
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (E.T.S.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (E.T.S.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
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15
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Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, Tipton T, Carroll MW, Longet S. Filovirus Neutralising Antibodies: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091201. [PMID: 34578233 PMCID: PMC8468515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus, cause sporadic outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever with very high case fatality rates in Africa. The 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa provided large survivor cohorts spurring a large number of human studies which showed that specific neutralising antibodies played a key role in protection following a natural Ebola virus infection, as part of the overall humoral response and in conjunction with the cellular adaptive response. This review will discuss the studies in survivors and animal models which described protective neutralising antibody response. Their mechanisms of action will be detailed. Furthermore, the importance of neutralising antibodies in antibody-based therapeutics and in vaccine-induced responses will be explained, as well as the strategies to avoid immune escape from neutralising antibodies. Understanding the neutralising antibody response in the context of filoviruses is crucial to furthering our understanding of virus structure and function, in addition to improving current vaccines & antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Jack Mellors
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-18-6561-7892
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16
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Gégout Petit A, Jeulin H, Legrand K, Jay N, Bochnakian A, Vallois P, Schvoerer E, Guillemin F. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2, Symptom Profiles and Sero-Neutralization in a Suburban Area, France. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061076. [PMID: 34200070 PMCID: PMC8230202 DOI: 10.3390/v13061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation recommends monitoring the circulation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We investigated anti-SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulin (IgT) antibody seroprevalence and in vitro sero-neutralization in Nancy, France, in spring 2020. Individuals were randomly sampled from electoral lists and invited with household members over 5 years old to be tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 (IgT, i.e., IgA/IgG/IgM) antibodies by ELISA (Bio-rad); the sero-neutralization activity was evaluated on Vero CCL-81 cells. Among 2006 individuals, the raw seroprevalence was 2.1% (95% confidence interval 1.5 to 2.9), was highest for 20- to 34-year-old participants (4.7% (2.3 to 8.4)), within than out of socially deprived area (2.5% vs. 1%, p = 0.02) and with than without intra-family infection (p < 10-6). Moreover, 25% of participants presented at least one COVID-19 symptom associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity (p < 10-13), with highly discriminant anosmia or ageusia (odds ratio 27.8 [13.9 to 54.5]); 16.3% (6.8 to 30.7) of seropositive individuals were asymptomatic. Positive sero-neutralization was demonstrated in vitro for 31/43 seropositive subjects. Regarding the very low seroprevalence, a preventive effect of the lockdown in March 2020 can be assumed for the summer, but a second COVID-19 wave, as expected, could be subsequently observed in this poorly immunized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gégout Petit
- IECL, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.G.P.); (P.V.)
| | - Hélène Jeulin
- LCPME, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-383-153-467
| | - Karine Legrand
- CIC Epidémiologie Clinique, CHRU-Nancy, Inserm, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.L.); (A.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Nicolas Jay
- LORIA, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Agathe Bochnakian
- CIC Epidémiologie Clinique, CHRU-Nancy, Inserm, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.L.); (A.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Pierre Vallois
- IECL, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.G.P.); (P.V.)
| | - Evelyne Schvoerer
- LCPME, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Francis Guillemin
- CIC Epidémiologie Clinique, CHRU-Nancy, Inserm, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.L.); (A.B.); (F.G.)
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17
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Piñero P, Marco De La Calle FM, Horndler L, Alarcón B, Uribe Barrientos M, Sarmiento H, Tarín F. Flow cytometry detection of sustained humoral immune response (IgG + IgA) against native spike glycoprotein in asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10716. [PMID: 34021205 PMCID: PMC8140089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the disease called COVID-19, which has caused the worst pandemic of the century. Both, to know the immunological status of general population and to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccination process that is taking place around the world, serological tests represent a key tool. Classic serological tests, based on colorimetric techniques, such as ELISA or CLIA, continue to be the most widely used option. However, a real improvement in results is still needed. We developed a highly sensitive and specific FCM assay that allows the detection of IgG and IgA antibodies, directed against the native and functional S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 exposed on the membrane of a transfected cell line, up to 8 months after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Piñero
- ISABIAL, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | | | - Lydia Horndler
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Holuka C, Snoeck CJ, Mériaux SB, Ollert M, Krüger R, Turner JD. Adverse Life Trajectories Are a Risk Factor for SARS-CoV-2 IgA Seropositivity. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102159. [PMID: 34067606 PMCID: PMC8157140 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic individuals, called “silent spreaders” spread SARS-CoV-2 efficiently and have complicated control of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. As seen in previous influenza pandemics, socioeconomic and life-trajectory factors are important in disease progression and outcome. The demographics of the asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers are unknown. We used the CON-VINCE cohort of healthy, asymptomatic, and oligosymptomatic individuals that is statistically representative of the overall population of Luxembourg for age, gender, and residency to characterise this population. Gender (male), not smoking, and exposure to early-life or adult traumatic experiences increased the risk of IgA seropositivity, and the risk associated with early-life exposure was a dose-dependent metric, while some other known comorbidities of active COVID-19 do not impact it. As prior exposure to adversity is associated with negative psychobiological reactions to external stressors, we recorded psychological wellbeing during the study period. Exposure to traumatic events or concurrent autoimmune or rheumatic disease were associated with a worse evolution of anxiety and depressive symptoms throughout the lockdown period. The unique demographic profile of the “silent spreaders” highlights the role that the early-life period plays in determining our lifelong health trajectory and provides evidence that the developmental origins of health and disease is applicable to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Holuka
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (S.B.M.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Chantal J. Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Sophie B. Mériaux
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Markus Ollert
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (S.B.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-2697-0629
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19
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Aubry A, Demey B, François C, Duverlie G, Castelain S, Helle F, Brochot E. Longitudinal Analysis and Comparison of Six Serological Assays up to Eight Months Post-COVID-19 Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1815. [PMID: 33919328 PMCID: PMC8122444 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much data available concerning the initiation of the immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but long-term data are scarce. METHODS We thus longitudinally evaluated and compared the total and neutralizing immune response of 61 patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection up to eight months after diagnosis by RT-PCR using several commercial assays. RESULTS Among the 208 samples tested, the percentage of seropositivity was comparable between assays up to four months after diagnosis and then tended to be more heterogeneous between assays (p < 0.05). The percentage of patients with a neutralizing titer decreased from 82% before two months postdiagnosis to 57% after six months. This decrease appeared to be more marked for patients under 65 years old and those not requiring hospitalization. The percentage of serology reversion at 6 months was from 11% with the WANTAI total assay to over 39% with the ABBOTT IgG assay. The neutralizing antibody titers decreased in parallel with the decrease of total antibody titers, with important heterogeneity between assays. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, serological tests show equivalent sensitivity in the first months after the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their performance later, postinfection, must be considered when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Aubry
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (A.A.); (B.D.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.); (F.H.)
- Resistant Infectious Agents and Chemotherapy Research Unit, AGIR UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Baptiste Demey
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (A.A.); (B.D.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.); (F.H.)
- Resistant Infectious Agents and Chemotherapy Research Unit, AGIR UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Catherine François
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (A.A.); (B.D.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.); (F.H.)
- Resistant Infectious Agents and Chemotherapy Research Unit, AGIR UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (A.A.); (B.D.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.); (F.H.)
- Resistant Infectious Agents and Chemotherapy Research Unit, AGIR UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (A.A.); (B.D.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.); (F.H.)
- Resistant Infectious Agents and Chemotherapy Research Unit, AGIR UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - François Helle
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (A.A.); (B.D.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.); (F.H.)
- Resistant Infectious Agents and Chemotherapy Research Unit, AGIR UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (A.A.); (B.D.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.); (F.H.)
- Resistant Infectious Agents and Chemotherapy Research Unit, AGIR UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
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20
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Focosi D, Franchini M. COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy: hit fast, hit hard! Vox Sang 2021; 116:935-942. [PMID: 33794556 PMCID: PMC8251446 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantua, Italy
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21
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Dowlatshahi S, Shabani E, Abdekhodaie MJ. Serological assays and host antibody detection in coronavirus-related disease diagnosis. Arch Virol 2021; 166:715-731. [PMID: 33492524 PMCID: PMC7830048 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a family of viral pathogens that infect both birds and mammals, including humans. Seven human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been recognized so far. HCoV-229E, -OC43, -NL63, and -HKU1 account for one-third of common colds with mild symptoms. The other three members are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. These viruses are responsible for SARS, MERS, and CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19), respectively. A variety of diagnostic techniques, including chest X-rays, computer tomography (CT) scans, analysis of viral nucleic acids, proteins, or whole virions, and host antibody detection using serological assays have been developed for the detection of these viruses. In this review, we discuss conventional serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot (WB), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), as well as biosensor-based assays that have been developed for diagnosing HCoV-associated diseases since 2003, with an in-depth focus on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Dowlatshahi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Shabani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- Yeates School of Graduate Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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22
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Focosi D, Maggi F, Mazzetti P, Pistello M. Viral infection neutralization tests: A focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 with implications for convalescent plasma therapy. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2170. [PMID: 33350017 PMCID: PMC7536930 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viral neutralization tests (VNTs) have long been considered old-fashioned tricks in the armamentarium of fundamental virology, with laboratory implementation for a limited array of viruses only. Nevertheless, they represent the most reliable surrogate of potency for passive immunotherapies, such as monoclonal or polyclonal antibody therapy. The recent interest around therapy with convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies for the Covid-19 pandemic has paralleled the revival of VNTs. We review here the available methods by dissecting variations for each fundamental component of the VNT (i.e., virus type and dose, replication-competent cell line, serum, and detection system).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North‐Western Tuscany Blood BankPisa University HospitalPisaItaly
| | | | | | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Translational ResearchUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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23
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Sulaiman I, Chung M, Angel L, Tsay JCJ, Wu BG, Yeung ST, Krolikowski K, Li Y, Duerr R, Schluger R, Thannickal SA, Koide A, Rafeq S, Barnett C, Postelnicu R, Wang C, Banakis S, Perez-Perez L, Jour G, Shen G, Meyn P, Carpenito J, Liu X, Ji K, Collazo D, Labarbiera A, Amoroso N, Brosnahan S, Mukherjee V, Kaufman D, Bakker J, Lubinsky A, Pradhan D, Sterman DH, Weiden M, Hegu A, Evans L, Uyeki TM, Clemente JC, De Wit E, Schmidt AM, Shopsin B, Desvignes L, Wang C, Li H, Zhang B, Forst CV, Koide S, Stapleford KA, Khanna KM, Ghedin E, Segal LN. Microbial signatures in the lower airways of mechanically ventilated COVID19 patients associated with poor clinical outcome. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.23.21252221. [PMID: 33655261 PMCID: PMC7924286 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.23.21252221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mortality among patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure is high and there are no known lower airway biomarkers that predict clinical outcome. We investigated whether bacterial respiratory infections and viral load were associated with poor clinical outcome and host immune tone. We obtained bacterial and fungal culture data from 589 critically ill subjects with COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation. On a subset of the subjects that underwent bronchoscopy, we also quantified SARS-CoV-2 viral load, analyzed the microbiome of the lower airways by metagenome and metatranscriptome analyses and profiled the host immune response. We found that isolation of a hospital-acquired respiratory pathogen was not associated with fatal outcome. However, poor clinical outcome was associated with enrichment of the lower airway microbiota with an oral commensal ( Mycoplasma salivarium ), while high SARS-CoV-2 viral burden, poor anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, together with a unique host transcriptome profile of the lower airways were most predictive of mortality. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that 1) the extent of viral infectivity drives mortality in severe COVID-19, and therefore 2) clinical management strategies targeting viral replication and host responses to SARS-CoV-2 should be prioritized.
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24
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Anand SP, Prévost J, Nayrac M, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Benlarbi M, Gasser R, Brassard N, Laumaea A, Gong SY, Bourassa C, Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Goyette G, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Bégin P, Martel-Laferrière V, Tremblay C, Richard J, Bazin R, Duerr R, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Longitudinal analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in convalescent individuals up to 8 months post-symptom onset. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33532774 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.428097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional and lasting immune responses to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are currently under intense investigation as antibody titers in plasma have been shown to decline during convalescence. Since the absence of antibodies does not equate to absence of immune memory, we sought to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells in COVID-19 convalescent patients. In this study, we report on the evolution of the overall humoral immune responses on 101 blood samples obtained from 32 COVID-19 convalescent patients between 16 and 233 days post-symptom onset. Our observations indicate that anti-Spike and anti-RBD IgM in plasma decay rapidly, whereas the reduction of IgG is less prominent. Neutralizing activity in convalescent plasma declines rapidly compared to Fc-effector functions. Concomitantly, the frequencies of RBD-specific IgM+ B cells wane significantly when compared to RBD-specific IgG+ B cells, which increase over time, and the number of IgG+ memory B cells which remain stable thereafter for up to 8 months after symptoms onset. With the recent approval of highly effective vaccines for COVID-19, data on the persistence of immune responses are of central importance. Even though overall circulating SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific antibodies contract over time during convalescence, we demonstrate that RBD-specific B cells increase and persist up to 8 months post symptom onset. We also observe modest increases in RBD-specific IgG+ memory B cells and importantly, detectable IgG and sustained Fc-effector activity in plasma over the 8-month period. Our results add to the current understanding of immune memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical for the prevention of secondary infections, vaccine efficacy and herd immunity against COVID-19.
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25
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Yoon HA, Bartash R, Gendlina I, Rivera J, Nakouzi A, Bortz RH, Wirchnianski AS, Paroder M, Fehn K, Serrano-Rahman L, Babb R, Sarwar UN, Haslwanter D, Laudermilch E, Florez C, Dieterle ME, Jangra RK, Fels JM, Tong K, Mariano MC, Vergnolle O, Georgiev GI, Herrera NG, Malonis RJ, Quiroz JA, Morano NC, Krause GJ, Sweeney JM, Cowman K, Allen S, Annam J, Applebaum A, Barboto D, Khokhar A, Lally BJ, Lee A, Lee M, Malaviya A, Sample R, Yang XA, Li Y, Ruiz R, Thota R, Barnhill J, Goldstein DY, Uehlinger J, Garforth SJ, Almo SC, Lai JR, Gil MR, Fox AS, Chandran K, Wang T, Daily JP, Pirofski LA. Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Convalescent Plasma in the Bronx, NYC. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.12.02.20242909. [PMID: 33300012 PMCID: PMC7724683 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.02.20242909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Convalescent plasma with severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies (CCP) may hold promise as treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We compared the mortality and clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19 who received 200mL of CCP with a Spike protein IgG titer ≥1:2,430 (median 1:47,385) within 72 hours of admission to propensity score-matched controls cared for at a medical center in the Bronx, between April 13 to May 4, 2020. Matching criteria for controls were age, sex, body mass index, race, ethnicity, comorbidities, week of admission, oxygen requirement, D-dimer, lymphocyte counts, corticosteroids, and anticoagulation use. There was no difference in mortality or oxygenation between CCP recipients and controls at day 28. When stratified by age, compared to matched controls, CCP recipients <65 years had 4-fold lower mortality and 4-fold lower deterioration in oxygenation or mortality at day 28. For CCP recipients, pre-transfusion Spike protein IgG, IgM and IgA titers were associated with mortality at day 28 in univariate analyses. No adverse effects of CCP were observed. Our results suggest CCP may be beneficial for hospitalized patients <65 years, but data from controlled trials is needed to validate this finding and establish the effect of ageing on CCP efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun ah Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Rachel Bartash
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Inessa Gendlina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Johanna Rivera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Robert H. Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Monika Paroder
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Karen Fehn
- Department of Oncology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Leana Serrano-Rahman
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Rachelle Babb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Uzma N. Sarwar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, NY
| | - M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - J. Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - George I. Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Natalia G. Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ryan J. Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jose A. Quiroz
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Nicholas C. Morano
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Gregory J. Krause
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Institute of Aging Studies. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Joseph M. Sweeney
- Department Physiology and Biophysics. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kelsie Cowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Audrey Lee
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Max Lee
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Rafael Ruiz
- Network Performance Group. Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Raja Thota
- Network Performance Group. Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, NY
| | - Doctor Y. Goldstein
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Joan Uehlinger
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department Physiology and Biophysics. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Morayma Reyes Gil
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Amy S. Fox
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Johanna P. Daily
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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26
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Khoury DS, Wheatley AK, Ramuta MD, Reynaldi A, Cromer D, Subbarao K, O'Connor DH, Kent SJ, Davenport MP. Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:727-738. [PMID: 33139888 PMCID: PMC7605490 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid scale-up of research on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spawned a large number of potential vaccines and immunotherapies, accompanied by a commensurately large number of in vitro assays and in vivo models to measure their effectiveness. These assays broadly have the same end-goal - to predict the clinical efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in humans. However, the apparent potency of different interventions can vary considerably between assays and animal models, leading to very different predictions of clinical efficacy. Complete harmonization of experimental methods may be intractable at the current pace of research. However, here we analyse a selection of existing assays for measuring antibody-mediated virus neutralization and animal models of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and provide a framework for comparing results between studies and reconciling observed differences in the effects of interventions. Finally, we propose how we might optimize these assays for better comparison of results from in vitro and animal studies to accelerate progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitchell D Ramuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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27
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Russell MW, Moldoveanu Z, Ogra PL, Mestecky J. Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:611337. [PMID: 33329607 PMCID: PMC7733922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is the largest component of the entire immune system, having evolved to provide protection at the main sites of infectious threat: the mucosae. As SARS-CoV-2 initially infects the upper respiratory tract, its first interactions with the immune system must occur predominantly at the respiratory mucosal surfaces, during both inductive and effector phases of the response. However, almost all studies of the immune response in COVID-19 have focused exclusively on serum antibodies and systemic cell-mediated immunity including innate responses. This article proposes that there is a significant role for mucosal immunity and for secretory as well as circulating IgA antibodies in COVID-19, and that it is important to elucidate this in order to comprehend especially the asymptomatic and mild states of the infection, which appear to account for the majority of cases. Moreover, it is possible that mucosal immunity can be exploited for beneficial diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Pearay L Ogra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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