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Hadizadeh I, Peivastegan B, Nielsen KL, Auvinen P, Sipari N, Pirhonen M. Transcriptome analysis unravels the biocontrol mechanism of Serratia plymuthica A30 against potato soft rot caused by Dickeya solani. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308744. [PMID: 39240997 PMCID: PMC11379202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacterium Serratia plymuthica A30 was identified as a superior biocontrol agent due to its effective colonization of potato tuber, tolerance to cold conditions, and strong inhibitory action against various soft rot pathogens, including Dickeya solani. We characterized transcriptome changes in potato tubers inoculated with S. plymuthica A30, D. solani, or both at the early and the late phases of interaction. At the early phase and in the absence of the pathogen, A30 influenced the microbial recognition system to initiate plant priming. In the presence of the pathogen alongside biocontrol strain, defense signaling was highly stimulated, characterized by the induction of genes involved in the detoxification system, reinforcement of cell wall structure, and production of antimicrobial metabolites, highlighting A30's role in enhancing the host resistance against pathogen attack. This A30-induced resistance relied on the early activation of jasmonic acid signaling and its production in tubers, while defense signaling mediated by salicylic acid was suppressed. In the late phase, A30 actively interferes with plant immunity by inhibiting stress- and defense-related genes expression. Simultaneously, the genes involved in cell wall remodeling and indole-3-acetic acid signaling were activated, thereby enhancing cell wall remodeling to establish symbiotic relationship with the host. The endophytic colonization of A30 coincided with the induction of genes involved in the biosynthesis and signaling of ethylene and abscisic acid, while downregulating those related to gibberellic acid and cytokinin. This combination suggested fitness benefits for potato tubers by preserving dormancy, and delaying sprouting, which affects durability of tubers during storage. This study contributes valuable insights into the tripartite interaction among S. plymuthica A30, D. solani, and potato tubers, facilitating the development of biocontrol system for soft rot pathogens under storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hadizadeh
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bahram Peivastegan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Metabolomics Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Stojilković B, Xiang H, Chen Y, Maulana MI, Bauters L, Van de Put H, Steppe K, Liao J, de Almeida Engler J, Gheysen G. The nematode effector Mj-NEROSs interacts with Rieske's iron-sulfur protein influencing plastid ROS production to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2787-2802. [PMID: 38693568 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne species) are plant pathogens that introduce several effectors in their hosts to facilitate infection. The actual targets and functioning mechanism of these effectors largely remain unexplored. This study illuminates the role and interplay of the Meloidogyne javanica nematode effector ROS suppressor (Mj-NEROSs) within the host plant environment. Mj-NEROSs suppresses INF1-induced cell death as well as flg22-induced callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A transcriptome analysis highlighted the downregulation of ROS-related genes upon Mj-NEROSs expression. NEROSs interacts with the plant Rieske's iron-sulfur protein (ISP) as shown by yeast-two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Secreted from the subventral pharyngeal glands into giant cells, Mj-NEROSs localizes in the plastids where it interacts with ISP, subsequently altering electron transport rates and ROS production. Moreover, our results demonstrate that isp Arabidopsis thaliana mutants exhibit increased susceptibility to M. javanica, indicating ISP importance for plant immunity. The interaction of a nematode effector with a plastid protein highlights the possible role of root plastids in plant defense, prompting many questions on the details of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Stojilković
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hui Xiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Yujin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Maulana
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans Van de Put
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Vocational College of Ecological Engineering, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | | | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Carreras Pereira KA, Wolf AA, Kou-Giesbrecht S, Akana PR, Funk JL, Menge DNL. Allometric relationships for eight species of 4-5 year old nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing trees. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289679. [PMID: 37603572 PMCID: PMC10441808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Allometric equations are often used to estimate plant biomass allocation to different tissue types from easier-to-measure quantities. Biomass allocation, and thus allometric equations, often differs by species and sometimes varies with nutrient availability. We measured biomass components for five nitrogen-fixing tree species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Gliricidia sepium, Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia koa, Morella faya) and three non-fixing tree species (Betula nigra, Psidium cattleianum, Dodonaea viscosa) grown in field sites in New York and Hawaii for 4-5 years and subjected to four fertilization treatments. We measured total aboveground, foliar, main stem, secondary stem, and twig biomass in all species, and belowground biomass in Robinia pseudoacacia and Betula nigra, along with basal diameter, height, and canopy dimensions. The individuals spanned a wide size range (<1-16 cm basal diameter; 0.24-8.8 m height). For each biomass component, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and total biomass, we determined the following four allometric equations: the most parsimonious (lowest AIC) overall, the most parsimonious without a fertilization effect, the most parsimonious without canopy dimensions, and an equation with basal diameter only. For some species, the most parsimonious overall equation included fertilization effects, but fertilization effects were inconsistent across fertilization treatments. We therefore concluded that fertilization does not clearly affect allometric relationships in these species, size classes, and growth conditions. Our best-fit allometric equations without fertilization effects had the following R2 values: 0.91-0.99 for aboveground biomass (the range is across species), 0.95 for belowground biomass, 0.80-0.96 for foliar biomass, 0.94-0.99 for main stem biomass, 0.77-0.98 for secondary stem biomass, and 0.88-0.99 for twig biomass. Our equations can be used to estimate overall biomass and biomass of tissue components for these size classes in these species, and our results indicate that soil fertility does not need to be considered when using allometric relationships for these size classes in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Carreras Pereira
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amelia A. Wolf
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sian Kou-Giesbrecht
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Palani R. Akana
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Funk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Duncan N. L. Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Du H, Fang C, Li Y, Kong F, Liu B. Understandings and future challenges in soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:468-495. [PMID: 36511121 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a major source of plant protein and oil. Soybean breeding has benefited from advances in functional genomics. In particular, the release of soybean reference genomes has advanced our understanding of soybean adaptation to soil nutrient deficiencies, the molecular mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and the roles of flowering time in regional adaptation, plant architecture, and seed yield and quality. Nevertheless, many challenges remain for soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding, mainly related to improving grain yield through high-density planting, maize-soybean intercropping, taking advantage of wild resources, utilization of heterosis, genomic prediction and selection breeding, and precise breeding through genome editing. This review summarizes the current progress in soybean functional genomics and directs future challenges for molecular breeding of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Fan K, Sze CC, Li MW, Lam HM. Roles of non-coding RNAs in the hormonal and nutritional regulation in nodulation and nitrogen fixation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:997037. [PMID: 36330261 PMCID: PMC9623164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.997037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an important component in the nitrogen cycle and is a potential solution for sustainable agriculture. It is the result of the interactions between the plant host, mostly restricted to legume species, and the rhizobial symbiont. From the first encounter between the host and the symbiont to eventual successful nitrogen fixation, there are delicate processes involved, such as nodule organogenesis, rhizobial infection thread progression, differentiation of the bacteroid, deregulation of the host defense systems, and reallocation of resources. All these processes are tightly regulated at different levels. Recent evidence revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), participate in these processes by controlling the transcription and translation of effector genes. In general, ncRNAs are functional transcripts without translation potential and are important gene regulators. MiRNAs, negative gene regulators, bind to the target mRNAs and repress protein production by causing the cleavage of mRNA and translational silencing. LncRNAs affect the formation of chromosomal loops, DNA methylation, histone modification, and alternative splicing to modulate gene expression. Both lncRNAs and circRNAs could serve as target mimics of miRNA to inhibit miRNA functions. In this review, we summarized and discussed the current understanding of the roles of ncRNAs in legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation in the root nodule, mainly focusing on their regulation of hormone signal transduction, the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway and nutrient homeostasis in nodules. Unraveling the mediation of legume nodulation by ncRNAs will give us new insights into designing higher-performance leguminous crops for sustainable agriculture.
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Chavan SN, De Kesel J, Desmedt W, Degroote E, Singh RR, Nguyen GT, Demeestere K, De Meyer T, Kyndt T. Dehydroascorbate induces plant resistance in rice against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1303-1319. [PMID: 35587614 PMCID: PMC9366072 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important antioxidant in plants and regulates various physiological processes. In this study, we show that exogenous treatments with the oxidized form of AsA, that is, dehydroascorbate (DHA), activates induced systemic resistance in rice against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, and investigate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying this phenotype. Detailed transcriptome analysis on roots of rice plants showed an early and robust transcriptional response on foliar DHA treatment, with induction of several genes related to plant stress responses, immunity, antioxidant activity, and secondary metabolism already at 1 day after treatment. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of H2 O2 levels confirmed the appearance of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst on DHA treatment, both at the site of treatment and systemically. Experiments using chemical ROS inhibitors or scavengers confirmed that H2 O2 accumulation contributes to DHA-based induced resistance. Furthermore, hormone measurements in DHA-treated plants showed a significant systemic accumulation of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA). The role of the SA pathway in DHA-based induced resistance was confirmed by nematode infection experiments using an SA-signalling deficient WRKY45-RNAi line and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR on SA marker genes. Our results collectively reveal that DHA activates induced systemic resistance in rice against the root-knot nematode M. graminicola, mediated through the production of ROS and activation of the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Namdeo Chavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- ICAR – Indian Institute of Rice ResearchHyderabadIndia
| | - Jonas De Kesel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Willem Desmedt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Eva Degroote
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Richard Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Giang Thu Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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7
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Joshi I, Kohli D, Pal A, Chaudhury A, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host delivered-RNAi of effector genes for imparting resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes in plants. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 118:101802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2022.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Gilbert S, Poulev A, Chrisler W, Acosta K, Orr G, Lebeis S, Lam E. Auxin-Producing Bacteria from Duckweeds Have Different Colonization Patterns and Effects on Plant Morphology. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060721. [PMID: 35336603 PMCID: PMC8950272 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of auxin in plant-microbe interaction has primarily been studied using indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing pathogenic or plant-growth-promoting bacteria. However, the IAA biosynthesis pathway in bacteria involves indole-related compounds (IRCs) and intermediates with less known functions. Here, we seek to understand changes in plant response to multiple plant-associated bacteria taxa and strains that differ in their ability to produce IRCs. We had previously studied 47 bacterial strains isolated from several duckweed species and determined that 79% of these strains produced IRCs in culture, such as IAA, indole lactic acid (ILA), and indole. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as our model plant with excellent genetic tools, we performed binary association assays on a subset of these strains to evaluate morphological responses in the plant host and the mode of bacterial colonization. Of the 21 tested strains, only four high-quantity IAA-producing Microbacterium strains caused an auxin root phenotype. Compared to the commonly used colorimetric Salkowski assay, auxin concentration determined by LC-MS was a superior indicator of a bacteria's ability to cause an auxin root phenotype. Studies with the auxin response mutant axr1-3 provided further genetic support for the role of auxin signaling in mediating the root morphology response to IAA-producing bacteria strains. Interestingly, our microscopy results also revealed new evidence for the role of the conserved AXR1 gene in endophytic colonization of IAA-producing Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 via the guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (S.G.); (A.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (S.G.); (A.P.); (K.A.)
| | - William Chrisler
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (W.C.); (G.O.)
| | - Kenneth Acosta
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (S.G.); (A.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (W.C.); (G.O.)
| | - Sarah Lebeis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (S.G.); (A.P.); (K.A.)
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Schroeder MM, Gomez MY, McLain N, Gachomo EW. Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 Alters Arabidopsis thaliana Root Architecture via Regulation of Auxin Efflux Transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:215-229. [PMID: 34941379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial rhizobacteria can stimulate changes in plant root development. Although root system growth is mediated by multiple factors, the regulated distribution of the phytohormone auxin within root tissues plays a principal role. Auxin transport facilitators help to generate the auxin gradients and maxima that determine root structure. Here, we show that the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 influences specific auxin efflux transporters to alter Arabidopsis thaliana root morphology. Gene expression profiling of host transcripts in control and B. japonicum-inoculated roots of the wild-type A. thaliana accession Col-0 confirmed upregulation of PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 with B. japonicum and identified genes potentially contributing to a diverse array of auxin-related responses. Cocultivation of the bacterium with loss-of-function auxin efflux transport mutants revealed that B. japonicum requires PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 to increase lateral root development and utilizes PIN2 to reduce primary root length. Accelerated lateral root primordia production due to B. japonicum was not observed in single pin3, pin7, or abcb19 mutants, suggesting independent roles for PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 during the plant-microbe interaction. Our work demonstrates B. japonicum's influence over host transcriptional reprogramming during plant interaction with this beneficial microbe and the subsequent alterations to root system architecture.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes M Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Y Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nathan McLain
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma W Gachomo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Zhang M, Liu S, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Liang Q, Yang X, Duan Z, Liu Y, Kong F, Liu B, Ren B, Tian Z. Progress in soybean functional genomics over the past decade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:256-282. [PMID: 34388296 PMCID: PMC8753368 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important oilseed and fodder crops. Benefiting from the efforts of soybean breeders and the development of breeding technology, large number of germplasm has been generated over the last 100 years. Nevertheless, soybean breeding needs to be accelerated to meet the needs of a growing world population, to promote sustainable agriculture and to address future environmental changes. The acceleration is highly reliant on the discoveries in gene functional studies. The release of the reference soybean genome in 2010 has significantly facilitated the advance in soybean functional genomics. Here, we review the research progress in soybean omics (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and proteomics), germplasm development (germplasm resources and databases), gene discovery (genes that are responsible for important soybean traits including yield, flowering and maturity, seed quality, stress resistance, nodulation and domestication) and transformation technology during the past decade. At the end, we also briefly discuss current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qianjin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zongbiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yucheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Kunkel BN, Johnson JMB. Auxin Plays Multiple Roles during Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040022. [PMID: 33782029 PMCID: PMC8411954 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin governs many aspects of normal plant growth and development. Auxin also plays an important role in plant-microbe interactions, including interactions between plant hosts and pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease. It is now well established that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most well-studied form of auxin, promotes disease in many plant-pathogen interactions. Recent studies have shown that IAA can act both as a plant hormone that modulates host signaling and physiology to increase host susceptibility and as a microbial signal that directly impacts the pathogen to promote virulence, but large gaps in our understanding remain. In this article, we review recent studies on the roles that auxin plays during plant-pathogen interactions and discuss the virulence mechanisms that many plant pathogens have evolved to manipulate host auxin signaling and promote pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Joshua M B Johnson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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12
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Desmedt W, Mangelinckx S, Kyndt T, Vanholme B. A Phytochemical Perspective on Plant Defense Against Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602079. [PMID: 33281858 PMCID: PMC7691236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Given the large yield losses attributed to plant-parasitic nematodes and the limited availability of sustainable control strategies, new plant-parasitic nematode control strategies are urgently needed. To defend themselves against nematode attack, plants possess sophisticated multi-layered immune systems. One element of plant immunity against nematodes is the production of small molecules with anti-nematode activity, either constitutively or after nematode infection. This review provides an overview of such metabolites that have been identified to date and groups them by chemical class (e.g., terpenoids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, etc.). Furthermore, this review discusses strategies that have been used to identify such metabolites and highlights the ways in which studying anti-nematode metabolites might be of use to agriculture and crop protection. Particular attention is given to emerging, high-throughput approaches for the identification of anti-nematode metabolites, in particular the use of untargeted metabolomics techniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Desmedt
- Research Group Epigenetics and Defense, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Research Group Synthesis, Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry (SynBioC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Research Group Epigenetics and Defense, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Singh RR, Nobleza N, Demeestere K, Kyndt T. Ascorbate Oxidase Induces Systemic Resistance in Sugar Beet Against Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:591715. [PMID: 33193547 PMCID: PMC7641898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate oxidase (AO) is an enzyme involved in catalyzing the oxidation of apoplastic ascorbic acid (AA) to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). In this research, the potential of AO spraying to induce systemic resistance was demonstrated in the interaction between sugar beet root and cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the mechanism was elucidated. Plant bioassays showed that roots of AO-sprayed plants were infested by a significantly lower number of females and cysts when compared with mock-sprayed control plants. Hormone measurements showed an elevated level of jasmonic acid (JA) salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) in the roots of AO-sprayed plants, with a dynamic temporal pattern of activation. Experiments with chemical inhibitors showed that AO-induced systemic resistance is partially dependent on the JA, ET and SA pathways. Biochemical analyses revealed a primed accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in the roots of AO-sprayed plants upon infection by cyst nematodes. In conclusion, our data shows that AO works as an effective systemic defense priming agent in sugar beet against cyst nematode infection, through activation of multiple basal plant defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Neriza Nobleza
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tina Kyndt,
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14
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Roy S, Liu W, Nandety RS, Crook A, Mysore KS, Pislariu CI, Frugoli J, Dickstein R, Udvardi MK. Celebrating 20 Years of Genetic Discoveries in Legume Nodulation and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:15-41. [PMID: 31649123 PMCID: PMC6961631 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 1999, various forward- and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200 genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries advanced our understanding of the evolution of SNF in plants and its relationship to other beneficial endosymbioses, signaling between plants and microbes, the control of microbial infection of plant cells, the control of plant cell division leading to nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation, intracellular accommodation of bacteria, nodule oxygen homeostasis, the control of bacteroid differentiation, metabolism and transport supporting symbiosis, and the control of nodule senescence. This review catalogs and contextualizes all of the plant genes currently known to be required for SNF in two model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and two crop species, Glycine max (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). We also briefly consider the future of SNF genetics in the era of pan-genomics and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Wei Liu
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | - Ashley Crook
- College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | | | | | - Julia Frugoli
- College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Rebecca Dickstein
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton Texas 76203
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15
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Kumar P, Khanal S, Da Silva M, Singh R, Davis RF, Nichols RL, Chee PW. Transcriptome analysis of a nematode resistant and susceptible upland cotton line at two critical stages of Meloidogyne incognita infection and development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221328. [PMID: 31504059 PMCID: PMC6736245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host plant resistance is the most practical approach to control the Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita; RKN), which has emerged as one of the most serious economic pests of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Previous QTL analyses have identified a resistance locus on chromosome 11 (qMi-C11) affecting galling and another locus on chromosome-14 (qMi-C14) affecting egg production. Although these two QTL regions were fine mapped and candidate genes identified, expression profiling of genes would assist in further narrowing the list of candidate genes in the QTL regions. We applied the comparative transcriptomic approach to compare expression profiles of genes between RKN susceptible and resistance genotypes at an early stage of RKN development that coincides with the establishment of a feeding site and at the late stage of RKN development that coincides with RKN egg production. Sequencing of cDNA libraries produced over 315 million reads of which 240 million reads (76%) were mapped on to the Gossypium hirsutum genome. A total of 3,789 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified which were further grouped into four clusters based on their expression profiles. A large number of DEGs were found to be down regulated in the susceptible genotype at the late stage of RKN development whereas several genes were up regulated in the resistant genotype. Key enriched categories included transcription factor activity, defense response, response to phyto-hormones, cell wall organization, and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Our results also show that the DEGs in the resistant genotype at qMi-C11 and qMi-C14 loci displayed higher expression of defense response, detoxification and callose deposition genes, than the DEGs in the susceptible genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Sameer Khanal
- Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Mychele Da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Rippy Singh
- Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Davis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
- USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RFD);(PWC)
| | | | - Peng W. Chee
- Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RFD);(PWC)
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16
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Johansson ON, Pinder MIM, Ohlsson F, Egardt J, Töpel M, Clarke AK. Friends With Benefits: Exploring the Phycosphere of the Marine Diatom Skeletonema marinoi. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1828. [PMID: 31447821 PMCID: PMC6691348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine diatoms are the dominant phytoplankton in the temperate oceans and coastal regions, contributing to global photosynthesis, biogeochemical cycling of key nutrients and minerals and aquatic food chains. Integral to the success of marine diatoms is a diverse array of bacterial species that closely interact within the diffusive boundary layer, or phycosphere, surrounding the diatom partner. Recently, we isolated seven distinct bacterial species from cultures of Skeletonema marinoi, a chain-forming, centric diatom that dominates the coastal regions of the temperate oceans. Genomes of all seven bacteria were sequenced revealing many unusual characteristics such as the existence of numerous plasmids of widely varying sizes. Here we have investigated the characteristics of the bacterial interactions with S. marinoi, demonstrating that several strains (Arenibacter algicola strain SMS7, Marinobacter salarius strain SMR5, Sphingorhabdus flavimaris strain SMR4y, Sulfitobacter pseudonitzschiae strain SMR1, Yoonia vestfoldensis strain SMR4r and Roseovarius mucosus strain SMR3) stimulate growth of the diatom partner. Testing of many different environmental factors including low iron concentration, high and low temperatures, and chemical signals showed variable effects on this growth enhancement by each bacterial species, with the most significant being light quality in which green and blue but not red light enhanced the stimulatory effect on S. marinoi growth by all bacteria. Several of the bacteria also inhibited growth of one or more of the other bacterial strains to different extents when mixed together. This study highlights the complex interactions between diatoms and their associated bacteria within the phycosphere, and that further studies are needed to resolve the underlying mechanisms for these relationships and how they might influence the global success of marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew I M Pinder
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ohlsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Egardt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Töpel
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adrian K Clarke
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Gheysen G, Mitchum MG. Phytoparasitic Nematode Control of Plant Hormone Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1212-1226. [PMID: 30397024 PMCID: PMC6446774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytoparasitic nematodes use multiple tactics to influence phytohormone physiology and alter plant developmental programs to establish feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Gheysen
- Ghent University, Department of Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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18
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Piya S, Binder BM, Hewezi T. Canonical and noncanonical ethylene signaling pathways that regulate Arabidopsis susceptibility to the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:946-959. [PMID: 30136723 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes successfully exploit various phytohormone signaling pathways to establish a new hormonal equilibrium that facilitates nematode parasitism. Although it is largely accepted that ethylene regulates plant responses to nematode infection, a mechanistic understanding of how ethylene shapes plant-nematode interactions remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined the involvement of various components regulating ethylene perception and signaling in establishing Arabidopsis susceptibility to the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii using a large set of well-characterized single and higher order mutants. Our analyses revealed the existence of two pathways that separately engage ethylene with salicylic acid (SA) and cytokinin signaling during plant response to nematode infection. One pathway involves the canonical ethylene signaling pathway in which activation of ethylene signaling results in suppression of SA-based immunity. The second pathway involves the ethylene receptor ETR1, which signals independently of SA acid to affect immunity, instead altering cytokinin-mediated regulation of downstream components. Our results reveal important mechanisms through which cyst nematodes exploit components of ethylene perception and signaling to affect the balance of hormonal signaling through ethylene interaction with SA and cytokinin networks. This hormonal interaction overcomes plant defense and provokes a susceptible response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Brad M Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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19
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Verbeek REM, Van Buyten E, Alam MZ, De Vleesschauwer D, Van Bockhaven J, Asano T, Kikuchi S, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Gheysen G, Höfte M, Kyndt T. Jasmonate-Induced Defense Mechanisms in the Belowground Antagonistic Interaction Between Pythium arrhenomanes and Meloidogyne graminicola in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1515. [PMID: 31824540 PMCID: PMC6883413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Next to their essential roles in plant growth and development, phytohormones play a central role in plant immunity against pathogens. In this study we studied the previously reported antagonism between the plant-pathogenic oomycete Pythium arrhenomanes and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, two root pathogens that co-occur in aerobic rice fields. In this manuscript, we investigated if the antagonism is related to imbalances in plant hormone levels, which could be involved in activation of plant defense. Hormone measurements and gene expression analyses showed that the jasmonate (JA) pathway is induced early upon P. arrhenomanes infection. Exogenous application of methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) on the plant confirmed that JA is needed for basal defense against both P. arrhenomanes and M. graminicola in rice. Whereas M. graminicola suppresses root JA levels to increase host susceptibility, Pythium inoculation boosts JA in a manner that prohibits JA repression by the nematode in double-inoculated plants. Exogenous MeJA supply phenocopied the defense-inducing capacity of Pythium against the root-knot nematode, whereas the antagonism was weakened in JA-insensitive mutants. Transcriptome analysis confirmed upregulation of JA biosynthesis and signaling genes upon P. arrhenomanes infection, and additionally revealed induction of genes involved in biosynthesis of diterpenoid phytoalexins, consistent with strong activation of the gene encoding the JA-inducible transcriptional regulator DITERPENOID PHYTOALEXIN FACTOR. Altogether, the here-reported data indicate an important role for JA-induced defense mechanisms in this antagonistic interaction. Next to that, our results provide evidence for induced expression of genes encoding ERF83, and related PR proteins, as well as auxin depletion in P. arrhenomanes infected rice roots, which potentially further contribute to the reduced nematode susceptibility seen in double-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben E. M. Verbeek
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Buyten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Md Zahangir Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Van Bockhaven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takayuki Asano
- Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shoshi Kikuchi
- Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tina Kyndt,
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20
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Li X, Xing X, Xu S, Zhang M, Wang Y, Wu H, Sun Z, Huo Z, Chen F, Yang T. Genome-wide identification and functional prediction of tobacco lncRNAs responsive to root-knot nematode stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204506. [PMID: 30427847 PMCID: PMC6235259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are destructive plant parasites with a wide host range. They severely reduce crop quality and yield worldwide. Tobacco is a versatile model plant organism for studying RKNs-host interactions and a key plant material for molecular research. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in post transcriptional and transcriptional regulation in a wide range of biological pathways, especially plant development and stress response. In the present study, we obtained 5,206 high-confidence lncRNAs based on RNA sequencing data. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that the target genes of these lncRNAs are mainly involved in plant biotic and abiotic stresses, plant hormone signal transduction, induced systemic resistance, plant-type hypersensitive response, plant-type cell wall organization or biogenesis. The 565 differentially expressed lncRNAs found to be involved in nematode stress response were validated by quantitative PCR using 15 randomly-selected lncRNA genes. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of RKNs-plant interactions that might help preventing nematode damages to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Xuexia Xing
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Shixiao Xu
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Hengyan Wu
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Zhaoguang Huo
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
| | - Tiezhao Yang
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan province, China
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21
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Ali MA, Anjam MS, Nawaz MA, Lam HM, Chung G. Signal Transduction in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061648. [PMID: 29865232 PMCID: PMC6032140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
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Forrester NJ, Ashman TL. The direct effects of plant polyploidy on the legume-rhizobia mutualism. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:209-220. [PMID: 29182713 PMCID: PMC5808787 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploidy is known to significantly alter plant genomes, phenotypes and interactions with the abiotic environment, yet the impacts of polyploidy on plant-biotic interactions are less well known. A particularly important plant-biotic interaction is the legume-rhizobia mutualism, in which rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen in exchange for carbon provided by legume hosts. This mutualism regulates nutrient cycles in natural ecosystems and provides nitrogen to agricultural environments. Despite the ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance of plant polyploidy and the legume-rhizobia mutualism, it is not yet fully understood whether plant polyploidy directly alters mutualism traits or the consequences on plant growth. SCOPE The aim was to propose a conceptual framework to understand how polyploidy might directly enhance the quantity and quality of rhizobial symbionts hosted by legume plants, resulting in increased host access to fixed nitrogen (N). Mechanistic hypotheses have been devised to examine how polyploidy can directly alter traits that impact the quantity (e.g. nodule number, nodule size, terminal bacteroid differentiation) and quality of symbionts (e.g. nodule environment, partner choice, host sanctions). To evaluate these hypotheses, an exhaustive review of studies testing the effects of plant polyploidy on the mutualism was conducted. In doing so, overall trends were synthesized, highlighting the limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie variation in results achieved thus far, revealing striking gaps in knowledge and uncovering areas ripe for future research. CONCLUSIONS Plant polyploidy can immediately alter nodule size, N fixation rate and the identity of rhizobial symbionts hosted by polyploid legumes, but many of the mechanistic hypotheses proposed here, such as bacteroid number and enhancements of the nodule environment, remain unexplored. Although current evidence supports a role of plant polyploidy in enhancing key aspects of the legume-rhizobia mutualism, the underlying mechanisms and effects on host benefit from the mutualism remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Forrester
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Keller J, Imperial J, Ruiz-Argüeso T, Privet K, Lima O, Michon-Coudouel S, Biget M, Salmon A, Aïnouche A, Cabello-Hurtado F. RNA sequencing and analysis of three Lupinus nodulomes provide new insights into specific host-symbiont relationships with compatible and incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:102-116. [PMID: 29241560 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation in the legume root-nodule symbiosis has a critical importance in natural and agricultural ecosystems and depends on the proper choice of the symbiotic partners. However, the genetic determinism of symbiotic specificity remains unclear. To study this process, we inoculated three Lupinus species (L. albus, L. luteus, L. mariae-josephae), belonging to the under-investigated tribe of Genistoids, with two Bradyrhizobium strains (B. japonicum, B. valentinum) presenting contrasted degrees of symbiotic specificity depending on the host. We produced the first transcriptomes (RNA-Seq) from lupine nodules in a context of symbiotic specificity. For each lupine species, we compared gene expression between functional and non-functional interactions and determined differentially expressed (DE) genes. This revealed that L. luteus and L. mariae-josephae (nodulated by only one of the Bradyrhizobium strains) specific nodulomes were richest in DE genes than L. albus (nodulation with both microsymbionts, but non-functional with B. valentinum) and share a higher number of these genes between them than with L. albus. In addition, a functional analysis of DE genes highlighted the central role of the genetic pathways controlling infection and nodule organogenesis, hormones, secondary, carbon and nitrogen metabolisms, as well as the implication of plant defence in response to compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keller
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - J Imperial
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Ruiz-Argüeso
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Privet
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - O Lima
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - S Michon-Coudouel
- Environmental and Human Genomics Platform, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - M Biget
- Environmental and Human Genomics Platform, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - A Salmon
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - A Aïnouche
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - F Cabello-Hurtado
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, OSUR (Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France.
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Díaz-Manzano FE, Cabrera J, Ripoll JJ, del Olmo I, Andrés MF, Silva AC, Barcala M, Sánchez M, Ruíz-Ferrer V, de Almeida-Engler J, Yanofsky MF, Piñeiro M, Jarillo JA, Fenoll C, Escobar C. A role for the gene regulatory module microRNA172/TARGET OF EARLY ACTIVATION TAGGED 1/FLOWERING LOCUS T (miRNA172/TOE1/FT) in the feeding sites induced by Meloidogyne javanica in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:813-827. [PMID: 29105090 PMCID: PMC5922426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root knot nematodes (RKNs) penetrate into the root vascular cylinder, triggering morphogenetic changes to induce galls, de novo formed 'pseudo-organs' containing several giant cells (GCs). Distinctive gene repression events observed in early gall/GCs development are thought to be mediated by post-transcriptional silencing via microRNAs (miRNAs), a process that is far from being fully characterized. Arabidopsis thaliana backgrounds with altered activities based on target 35S::MIMICRY172 (MIM172), 35S::TARGET OF EARLY ACTIVATION TAGGED 1 (TOE1)-miR172-resistant (35S::TOE1R ) and mutant (flowering locus T-10 (ft-10)) lines were used for functional analysis of nematode infective and reproductive parameters. The GUS-reporter lines, MIR172A-E::GUS, treated with auxin (IAA) and an auxin-inhibitor (a-(phenyl ethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA)), together with the MIR172C AuxRE::GUS line with two mutated auxin responsive elements (AuxREs), were assayed for nematode-dependent gene expression. Arabidopsis thaliana backgrounds with altered expression of miRNA172, TOE1 or FT showed lower susceptibility to the RKNs and smaller galls and GCs. MIR172C-D::GUS showed restricted promoter activity in galls/GCs that was regulated by auxins through auxin-responsive factors. IAA induced their activity in galls while PEO-IAA treatment and mutations in AuxRe motifs abolished it. The results showed that the regulatory module miRNA172/TOE1/FT plays an important role in correct GCs and gall development, where miRNA172 is modulated by auxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E. Díaz-Manzano
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan-José Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA
| | - Iván del Olmo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Mari Fe Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Protección Vegetal, Calle de Serrano 115, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Barcala
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruíz-Ferrer
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martin F. Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA
| | - Manuel Piñeiro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Jarillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Mei Y, Wright KM, Haegeman A, Bauters L, Diaz-Granados A, Goverse A, Gheysen G, Jones JT, Mantelin S. The Globodera pallida SPRYSEC Effector GpSPRY-414-2 That Suppresses Plant Defenses Targets a Regulatory Component of the Dynamic Microtubule Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1019. [PMID: 30050557 PMCID: PMC6052128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The white potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen of a limited number of Solanaceous plants. Like other plant pathogens, G. pallida deploys effectors into its host that manipulate the plant to the benefit of the nematode. Genome analysis has led to the identification of large numbers of candidate effectors from this nematode, including the cyst nematode-specific SPRYSEC proteins. These are a secreted subset of a hugely expanded gene family encoding SPRY domain-containing proteins, many of which remain to be characterized. We investigated the function of one of these SPRYSEC effector candidates, GpSPRY-414-2. Expression of the gene encoding GpSPRY-414-2 is restricted to the dorsal pharyngeal gland cell and reducing its expression in G. pallida infective second stage juveniles using RNA interference causes a reduction in parasitic success on potato. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that GpSPRY-414-2 disrupts plant defenses. It specifically suppresses effector-triggered immunity (ETI) induced by co-expression of the Gpa2 resistance gene and its cognate avirulence factor RBP-1. It also causes a reduction in the production of reactive oxygen species triggered by exposure of plants to the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified a potato cytoplasmic linker protein (CLIP)-associated protein (StCLASP) as a host target of GpSPRY-414-2. The two proteins co-localize in planta at the microtubules. CLASPs are members of a conserved class of microtubule-associated proteins that contribute to microtubule stability and growth. However, disruption of the microtubule network does not prevent suppression of ETI by GpSPRY-414-2 nor the interaction of the effector with its host target. Besides, GpSPRY-414-2 stabilizes its target while effector dimerization and the formation of high molecular weight protein complexes including GpSPRY-414-2 are prompted in the presence of the StCLASP. These data indicate that the nematode effector GpSPRY-414-2 targets the microtubules to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Mei
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathryn M. Wright
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lander Bauters
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amalia Diaz-Granados
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John T. Jones
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Mantelin
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sophie Mantelin
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Salazar-Iribe A, Zúñiga-Sánchez E, Mejía EZ, Gamboa-deBuen A. Cell Wall Localization of Two DUF642 Proteins, BIIDXI and TEEBE, during Meloidogyne incognita Early Inoculation. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:614-618. [PMID: 29238286 PMCID: PMC5720610 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.05.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infects a variety of plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. During migration, root-knot nematodes secrete different proteins to modify cell walls, which include pectolytic enzymes. However, the contribution of host cell wall proteins has not been described during this process. The function of two DUF642 cell wall proteins, BIIDXI (BDX, At4g32460) and TEEBE (TEB, At2g41800), in plant development could be related to the regulation of pectin methyl esterification status in the cell walls of different tissues. Accordingly, the expression of these two genes is up-regulated by auxin. BDX and TEB were highly induced during early M. incognita inoculation. Moreover, cell wall localization of the proteins was also induced. The cell wall localization of BDX and TEB DUF642 proteins during M. incognita early inoculation suggested that these two proteins could be involved in the regulation of the degree of pectin methylation during cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Salazar-Iribe
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510
| | - Esther Zúñiga-Sánchez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510. Edificio E Laboratorio L-102
| | - Emma Zavaleta Mejía
- Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Instituto de Fitosanidad, km 35.5 Carr. México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Edo. de México CP 56230
| | - Alicia Gamboa-deBuen
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510
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Cordovez V, Mommer L, Moisan K, Lucas-Barbosa D, Pierik R, Mumm R, Carrion VJ, Raaijmakers JM. Plant Phenotypic and Transcriptional Changes Induced by Volatiles from the Fungal Root Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1262. [PMID: 28785271 PMCID: PMC5519581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial soil microorganisms can affect plant growth and resistance by the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Yet, little is known on how VOCs from soil-borne plant pathogens affect plant growth and resistance. Here we show that VOCs released from mycelium and sclerotia of the fungal root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani enhance growth and accelerate development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedlings briefly exposed to the fungal VOCs showed similar phenotypes, suggesting that enhanced biomass and accelerated development are primed already at early developmental stages. Fungal VOCs did not affect plant resistance to infection by the VOC-producing pathogen itself but reduced aboveground resistance to the herbivore Mamestra brassicae. Transcriptomics of A. thaliana revealed that genes involved in auxin signaling were up-regulated, whereas ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathways were down-regulated by fungal VOCs. Mutants disrupted in these pathways showed similar VOC-mediated growth responses as the wild-type A. thaliana, suggesting that other yet unknown pathways play a more prominent role. We postulate that R. solani uses VOCs to predispose plants for infection from a distance by altering root architecture and enhancing root biomass. Alternatively, plants may use enhanced root growth upon fungal VOC perception to sacrifice part of the root biomass and accelerate development and reproduction to survive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Cordovez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kay Moisan
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roland Mumm
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Victor J. Carrion
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jos M. Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
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Piya S, Kihm C, Rice JH, Baum TJ, Hewezi T. Cooperative Regulatory Functions of miR858 and MYB83 during Cyst Nematode Parasitism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1897-1912. [PMID: 28512179 PMCID: PMC5490899 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) recently have been established as key regulators of transcriptome reprogramming that define cell function and identity. Nevertheless, the molecular functions of the greatest number of miRNA genes remain to be determined. Here, we report cooperative regulatory functions of miR858 and its MYB83 transcription factor target gene in transcriptome reprogramming during Heterodera cyst nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Gene expression analyses and promoter-GUS fusion assays documented a role of miR858 in posttranscriptional regulation of MYB83 in the Heterodera schachtii-induced feeding sites, the syncytia. Constitutive overexpression of miR858 interfered with H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis, leading to reduced susceptibility, while reduced miR858 abundance enhanced plant susceptibility. Similarly, MYB83 expression increases were conducive to nematode infection because overexpression of a noncleavable coding sequence of MYB83 significantly increased plant susceptibility, whereas a myb83 mutation rendered the plants less susceptible. In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in hormone signaling pathways, defense response, glucosinolate biosynthesis, cell wall modification, sugar transport, and transcriptional control are the key etiological factors by which MYB83 facilitates nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we discovered that miR858-mediated silencing of MYB83 is tightly regulated through a feedback loop that might contribute to fine-tuning the expression of more than a thousand of MYB83-regulated genes in the H. schachtii-induced syncytium. Together, our results suggest a role of the miR858-MYB83 regulatory system in finely balancing gene expression patterns during H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis to ensure optimal cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Christina Kihm
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - J Hollis Rice
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Jayaraman D, Richards AL, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Ané JM. Identification of the phosphorylation targets of symbiotic receptor-like kinases using a high-throughput multiplexed assay for kinase specificity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1196-1207. [PMID: 28267253 PMCID: PMC5461195 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Detecting the phosphorylation substrates of multiple kinases in a single experiment is a challenge, and new techniques are being developed to overcome this challenge. Here, we used a multiplexed assay for kinase specificity (MAKS) to identify the substrates directly and to map the phosphorylation site(s) of plant symbiotic receptor-like kinases. The symbiotic receptor-like kinases nodulation receptor-like kinase (NORK) and lysin motif domain-containing receptor-like kinase 3 (LYK3) are indispensable for the establishment of root nodule symbiosis. Although some interacting proteins have been identified for these symbiotic receptor-like kinases, very little is known about their phosphorylation substrates. Using this high-throughput approach, we identified several other potential phosphorylation targets for both these symbiotic receptor-like kinases. In particular, we also discovered the phosphorylation of LYK3 by NORK itself, which was also confirmed by pairwise kinase assays. Motif analysis of potential targets for these kinases revealed that the acidic motif xxxsDxxx was common to both of them. In summary, this high-throughput technique catalogs the potential phosphorylation substrates of multiple kinases in a single efficient experiment, the biological characterization of which should provide a better understanding of phosphorylation signaling cascade in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhileepkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Agronomy, 1575 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alicia L. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 425 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 425 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 420 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 425 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 420 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, 1575 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
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30
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Castañeda NEN, Alves GSC, Almeida RM, Amorim EP, Fortes Ferreira C, Togawa RC, Costa MMDC, Grynberg P, Santos JRP, Cares JE, Miller RNG. Gene expression analysis in Musa acuminata during compatible interactions with Meloidogyne incognita. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:915-930. [PMID: 28130221 PMCID: PMC5604581 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoparasitic root-knot nematodes (RKNs) ( Meloidogyne spp.) cause considerable losses in banana ( Musa spp.), with Meloidogyne incognita a predominant species in Cavendish sub-group bananas. This study investigates the root transcriptome in Musa acuminata genotypes 4297-06 (AA) and Cavendish Grande Naine (CAV; AAA) during early compatible interactions with M. incognita . METHODS Roots were analysed by brightfield light microscopy over a 35 d period to examine nematode penetration and morphological cell transformation. RNA samples were extracted 3, 7 and 10 days after inoculation (DAI) with nematode J2 juveniles, and cDNA libraries were sequenced using lllumina HiSeq technology. Sequences were mapped to the M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis var. Pahang genome sequence, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified and transcript representation determined by gene set enrichment and pathway mapping. KEY RESULTS Microscopic analysis revealed a life cycle of M. incognita completing in 24 d in CAV and 27 d in 4279-06. Comparable numbers of DEGs were up- and downregulated in each genotype, with potential involvement of many in early host defence responses involving reactive oxygen species and jasmonate/ethylene signalling. DEGs revealed concomitant auxin metabolism and cell wall modification processes likely to be involved in giant cell formation. Notable transcripts related to host defence included those coding for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinases, peroxidases, thaumatin-like pathogenesis-related proteins, and DREB, ERF, MYB, NAC and WRKY transcription factors. Transcripts related to giant cell development included indole acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.8 genes, involved in auxin metabolism, as well as genes encoding expansins and hydrolases, involved in cell wall modification. CONCLUSIONS Expression analysis in M. acuminata during compatible interactions with RKNs provides insights into genes modulated during infection and giant cell formation. Increased understanding of both defence responses to limit parasitism during compatible interactions and effector-targeted host genes in this complex interaction will facilitate the development of genetic improvement measures for RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosane Mansan Almeida
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Edson Perito Amorim
- Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcos Mota Do Carmo Costa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Priscila Grynberg
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, CEP 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Juvenil Enrique Cares
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Robert Neil Gerard Miller
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Olmo R, Silva AC, Díaz-Manzano FE, Cabrera J, Fenoll C, Escobar C. A Standardized Method to Assess Infection Rates of Root-Knot and Cyst Nematodes in Arabidopsis thaliana Mutants with Alterations in Root Development Related to Auxin and Cytokinin Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1569:73-81. [PMID: 28265988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6831-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes cause a great impact in agricultural systems. The search for effective control methods is partly based on the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms leading to the formation of nematode feeding sites. In this respect, crosstalk of hormones such as auxins and cytokinins (IAA, CK) between the plant and the nematode seems to be crucial. Thence, the study of loss of function or overexpressing lines with altered IAA and CK functioning is entailed. Those lines frequently show developmental defects in the number, position and/or length of the lateral roots what could generate a bias in the interpretation of the nematode infection parameters. Here we present a protocol to assess differences in nematode infectivity with the lowest interference of root architecture phenotypes in the results. Thus, tailored growth conditions and normalization parameters facilitate the standardized phenotyping of nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Olmo
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando E Díaz-Manzano
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Pogorelko G, Juvale PS, Rutter WB, Hewezi T, Hussey R, Davis EL, Mitchum MG, Baum TJ. A cyst nematode effector binds to diverse plant proteins, increases nematode susceptibility and affects root morphology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:832-44. [PMID: 26575318 PMCID: PMC6638508 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are plant-parasitic roundworms that are of significance in many cropping systems around the world. Cyst nematode infection is facilitated by effector proteins secreted from the nematode into the plant host. The cDNAs of the 25A01-like effector family are novel sequences that were isolated from the oesophageal gland cells of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). To aid functional characterization, we identified an orthologous member of this protein family (Hs25A01) from the closely related sugar beet cyst nematode H. schachtii, which infects Arabidopsis. Constitutive expression of the Hs25A01 CDS in Arabidopsis plants caused a small increase in root length, accompanied by up to a 22% increase in susceptibility to H. schachtii. A plant-expressed RNA interference (RNAi) construct targeting Hs25A01 transcripts in invading nematodes significantly reduced host susceptibility to H. schachtii. These data document that Hs25A01 has physiological functions in planta and a role in cyst nematode parasitism. In vivo and in vitro binding assays confirmed the specific interactions of Hs25A01 with an Arabidopsis F-box-containing protein, a chalcone synthase and the translation initiation factor eIF-2 β subunit (eIF-2bs), making these proteins probable candidates for involvement in the observed changes in plant growth and parasitism. A role of eIF-2bs in the mediation of Hs25A01 virulence function is further supported by the observation that two independent eIF-2bs Arabidopsis knock-out lines were significantly more susceptible to H. schachtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Pogorelko
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Parijat S Juvale
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - William B Rutter
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66505, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Richard Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Defez R, Esposito R, Angelini C, Bianco C. Overproduction of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Free-Living Rhizobia Induces Transcriptional Changes Resembling Those Occurring in Nodule Bacteroids. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:484-95. [PMID: 27003799 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-16-0010-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Free-living bacteria grown under aerobic conditions were used to investigate, by next-generation RNA sequencing analysis, the transcriptional profiles of Sinorhizobium meliloti wild-type 1021 and its derivative, RD64, overproducing the main auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Among the upregulated genes in RD64 cells, we detected the main nitrogen-fixation regulator fixJ, the two intermediate regulators fixK and nifA, and several other genes known to be FixJ targets. The gene coding for the sigma factor RpoH1 and other genes involved in stress response, regulated in a RpoH1-dependent manner in S. meliloti, were also induced in RD64 cells. Under microaerobic condition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the genes fixJL and nifA were up-regulated in RD64 cells as compared with 1021 cells. This work provided evidence that the overexpression of IAA in S. meliloti free-living cells induced many of the transcriptional changes that normally occur in nitrogen-fixing root nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Defez
- 1 Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Carmen Bianco
- 1 Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Di X, Takken FLW, Tintor N. How Phytohormones Shape Interactions between Plants and the Soil-Borne Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:170. [PMID: 26909099 PMCID: PMC4754410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with a huge variety of soil microbes, ranging from pathogenic to mutualistic. The Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) species complex consists of ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungi that can infect and cause disease in over 120 different plant species including tomato, banana, cotton, and Arabidopsis. However, in many cases Fo colonization remains symptomless or even has beneficial effects on plant growth and/or stress tolerance. Also in pathogenic interactions a lengthy asymptomatic phase usually precedes disease development. All this indicates a sophisticated and fine-tuned interaction between Fo and its host. The molecular mechanisms underlying this balance are poorly understood. Plant hormone signaling networks emerge as key regulators of plant-microbe interactions in general. In this review we summarize the effects of the major phytohormones on the interaction between Fo and its diverse hosts. Generally, Salicylic Acid (SA) signaling reduces plant susceptibility, whereas Jasmonic Acid (JA), Ethylene (ET), Abscisic Acid (ABA), and auxin have complex effects, and are potentially hijacked by Fo for host manipulation. Finally, we discuss how plant hormones and Fo effectors balance the interaction from beneficial to pathogenic and vice versa.
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Hewezi T. Cellular Signaling Pathways and Posttranslational Modifications Mediated by Nematode Effector Proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1018-26. [PMID: 26315856 PMCID: PMC4587465 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst and root-knot nematodes synthesize and secrete a suite of effector proteins into infected host cells and tissues. These effectors are the major virulence determinants mediating the transformation of normal root cells into specialized feeding structures. Compelling evidence indicates that these effectors directly hijack or manipulate refined host physiological processes to promote the successful parasitism of host plants. Here, we provide an update on recent progress in elucidating the molecular functions of nematode effectors. In particular, we emphasize how nematode effectors modify plant cell wall structure, mimic the activity of host proteins, alter auxin signaling, and subvert defense signaling and immune responses. In addition, we discuss the emerging evidence suggesting that nematode effectors target and recruit various components of host posttranslational machinery in order to perturb the host signaling networks required for immunity and to regulate their own activity and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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37
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Larrainzar E, Riely BK, Kim SC, Carrasquilla-Garcia N, Yu HJ, Hwang HJ, Oh M, Kim GB, Surendrarao AK, Chasman D, Siahpirani AF, Penmetsa RV, Lee GS, Kim N, Roy S, Mun JH, Cook DR. Deep Sequencing of the Medicago truncatula Root Transcriptome Reveals a Massive and Early Interaction between Nodulation Factor and Ethylene Signals. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:233-65. [PMID: 26175514 PMCID: PMC4577383 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The legume-rhizobium symbiosis is initiated through the activation of the Nodulation (Nod) factor-signaling cascade, leading to a rapid reprogramming of host cell developmental pathways. In this work, we combine transcriptome sequencing with molecular genetics and network analysis to quantify and categorize the transcriptional changes occurring in roots of Medicago truncatula from minutes to days after inoculation with Sinorhizobium medicae. To identify the nature of the inductive and regulatory cues, we employed mutants with absent or decreased Nod factor sensitivities (i.e. Nodulation factor perception and Lysine motif domain-containing receptor-like kinase3, respectively) and an ethylene (ET)-insensitive, Nod factor-hypersensitive mutant (sickle). This unique data set encompasses nine time points, allowing observation of the symbiotic regulation of diverse biological processes with high temporal resolution. Among the many outputs of the study is the early Nod factor-induced, ET-regulated expression of ET signaling and biosynthesis genes. Coupled with the observation of massive transcriptional derepression in the ET-insensitive background, these results suggest that Nod factor signaling activates ET production to attenuate its own signal. Promoter:β-glucuronidase fusions report ET biosynthesis both in root hairs responding to rhizobium as well as in meristematic tissue during nodule organogenesis and growth, indicating that ET signaling functions at multiple developmental stages during symbiosis. In addition, we identified thousands of novel candidate genes undergoing Nod factor-dependent, ET-regulated expression. We leveraged the power of this large data set to model Nod factor- and ET-regulated signaling networks using MERLIN, a regulatory network inference algorithm. These analyses predict key nodes regulating the biological process impacted by Nod factor perception. We have made these results available to the research community through a searchable online resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Larrainzar
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Brendan K Riely
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Noelia Carrasquilla-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Hee-Ju Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Hyun-Ju Hwang
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Mijin Oh
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Goon Bo Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Anandkumar K Surendrarao
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Deborah Chasman
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Alireza F Siahpirani
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Ramachandra V Penmetsa
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Gang-Seob Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Namshin Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Jeong-Hwan Mun
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Douglas R Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology (E.L., B.K.R., N.C.-G., R.V.P., D.R.C) and Plant Biology Graduate Group (A.K.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea (S.C.K., N.K.);Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea (H.-J.Y.);Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea (H.-J.H., M.O., G.-S.L.);Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea (G.B.K., J.-H.M.);Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 (D.C., S.R.); andDepartment of Computer Sciences (A.F.S.) and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (S.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
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38
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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Kammerhofer N, Radakovic Z, Regis JMA, Dobrev P, Vankova R, Grundler FMW, Siddique S, Hofmann J, Wieczorek K. Role of stress-related hormones in plant defence during early infection of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:778-89. [PMID: 25825039 PMCID: PMC4657489 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera schachtii, a plant-parasitic cyst nematode, invades host roots and induces a specific syncytial feeding structure, from which it withdraws all required nutrients, causing severe yield losses. The system H. schachtii-Arabidopsis is an excellent research model for investigating plant defence mechanisms. Such responses are suppressed in well-established syncytia, whereas they are induced during early parasitism. However, the mechanisms by which the defence responses are modulated and the role of phytohormones are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of hormone-based defence responses at the onset of nematode infection. First, concentrations of main phytohormones were quantified and the expression of several hormone-related genes was analysed using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR or GeneChip. Further, the effects of individual hormones were evaluated via nematode attraction and infection assays using plants with altered endogenous hormone concentrations. Our results suggest a pivotal and positive role for ethylene during nematode attraction, whereas jasmonic acid triggers early defence responses against H. schachtii. Salicylic acid seems to be a negative regulator during later syncytium and female development. We conclude that nematodes are able to impose specific changes in hormone pools, thus modulating hormone-based defence and signal transduction in strict dependence on their parasitism stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kammerhofer
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Zoran Radakovic
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University BonnKarlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jully M A Regis
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicRozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicRozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University BonnKarlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University BonnKarlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Hofmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Author for correspondence:,
Krzysztof Wieczorek
,
Tel: +43 1 47654 3397
,
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40
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Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Czarny M, Wiśniewska A, Fudali S, Baranowski Ł, Sobczak M, Święcicka M, Matuszkiewicz M, Brzyżek G, Wroblewski T, Dobosz R, Bartoszewski G, Filipecki M. Suppression of NGB and NAB/ERabp1 in tomato modifies root responses to potato cyst nematode infestation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:334-48. [PMID: 25131407 PMCID: PMC6638365 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant damage to major crops throughout the world. The small number of genes conferring natural plant resistance and the limitations of chemical control require the development of new protective strategies. RNA interference or the inducible over-expression of nematicidal genes provides an environment-friendly approach to this problem. Candidate genes include NGB, which encodes a small GTP-binding protein, and NAB/ERabp1, which encodes an auxin-binding protein, which were identified as being up-regulated in tomato roots in a transcriptome screen of potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) feeding sites. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization confirmed the localized up-regulation of these genes in syncytia and surrounding cells following nematode infection. Gene-silencing constructs were introduced into tomato, resulting in a 20%-98% decrease in transcription levels. Nematode infection tests conducted on transgenic plants showed 57%-82% reduction in the number of G. rostochiensis females in vitro and 30%-46% reduction in pot trials. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a deterioration of cytoplasm, and degraded mitochondria and plastids, in syncytia induced in plants with reduced NAB/ERabp1 expression. Cytoplasm in syncytia induced in plants with low NGB expression was strongly electron translucent and contained very few ribosomes; however, mitochondria and plastids remained intact. Functional impairments in syncytial cytoplasm of silenced plants may result from NGB's role in ribosome biogenesis; this was confirmed by localization of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-labelled NGB protein in nucleoli and co-repression of NGB in plants with reduced NAB/ERabp1 expression. These results demonstrate that NGB and NAB/ERabp1 play important roles in the development of nematode-induced syncytia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
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41
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Hewezi T, Juvale PS, Piya S, Maier TR, Rambani A, Rice JH, Mitchum MG, Davis EL, Hussey RS, Baum TJ. The cyst nematode effector protein 10A07 targets and recruits host posttranslational machinery to mediate its nuclear trafficking and to promote parasitism in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:891-907. [PMID: 25715285 PMCID: PMC4558665 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes synthesize and secrete effector proteins that are essential for parasitism. One such protein is the 10A07 effector from the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, which is exclusively expressed in the nematode dorsal gland cell during all nematode parasitic stages. Overexpression of H. schachtii 10A07 in Arabidopsis thaliana produced a hypersusceptible phenotype in response to H. schachtii infection along with developmental changes reminiscent of auxin effects. The 10A07 protein physically associates with a plant kinase and the IAA16 transcription factor in the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. The interacting plant kinase (IPK) phosphorylates 10A07 at Ser-144 and Ser-231 and mediates its trafficking from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Translocation to the nucleus is phosphorylation dependent since substitution of Ser-144 and Ser-231 by alanine resulted in exclusive cytoplasmic accumulation of 10A07. IPK and IAA16 are highly upregulated in the nematode-induced syncytium (feeding cells), and deliberate manipulations of their expression significantly alter plant susceptibility to H. schachtii in an additive fashion. An inactive variant of IPK functioned antagonistically to the wild-type IPK and caused a dominant-negative phenotype of reduced plant susceptibility. Thus, exploitation of host processes to the advantage of the parasites is one mechanism by which cyst nematodes promote parasitism of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Parijat S Juvale
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Tom R Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Aditi Rambani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - J Hollis Rice
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Eric L Davis
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Richard S Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Baldacci-Cresp F, Maucourt M, Deborde C, Pierre O, Moing A, Brouquisse R, Favery B, Frendo P. Maturation of nematode-induced galls in Medicago truncatula is related to water status and primary metabolism modifications. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 232:77-85. [PMID: 25617326 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are obligatory plant parasitic worms that establish and maintain an intimate relationship with their host plants. During a compatible interaction, these nematodes induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells (GCs). These metabolically active feeding cells constitute the exclusive source of nutrients for the nematode. We analyzed the modifications of water status, ionic content and accumulation of metabolites in development and mature galls induced by Meloidogyne incognita and in uninfected roots of Medicago truncatula plants. Water potential and osmotic pressure are significantly modified in mature galls compared to developing galls and control roots. Ionic content is significantly modified in galls compared to roots. Principal component analyses of metabolite content showed that mature gall metabolism is significantly modified compared to developing gall metabolism. The most striking differences were the three-fold increase of trehalose content associated to the five-fold diminution in glucose concentration in mature galls. Gene expression analysis showed that trehalose accumulation was, at least, partially linked to a significantly lower expression of the trehalase gene in mature galls. Our results point to significant modifications of gall physiology during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; INRA UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; CNRS UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- Université de Bordeaux 2, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; INRA UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; CNRS UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Annick Moing
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; INRA UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; CNRS UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; INRA UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; CNRS UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; INRA UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; CNRS UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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43
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Hewezi T, Piya S, Richard G, Rice JH. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of auxin response transcription factors in the syncytium induced by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:730-6. [PMID: 24433277 PMCID: PMC6638651 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes induce the formation of a multinucleated feeding site in the infected root, termed the syncytium. Recent studies point to key roles of the phytohormone auxin in the regulation of gene expression and establishment of the syncytium. Nevertheless, information about the spatiotemporal expression patterns of the transcription factors that mediate auxin transcriptional responses during syncytium formation is limited. Here, we provide a gene expression map of 22 auxin response factors (ARFs) during the initiation, formation and maintenance stages of the syncytium induced by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis. We observed distinct and overlapping expression patterns of ARFs throughout syncytium development phases. We identified a set of ARFs whose expression is predominantly located inside the developing syncytium, whereas others are expressed in the neighbouring cells, presumably to initiate specific transcriptional programmes required for their incorporation within the developing syncytium. Our analyses also point to a role of certain ARFs in determining the maximum size of the syncytium. In addition, several ARFs were found to be highly expressed in fully developed syncytia, suggesting a role in maintaining the functional phenotype of mature syncytia. The dynamic distribution and overlapping expression patterns of various ARFs seem to be essential characteristics of ARF activity during syncytium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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44
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Evangelisti E, Rey T, Schornack S. Cross-interference of plant development and plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:118-26. [PMID: 24922556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are host to a multitude of filamentous microorganisms. Among these, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide benefits to plants, while pathogens trigger diseases resulting in significant crop yield losses. It is therefore imperative to study processes which allow plants to discriminate detrimental and beneficial interactions in order to protect crops from diseases while retaining the ability for sustainable bio-fertilisation strategies. Accumulating evidence suggests that some symbiosis processes also affect plant-pathogen interactions. A large part of this overlap likely constitutes plant developmental processes. Moreover, microbes utilise effector proteins to interfere with plant development. Here we list relevant recent findings on how plant-microbe interactions intersect with plant development and highlight future research leads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
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Cabrera J, Bustos R, Favery B, Fenoll C, Escobar C. NEMATIC: a simple and versatile tool for the in silico analysis of plant-nematode interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:627-36. [PMID: 24330140 PMCID: PMC6638708 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel approaches for the control of agriculturally damaging nematodes are sorely needed. Endoparasitic nematodes complete their life cycle within the root vascular cylinder, inducing specialized feeding cells: giant cells for root-knot nematodes and syncytia for cyst nematodes. Both nematodes hijack parts of the transduction cascades involved in developmental processes, or partially mimic the plant responses to other interactions with microorganisms, but molecular evidence of their differences and commonalities is still under investigation. Transcriptomics has been used to describe global expression profiles of their interaction with Arabidopsis, generating vast lists of differentially expressed genes. Although these results are available in public databases and publications, the information is scattered and difficult to handle. Here, we present a rapid, visual, user-friendly and easy to handle spreadsheet tool, called NEMATIC (NEMatode-Arabidopsis Transcriptomic Interaction Compendium; http://www.uclm.es/grupo/gbbmp/english/nematic.asp). It combines existing transcriptomic data for the interaction between Arabidopsis and plant-endoparasitic nematodes with data from different transcriptomic analyses regarding hormone and cell cycle regulation, development, different plant tissues, cell types and various biotic stresses. NEMATIC facilitates efficient in silico studies on plant-nematode biology, allowing rapid cross-comparisons with complex datasets and obtaining customized gene selections through sequential comparative and filtering steps. It includes gene functional classification and links to utilities from several databases. This data-mining spreadsheet will be valuable for the understanding of the molecular bases subjacent to feeding site formation by comparison with other plant systems, and for the selection of genes as potential tools for biotechnological control of nematodes, as demonstrated in the experimentally confirmed examples provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida de Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
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Cabrera J, Díaz-Manzano FE, Sanchez M, Rosso MN, Melillo T, Goh T, Fukaki H, Cabello S, Hofmann J, Fenoll C, Escobar C. A role for LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 during the interaction Arabidopsis-Meloidogyne spp. provides a molecular link between lateral root and root-knot nematode feeding site development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:632-645. [PMID: 24803293 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant endoparasitic nematodes induce the formation of their feeding cells by injecting effectors from the esophageal glands into root cells. Although vascular cylinder cells seem to be involved in the formation of root-knot nematode (RKN) feeding structures, molecular evidence is scarce. We address the role during gall development of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16 (LBD16), a key component of the auxin pathway leading to the divisions in the xylem pole pericycle (XPP) for lateral root (LR) formation. Arabidopsis T-DNA tagged J0192 and J0121 XPP marker lines, LBD16 and DR5::GUS promoter lines, and isolated J0192 protoplasts were assayed for nematode-dependent gene expression. Infection tests in LBD16 knock-out lines were used for functional analysis. J0192 and J0121 lines were activated in early developing galls and giant cells (GCs), resembling the pattern of the G2/M-transition specific ProC yc B 1;1 :CycB1;1(NT)-GUS line. LBD16 was regulated by auxins in galls as in LRs, and induced by RKN secretions. LBD16 loss of function mutants and a transgenic line with defective XPP cells showed a significantly reduced infection rate. The results show that genes expressed in the dividing XPP, particularly LBD16, are important for gall formation, as they are for LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando E Díaz-Manzano
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - María Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Teresa Melillo
- Istituto per la Protezione de lle Piante, CNR, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Susana Cabello
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, Tulln a. d. Donau, A-3430, Austria
| | - Julia Hofmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, Tulln a. d. Donau, A-3430, Austria
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
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Jiang H, Xu Z, Aluru MR, Dong L. Plant chip for high-throughput phenotyping of Arabidopsis. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1281-93. [PMID: 24510109 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a vertical and transparent microfluidic chip for high-throughput phenotyping of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Multiple Arabidopsis seeds can be germinated and grown hydroponically over more than two weeks in the chip, thus enabling large-scale and quantitative monitoring of plant phenotypes. The novel vertical arrangement of this microfluidic device not only allows for normal gravitropic growth of the plants but also, more importantly, makes it convenient to continuously monitor phenotypic changes in plants at the whole organismal level, including seed germination and root and shoot growth (hypocotyls, cotyledons, and leaves), as well as at the cellular level. We also developed a hydrodynamic trapping method to automatically place single seeds into seed holding sites of the device and to avoid potential damage to seeds that might occur during manual loading. We demonstrated general utility of this microfluidic device by showing clear visible phenotypes of the immutans mutant of Arabidopsis, and we also showed changes occurring during plant-pathogen interactions at different developmental stages. Arabidopsis plants grown in the device maintained normal morphological and physiological behaviour, and distinct phenotypic variations consistent with a priori data were observed via high-resolution images taken in real time. Moreover, the timeline for different developmental stages for plants grown in this device was highly comparable to growth using a conventional agar plate method. This prototype plant chip technology is expected to lead to the establishment of a powerful experimental and cost-effective framework for high-throughput and precise plant phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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48
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Bartlem DG, Jones MGK, Hammes UZ. Vascularization and nutrient delivery at root-knot nematode feeding sites in host roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1789-98. [PMID: 24336493 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly challenged by pathogens and pests, which can have a profound impact on the yield and quality of produce in agricultural systems. The vascular system of higher plants is critical for growth and for their ability to counteract changing external conditions, serving as a distribution network for water, nutrients, and photosynthates from the source organs to regions where they are in demand. Unfortunately, these features also make it an attractive target for pathogens and pests that demand access to a reliable supply of host resources. The vascular tissue of plants therefore often plays a central role in pathogen and parasite interactions. One of the more striking rearrangements of the host vascular system occurs during root-knot nematode infestation of plant roots. These sedentary endoparasites induce permanent feeding sites that are comprised of 'giant cells' and are subject to extensive changes in vascularization, resulting in the giant cells being encaged within a network of de novo formed xylem and phloem cells. Despite being considered critical to the function of the feeding site, the mechanisms underlying this vascularization have received surprisingly little attention when compared with the amount of research on giant cell development and function. An overview of the current knowledge on vascularization of root-knot nematode feeding sites is provided here and recent advances in our understanding of the transport mechanisms involved in nutrient delivery to these parasite-induced sinks are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G Bartlem
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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49
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Held M, Hou H, Miri M, Huynh C, Ross L, Hossain MS, Sato S, Tabata S, Perry J, Wang TL, Szczyglowski K. Lotus japonicus cytokinin receptors work partially redundantly to mediate nodule formation. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:678-94. [PMID: 24585837 PMCID: PMC3967033 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous analysis of the Lotus histidine kinase1 (Lhk1) cytokinin receptor gene has shown that it is required and also sufficient for nodule formation in Lotus japonicus. The L. japonicus mutant carrying the loss-of-function lhk1-1 allele is hyperinfected by its symbiotic partner, Mesorhizobium loti, in the initial absence of nodule organogenesis. At a later time point following bacterial infection, lhk1-1 develops a limited number of nodules, suggesting the presence of an Lhk1-independent mechanism. We have tested a hypothesis that other cytokinin receptors function in at least a partially redundant manner with LHK1 to mediate nodule organogenesis in L. japonicus. We show here that L. japonicus contains a small family of four cytokinin receptor genes, which all respond to M. loti infection. We show that within the root cortex, LHK1 performs an essential role but also works partially redundantly with LHK1A and LHK3 to mediate cell divisions for nodule primordium formation. The LHK1 receptor is also presumed to partake in mediating a feedback mechanism that negatively regulates bacterial infections at the root epidermis. Interestingly, the Arabidopsis thaliana AHK4 receptor gene can functionally replace Lhk1 in mediating nodule organogenesis, indicating that the ability to perform this developmental process is not determined by unique, legume-specific properties of LHK1.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Arabidopsis/drug effects
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Cytokinins/metabolism
- Cytokinins/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Lotus/drug effects
- Lotus/genetics
- Lotus/growth & development
- Lotus/microbiology
- Mesorhizobium
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Mutation/genetics
- Organogenesis/drug effects
- Organogenesis/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/drug effects
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Held
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop
Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario N6A 5BF, Canada
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop
Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mandana Miri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop
Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario N6A 5BF, Canada
| | - Christian Huynh
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop
Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop
Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop
Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818,
Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818,
Japan
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop
Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario N6A 5BF, Canada
- Address correspondence to
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50
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Held M, Hou H, Miri M, Huynh C, Ross L, Hossain MS, Sato S, Tabata S, Perry J, Wang TL, Szczyglowski K. Lotus japonicus cytokinin receptors work partially redundantly to mediate nodule formation. THE PLANT CELL 2014. [PMID: 24585837 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous analysis of the Lotus histidine kinase1 (Lhk1) cytokinin receptor gene has shown that it is required and also sufficient for nodule formation in Lotus japonicus. The L. japonicus mutant carrying the loss-of-function lhk1-1 allele is hyperinfected by its symbiotic partner, Mesorhizobium loti, in the initial absence of nodule organogenesis. At a later time point following bacterial infection, lhk1-1 develops a limited number of nodules, suggesting the presence of an Lhk1-independent mechanism. We have tested a hypothesis that other cytokinin receptors function in at least a partially redundant manner with LHK1 to mediate nodule organogenesis in L. japonicus. We show here that L. japonicus contains a small family of four cytokinin receptor genes, which all respond to M. loti infection. We show that within the root cortex, LHK1 performs an essential role but also works partially redundantly with LHK1A and LHK3 to mediate cell divisions for nodule primordium formation. The LHK1 receptor is also presumed to partake in mediating a feedback mechanism that negatively regulates bacterial infections at the root epidermis. Interestingly, the Arabidopsis thaliana AHK4 receptor gene can functionally replace Lhk1 in mediating nodule organogenesis, indicating that the ability to perform this developmental process is not determined by unique, legume-specific properties of LHK1.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Arabidopsis/drug effects
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Cytokinins/metabolism
- Cytokinins/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Lotus/drug effects
- Lotus/genetics
- Lotus/growth & development
- Lotus/microbiology
- Mesorhizobium
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Mutation/genetics
- Organogenesis/drug effects
- Organogenesis/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/drug effects
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Held
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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