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Mateos DM, Bhatnagar JM. Restoring ecological complexity in a changing environment. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R365-R371. [PMID: 38714167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
As land use leaves massive tracts of land vacant for recovery, restoration must undergo a substantial shift to incorporate a complexity perspective beyond the traditional community, biodiversity or functional views. With an interaction-function perspective, we may be able to achieve ecosystems with better chances to adapt to current environmental changes and, especially, to climate change. We explore combined approaches that include still unused and underexplored techniques that will soon go mainstream and produce massive amounts of information to address the complexity gap. As we understand how complexity reassembles after the end of agriculture, we will be able to design actions to restore or enhance it at unprecedented spatial scales while increasing its adaptability to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno Mateos
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa 48940, Spain; Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao 48009, Spain.
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Tumber-Dávila SJ, Lucey T, Boose ER, Laflower D, León-Sáenz A, Wilson BT, MacLean MG, Thompson JR. Hurricanes pose a substantial risk to New England forest carbon stocks. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17259. [PMID: 38655624 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nature-based climate solutions (NCS) are championed as a primary tool to mitigate climate change, especially in forested regions capable of storing and sequestering vast amounts of carbon. New England is one of the most heavily forested regions in the United States (>75% forested by land area), and forest carbon is a significant component of climate mitigation policies. Large infrequent disturbances, such as hurricanes, are a major source of uncertainty and risk for policies relying on forest carbon for climate mitigation, especially as climate change is projected to alter the intensity and extent of hurricanes. To date, most research into disturbance impacts on forest carbon stocks has focused on fire. Here, we show that a single hurricane in the region can down between 121 and 250 MMTCO2e or 4.6%-9.4% of the total aboveground forest carbon, much greater than the carbon sequestered annually by New England's forests (16 MMTCO2e year-1). However, emissions from hurricanes are not instantaneous; it takes approximately 19 years for downed carbon to become a net emission and 100 years for 90% of the downed carbon to be emitted. Reconstructing hurricanes with the HURRECON and EXPOS models across a range of historical and projected wind speeds, we find that an 8% and 16% increase in hurricane wind speeds leads to a 10.7- and 24.8-fold increase in the extent of high-severity damaged areas (widespread tree mortality). Increased wind speed also leads to unprecedented geographical shifts in damage, both inland and northward, into heavily forested regions traditionally less affected by hurricanes. Given that a single hurricane can emit the equivalent of 10+ years of carbon sequestered by forests in New England, the status of these forests as a durable carbon sink is uncertain. Understanding the risks to forest carbon stocks from disturbances is necessary for decision-makers relying on forests as a NCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shersingh Joseph Tumber-Dávila
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Taylor Lucey
- Department of Environmental Conservation, UMASS Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emery R Boose
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danelle Laflower
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Barry T Wilson
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Meghan Graham MacLean
- Department of Environmental Conservation, UMASS Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Duan S, He HS, Pile Knapp LS, Bonnot TW, Fraser JS. Private land management is more important than public land in sustaining oaks in temperate forests in the eastern U.S. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120013. [PMID: 38211426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.120013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Preserving the abundance and stocking of oaks (Quercus spp.) has become increasingly challenging in temperate hardwood forests of the eastern US in recent decades due to a remarkable shift in dominance to mesophytic species (e.g., red maple Acer rubrum). Studies have shown that efforts to sustain oaks while restraining maples yield limited success. Given that a significant portion of forestlands in the eastern U.S. are privately owned, it is critical to assess whether current forest management on cross-ownership forests can achieve those objectives. However, such assessments are rare. In this study, we employed a landscape modeling approach to investigate the long-term outcomes (i.e., 150-year forest composition and structure) of business-as-usual management and alternative management in a large, temperate hardwood forest landscape in Ohio, US. The business-as-usual management continues the current existing management practices, whereas the alternative management increases the pace and scale of forest management on both private and public lands to favor oaks. We compared the basal area and relative dominance for oaks (including Q. alba, Q. coccinea, Q. prinus, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina) and maples (including A. rubrum, A. saccharinum, and A. saccharum). Our results demonstrate that the implementation of business-as-usual management practices on both private and public lands may not effectively ensure the long-term sustainability of oak populations, but instead promote the proliferation of maple species over time. By contrast, alternative management on both private and public lands can effectively sustain oaks across a range of diameter classes while mitigating the growth of large, dominant maples. Our study emphasizes the influential role of private lands in driving oak-maple dynamics at the regional scale, as they can generate significant regional effects even when public lands continue with their business-as-usual management practices. Starting conditions based on landownership are crucial considerations for understanding these dynamics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Duan
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA
| | - Hong S He
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA.
| | | | - Thomas W Bonnot
- Science Applications, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA
| | - Jacob S Fraser
- Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA
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Johnson CE, Tafoya KA, Beck P, Concilio A, White KE, Quirós R, Wasserman MD. Primate richness and abundance is driven by both forest structure and conservation scenario in Costa Rica. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290742. [PMID: 37703237 PMCID: PMC10499215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in tropical forest management directly affects biodiversity and provisioning of ecosystem services on a global scale, thus it is necessary to compare forests under different conservation approaches such as protected areas, payments for ecosystem services programs (PES), and ecotourism, as well as forests lacking any formal conservation plan. To examine the effectiveness of specific conservation approaches, we examined differences in forest structure and tree recruitment, including canopy cover; canopy height; seedling, sapling, and adult tree density; and average and total diameter at breast height (DBH) across 78 plots in 18 forests across Costa Rica representing protected areas, private forests utilizing PES and/or ecotourism, and private forests not utilizing these economic incentives. The effectiveness of conservation approaches in providing suitable primate habitat was assessed by conducting broad primate census surveys across a subset of eight forests to determine species richness and group encounter rate of three primate species: mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), and the white-faced capuchin monkey (Cebus imitator). Only canopy height was significantly different across the three approaches, with protected areas conserving the tallest and likely oldest forests. Canopy height was also significantly associated with the group encounter rate for both mantled howler and spider monkeys, but not for capuchins. Total group encounter rate for all three monkey species combined was higher in incentivized forests than in protected areas, with capuchin and howler monkey group encounter rates driving the trend. Group encounter rate for spider monkeys was higher in protected areas than in incentivized forests. Incentivized conservation (PES and ecotourism) and protected areas are paragons of land management practices that can lead to variation in forest structure across a landscape, which not only protect primate communities, but support the dietary ecologies of sympatric primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn A. Tafoya
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Peter Beck
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, St. Edward’s University, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Amy Concilio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, St. Edward’s University, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Kurt E. White
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Quirós
- Las Cruces Research Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, San Vito, Costa Rica
| | - Michael D. Wasserman
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
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Jung CG, Keyser AR, Remy CC, Krofcheck D, Allen CD, Hurteau MD. Topographic information improves simulated patterns of post-fire conifer regeneration in the southwest United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4342-4353. [PMID: 37211629 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The western United States is projected to experience more frequent and severe wildfires in the future due to drier and hotter climate conditions, exacerbating destructive wildfire impacts on forest ecosystems such as tree mortality and unsuccessful post-fire regeneration. While empirical studies have revealed strong relationships between topographical information and plant regeneration, ecological processes in ecosystem models have either not fully addressed topography-mediated effects on the probability of plant regeneration, or the probability is only controlled by climate-related factors, for example, water and light stresses. In this study, we incorporated seedling survival data based on a planting experiment in the footprint of the 2011 Las Conchas Fire into the Photosynthesis and EvapoTranspiration (PnET) extension of the LANDIS-II model by adding topographic and an additional climatic variable to the probability of regeneration. The modified algorithm included topographic parameters such as heat load index and ground slope and spring precipitation. We ran simulations on the Las Conchas Fire landscape for 2012-2099 using observed and projected climate data (i.e., Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 and 8.5). Our modification significantly reduced the number of regeneration events of three common southwestern conifer tree species (piñon, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir), leading to decreases in aboveground biomass, regardless of climate scenario. The modified algorithm decreased regeneration at higher elevations and increased regeneration at lower elevations relative to the original algorithm. Regenerations of three species also decreased in eastern aspects. Our findings suggest that ecosystem models may overestimate post-fire regeneration events in the southwest United States. To better represent regeneration processes following wildfire, ecosystem models need refinement to better account for the range of factors that influence tree seedling establishment. This will improve model utility for projecting the combined effects of climate and wildfire on tree species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gyo Jung
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alisa R Keyser
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Cecile C Remy
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Institute of Geography, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Krofcheck
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Matthew D Hurteau
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Requena Suarez D, Rozendaal DMA, De Sy V, Decuyper M, Málaga N, Durán Montesinos P, Arana Olivos A, De la Cruz Paiva R, Martius C, Herold M. Forest disturbance and recovery in Peruvian Amazonia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3601-3621. [PMID: 36997337 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amazonian forests function as biomass and biodiversity reservoirs, contributing to climate change mitigation. While they continuously experience disturbance, the effect that disturbances have on biomass and biodiversity over time has not yet been assessed at a large scale. Here, we evaluate the degree of recent forest disturbance in Peruvian Amazonia and the effects that disturbance, environmental conditions and human use have on biomass and biodiversity in disturbed forests. We integrate tree-level data on aboveground biomass (AGB) and species richness from 1840 forest plots from Peru's National Forest Inventory with remotely sensed monitoring of forest change dynamics, based on disturbances detected from Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Moisture Index time series. Our results show a clear negative effect of disturbance intensity tree species richness. This effect was also observed on AGB and species richness recovery values towards undisturbed levels, as well as on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Time since disturbance had a larger effect on AGB than on species richness. While time since disturbance has a positive effect on AGB, unexpectedly we found a small negative effect of time since disturbance on species richness. We estimate that roughly 15% of Peruvian Amazonian forests have experienced disturbance at least once since 1984, and that, following disturbance, have been increasing in AGB at a rate of 4.7 Mg ha-1 year-1 during the first 20 years. Furthermore, the positive effect of surrounding forest cover was evident for both AGB and its recovery towards undisturbed levels, as well as for species richness. There was a negative effect of forest accessibility on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Moving forward, we recommend that forest-based climate change mitigation endeavours consider forest disturbance through the integration of forest inventory data with remote sensing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Requena Suarez
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique De Sy
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Málaga
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Durán Montesinos
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Alexs Arana Olivos
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo De la Cruz Paiva
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Christopher Martius
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Germany gGmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Helmholtz Center Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
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McNichol BH, Russo SE. Plant Species' Capacity for Range Shifts at the Habitat and Geographic Scales: A Trade-Off-Based Framework. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1248. [PMID: 36986935 PMCID: PMC10056461 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is causing rapid shifts in the abiotic and biotic environmental conditions experienced by plant populations, but we lack generalizable frameworks for predicting the consequences for species. These changes may cause individuals to become poorly matched to their environments, potentially inducing shifts in the distributions of populations and altering species' habitat and geographic ranges. We present a trade-off-based framework for understanding and predicting whether plant species may undergo range shifts, based on ecological strategies defined by functional trait variation. We define a species' capacity for undergoing range shifts as the product of its colonization ability and the ability to express a phenotype well-suited to the environment across life stages (phenotype-environment matching), which are both strongly influenced by a species' ecological strategy and unavoidable trade-offs in function. While numerous strategies may be successful in an environment, severe phenotype-environment mismatches result in habitat filtering: propagules reach a site but cannot establish there. Operating within individuals and populations, these processes will affect species' habitat ranges at small scales, and aggregated across populations, will determine whether species track climatic changes and undergo geographic range shifts. This trade-off-based framework can provide a conceptual basis for species distribution models that are generalizable across plant species, aiding in the prediction of shifts in plant species' ranges in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey H. McNichol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1101 T Street, 402 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA;
| | - Sabrina E. Russo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1101 T Street, 402 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA;
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, N300 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA
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Wang L, Zheng J, Wang G, Dang QL. Combined effects of elevated CO2 and warmer temperature on limitations to photosynthesis and carbon sequestration in yellow birch. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:379-389. [PMID: 36322135 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 and warmer temperature occur simultaneously under the current climate change. However, their combined effects on the photosynthetic traits in boreal trees are not well understood. This study investigated the morphological and photosynthetic responses of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) to a combined treatment of CO2 and temperature (ambient, ACT (400 μmol mol-1 CO2 and current temperature) vs elevated, ECT (750 μmol mol-1 CO2 and current +4 °C temperature)). It was found that ECT significantly reduced leaf-area based photosynthetic rate (An), maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax), photosynthetic electron transport rate (Jmax), leaf nitrogen concentration, respiration and mesophyll conductance. There were two interesting findings: first, the primary mechanism of photosynthetic limitation shifted from Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation (related to Vcmax) to RuBP regeneration (related to Jmax) in response to ECT, leading to decreased transition point (Ci-t and An-t) from RuBP carboxylation to regeneration; second, the increase in total leaf area in response to ECT more than compensated for the downregulation of leaf-area based photosynthesis, leading to greater biomass in ECT than in ACT. We proposed a new protocol for evaluating photosynthetic limitations by comparing the relative relationship between the transition point (Ci-t and An-t) and the photosynthetic rate at growth CO2 (Ci-g and An-g). Furthermore, we found that Jmax (RuBP regeneration) was the primary limitation to An under ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Jinping Zheng
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Forestry College, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Gerong Wang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Forestry College, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Qing-Lai Dang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
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Qu ZL, Braima A, Liu B, Ma Y, Sun H. Soil Fungal Community Structure and Function Shift during a Disease-Driven Forest Succession. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0079522. [PMID: 36073819 PMCID: PMC9602832 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00795-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest succession is important for sustainable forest management in terrestrial ecosystems. However, knowledge about the response of soil microbes to forest disease-driven succession is limited. In this study, we investigated the soil fungal biomass, soil enzyme activity, and fungal community structure and function in forests suffering succession processes produced by pine wilt disease from conifer to broadleaved forests using Illumina Miseq sequencing coupled with FUNGuild analysis. The results showed that the broadleaved forest had the highest fungal biomass and soil enzyme activities in C, N, and S cycles, whereas the conifer forest had the highest enzyme activity in the P cycle. Along the succession, the fungal diversity and richness significantly increased (P < 0.05). The fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota (42.0%), Basidiomycota (38.0%), and Mortierellomycota (9.5%), among which the abundance of Ascomycota significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas that of Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota decreased (P < 0.05). The abundance of species Mortierella humilis, Lactarius salmonicolor, and Russula sanguinea decreased, whereas that of Mortierella minutissima increased (P < 0.05). The forests in different succession stages formed distinct fungal communities and functional structures (P < 0.05). Functionally, the saprotrophs, symbiotrophs, and pathotrophs were the dominant groups in the conifer, mixed, and broadleaved forests, respectively. Soil pH and soil organic carbon were the key factors influencing the fungal community and functional structures during the succession. These findings provide useful information for better understanding the plant-microbe interaction during forest succession caused by forest disease. IMPORTANCE The studies on soil fungal communities in disease-driven forest succession are rare. This study showed that during the disease-driven forest succession, the soil enzyme activity, soil fungal diversity, and biomass increased along succession. The disease-driven forest succession changed the soil fungal community structure and function, in which the symbiotrophs were the most dominant group along the succession. These findings provide useful information for better understanding the plant-microbe interaction during forest succession caused by forest disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-lei Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed Braima
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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McDowell NG, Ball M, Bond‐Lamberty B, Kirwan ML, Krauss KW, Megonigal JP, Mencuccini M, Ward ND, Weintraub MN, Bailey V. Processes and mechanisms of coastal woody-plant mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5881-5900. [PMID: 35689431 PMCID: PMC9544010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Observations of woody plant mortality in coastal ecosystems are globally widespread, but the overarching processes and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This knowledge deficiency, combined with rapidly changing water levels, storm surges, atmospheric CO2 , and vapor pressure deficit, creates large predictive uncertainty regarding how coastal ecosystems will respond to global change. Here, we synthesize the literature on the mechanisms that underlie coastal woody-plant mortality, with the goal of producing a testable hypothesis framework. The key emergent mechanisms underlying mortality include hypoxic, osmotic, and ionic-driven reductions in whole-plant hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis that ultimately drive the coupled processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. The relative importance of these processes in driving mortality, their order of progression, and their degree of coupling depends on the characteristics of the anomalous water exposure, on topographic effects, and on taxa-specific variation in traits and trait acclimation. Greater inundation exposure could accelerate mortality globally; however, the interaction of changing inundation exposure with elevated CO2 , drought, and rising vapor pressure deficit could influence mortality likelihood. Models of coastal forests that incorporate the frequency and duration of inundation, the role of climatic drivers, and the processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation can yield improved estimates of inundation-induced woody-plant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate G. McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LabRichlandWashingtonUSA
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Marilyn Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Matthew L. Kirwan
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & MaryGloucester PointVirginiaUSA
| | - Ken W. Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research CenterLafayetteLouisianaUSA
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23BarcelonaSpain
- CREAFCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nicholas D. Ward
- Marine and Coastal Research LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratorySequimWashingtonUSA
- School of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michael N. Weintraub
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryWashingtonUSA
| | - Vanessa Bailey
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryWashingtonUSA
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Smith-Martin CM, Muscarella R, Ankori-Karlinsky R, Delzon S, Farrar SL, Salva-Sauri M, Thompson J, Zimmerman JK, Uriarte M. Hurricanes increase tropical forest vulnerability to drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1005-1017. [PMID: 35608089 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid changes in climate and disturbance regimes, including droughts and hurricanes, are likely to influence tropical forests, but our understanding of the compound effects of disturbances on forest ecosystems is extremely limited. Filling this knowledge gap is necessary to elucidate the future of these ecosystems under a changing climate. We examined the relationship between hurricane response (damage, mortality, and resilience) and four hydraulic traits of 13 dominant woody species in a wet tropical forest subject to periodic hurricanes. Species with high resistance to embolisms (low P50 values) and higher safety margins ( SMP50 ) were more resistant to immediate hurricane mortality and breakage, whereas species with higher hurricane resilience (rapid post-hurricane growth) had high capacitance and P50 values and low SMP50 . During 26 yr of post-hurricane recovery, we found a decrease in community-weighted mean values for traits associated with greater drought resistance (leaf turgor loss point, P50 , SMP50 ) and an increase in capacitance, which has been linked with lower drought resistance. Hurricane damage favors slow-growing, drought-tolerant species, whereas post-hurricane high resource conditions favor acquisitive, fast-growing but drought-vulnerable species, increasing forest productivity at the expense of drought tolerance and leading to higher overall forest vulnerability to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Smith-Martin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Robert Muscarella
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Roi Ankori-Karlinsky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, BIOGECO, Université Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Samuel L Farrar
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Melissa Salva-Sauri
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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12
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Evaluating Effects of Post-Fire Climate and Burn Severity on the Early-Term Regeneration of Forest and Shrub Communities in the San Gabriel Mountains of California from Sentinel-2(MSI) Images. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Studying the early changes in post-fire vegetation communities may improve the overall resilience of forests. The necessity for doing so was demonstrated by the Bobcat Fire, which seriously threatened the central San Gabriel Mountains and the Angeles National Forest in California. This study aimed to monitor and quantify the effects of climatological and topographic conditions along with burn severity on early (within 1 year) post-fire forests and shrubs community regeneration. In this study, we used Sentinel-2(MSI) intensive time-series imagery (July 2020–October 2021) to make a confusion matrix combined with 389 vegetation sample points on Google Earth Pro. The overall accuracy (OA) and the Kappa coefficient, calculated from the confusion matrix, were used as evaluation parameters to validate the classification results. With multiple linear regression models and Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) historical images, we analyzed the effects of climate and slope aspects on the regeneration of post-fire forest and shrub communities. We also quantitatively analyzed the regeneration rates based on five burn severity types. The results show that the normalized burning rate (NBR) was the most accurate vegetation classification indicator in this study (OA: 92.3–99.5%, Kappa: 0.88–0.98). The vegetation classification accuracy based on SVM is about 6.6% higher than K-Means. The overall accuracy of the burn area is 94.87%. Post-fire climate factors had a significant impact on the regeneration of the two vegetation communities (R2: 0.42–0.88); the optimal regeneration slope was 15–35°; and the fire severity changed the original competition relationship and regeneration rate. The results provide four main insights into the regeneration of post-fire vegetation communities: (1) climate factors in the first regenerating season have important impacts on the regeneration of forest and shrub communities; (2) daytime duration and rainfall are the most significant factors for forests and shrubs regeneration; (3) tolerable low burn severity promotes forests regeneration; and (4) forests have a certain ability to resist fires, while shrubs can better tolerate high-intensity fire ecology. This study could support the implementation of strategies for regionalized forest management and the targeted enhancement of post-fire vegetation community resilience.
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13
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Wu H, Hu B, Han H, Cheng X, Kang F. Network analysis reveals the regulatory effect of mixed stands on ecosystem structure and functions in the Loess Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153588. [PMID: 35134414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Afforestation, an important measure for ecological restoration, has been implemented all over the world, but fragile ecosystem structures and climate change endanger its ecological functions. One major obstacle to optimizing ecological function has been quantifying and characterizing a complex ecosystem structure. Here, the structure and functions of six types of land-use restoration were investigated in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau, China. In total, 44 ecological factors from canopy, understory and soil were determined. We constructed the related network of reforestation ecosystems, quantified the structure of ecosystem through network topology, and explored the relationships between structure and functions. The results showed that changes in plantation type altered the network hubs, but some nodes, such as species height, breast-height diameter and understory biomass, were often keystone hubs. Mixed plantations enhanced the connectivity among different modules. In addition, we found that closeness of network connectivity was an important factor influencing ecological functions, while soil erodibility was the main limiting factor for reforestation ecosystem structure in this region. Moreover, mixed plantations tended to have more balanced topological metrics and ecological functions. Overall, this study suggests that mixed plantations or monoculture plantations should be designed according to the characteristics and ecological demands of the regional ecological environment. Although monoculture plantations may support local ecosystems, mixed plantations offer more resilience to a landscape because they were help to achieve a balance among the ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Qilaotu mountain National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, Chifeng 024400, China
| | - Baoan Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Qilaotu mountain National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, Chifeng 024400, China
| | - Hairong Han
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Qilaotu mountain National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, Chifeng 024400, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Qilaotu mountain National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, Chifeng 024400, China
| | - Fengfeng Kang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Qilaotu mountain National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, Chifeng 024400, China
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14
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Baruch EM, Ruhi A, Harms TK, Sabo JL. Flow variation at multiple scales filters fish life histories and constrains community diversity in desert streams. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M. Baruch
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Albert Ruhi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Tamara K. Harms
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology & Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - John L. Sabo
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
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15
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Sarribouette L, Pedersen NE, Edwards CB, Sandin SA. Post-settlement demographics of reef building corals suggest prolonged recruitment bottlenecks. Oecologia 2022; 199:387-396. [PMID: 35661251 PMCID: PMC9226083 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For many organisms, early life stages experience significantly higher rates of mortality relative to adults. However, tracking early life stage individuals through time in natural settings is difficult, limiting our understanding of the duration of these ‘mortality bottlenecks’, and the time required for survivorship to match that of adults. Here, we track a cohort of juvenile corals (1–5 cm maximum diameter) from 12 taxa at a remote atoll in the Central Pacific from 2013 to 2017 and describe patterns of annual survivorship. Of the 537 juveniles initially detected, 219 (41%) were alive 4 years later, 163 (30%) died via complete loss of live tissue from the skeleton, and the remaining 155 (29%) died via dislodgement. The differing mortality patterns suggest that habitat characteristics, as well as species-specific features, may influence early life stage survival. Across most taxa, survival fit a logistic model, reaching > 90% annual survival within 4 years. These data suggest that mortality bottlenecks characteristic of ‘recruitment’ extend up to 5 years after individuals can be visually detected. Ultimately, replenishment of adult coral populations via sexual reproduction is needed to maintain both coral cover and genetic diversity. This study provides key insights into the dynamics and time scales that characterize these critical early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole E Pedersen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0202, USA
| | - Clinton B Edwards
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0202, USA
| | - Stuart A Sandin
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0202, USA.
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16
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Zhang J, Ru J, Song J, Li H, Li X, Ma Y, Li Z, Hao Y, Chi Z, Hui D, Wan S. Increased precipitation and nitrogen addition accelerate the temporal increase in soil respiration during 8-year old-field grassland succession. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3944-3959. [PMID: 35274404 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecological succession after disturbance plays a vital role in influencing ecosystem structure and functioning. However, how global change factors regulate ecosystem carbon (C) cycling in successional plant communities remains largely elusive. As part of an 8-year (2012-2019) manipulative experiment, this study was designed to examine the responses of soil respiration and its heterotrophic component to simulated increases in precipitation and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in an old-field grassland undergoing secondary succession. Over the 8-year experimental period, increased precipitation stimulated soil respiration by 11.6%, but did not affect soil heterotrophic respiration. Nitrogen addition increased both soil respiration (5.1%) and heterotrophic respiration (6.2%). Soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration linearly increased with time in the control plots, resulting from changes in soil moisture and shifts of plant community composition from grass-forb codominance to grass dominance in this old-field grassland. Compared to the control, increased precipitation significantly strengthened the temporal increase in soil respiration through stimulating belowground net primary productivity. By contrast, N addition accelerated temporal increases in both soil respiration and its heterotrophic component by driving plant community shifts and thus stimulating soil organic C. Our findings indicate that increases in water and N availabilities may accelerate soil C release during old-field grassland succession and reduce their potential positive impacts on soil C accumulation under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jingyi Ru
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yafei Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yuanfeng Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zhensheng Chi
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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17
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Tonetti V, Niebuhr BB, Ribeiro M, Pizo MA. Forest regeneration may reduce the negative impacts of climate change on the biodiversity of a tropical hotspot. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Tonetti
- Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Bernardo Brandão Niebuhr
- Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
- Department of Terrestrial Biodiversity Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | - Milton Ribeiro
- Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Pizo
- Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
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18
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Gill NS, Turner MG, Brown CD, Glassman SI, Haire SL, Hansen WD, Pansing ER, St Clair SB, Tomback DF. Limitations to Propagule Dispersal Will Constrain Postfire Recovery of Plants and Fungi in Western Coniferous Forests. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many forest species are adapted to long-interval, high-severity fires, but the intervals between severe fires are decreasing with changes in climate, land use, and biological invasions. Although the effects of changing fire regimes on some important recovery processes have previously been considered, the consequences for the dispersal of propagules (plant seeds and fungal spores) in forest communities have not. We characterize three mechanisms by which changing fire regimes disrupt propagule dispersal in mesic temperate, boreal, and high-elevation forests: reduced abundance and altered spatial distributions of propagule source populations, less effective dispersal of propagules by wind, and altered behavior of animal dispersers and propagule predators. We consider how disruptions to propagule dispersal may interact with other factors that are also influenced by fire regime change, potentially increasing risk of forest conversion. Finally, we highlight urgent research topics regarding how dispersal limitation may shape twenty-first century forest recovery after stand-replacing fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Gill
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Monica G Turner
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Carissa D Brown
- Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Sandra L Haire
- Haire Laboratory for Landscape Ecology, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | | | | | - Diana F Tomback
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
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19
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Dorheim K, Gough CM, Haber LT, Mathes KC, Shiklomanov AN, Bond‐Lamberty B. Climate Drives Modeled Forest Carbon Cycling Resistance and Resilience in the Upper Great Lakes Region, USA. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 127:e2021JG006587. [PMID: 35865142 PMCID: PMC9287023 DOI: 10.1029/2021jg006587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forests dominate the global terrestrial carbon budget, but their ability to continue doing so in the face of a changing climate is uncertain. A key uncertainty is how forests will respond to (resistance) and recover from (resilience) rising levels of disturbance of varying intensities. This knowledge gap can optimally be addressed by integrating manipulative field experiments with ecophysiological modeling. We used the Ecosystem Demography-2.2 (ED-2.2) model to project carbon fluxes for a northern temperate deciduous forest subjected to a real-world disturbance severity manipulation experiment. ED-2.2 was run for 150 years, starting from near bare ground in 1900 (approximating the clear-cut conditions at the time), and subjected to three disturbance treatments under an ensemble of climate conditions. Both disturbance severity and climate strongly affected carbon fluxes such as gross primary production (GPP), and interacted with one another. We then calculated resistance and resilience, two dimensions of ecosystem stability. Modeled GPP exhibited a two-fold decrease in mean resistance across disturbance severities of 45%, 65%, and 85% mortality; conversely, resilience increased by a factor of two with increasing disturbance severity. This pattern held for net primary production and net ecosystem production, indicating a trade-off in which greater initial declines were followed by faster recovery. Notably, however, heterotrophic respiration responded more slowly to disturbance, and it's highly variable response was affected by different drivers. This work provides insight into how future conditions might affect the functional stability of mature forests in this region under ongoing climate change and changing disturbance regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyn Dorheim
- Joint Global Change Research InstitutePacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - Lisa T. Haber
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Kayla C. Mathes
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | | | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research InstitutePacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMDUSA
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20
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Li Y, Liu Y, Bohrer G, Cai Y, Wilson A, Hu T, Wang Z, Zhao K. Impacts of forest loss on local climate across the conterminous United States: Evidence from satellite time-series observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149651. [PMID: 34525747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbances alter land biophysics. Their impacts on local climate and land surface temperature (LST) cannot be directly measured by comparing pre- and post-disturbance observations of the same site over time (e.g., due to confounding such as background climate fluctuations); a common remedy is to compare spatially-adjacent undisturbed sites instead. This space-for-time substitution ignores the inherent biases in vegetation between two paired sites, interannual variations, and temporal dynamics of forest recovery. Besides, there is a lack of observation-based analyses at fine spatial resolutions capable of capturing spatial heterogeneity of small-scale forest disturbances. To address these limitations, here we report new satellite analyses on local climate impacts of forest loss at 30 m resolution. Our analyses combined multiple long-term satellite products (e.g., albedo and evapotranspiration [ET]) at 700 sites across major climate zones in the conterminous United States, using time-series trend and changepoint detection methods. Our method helped isolate the biophysical changes attributed to disturbances from those attributed to climate backgrounds and natural growth. On average, forest loss increased surface albedo, decreased ET, and reduced leaf area index (LAI). Net annual warming-an increase in LST-was observed after forest loss in the arid/semiarid, northern, tropical, and temperate regions, dominated by the warming from decreased ET and attenuated by the cooling from increased albedo. The magnitude of post-disturbance warming was related to precipitation; climate zones with greater precipitation showed stronger and longer warming. Reduction in leaf or LAI was larger in evergreen than deciduous forests, but the recovery in LAI did not always synchronize with those of albedo and ET. Overall, this study presents new evidence of biophysical effects of forest loss on LST at finer spatial resolutions; our time-series method can be further leveraged to derive local policy-relevant ecosystem climate regulation metrics or support model-based climate-biosphere studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Yanlan Liu
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yongyang Cai
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aaron Wilson
- Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Extension, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tongxi Hu
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kaiguang Zhao
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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21
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Cecilio Rebola L, Pandolfo Paz C, Valenzuela Gamarra L, F R P Burslem D. Land use intensity determines soil properties and biomass recovery after abandonment of agricultural land in an Amazonian biodiversity hotspot. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149487. [PMID: 34418614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been widespread clearance of tropical forests for agriculture, but in many cases the cultivation phase is only transient. The secondary forests recovering on these abandoned sites may contribute to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and protection of biodiversity, but the rates of recovery may be dependent on land-use intensity and changes in soil properties during cultivation. However fine-scale details on these changes are poorly known for many tropical forest locations. We quantified soil properties and recovery of woody biomass in 42 tropical forest fragments representing a chronosequence following two types of agricultural land-uses, and in 15 comparable reference old growth forests, between the Andes and the Amazon in Peru. Soil fertility, particularly base cation concentrations, responded negatively to increasing intensity of agricultural land-use, and either decreased or increased with time after abandonment dependent on prior land-use. The predicted mean recovery rate of woody biomass over the first 20 years following abandonment matched that predicted by a general model for the Neotropics, but recovery was three-fold higher on sites abandoned following traditional agriculture than on sites recovering from intensive agriculture. Estimated total biomass recovered to just above half that of reference old growth forests within 71 years. The inclusion of the biomass of lianas and smaller tree stems did not modify the apparent rate of ecosystem biomass recovery, however the proportion of the total biomass stored in small stems was greater following intensive than traditional agriculture, which suggests that patterns of stand structural development are sensitive to land-use history. We conclude that effects of historic land use on soil nutrient concentrations and their changes through time are required for a more complete interpretation of variation in biomass recovery rates at local scales. These results also highlight the critical importance of contemporary agricultural intensification for carbon storage in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Cecilio Rebola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom.
| | - Claudia Pandolfo Paz
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Quirino de Andrade 215, Centro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
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22
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Hlásny T, Augustynczik ALD, Dobor L. Time matters: Resilience of a post-disturbance forest landscape. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149377. [PMID: 34364282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Present-day disturbances are transforming European forest landscapes, and their legacies determine the vulnerability and resilience of the emergent forest generation. To understand these legacy effects, we investigated the resilience of the aboveground forest biomass (Babg) to a sequence of disturbances affecting the forest in different recovery phases from the initial large-scale impact. We used the model iLand to simulate windthrows that affected 13-24% of the Babg in a Central European forest landscape. An additional wind event was simulated 20, 40, 60, or 80 years after the initial impact (i.e., sequences of two windthrows were defined). Each windthrow triggered an outbreak of bark beetles that interacted with the recovery processes. We evaluated the resistance of the Babg to and recovery after the impact. Random Forest models were used to identify factors influencing resilience. We found that Babg resistance was the lowest 20 years after the initial impact when the increased proportion of emergent wind-exposed forest edges prevailed the disturbance-dampening effect of reduced biomass levels and increased landscape heterogeneity. This forest had a remarkably high recovery rate and reached the pre-disturbance Babg within 28 years. The forest exhibited a higher resistance and a slower recovery rate in the more advanced recovery phases, reaching the pre-disturbance Babg within 60-80 years. The recovery was enhanced by higher levels of alpha and beta diversity. Under elevated air temperature, the bark beetle outbreak triggered by windthrow delayed the recovery. However, the positive effect of increased temperature on forest productivity caused the recovery rate to be higher under the warming scenario than under the reference climate. We conclude that resilience is not a static property, but its magnitude and drivers vary in time, depending on vegetation feedbacks, interactions between disturbances, and climate. Understanding these mechanisms is an essential step towards the operationalization of resilience-oriented stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hlásny
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrey L D Augustynczik
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Laura Dobor
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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23
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Morreale LL, Thompson JR, Tang X, Reinmann AB, Hutyra LR. Elevated growth and biomass along temperate forest edges. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7181. [PMID: 34893596 PMCID: PMC8664805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentation transforms the environment along forest edges. The prevailing narrative, driven by research in tropical systems, suggests that edge environments increase tree mortality and structural degradation resulting in net decreases in ecosystem productivity. We show that, in contrast to tropical systems, temperate forest edges exhibit increased forest growth and biomass with no change in total mortality relative to the forest interior. We analyze >48,000 forest inventory plots across the north-eastern US using a quasi-experimental matching design. At forest edges adjacent to anthropogenic land covers, we report increases of 36.3% and 24.1% in forest growth and biomass, respectively. Inclusion of edge impacts increases estimates of forest productivity by up to 23% in agriculture-dominated areas, 15% in the metropolitan coast, and +2% in the least-fragmented regions. We also quantify forest fragmentation globally, at 30-m resolution, showing that temperate forests contain 52% more edge forest area than tropical forests. Our analyses upend the conventional wisdom of forest edges as less productive than intact forest and call for a reassessment of the conservation value of forest fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca L Morreale
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA.
| | | | - Xiaojing Tang
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew B Reinmann
- Environmental Science Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences and Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucy R Hutyra
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Tagliari MM, Danthu P, Leong Pock Tsy JM, Cornu C, Lenoir J, Carvalho-Rocha V, Vieilledent G. Not all species will migrate poleward as the climate warms: The case of the seven baobab species in Madagascar. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6071-6085. [PMID: 34418236 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that species should move toward higher elevations and latitudes to track shifting isotherms as climate warms. However, temperature might not be the only limiting factor determining species distribution. Species might move to opposite directions to track changes in other climatic variables. Here, we used an extensive occurrence data set and an ensemble modelling approach to model the climatic niche and to predict the distribution of the seven baobab species (genus Adansonia) present in Madagascar. Using climatic projections from three global circulation models, we predicted species' future distribution and extinction risk for 2055 and 2085 under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and two dispersal scenarios. We disentangled the role of each climatic variable in explaining species range shift looking at relative variable importance and future climatic anomalies. Four baobab species (Adansonia rubrostipa, Adansonia madagascariensis, Adansonia perrieri¸ and Adansonia suarezensis) could experience a severe range contraction in the future (>70% for year 2085 under RCP 8.5, assuming a zero-dispersal hypothesis). For three out of the four threatened species, range contraction was mainly explained by an increase in temperature seasonality, especially in the North of Madagascar, where they are currently distributed. In tropical regions, where species are commonly adapted to low seasonality, we found that temperature seasonality will generally increase. It is, thus, very likely that many species in the tropics will be forced to move equatorward to avoid an increase in temperature seasonality. Yet, several ecological (e.g., equatorial limit, or unsuitable deforested habitat) or geographical barriers (absence of lands) could prevent species to move equatorward, thus increasing the extinction risk of many tropical species, like endemic baobab species in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M Tagliari
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Human Ecology and Ethnobotany Lab, ECOHE, Ecology and Zoology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pascal Danthu
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Montpellier, France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Cyrille Cornu
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, IRSTEA, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- Unité de Recherche "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN, UMR 7058 CNRS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Vítor Carvalho-Rocha
- Amphibians and Reptiles Ecology Lab, LEAR, Ecology and Zoology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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25
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Yu L, Dong H, Huang Z, Korpelainen H, Li C. Elevated CO2 causes different growth stimulation, water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies, and leaf ultrastructure responses in two conifer species under intra- and interspecific competition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2082-2095. [PMID: 33891044 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuously increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) has substantial effects on plant growth, and on the composition and structure of forests. However, how plants respond to elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) under intra- and interspecific competition has been largely overlooked. In this study, we employed Abies faxoniana Rehder & Wilson and Picea purpurea Mast. seedlings to explore the effects of e[CO2] (700 p.p.m.) and plant-plant competition on plant growth, physiological and morphological traits, and leaf ultrastructure. We found that e[CO2] stimulated plant growth, photosynthesis and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), affected morphological traits and leaf ultrastructure, and enhanced water- and nitrogen (N)- use efficiencies in A. faxoniana and P. purpurea. Under interspecific competition and e[CO2], P. purpurea showed a higher biomass accumulation, photosynthetic capacity and rate of ectomycorrhizal infection, and higher water- and N-use efficiencies compared with A. faxoniana. However, under intraspecific competition and e[CO2], the two conifers showed no differences in biomass accumulation, photosynthetic capacity, and water- and N-use efficiencies. In addition, under interspecific competition and e[CO2], A. faxoniana exhibited higher NSC levels in leaves as well as more frequent and greater starch granules, which may indicate carbohydrate limitation. Consequently, we concluded that under interspecific competition, P. purpurea possesses a positive growth and adjustment strategy (e.g. a higher photosynthetic capacity and rate of ectomycorrhizal infection, and higher water- and N-use efficiencies), while A. faxoniana likely suffers from carbohydrate limitation to cope with rising [CO2]. Our study highlights that plant-plant competition should be taken into consideration when assessing the impact of rising [CO2] on the plant growth and physiological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Haojie Dong
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zongdi Huang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 5 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhangtang Road 2318, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Turner MG, Braziunas KH, Hansen WD, Hoecker TJ, Rammer W, Ratajczak Z, Westerling AL, Seidl R. The magnitude, direction, and tempo of forest change in Greater Yellowstone in a warmer world with more fire. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Kristin H. Braziunas
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Winslow D. Hansen
- Earth Institute Columbia University New York City New York 10025 USA
| | - Tyler J. Hoecker
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Werner Rammer
- School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Zak Ratajczak
- Department of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas 66506‐4901 USA
| | - A. Leroy Westerling
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute and School of Engineering University of California‐Merced Merced California 95343 USA
| | - Rupert Seidl
- School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park 83471 Berchtesgaden Germany
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27
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Sun S, Zhang J, Zhou J, Guan C, Lei S, Meng P, Yin C. Long-Term Effects of Climate and Competition on Radial Growth, Recovery, and Resistance in Mongolian Pines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:729935. [PMID: 34594353 PMCID: PMC8477062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.729935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the response of tree growth and drought vulnerability to climate and competition is critical for managing plantation forests. We analyzed the growth of Mongolian pines in six forests planted by the Three-North Shelter Forest Program with tree-ring data and stand structures. A retroactive reconstruction method was used to depict the growth-competition relationships of Mongolian pines during the growth period and their climatic responses under different competition levels. Drought vulnerability was analyzed by measuring the basal area increment (BAI) of different competition indices (CIs). In young trees, differences in BAIs in stands with different CIs were not statistically significant. After 15-20 years, medium- and high-CI stands had significantly lower tree-ring widths (TWs) and BAIs than the low-CI stands (p < 0.05). The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), precipitation, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit were major factors affecting tree growth. On a regional scale, climate outweighed competition in determining radial growth. The relative contribution of climatic factors increased with the gap in SPEI between plantation sites and the native range, while the reverse pattern of the competition-growth relationship was observed. Drought reduced TWs and BAIs at all sites. Stands of different CIs exhibited similar resistance, but, compared with low-CI stands, high- and medium-CI stands had significantly lower recovery, resilience, and relative resilience, indicating they were more susceptible to drought stresses. Modeled CI was significantly negatively related to resistance, resilience, and relative resilience, indicating a density-dependence of tree response to drought. After exposure to multiple sequential drought events, the relative resilience of high-CI stands decreased to almost zero; this failure to fully recover to pre-drought growth rates suggests increased mortality in the future. In contrast, low-CI stands are more likely to survive in hotter, more arid climates. These results provide a better understanding of the roles of competition and climate on the growth of Mongolian pines and offer a new perspective for investigating the density-dependent recovery and resilience of these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShouJia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - JinSong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - ChongFan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - ChangJun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Thom D, Seidl R. Accelerating Mountain Forest Dynamics in the Alps. Ecosystems 2021; 25:603-617. [PMID: 35509678 PMCID: PMC9016046 DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Climate change alters forest development pathways, with consequences for ecosystem services and biodiversity. As the rate of warming increases, ecosystem change is expected to accelerate. However, ecosystem dynamics can have many causes unrelated to climate (for example, disturbance and stand development legacies). The compound effects of multiple drivers remain largely unclear. Here, we assessed forest dynamics over 28 years at Berchtesgaden National Park (BGNP), Germany, quantifying the spatiotemporal patterns and unraveling the drivers of forest change. We analyzed high-density forest inventory data, consisting of three consecutive censuses of 3759 permanent sample plots (132,866 tree records in total). We used semi-variograms to analyze spatial patterns of change, and boosted regression trees to quantify the effect of 30 covariates on changes in nine indicators of forest structure and composition. Over the 28 years investigated, the forests of BGNP were becoming denser, structurally more complex, and more species rich. Changes in forest structure were more pronounced and spatially correlated on the landscape than changes in tree species composition. Change rates of all indicators increased over time, signifying an acceleration of forest dynamics since the 1980s. Legacies and climate were the most important drivers of change, but had diverging impacts. Although forest change accelerated with increasing temperature, high legacy levels typical for late development stages dampened it. We here provide evidence for accelerating forest dynamics in mountain forests of the Alps, with potentially far-reaching consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem processes. We highlight that unmanaged forest development toward old-growth conditions could counteract climate-mediated acceleration of forest change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Thom
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405 USA
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Berchtesgaden National Park, Doktorberg 6, 83471 Berchtesgaden, Germany
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29
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Ortiz JC, Pears RJ, Beeden R, Dryden J, Wolff NH, Gomez Cabrera MDC, Mumby PJ. Important ecosystem function, low redundancy and high vulnerability: The trifecta argument for protecting the Great Barrier Reef's tabular
Acropora. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Ortiz
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Rachel J. Pears
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Roger Beeden
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Jen Dryden
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville Queensland Australia
| | | | | | - Peter J Mumby
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies Douglas Queensland Australia
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30
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Banbury Morgan R, Herrmann V, Kunert N, Bond-Lamberty B, Muller-Landau HC, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Global patterns of forest autotrophic carbon fluxes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2840-2855. [PMID: 33651480 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) fixation, allocation, and metabolism by trees set the basis for energy and material flows in forest ecosystems and define their interactions with Earth's changing climate. However, while many studies have considered variation in productivity with latitude and climate, we lack a cohesive synthesis on how forest carbon fluxes vary globally with respect to climate and one another. Here, we draw upon 1,319 records from the Global Forest Carbon Database, representing all major forest types and the nine most significant autotrophic carbon fluxes, to comprehensively review how annual C cycling in mature, undisturbed forests varies with latitude and climate on a global scale. Across all flux variables analyzed, rates of C cycling decreased continuously with absolute latitude-a finding that confirms multiple previous studies and contradicts the idea that net primary productivity of temperate forests rivals that of tropical forests. C flux variables generally displayed similar trends across latitude and multiple climate variables, with no differences in allocation detected at this global scale. Temperature variables in general, and mean annual temperature or temperature seasonality in particular, were the best single predictors of C flux, explaining 19%-71% of variation in the C fluxes analyzed. The effects of temperature were modified by moisture availability, with C flux reduced under hot and dry conditions and sometimes under very high precipitation. Annual C fluxes increased with growing season length and were also influenced by growing season climate. These findings clarify how forest C flux varies with latitude and climate on a global scale. In an era when forests will play a critical yet uncertain role in shaping Earth's rapidly changing climate, our synthesis provides a foundation for understanding global patterns in forest C cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Banbury Morgan
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Norbert Kunert
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
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31
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Wolf KD, Higuera PE, Davis KT, Dobrowski SZ. Wildfire impacts on forest microclimate vary with biophysical context. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra D. Wolf
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Philip E. Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Kimberley T. Davis
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Solomon Z. Dobrowski
- Department of Forest Management University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana59812USA
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32
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de Brito HC, Rufino IAA, Djordjević S. Cellular automata predictive model for man-made environment growth in a Brazilian semi-arid watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:323. [PMID: 33948736 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current study implements a cellular automata-based model for the development of land use/land cover (LULC) future scenarios using a Remote Sensing (RS) Imagery series (1985 to 2018) as data input and focusing on human activities drivers in a 6700-km2 watershed vital for the water security of Paraiba state, Brazil. The methodology has three stages: the first stage is the pre-processing of images and preparing them as data input for the cellular automata land use model built in the R software environment (SIMLANDER); the stage of calibration establishes the variables and verifies the influence of each one on the LULC of the region; the last step corresponds to the validation procedures. After model calibration, land use maps for future scenarios (2019 to 2045) were simulated. The results estimate a reduction of 737 km2 of natural land cover between the years 2019 and 2045. The spatial distribution of anthropogenic interference predicted a more significant degradation in the central region of the basin. This fact can be potentially attributed by the water availability increasing from the São Francisco River diversion. It is possible to identify an ascending trend of anthropogenic actions in the semi-arid region, which host the exclusively Brazilian biome-Caatinga-and contains biodiversity that cannot be found anywhere else on the Earth. The model helps large-scale LULC modelling based on RS products and expands the possibilities of hydrological, urban and social modelling in the Brazilian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higor Costa de Brito
- Center of Technology and Natural Resources, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Iana Alexandra Alves Rufino
- Center of Technology and Natural Resources, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
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Sanmartí N, M Ricart A, Ontoria Y, Pérez M, Romero J. Recovery of a fast-growing seagrass from small-scale mechanical disturbances: Effects of intensity, size and seasonal timing. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111873. [PMID: 33278751 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied the recovery of the fast-growing seagrass Cymodocea nodosa from disturbances of different intensities (shoots removal or the entire plant), plot sizes (from 0.04 to 1 m2) and in different seasons (spring and autumn) in a shallow coastal bay. We monitored recovery over 27 months and measured plant traits at the end. Shoot density and canopy height recovered faster (1 month) when only shoots were removed compared to when the entire plant was removed (10-25 months). Small areas took longer to recover than large ones, probably due to limited light availability or the accumulation of detritus. Plants disturbed in autumn took 9 months longer to recover than those disturbed in spring. After the 27-month, all plant traits were similar to those of control plots, except rhizome biomass, which was lower. Our results suggest that mechanical disturbances might exert a negative effect on the long-term resilience of seagrasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanmartí
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aurora M Ricart
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, 2099 Westshore Rd, Bodega Bay 94923, CA, United States
| | - Yaiza Ontoria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Romero
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Zhu K. Understanding forest dynamics by integrating age and environmental change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1728-1733. [PMID: 31912504 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
How much carbon a forest ecosystem can sequester is determined by both postdisturbance regrowth and environmentally modified growth. Disturbance causes sharp declines in the short term and is followed by regrowth in the long term. Environmental change may alter carbon accumulation through increasing CO2 , nitrogen deposition and climate change. Regrowth and modified growth occur simultaneously, yet they are usually studied separately and assessed using an additive approach. Alternatively, an interactive approach using hierarchical models can address their concurrent nature and evaluate their joint effects. Hierarchical models are informed by forest age data, which have recently become available at global scales. The age-based hierarchical framework provides a coherent and feasible way to integrate regrowth and modified growth in understanding forest dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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35
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Umair M, Sun N, Du H, Hui N, Altaf M, Du B, Yin S, Liu C. Bacterial Communities Are More Sensitive to Water Addition Than Fungal Communities Due to Higher Soil K and Na in a Degraded Karst Ecosystem of Southwestern China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:562546. [PMID: 33240226 PMCID: PMC7680866 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.562546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precipitation is predicted to become more intense in Southern China in the context of climate change; however, the responses of microbial communities to variations in soil moisture have not been well documented for karst areas. The climate is typically in a subtropical monsoon category with two different seasons: a dry season (December-May) and a wet season (June-November). Based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD), a water addition experiment (0, +20, +40, and +60% relative to local precipitation) was established in April 2017, with five replicates, in a degraded grass-shrub community. Sampling was performed in May and at the end of August of 2017. Macroelements (C, H, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S), microelements (Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu), and non-essential elements (Na, Al, and Si) were quantified in the soil. The total DNA of the soil samples was analyzed through 16S rRNA amplicon by Illumina Miseq. Subsequent to the addition of water during both the dry and wet seasons, the concentrations of non-metal elements (C, H, N, S, and P, except for Si) in the soil remained relatively stable; however, metal elements (K, Na, Fe, and Mg, along with Si) increased significantly, whereas Zn and Ca decreased. During the dry season, fungal and bacterial communities were significantly distinct from those during the wet season along the PC axis 1 (p < 0.001). Water addition did not alter the compositions of bacterial or fungal communities during the dry season. However, during the wet season, water addition altered the compositions of bacterial rather than fungal community based on principal component analysis. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria increased with water addition and had a significantly positive correlation with K+ (r 2 = 0.70, p < 0.001) and Na+ (r 2 = 0.36, p < 0.01) contents, whereas that of Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia decreased and showed negative correlation with soil K and Na content, and no changes were observed for the fungal phyla. This suggests that the karst bacterial communities can be influenced by the addition of water during the wet season likely linked to changes in soil K and Na contents. These findings implied that increased rainfall might alter the elemental compositions of karst soils, and bacterial communities are likely to be more sensitive to variations in soil moisture in contrast to their fungal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Hui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Zoology, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan
| | - Baoming Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Forest vulnerability to drought is expected to increase under anthropogenic climate change, and drought-induced mortality and community dynamics following drought have major ecological and societal impacts. Here, we show that tree mortality concomitant with drought has led to short-term (mean 5 y, range 1 to 23 y after mortality) vegetation-type conversion in multiple biomes across the world (131 sites). Self-replacement of the dominant tree species was only prevalent in 21% of the examined cases and forests and woodlands shifted to nonwoody vegetation in 10% of them. The ultimate temporal persistence of such changes remains unknown but, given the key role of biological legacies in long-term ecological succession, this emerging picture of postdrought ecological trajectories highlights the potential for major ecosystem reorganization in the coming decades. Community changes were less pronounced under wetter postmortality conditions. Replacement was also influenced by management intensity, and postdrought shrub dominance was higher when pathogens acted as codrivers of tree mortality. Early change in community composition indicates that forests dominated by mesic species generally shifted toward more xeric communities, with replacing tree and shrub species exhibiting drier bioclimatic optima and distribution ranges. However, shifts toward more mesic communities also occurred and multiple pathways of forest replacement were observed for some species. Drought characteristics, species-specific environmental preferences, plant traits, and ecosystem legacies govern postdrought species turnover and subsequent ecological trajectories, with potential far-reaching implications for forest biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Thom D, Sommerfeld A, Sebald J, Hagge J, Müller J, Seidl R. Effects of disturbance patterns and deadwood on the microclimate in European beech forests. AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2020; 291:108066. [PMID: 35646194 PMCID: PMC7612769 DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
More frequent and severe disturbances increasingly open the forest canopy and initiate tree regeneration. Simultaneously, increasing weather extremes, such as drought and heat, are threatening species adapted to cool and moist climate. The magnitude of the microclimatic buffering capacity of forest canopies to mitigate hot and dry weather conditions and its disturbance-induced reduction remains poorly quantified. Also, the influence of disturbance legacies (e.g., deadwood) on forest microclimate is unresolved. In a unique manipulation experiment we investigated (i) the microclimatic buffering capacity of forest canopies in years with different climatic conditions; (ii) the impacts of spatial disturbance patterns on surface light and microclimate; and (iii) the effect of deadwood presence and type on microclimate. Treatments included two disturbance patterns (i.e., aggregated and distributed), four deadwood types (i.e., standing, downed, standing and downed, removed), and one untreated control (i.e., nine treatments in total), replicated at five sites dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in southeastern Germany. We measured forest floor light conditions and derived diurnal extremes and variation in temperature (T) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) during four consecutive summer seasons (2016 - 2019). The buffering capacity of intact forest canopies was higher in warm and dry years. Surface light was significantly higher in spatially aggregated disturbance gaps compared to distributed disturbances of similar severity. An increase in surface light by 10 % relative to closed canopies elevated Tmax and VPDmax by 0.42°C and 0.04 kPa, respectively. Deadwood presence and type did not affect the forest microclimate significantly. Microclimatic buffering under forest canopies can dampen the effects of climate change. However, increasing canopy disturbances result in more light penetrating the canopy, reducing the microclimatic buffering capacity of forests. We conclude that forest management should foster microclimatic buffering in forests as one element of a multi-pronged strategy to counter climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Thom
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Andreas Sommerfeld
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julius Sebald
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Hagge
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Ecological Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Strasse 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Berchtesgaden National Park, Doktorberg 6, 83471 Berchtesgaden, Germany
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Coop JD, Parks SA, Stevens-Rumann CS, Crausbay SD, Higuera PE, Hurteau MD, Tepley A, Whitman E, Assal T, Collins BM, Davis KT, Dobrowski S, Falk DA, Fornwalt PJ, Fulé PZ, Harvey BJ, Kane VR, Littlefield CE, Margolis EQ, North M, Parisien MA, Prichard S, Rodman KC. Wildfire-Driven Forest Conversion in Western North American Landscapes. Bioscience 2020; 70:659-673. [PMID: 32821066 PMCID: PMC7429175 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing disturbance regimes and climate can overcome forest ecosystem resilience. Following high-severity fire, forest recovery may be compromised by lack of tree seed sources, warmer and drier postfire climate, or short-interval reburning. A potential outcome of the loss of resilience is the conversion of the prefire forest to a different forest type or nonforest vegetation. Conversion implies major, extensive, and enduring changes in dominant species, life forms, or functions, with impacts on ecosystem services. In the present article, we synthesize a growing body of evidence of fire-driven conversion and our understanding of its causes across western North America. We assess our capacity to predict conversion and highlight important uncertainties. Increasing forest vulnerability to changing fire activity and climate compels shifts in management approaches, and we propose key themes for applied research coproduced by scientists and managers to support decision-making in an era when the prefire forest may not return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Coop
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Western Colorado University, Gunnison
| | - Sean A Parks
- Research ecologist with the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Missoula, Montana
| | | | - Shelley D Crausbay
- Senior scientist with Conservation Science Partners, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Philip E Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | | | - Alan Tepley
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen Whitman
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Assal
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Brandon M Collins
- Fire Research and Outreach, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, and with the Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, in Davis, California
| | - Kimberley T Davis
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula
| | | | - Donald A Falk
- Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Paula J Fornwalt
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Peter Z Fulé
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
| | - Brian J Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Van R Kane
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Caitlin E Littlefield
- Caitlin Littlefield is a postdoctoral research associate, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Ellis Q Margolis
- US Geological Survey, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Santa Fe
| | - Malcolm North
- US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Mammoth Lakes, California
| | - Marc-André Parisien
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Prichard
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kyle C Rodman
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Kalamandeen M, Gloor E, Johnson I, Agard S, Katow M, Vanbrooke A, Ashley D, Batterman SA, Ziv G, Holder‐Collins K, Phillips OL, Brondizio ES, Vieira I, Galbraith D. Limited biomass recovery from gold mining in Amazonian forests. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Living with Lakes Centre Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Ashley
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook NY USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ancon Panama
| | - Guy Ziv
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | | | | | | | - Ima Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Belém Brazil
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40
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Mirabel A, Hérault B, Marcon E. Diverging taxonomic and functional trajectories following disturbance in a Neotropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137397. [PMID: 32143035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current global change context, it is urgent to anticipate the fate of tropical forests. This means understanding tree community response to disturbance and the underlying processes. In that respect, we aim here to clarify taxonomic and functional post-disturbance trajectories, and determine the scope of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) that remains debated in tropical forests. We analyzed community trajectories following a disturbance gradient from 10 to 60% of above-ground biomass loss in a Neotropical forest over 30 years. We considered trajectories along time of community taxonomic and functional trajectories in terms of richness, evenness, composition, and redundancy. We based on the annual botanical inventories of 75 ha of a Neotropical forest and on large trait datasets comprising seven leaf, stem, and life-history traits. We identified a decoupling between taxonomic composition, differing among communities, and functional composition, similar among communities and convergent in the functional space. The taxonomic diversity followed humped-shaped trajectories along time after disturbance depending on the initial disturbance intensity, which validated the IDH (Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis). The functional diversity trajectories, however, were homogeneous among plots and dismissed the IDH. We explained this decoupling by the variations in community functional redundancy that mitigated the functional impact of disturbance. Although consistent, the recovery of community composition, diversity, and redundancy remained divergent from the initial state after 30 years. These results acknowledged the need of decades-long cycles without disturbance to ensure community complete recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mirabel
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - B Hérault
- Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - E Marcon
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
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41
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McDowell NG, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Aukema BH, Bond-Lamberty B, Chini L, Clark JS, Dietze M, Grossiord C, Hanbury-Brown A, Hurtt GC, Jackson RB, Johnson DJ, Kueppers L, Lichstein JW, Ogle K, Poulter B, Pugh TAM, Seidl R, Turner MG, Uriarte M, Walker AP, Xu C. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world. Science 2020; 368:368/6494/eaaz9463. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig D. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama
| | - Brian H. Aukema
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Louise Chini
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - James S. Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Adam Hanbury-Brown
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - George C. Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel J. Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Thomas A. M. Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anthony P. Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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42
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Zheng T, Liang C, Xie H, Zhao J, Yan E, Zhou X, Bao X. Rhizosphere effects on soil microbial community structure and enzyme activity in a successional subtropical forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5423322. [PMID: 30924865 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest succession is a central ecological topic due to the importance of its dynamic process for terrestrial ecosystems. However, we have limited knowledge of the relationship between forest succession and belowground microbiota, particularly regarding interactions in the rhizosphere. Here, we determined microbial community structure and biomass using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers and microbial activity using extracellular enzyme activity in bulk and rhizosphere soils from three successional stages of subtropical forests in eastern China. Principal component analysis of PLFAs indicated distinct soil microbial communities among different successional stages and habitat locations. Specifically for the topsoil, we found the total microbial biomass, bacterial biomass and enzyme activities showed higher levels in the late than early stage, with a significant succession-induced accentuated rhizosphere effect. The increase in total microbial biomass and activity coincided with a net growth in bacterial rather than fungal biomass, indicating a model in which microbial biomass carrying capacity and activity could be affected by the creation or expansion of niches for certain functional group rather than by a rebalancing of competitive interactions among these groups. Furthermore, we demonstrated that forest succession significantly influenced enzyme activity via the changes in microbial biomass, as driven by edaphic factors. Overall, our study deepens the mechanistic understanding of forest recovery by linking soil microbial community and activity along successional chronosequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongtu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agriculture and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Enrong Yan
- Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xuelian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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43
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Velázquez E, Wiegand T. Competition for light and persistence of rare light-demanding species within tree-fall gaps in a moist tropical forest. Ecology 2020; 101:e03034. [PMID: 32112405 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that tree-fall gaps can influence forest structure and dynamics by enabling certain species guilds to persist over the long term. Here we assessed the development of local size hierarchies and asymmetric competition for light in tree-fall gaps, and the role played by these two processes for the persistence of rare light-demanding species in the Barro Colorado Island Forest Dynamics Plot (Panama). We performed spatial point pattern analysis, considering both the spatial locations (x,y) and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of all the woody plant recruits from the 1985 and 2000 censuses located in tree-fall gaps, and followed their fate up to the 1990-2010 and 2005-2010 censuses, respectively. For these two recruit cohorts, we found that, from the initial census until 5-10 yr later, close neighbors presented a larger DBH than the mean DBH of all individuals within gaps, which points to a positive growth response of recruits to the increased light levels in the gap centers. However, close neighbors of the 1985 cohort also showed larger than expected DBH differences that disappeared in subsequent censuses, indicating an enhancement of size differences between neighbors and the mortality of the smaller individuals. Finally, for both recruit cohorts, we found that 10-15 yr after gap formation, surviving individuals of rare light-demanding species had a negative impact on survival of neighboring individuals of other species. Our results indicate that gaps favor the persistence of rare light-demanding species through the development of local size hierarchies and asymmetric competition for light. The strength of this process, however, apparently depends upon gap size and the role played by the woody plants already existing at the time of gap formation in early colonization. Moreover, our findings suggest that in this forest, gaps may enhance colonization of plant species typical of nearby dry tropical areas, and that, over the coming decades, similar processes could strongly modify the structure and dynamics of moist tropical forests in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Velázquez
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, DE-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, DE-04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, DeutscherPlatz 5e, DE-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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44
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Knoechelmann CM, Oliveira FMP, Siqueira FFS, Wirth R, Tabarelli M, Leal IR. Leaf‐cutting ants negatively impact the regeneration of the Caatinga dry forest across abandoned pastures. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M. Knoechelmann
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- Faculdade de Biologia Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará Marabá Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. P. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Felipe F. S. Siqueira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- Faculdade de Biologia Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará Marabá Brazil
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Plant Ecology and Systematics University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
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45
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Kannenberg SA, Schwalm CR, Anderegg WRL. Ghosts of the past: how drought legacy effects shape forest functioning and carbon cycling. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:891-901. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Elias F, Ferreira J, Lennox GD, Berenguer E, Ferreira S, Schwartz G, Melo LDO, Reis Júnior DN, Nascimento RO, Ferreira FN, Espirito-Santo F, Smith CC, Barlow J. Assessing the growth and climate sensitivity of secondary forests in highly deforested Amazonian landscapes. Ecology 2020; 101:e02954. [PMID: 31840235 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forests hold 30% of Earth's terrestrial carbon and at least 60% of its terrestrial biodiversity, but forest loss and degradation are jeopardizing these ecosystems. Although the regrowth of secondary forests has the potential to offset some of the losses of carbon and biodiversity, it remains unclear if secondary regeneration will be affected by climate changes such as higher temperatures and more frequent extreme droughts. We used a data set of 10 repeated forest inventories spanning two decades (1999-2017) to investigate carbon and tree species recovery and how climate and landscape context influence carbon dynamics in an older secondary forest located in one of the oldest post-Columbian agricultural frontiers in the Brazilian Amazon. Carbon accumulation averaged 1.08 Mg·ha-1 ·yr-1 , and species richness was effectively constant over the studied period. Moreover, we provide evidence that secondary forests are vulnerable to drought stress: Carbon balance and growth rates were lower in drier periods. This contrasts with drought responses in primary forests, where changes in carbon dynamics are driven by increased stem mortality. These results highlight an important climate change-vegetation feedback, whereby the increasing dry-season lengths being observed across parts of Amazonia may reduce the effectiveness of secondary forests in sequestering carbon and mitigating climate change. In addition, the current rate of forest regrowth in this region was low compared with previous pan-tropical and Amazonian assessments-our secondary forests reached just 41.1% of the average carbon and 56% of the tree diversity in the nearest primary forests-suggesting that these areas are unlikely to return to their original levels on politically meaningful time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Elias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil.,Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | | | | | - Denilson N Reis Júnior
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Espirito-Santo
- Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, Leicester Institute of Space and Earth Observation, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Charlotte C Smith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.,Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
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Umair M, Sun N, Du H, Chen K, Tao H, Yuan J, Abbasi AM, Liu C. Differential stoichiometric responses of shrubs and grasses to increased precipitation in a degraded karst ecosystem in Southwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134421. [PMID: 31693953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elemental concentrations of both plants and soils are sensitive to variations in precipitation due to the limiting roles of water on soil processes and plant growth in karst ecosystems of Southwestern China; however, precipitation is predicted to increase in this region. Nevertheless, it is unclear how the elemental composition of soils and plants might respond to such increases in moisture. Particularly, how potassium (K) may behave as a key mediator in the regulation of the water potential of plants. For this study, the responses of the elemental composition of both soils and plants to the variable addition of water were investigated. Two grasses (Cymbopogon distans and Arundinella setosa) and two shrubs (Carissa spinarum and Bauhinia brachycarpa) were investigated under four levels of watering treatments 0%, +20%, +40%, and +60%, relative to the annual rainfall, respectively. Compared to the control (CK), the soil water content (SWC) increased to 3.75, 3.86, and 4.34 mg g-1 in T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Non-metal elements (C, H, N, S, and P, except for Si) in the soil were relatively stable with water addition; however, metal elements (Al, Na, Mg, Fe, and K, along with Si) increased significantly, whereas Zn and Ca decreased (p < 0.05). With water addition, leaf N and P remained unchanged in all four species, while K, Mg, and S decreased in both shrubs (higher C:K, N:K, and P:K). Increases in Fe, Si, and K were observed in both grasses (lower C:K, N:K, and P:K), which suggested that K played distinct roles for water regulation in shrubs and grasses. These findings implied that the elemental compositions of both soils and plants might be altered with increasing precipitation in the future, where different plant types may adopt distinct K-regulation strategies to cope with variable soil moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kehao Chen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood Abbasi
- Department of Environment Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
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48
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Hanson PJ, Walker AP. Advancing global change biology through experimental manipulations: Where have we been and where might we go? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:287-299. [PMID: 31697014 PMCID: PMC6973100 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This commentary summarizes the publication history of Global Change Biology for works on experimental manipulations over the past 25 years and highlights a number of key publications. The retrospective summary is then followed by some thoughts on the future of experimental work as it relates to mechanistic understanding and methodological needs. Experiments for elevated CO2 atmospheres and anticipated warming scenarios which take us beyond historical analogs are suggested as future priorities. Disturbance is also highlighted as a key agent of global change. Because experiments are demanding of both personnel effort and limited fiscal resources, the allocation of experimental investments across Earth's biomes should be done in ecosystems of key importance. Uncertainty analysis and broad community consultation should be used to identify research questions and target biomes that will yield substantial gains in predictive confidence and societal relevance. A full range of methodological approaches covering small to large spatial scales will continue to be justified as a source of mechanistic understanding. Nevertheless, experiments operating at larger spatial scales encompassing organismal, edaphic, and environmental diversity of target ecosystems are favored, as they allow for the assessment of long-term biogeochemical feedbacks enabling a full range of questions to be addressed. Such studies must also include adequate investment in measurements of key interacting variables (e.g., water and nutrient availability and budgets) to enable mechanistic understanding of responses and to interpret context dependency. Integration of ecosystem-scale manipulations with focused process-based manipulations, networks, and large-scale observations will aid more complete understanding of ecosystem responses, context dependence, and the extrapolation of results. From the outset, these studies must be informed by and integrated with ecosystem models that provide quantitative predictions from their embedded mechanistic hypotheses. A true two-way interaction between experiments and models will simultaneously increase the rate and robustness of Global Change research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Anthony P. Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
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Nenzén HK, Price DT, Boulanger Y, Taylor AR, Cyr D, Campbell E. Projected climate change effects on Alberta's boreal forests imply future challenges for oil sands reclamation. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig K. Nenzén
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122nd Street NW Edmonton AB T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - David T. Price
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122nd Street NW Edmonton AB T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Yan Boulanger
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte‐Foy Québec QC G1V 4C7 Canada
| | - Anthony R. Taylor
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street South, PO Box 4000 Fredericton NB E3B 5P7 Canada
| | - Dominic Cyr
- Environment and Climate Change CanadaScience & Technology Branch, 351 Boulevard Saint‐Joseph Gatineau QC J8Y 3Z5 Canada
| | - Elizabeth Campbell
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre Victoria BC V8Z 1M5 Canada
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50
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Spatial Upscaling of Tree-Ring-Based Forest Response to Drought with Satellite Data. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11202344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have integrated the observational capability of satellite remote sensing with plot-scale tree-ring data to upscale the evaluation of forest responses to drought. Satellite data, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), can provide a spatially continuous measure with limited temporal coverage, while tree-ring width index (RWI) provides an accurate assessment with a much longer time series at local scales. Here, we explored the relationship between RWI and NDVI of three dominant species in the Southwestern United States (SWUS) and predicted RWI spatial distribution from 2001 to 2017 based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1-km resolution NDVI data with stringent quality control. We detected the optimum time windows (around June–August) during which the RWI and NDVI were most closely correlated for each species, when the canopy growth had the greatest effect on growth of tree trunks. Then, using our upscaling algorithm of NDVI-based RWI, we were able to detect the significant impact of droughts in 2002 and in 2011–2014, which supported the validity of this algorithm in quantifying forest response to drought on a large scale.
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